PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
LESSON 1: COMMUNICATION MODELS
• “The art of communication is the language of leadership.” (James Humes)
• “Explaining the Nature of Communication” (Professor Ramona S. Flores)
COMMUNICATION MODEL
ARISTOTLE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
SPEAKER SPEECH AUDIENCE EFFECT
❖ Aristotle explains that speakers should adjust their messages according to
their audience and the occasion to achieve a particular effect.
❖These components of speaker, speech, occasion, audience, and effect should
be considered when communicating one’s message.
COMMUNICATION MODEL
SHANNON-WEAVER’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Information Source Transmitter Reception Destination
SENDER ENCODER CHANNEL DECODER RECEIVER
❖ This is often called “Telephone Model”
❖ Sender would be the person who is calling, encoder would be the cellphone,
decoder would be the reception place of the signal, and the receiver would be the
destination of the message by the sender. The message are transferred through the
use of channel.
COMMUNICATION MODEL
OSGOOD-SCHRAMM MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Message
Encoder Encoder
Interpreter Interpreter
Decoder Decoder
Message
COMMUNICATION MODEL
OSGOOD-SCHRAMM MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
❖ Encoding and decoding are not automatic process both go through the filter of
the interpreter.
❖There are times when the sender and receiver may apply different meanings to
the same message.
COMMUNICATION MODEL
OSGOOD-SCHRAMM MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
SIGNAL FIELD OF EXPERIENCE
FIELD OF EXPERIENCE
SOURCE ENCODER DECODER SOURCE
❖ His second model, builds this theory about the interpreter into the different fields of
experience of the sender and the receiver. There must be common field of experience.
COMMUNICATION MODEL
EUGENE WHITE’S STAGES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION
THINKING SYMBOLIZING EXPRESSING
MONITORING TRANSMITTING
FEEDBACKING DECODING RECEIVING
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
LESSON 2: COMMUNICATION ETHICS
COMMUNICATION ETHICS
FOUR ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
1. ADVOCATE TRUTHFULNESS, ACCURACY, HONESTY, AND REASON
- It is important to be accurate when we communicate, and to have facts and
figures to prove our assertion.
- It is important to be reasonable, rather to be too emotional or threatening
when we communicate.
COMMUNICATION ETHICS
FOUR ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
2. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
- Diversity of expression, and tolerance of dissent to achieve and informed and
responsible decision making fundamental to a civil society. (NCA, 1999)
- We must be able to hear different perspectives and have a high tolerance for views
that are different from ours.
- It is important to foster and environment where people feel safe enough to express
what they think and feel, and for these expressions to be met with reasonable
dialogue and debate, rather that outright censure or violence.
COMMUNICATION ETHICS
FOUR ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
3. CONDEMN COMMUNICATION
- The condemnation is important because it safeguards society from racism,
sexism, and violence against oppresses peoples.
COMMUNICATION ETHICS
FOUR ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
4. ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY
- Every time we communicate we should consider the consequences of our
actions.
- If people were more responsible in their use of communication, there would be
less conflict in this world.
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
LESSON 3: CULTURALLY SENSITIVE AND BIAS FREE LANGUAGE
CULTURALLY SENSITIVE AND BIAS FREE LANGUAGE
1. Race and Ethnicity – racism is a form of discrimination against a person or
persons of a different race. It is best to avoid identifying people by race or
ethnic group.
2. Gender and Sexual Orientation – sexism refers to the prejudice and
discrimination based on sex or gender.
CHAIRPERSON CHAIRMAN/WOMAN
FLIGHT ATTENDANT STEWARDESS
LABOR MANPOWER
LAWYER WOMAN LAWYER
NURSE MALE NURSE
CULTURALLY SENSITIVE AND BIAS FREE LANGUAGE
HE/SHE ONE/YOU
HIS/HER HIS – Both / their
Gender-biased Example: Each student should submit his term paper by Monday.
Restatement: Each student should submit a term paper by Monday.
Plural Construction: Students should submit their term papers by Monday.
Use of “You” :You should hand in your term paper by Monday.
CULTURALLY SENSITIVE AND BIAS FREE LANGUAGE
3. Social Class – Class discrimination or classism is a form of prejudice against a
person or people because of their social class. Ex. Conyo, Jologs and jejemon are
derogatory terms referring to a class.
4. Age – Ageism is a form of discrimination against other people because of their
age, or assuming that older people are less physically, intellectually, or emotionally
able than other age groups.
Older people Senior citizen
Teenager Youth
CULTURALLY SENSITIVE AND BIAS FREE LANGUAGE
5. Disability – discrimination in this area often arises because of lack of
understanding and awareness. The focus should be on the person, not with his
disability.
Disabled – limp, visually impaired, and etc.
Disability first – The blind student used a special keyboard during the exam.
Person first – The student, who is visually impaired, used a special keyboard
during the exam.
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
LESSON 4: PUBLIC SPEAKING
PUBLIC SPEAKING
“Public speaking is public utterance, public issuance, of the man himself; therefore,
the first thing both in time and importance is that the man should be and think
and feel things that are worthy of being given forth.” Dale Carnegie and Joseph Berg Esenwein (2007)
“Basic speech has three parts; the introduction, evidence, and conclusion.” Corax
PUBLIC SPEAKING
“Who made his students argue for and against issues of the day, to sharpen their
reasoning skills and appreciate different ideas of an issues” Protagoras
“The use of logos (logical argument), pathos (emotional argument), ethos (the
speaker’s character and credibility) – father of modern communication. Aristotle
“The great orators of the world did not regard eloquence as simply as
endowment of nature, but applied themselves diligently to cultivating their
powers of expression” Grenville Kleiser (2009)
PUBLIC SPEAKING
“He believed that in order to prepare a speech, one should first think of one’s
listeners and their interests, to use certain strategies, such as using humors,
questions, etc., to engage the audience” Cicero
“A good man speaking well .. A good speaker is ethical and of high character, and
speaking well meant being well-informed and presenting the speech effectively”
Quintilian
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
LESSON 5: THE TOOLS NEEDED IN CRITICAL AND CREATIVE REPORTS
THE TOOLS NEEDED IN CRITICAL AND CREATIVE REPORTS
1. Introduction
2. Performance
3. Eye contact
4. Speaking style
5. Hand gestures
6. Recording the speech for feedback
7. Peer evaluation
THE TOOLS NEEDED IN CRITICAL AND CREATIVE REPORTS
1. Appearance
2. Clothing
3. Good grooming
4. Visual Aids
5. PowerPoint Presentations
6. Handouts
7. Feedback
8. conclusions
