SOCIALIZATION, SOCIAL

STRUCTURES AND
CULTURAL ANALYSIS

JOVEN E. DICEN, RSW, MSSW

College of Arts and Sciences
Cavite State University – Main Campus SOSC 10
 OUTLINE

Social Institutions
(Family, kinship system, folkways, customs,
and values)

Agents and Effects of Socialization

Social Structures (Status and Roles)
Groups, Institutions, Organizations

Theories of cultural change (acculturation,

enculturation, cultural lag)
Social Institutions
 Social Institutions
Social Institutions have ways to
ENCOURAGE and make people
CONFORM to society’s norms and
expectations. These institutions create
social control mechanism through laws,
customs, folkways, and fashion, among
others, which often define gender role
differentiation.
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 Social Institutions
• Social institutions are mechanisms or
patterns of social order focused on
meeting social needs, such as
government, economy, education,
family, healthcare, and religion.

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 Social Institutions
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KR1
bad76qg

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 Characteristics of Institutions

1.Institutions have a historical background.

2.Institutions continually change
3.Institutions allocate scarce and valued
resources in unequal ways
4.Institutions allocate privileged and
disadvantage status
5.Institutions promote ideologies that
legitimize their existence.
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Socialization
 Socialization
• The social processes through
which children develop an
awareness of social norms and
values and achieve a distinct
sense of self. Although
socialization processes are
particularly significant in
infancy and childhood, they
continue to some degree
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throughout life.
 Agents of Socialization

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• Agent of Socialization was defined by
Joan Ferrante, a Sociologist, as
referring to “the significant people,
groups and institutions that shape our
sense of self and social identity, help us
realize our human capacities, and teach
us to negotiate the world in which we
live”.
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 Family
• Family has the most influence because the
formative years of every individual is almost
spent with and developed by the family.

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 SCHOOL/EDUCATION
Schools and teachers play a
vital role in shaping children’s
understanding about gender
relations, roles, class, history,
etc. Historically, formal
education was really meant
for men; however it was only
at the beginning of he 19th
century that women gained
https://www.google.com/search?q=FILIPINO+SCHOOL&tbm=isc
h&ved=2ahUKEwia44aWvNnqAhUXDJQKHV6lDeYQ2- entrance to higher education
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– mostly in teaching, nursing
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and secretarial courses.
 RELIGION/CHURCH
The church is the social institution that forms and
informs the belief system of a group or organization,

https://www.google.com/search?q=FILIPINO
+CHURCHES&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiyl5
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M
 MASS MEDIA

Mass media play a vital role in a modern

world by broadcasting information in fast
place and giving entertainment to vast
audiences. They consist of press, television,
radio, books and internet.

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 STATE/GOVERNMENT
• The state is the one who creates laws and policies
that ensure the maintenance of the system.
Instrument in passing laws that are discriminatory to
women and other sectors.
• Laws and Policies
• Political Participation and Representations

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 SOCIAL
STRUCTURES
 STATUS AND ROLES
• A social status is a manner by which someone
can be defined by the society. It is a social honor
or prestige that a particular group is accorded by
other members of a society. Status groups
normally display distinct styles of life— patterns
of behavior that the members of a group follow.
Status privilege may be positive or negative.
• A social roles is socially defined expectations of
an individual in a given status or social position.

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 CHARACTERISTICS AND ELEMENTS
OF STATUS
1. The status is determined by the cultural situation of the particular
society,
2. The status is determined only in relevance of the other members of
the society,
3. Every individual has to play certain role in accordance with the
status,
4. Status is only a part of the society as a whole,
5. As a result of status the society is divided into various groups,
6. Every status carries with it some prestige,
7. According to status people may be divided into various categories.
These categories or statuses are not imposed from above. Some of
these statuses are earned or achieved while others are ascribed.
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 TYPES OF STATUS
• ASCRIBED
- The status which is given to an individual on the
basis of the situation in the society or by other
members of the society is called ascribed status. Such a
status may be given by birth or by placement in a social
group. For example, a person may enjoy a particular
status because of the sex or age of birth in a rich
family. An infant gets a family status which includes
family name and prestige, share in social standing and
the right of heritage
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 TYPES OF STATUS
• ACHIEVED
- The status or the position that a person has
earned out of his own personal efforts is called
achieved status. This status is given by the
ability, capacity and the efforts of the
individuals. Some persons achieve a particular
status because if the facilities available to them
but some have to achieve that status as against
the odds and difficulties.
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 ROLES
•• Roles connect the person to social
systems
• • Roles are at the same time an element
of the person and an element of the
social system
• • Roles: the point at which person meets
environment

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 A Person’s roles in any situation is
defined in three ways:
• Prescribed role – expectation of others for
the person in that role
• Perceived role – expectations of the
person taking the role
• Enacted role – the person’s actual
behaviors
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Role performance determines:
• - The person’s behaviors
• - Quality of the person’s relationships
• - The person’s self-concept
• - The person’s satisfaction with his/her
environment

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SOCIAL GROUPS AND
ORGANIZATIONS
 Types of Social Groups
THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GROUPS

• PRIMARY GROUP was coined by Charles W.

Cooley and is used to refer to small, informal
groups of people who interact in a personal, direct
and intimate manner.
• Primary groups include the family and play groups
which Cooley believed were the most important in
shaping the human personality.

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 Types of Social Groups
• PRIMARY GROUP
• From the primary groups, the child is
socialized and acquires experiences of love,
affection, sympathy, kindness, tolerance, and
fairness, loyalty and justice.
• From the primary groups, also, an individual
learns the meaning of personal worth and
dignity of a person.
• Cooley aptly calls the primary groups the
“nursery of human nature” as these groups
shape and develop one’s personality.
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 Types of Social Groups
THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GROUPS

• SECONDARY GROUP is a group whose members

interact in a business-like manner; relationship is
impersonal; and emotional ties are loose;
• Generally, members come together for a specific
objective.
• The relationships are valuable, to the extent of
facilitating the attainment of the group goal.

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 Types of Social Groups
• SECONDARY GROUP
• Personal feelings do not develop
spontaneously into the relationship. The
interpersonal relations among members may
be characterized as rational and
individualistic and tends to focus on the
development of skills and technical know-
how to attain effectively their desired goals.
• Although the interaction may be cordial, they
are non-formal and impersonal.
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 Types of Social Groups
THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GROUPS

• PRIMARY GROUPS are important to the health of both

the individuals and the society, SECONDARY GROUPS
are likewise important for they tend to meet specific
goals.
• Both HELP SOCIETY to function effectively and allow
people who do not know one another intimately to
perform their jobs effectively.
• Most formal organizations such as schools, hospitals,
corporations, military establishments, churches, and
unions are composed of secondary groups.
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 Comparison of Primary and Secondary
Social Groups
PRIMARY SOCIAL GROUP SECONDARY SOCIAL GROUP

Generally small Usually Large

Relatively long period of interaction Short duration, temporary period of

interaction

Intimate, face-to-face association Mutual understanding

Some emotional depth in relationships Relationships generally superficial

Cooperative, Friendly More Formal and Impersonal

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 Types of Social Groups
IN-GROUP and OUT-GROUP

• The sense of belongingness matters such to an individual

and this is one of the key characteristics of a group.

• An IN-GROUP is a social category where people feel they

belong and share a common orientation, come from the
common roots and background and adhere to a common
ideology.

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 Types of Social Groups
IN-GROUP and OUT-GROUP

• The IN-GROUP is characterized by individuals

whose loyalty to each other bring out the feeling of
togetherness.
• The alumni group, religious group, the veterans of
the WW II group, the INC group and UP graduates
are examples of the in-group. The members
experience feelings of comradership.

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 Types of Social Groups
IN-GROUP and OUT-GROUP
• The OUT-GROUP is the opposite of the in-group
in which people feel they are strangers. It is a group
which is made up of individuals who do not share
an awareness of kind or the same class.

• The out-group attitude leads to dislike, avoidance,

antagonism or even hatred toward people because
of our predisposition to perceive our own in-group
as superior to others.
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 Types of Social Groups
• REFERENCE GROUPS
•A reference group is a group with which
people identify psychologically and to which
they refer in evaluating themselves and their
behavior.

• The reference group becomes the individual’s

frame of reference in relation to his
motivations, experiences, attitudes, and
social affinity.
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 Types of Social Groups
• REFERENCE GROUPS
• This groups are positive signs ofthe position
of an individual in relation to others. The
reference group values are internalized by the
individual and, consequently become a basis
for evaluating his own behavior.

• Reference group serve as sources of

aspiration and goal attainment.

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 Understanding Organizations

• Some lives are increasingly dominated

by large secondary groups which take
form of formal organizations designed
for a specific purpose. A formal
organizations vary in their size, goals,
and degree of efficiency, but are
structured in such a way as to facilitate
the management of large-scale
operations.
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• Organizations can be studied on three different
levels:
1. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL LEVEL – This level
focuses on the impact of large organizations on
individual behavior.
2. STRUCTURAL LEVEL – This level focuses on the
organization itself. (Patterns of relationships and
social processes within the organization)
3. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVEL – This level focuses on
the organization as part of a larger social system.
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 What is a Formal
Organization?
• A Formal organization is a group designed
and created to pursue specific goals, and
held together by clear and well-defined rules
and regulations.
• Formal organizations differ from other groups
in their structure and emphasis in getting
things done or goal orientation. They tend to
be lasting than informal social groups.

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 ELEMENTS OF THE
ORGANIZATION

• All formal organizations have certain

basic elements in common and
these are: social structure,
participants, goals, technology
and environment.

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 ELEMENTS OF THE
ORGANIZATION
• Social Structure – participants in a
formal organization follow some
kind of a predictable pattern of
relationship.

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CULTURAL ANALYSIS
 THEORIES OF
CULTURAL CHANGE

• Acculturation is a
cultural modification of an
individual, group, or people by
adapting to or borrowing traits
from another culture

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 THEORIES OF
CULTURAL CHANGE

•Enculturation the
process by which an individual
learns the traditional content
of a culture and assimilates its
practices and values

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 THEORIES OF
CULTURAL CHANGE

•Cultural Lag a
relatively slower advance or
change of one aspect of a
culture

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 Group Work: CRITICAL THINKING
DISCUSSIONS
• How do structures outline the framework
of social living?
• Imagine a society without institutions and
structures, is this possible?
• Is there a need to preserve Filipino
Culture? If Yes, how culture progress
together with society? If No, How it will
affect the next generation?

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