Comsats University Lahore

Report Writing Skills

Human Computer Interaction (HCI)

Prepared by:
MUHAMMAD USMAN (SP19-BSE-068)
MUHAMMAD ABUBAKAR MALIK (SP19-BSE-116)
Ahmar Hafeez Khan (SP19-BSE-127)
ALI JAVAID (SP19-BSE-129)
MUHAMMAD ABDUL MATEEN ALAM (SP19-BSE-130)

Prepared for:
Mam Munaza Ambreen

Date of submission:
April, 15,2020

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 Executive summary

Aims

Computers are now becoming an integral part of our society and our lives are highly dependent

on them. we are living in the age where our lives are highly associated with the modern-day

technology.

Methods

Most design methodologies stem from a model for how users, designers, and technical systems

interact. Early methodologies, for example, treated users' cognitive processes as predictable and

quantifiable and encouraged design practitioners to look to cognitive science results in areas such

as memory and attention when designing user interfaces.

Findings

Candy Crush earns more than $1.74 million per day and over $636 million per year. In August

2017 Bitcoin Cryptocurrency Prices reached the $4000 mark. 10 million self-driving cars will be

on the road by 2020.

Conclusion

The subject of Human Computer Interaction is very rich both in terms of the disciplines it draws

from as well as opportunities for research. Discussed here was just a small subset of the topics

contained within HCI. The study of user interface provides a double-sided approach to

understanding how humans and machines interact.

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Recommendations

Digital technologies have become a central feature of the 21st century and will become an even

more fundamental and critical part of how we live. Our relationship with technology is changing

and these changes raise fundamental questions about what we anticipate of computer systems in

the future.

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1 Table of Contents

2 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................4

2.1 Background Information..............................................................................................................4

2.2 Statement of Problem/Purpose...................................................................................................5

2.3 Significance of the study..............................................................................................................5

2.4 Scope of study.............................................................................................................................6

2.5 Limitations of the Study...............................................................................................................7

3 Review.................................................................................................................................................8

4 Methods of study..............................................................................................................................10

5 Result / Discussions...........................................................................................................................10

6 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................13

7 Recommendations.............................................................................................................................14

8 References.........................................................................................................................................15

9 Appendices........................................................................................................................................16

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 Human Computer Interaction (HCI)

2 Introduction

As its name implies, HCI consist of three parts: the user, the computer itself and the way they

work together.

In every day we interact with many

things like cell phone, TV remote, Ac

remote, Keyboard, Mouse and other

devices like ATM, web or mobile

application which is part of our life.

Sometimes we take time to understand the design and sometimes we don’t take time it

understands it about poor and good design. Interaction is the connection between the user and the

device or application. Interaction design is concerned with designing interactive products to

support people in their everyday and working lives. Interaction design is now big business every

company wants it now a day.

2.1 Background Information

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It’s perhaps easy to see that until mod to late 1970’s this

discipline wasn’t particularly important. The few people

who had access to computers ware academics or

professionals with a few incredibly dedicated and

wealthy hobbyists thrown into the mix. Without a broad

base of users, it wasn’t necessary to focus on how those users interacted with computers – they

just made do with whatever was to hand or created what they needed themselves.

Then with the dawn of personal computing, the flood gates opened. The masses wanted

computing and they didn’t want to go through complicated rigmarole to do what they wanted

with a computer. They weren’t prepared to build and program their own joysticks for the games

they bought, they didn’t expect to design the mouse before they could use a word processor and

so on.

2.2 Statement of

Problem/Purpose

The drastic change in technology

has created a relationship between

the humans and the technology.

Innovation in the technology has

allowed the humans to interact

more with the computers.

Computers are now becoming an

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integral part of our society and our lives are highly dependent on them. we are living in the age

where our lives are highly associated with the modern-day technology.

2.3 Significance of the study

Human–computer interaction (HCI)

researches the design and use of

computer technology, focused on the

interfaces between people (users)

and computers. Researchers in the

field of HCI both observe the ways

in which humans interact with

computers and design technologies

that let humans interact with

computers in novel ways.

As a field of research, human–

computer interaction is situated at the intersection of computer science, behavioral

sciences, design, media studies, and several other fields of study.

2.4 Scope of study

The main orientation is toward the users, especially the

non-computer professional users and how to improve the

human-computer relationship for them.

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  Areas of study include:

 The problems people have with computers,

 The impact of computers upon people in both individual and organizational contexts,

 The determination of utility, usability and acceptability,

 The appropriate allocation of tasks between computer and people,

 Modelling the user as an aid to better system design,

 Balance the computer to the characteristics and needs of the user.

2.5 Limitations of the Study

 Not a natural way of human interaction

 Usually designed for the average user

 Fails to cater to the needs of a diverse category of people

 Difficult to use by disabled, illiterate and untrained people

 Cannot provide universal interface

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  Equipment is expensive

 Some users can’t work with the equipment (if they wear contact lenses or have long eye

lashes)

 Moving one’s eyes is often an almost subconscious act.

3 Review

The human–computer interface can be described as the point of communication between the

human user and the computer. The flow of

information between the human and computer is

defined as the loop of interaction. The loop of

interaction has several aspects to it, including:

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Visual Based: The visual based human computer inter-action is probably the most widespread

area in Human Computer Interaction (HCI) research.

 Audio Based: The audio-based interaction between a computer and a human is another

important area of in HCI systems. This area deals with information acquired by different

audio signals.

 Task environment: The conditions and goals set upon the user.

 Machine environment: The environment that the computer is connected to, e.g. a laptop in a

college student's dorm room.

 Areas of the interface: Non-overlapping areas involve processes of the human and computer

not pertaining to their interaction. Meanwhile, the overlapping areas only concern themselves

with the processes pertaining to their interaction.

 Input flow: The flow of information that begins in the task environment, when the user has

some task that requires using their computer .

 Output: The flow of information that originates in the machine environment.

 Feedback: Loops through the interface that evaluate, moderate, and confirm processes as

they pass from the human through the interface to the computer and back.

 Fit: This is the match between the computer design, the user and the task to optimize the

human resources needed to accomplish the task.

User interface is one of the most important elements of a software, which attract the user toward

the application. Interaction refers to an abstract model by which humans interact with the

computing device and interface is a choice of software. HCI refers to both interaction and

interface. HCI give the idea of user experience (UX) in which we can improve the computing

devices and application for the user.

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HCI is a design that should produce a good relation between the user, the device and the services

which is performed by the device in order to achieve a certain task, both in quality and optimality

of the services. For example, in aircraft HCI is needed because we need good human interaction

and clearly describe the functionality of aircraft software and hardware toward the pilot. HCI is

an important factor when designing any of these systems or interfaces ATM machines, train

ticket, hot drinks, banking software, management software, aircraft and cars etc. Good use of

HCI principles and techniques is not only important for the user which use your software, but it

is very high priority for software development companies.

Develop or improve Safety, Utility, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Usability and Appeal of systems

that include computers. If a software product is unusable, frustration, bad functionality or

interface, no person will use the program by choice, and at the end of result sales will be

negative. If the user cannot understand any functionality, company miss the important

functionality or not user-friendly interface that cause may be very high because computers are

used by non-technical people.

Toward this end, technologies such as the graphical user interface, virtual environments, speech

recognition, gesture and handwriting recognition, multimedia presentation, and cognitive models

of human learning and understanding are developed and applied as part of HCI research lab.

4 Methods of study

A number of diverse methodologies outlining techniques for human–computer interaction

design has emerged since the rise of the field in the 1980s. Most design methodologies stem

from a model for how users, designers, and technical systems interact. Early methodologies, for

example, treated users' cognitive processes as predictable and quantifiable and encouraged

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design practitioners to look to cognitive science results in areas such as memory and attention

when designing user interfaces.

 Activity theory

 User-centered design

 Principles of user interface design

 Value sensitive design (VSD)

5 Result / Discussions

 10 years ago (2007), Apple launched its first iPhone. 2.3 billion people now own an

iPhone now.

 Candy Crush earns more than $1.74 million per day and over $636 million per year.

 In August 2017 Bitcoin Cryptocurrency Prices reached the $4000 mark.

 10 million self-driving cars will be on the road by 2020.

 In 2013, Amazon had 1,000 robots operating in its warehouses. Now Amazon has 45,000

robots operating across 20 warehouses.

 47% of jobs will disappear in the next 25 years as robots will replace 5 million workers

by 2020.

 Over 3.8 billion people use the internet today, which is 40% of the world’s population.

 8 billion devices will be connected to the internet by 2020.

 More than 570 new websites are created every minute.

 The Digital Revolution is just starting. A working Quantum Computer could arrive

within the next 10 years. It will enable exponential jumps in computing power. Artificial

intelligence will outperform humans in many activities in the next 10 years.

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▪ The following graph shows stats between the use of computer at Urban household level and at Rural

household level

Figure 1: Applicability of HCI Design

Principles

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 ▪ The above

table shows

the usage of

computers

among the

people from

1980 to 20

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6 Conclusion

The subject of Human Computer Interaction is very

rich both in terms of the disciplines it draws from as

well as opportunities for research. Discussed here

was just a small subset of the topics contained within

HCI. The study of user interface provides a double-

sided approach to understanding how humans and

machines interact. By studying existing interfaces (such as the graphical user interface or the

command line interface), we gain an understanding of how the human mind processes

information. We gain insight into how human memory deals with the information presented, as

well as its limitations.

Alternatively, from studying how human physiology and psychology, we can design better

interfaces for people to interact with computers. Work in this domain is only beginning (indeed

the number of papers written on this topic has increased in the past few years), and there is much

that we don’t yet know about the way the human mind works that would allow more perfect user

interfaces to be built.

7 Recommendations

Digital technologies have become a central feature of the 21st century and will become an even

more fundamental and critical part of how we live. Our relationship with technology is changing

and these changes raise fundamental questions about what we anticipate of computer systems in

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the future. What is clear is that digital technology in the world of 2020 will be as different from

today as technology twenty-five years ago was different from what we have now. These shifts

and transformations in technology, and in our judgments about what we want computing to do,

pose fundamental questions to those involved in Human-Computer Interaction. These questions

require the HCI community to bring to the fore the fundamental human values shaping our

everyday world and to use these to guide how HCI helps shape the ways people of all kinds will

relate to computing technologies in 2020. This shift towards an emphasis on being human leads

us to propose seven key recommendations to conclude this report.

 Explore new ways of understanding users.

 Explore new ways of designing and making.

 Reconsider how to evaluate digital technologies.

8 References

 A.Dickinson, J. Arnott and S.

Prior, “Methods for human

computer interaction research

with older people” in

 Behaviour & Information

Technology, July-August 2007,

Vol. 26, No. 4 pp. 343-352.

 Maja Pantic, Leon J.M. Rothkrantz, “Towards an Affect – Sensitive Multimodal Human-

Computer Interaction”

 in proceedings of the IEEE, September 2003, Vol. 91, No. 9 , pp. no.- 1370 - 1390.

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 Lokman I.Meho, Yvonne Rogers, “Citation Counting, Citation Ranking, and h-

Index of Human-Computer

 Interaction Researchers: A Comparisons between Scopus and Web of Science” in

Behaviour &Information

 Technology, Volume 59 Issue 11, September 2008 Pages 1711-1726.

 Jonathan Bishop, “Increasing participation in online communities: A framework for

human-computer

 interaction” in Human Behaviour, Volume 23 Issue 4, July, 2007 Pages 1881-1893.

 Giovanni lachello, Jason Hong, “End-User Privacy in Human-Computer Interaction”

vol 1, no 1, pp. 1-137,

 2007.

 Julie A. Jackob (Ed.). (2012). Human–Computer Interaction Handbook (3rd

Edition).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction

 by Page Leipheimer on April 14, 2019 from the link

https://www.nngroup.com/articles/modes/

 Myers, Brad (1998). "A brief history of human–computer interaction technology".

Interactions.

https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/human-computer-interaction

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9 Appendices

This section presents a sample of early works that guided research into the

fostering of relationships and interpersonal interactions through

technology. Kiesler, et al. 1984 looks beyond the efficiency and technical

capabilities of computer communication technologies and provides insight

into the psychological, social, and cultural significance of technology. Jones 1994 provides a

comprehensive examination of the varying aspects of social relationships in cyberspace.

Preliminary studies that provide best-practice recommendations for the adoption of technology-

based intervention in social work practice include Pardeck and Schulte 1990; Cwikel and

Cnaan 1991; Schopler, et al. 1998; and Gonchar and Adams 2000. Lea and Spears

1995; Kraut, et al. 1998; and Nie and Erbring 2000 offer early insight into how the Internet

began to shape the way humans interact.

 IS Computer is use-full or not? Question asked to the people

Garnally survey
Garnally surveyononHCI
HCI
100%
100%
90%
90%
80% 90% of peoples said computer is use-full but
80%
70%
70%
10% of people said it is not use-full
60%
60%
50%
50%
But at the same time another question asked to
40%
40% the people that Is it affects the normal life a
30%
30%
20%
lot?
20%
10%
10%
0%
0% usefull notusefull
usefull
usefull not

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