Gemstones, precious and semiprecious stones

Precious and semiprecious stones, in addition to gold, silver, and platinum, are the most commonly
used components of jewelry.

Precious stones: Diamonds have traditionally been the most highly prized of such stones, varying in
color from yellow to bluish white and sometimes reaching enormous size. Rubies, emeralds, and
sapphires are other precious stones used for jewelry, as are the less costly chrysoberyl, topaz, and
zircon.

Semiprecious stones: Amethyst, garnet, opal, aquamarine, jade , turquoise, agate, onyx, lapis
lazuli, and malachite.

Stones of organic origin: Amber, a fossil tree resin, is a highly valued stone. Pearls and corals,
though animal in origin rather than mineral, are also usually considered gemstones.

Gemstone is any of various minerals highly prized for beauty, durability, and rarity. Of the more than
2,000 identified natural minerals, fewer than 100 are used as gemstones and only 16 have achieved
importance. These are beryl, chrysoberyl, corundum, diamond, feldspar, garnet, jade , lazurite,
olivine, opal, quartz , spinel , topaz, tourmaline, turquoise, and zircon. Some of these minerals provide
more than one type of gem. Beryl, for example, provides emeralds and aquamarines, while corundum
provides rubies and sapphires. In virtually all cases, the minerals have to be cut and polished for use
in jewelry.

Gemstones have attracted humankind since ancient times, and have long been used for jewelry. The
prime requisite for a gem is that it must be beautiful. The beauty may lie in color or lack of color, in
the latter case, extreme limpidity and "fire" may provide the attraction. A gem must also be durable to
withstand the wear and tear of constant handling.

In some cases, the color of gemstones is also artificially enhanced (treated gem) to increase the value
of the stone. Staining, heat treatment, and irradiation are used among the treatments.
Agate may be stained a variety of colors: red, lemon yellow, green, blue, and brown. Jasper stained
blue to simulate Lapis Lazuli, and turquoise is stained to imitate opal.
Heat treatment of gems to improve or change color has been practiced for centuries. When heated,
smoky quartz resembles citrine or topaz, some brownish or reddish zircon becomes bright blue or
colorless, yellow topaz becomes pink, slightly colored chalcedony becomes carnelian red, and some
rubies or amethysts are more evenly colored.
Irradiation of certain gemstones also causes color changes. Some colorless diamonds become green,
rose quartz becomes brown, and decolorized amethyst regains its purple hue. These color changes are
not always permanent, and the stone may become radioactive.

In recent times various kinds of synthetic gems, including rubies, sapphires, and emeralds, have been
produced. Two methods of fabrication are currently employed, one involving crystal growth from
solution and the other crystal growth from melts.

In addition to their use as jewelry, gems were regarded by many civilizations as miraculous and
endowed with mysterious powers. Different stones were endowed with different and sometimes
overlapping attributes. The diamond, for instance, was thought to give its wearer strength in battle
and to protect him against ghosts and magic. During the Middle Ages, a ruby ring was thought to
bring its owner lands and titles, to bestow virtue, to protect against seduction, and to prevent
effervescence in water--but only if worn on the left hand. Vestiges of such beliefs persist in the
modern practice of wearing a birthstone.

Agate brings stability to your life.

Color: Agate comes in most colors. Agates range from transparent to opaque in a variety of beautiful
colors. It presents various tints in the same specimen. The stones can be artificially stained to produce
combinations of color more vivid than those found in the natural state.
i
Description: SiO 2 Agate is a semipellucid crystallized quartz, consisting of banded or with branching
inclusions chalcedony . Physical properties of agate are in general those of quartz.
Agate has irregular, sometimes circular bands of color and often replaces fossil wood. Many fossils are
agatized material where the original organic substance has been replaced by agate while retaining the
original structure. Agates are identical in chemical structure to jasper , flint, chert, bloodstone , and
tiger-eye , and are often found in association with opal .
The colorful, banded rocks are used as a semiprecious gemstone and for making mortars and pestles.
One will often see these in beads, agate pendants and necklaces.

The name's origin: Agate derives its name from the Greek "Agate??" - happy.
According to another theory the word Agate comes from the Greek name of a stone found in the
Achates River in Sicily, now known as the Drillo River, which still remains a major source of this stone.

Birthstone: Agate is the birthstone of Taurus (Bull): April 20 - May 20.

Wedding anniversary: Agate is the anniversary gemstone for the 12th year of marriage. Moss Agate
is the anniversary gemstone for the 14th year of marriage.

Varieties: There are several types of agate. Varieties include Blue, Blue Lace, Crazy Lace, Green,
Indian, Moss, Tree and Wood. The Moss agate or mocha stone contains visible impurities in the form
that resemble moss.

Care and treatment: Agate will chip and crack rather easily though it has a hardness rating of 7. As
with all gems, protect agate from scratches and sharp blows. Avoid sudden temperature changes and
household chemicals.

From the stone history: Agate was discovered with the Stone Age man in France 20,000-16,000 BC.
The Egyptians used it prior to 3000 BC. Agate was highly valued by ancient civilizations. Said by the
ancients to render the wearer invisible.
The agate-working industry grew up centuries ago in the Idar-Oberstein district of Germany, where
agates were abundant.
Cameos are cut from stones, such as onyx or agate, where different colors occur in layers. The
background material is cut away, leaving the cameo design in relief.
Agate is one of the gemstones, that used in commesso , also called florentine mosaic. Commesso is a
technique of fashioning pictures with thin, cut-to-shape pieces of brightly colored, semiprecious
stones, developed in Florence in the late 16th century. The stones most commonly used are agates,
quartzes , chalcedonies , jaspers , granites, porphyries, petrified woods, and lapis lazuli . Commesso
pictures, used mainly for tabletops and small wall panels, range from emblematic and floral subjects
to landscapes.

Healing ability: Agate is cooling stone, it reduces fever, quenches thirst, beneficial in stomach area.
It quiets the pulse and heart throbs and insures good health and a long and prosperous life.
Botswana Agate: Use with high-pressure oxygen therapy.
Fire Agate: Master healer with color therapy, enhances all essences. It grounds and balances, binds
sexual & heart chakra, burns energy.
Moss Agate: Emotional priorities, mental priorities; circulatory, pancreas & pulses, blood sugar
balance, agriculture.
Mystical power: Agate guards against danger. Wearers become temperate, continent and cautious.
It helps one view themselves with more clarity and see the world through a broader viewpoint.
Wearing Agate is believed to cure insomnia and to insure pleasant dreams.

Deposits: Important sources of agate are Russia (Ural mountains), Brazil, Eygpt, Germany, India,
Italy, Madagascar, Mexico, Uruguay and the USA (Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana ).

Alexandrite is a stone of good omen.

Color: The best known and most widely used variety of chrysoberyl is an alexandrite. Because of its
great power of absorption of certain colors, alexandrite looks green in daylight and reddish purple in
artificial light.

Description: BeAl2O4 Alexandrite is a remarkable and valued variety of chrysoberyl that when
viewed along the different crystallographic (optical) axes, changes from columbine red to orange
yellow to emerald green.

The name's origin: Alexandrite is named after Czar Alexander's II.

Birthstone: Alexandrite along with pearls and moonstone are birthstones of Gemini (Twins): May 21 -
June 21.

Wedding anniversary: Alexandrite is the anniversary gemstone for the 45th and 55th year of
marriage.

Care and treatment: Protect alexandrite from scratches, sharp blows, harsh chemicals and extreme
temperatures.

From the stone history: Alexandrite was discovered in 1831 in the Ural Mountains (Russia) on the
Czar Alexander II birthday.

Shopping guide: Alexandrite is a beautiful rare stone which is quite expensive. It is very difficult to
find natural alexandrite. Most Alexandrites on the market are synthetic. Alexandrite rings are very
beautiful. If Alexandrite is set in a ring, the wearer can watch the color change.

Healing ability: Alexandrite helps fighting low self-esteem. Improves central nervous system
disorders. Alexandrite relieves spleen & pancreas problems.

Mystical power: Alexandrite is a stone of good omen. Alexandrite can assist one in centering the
self, reinforcing self-esteem, and increases ones ability to experience joy.

Deposits: Alexandrite is found in Brazil, Madagascar, Myanmar, Russia, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe

Amazonite makes your married life happier.

Stone's names: Amazonite, Amazonstone.

Color: Amazonite varies in color from yellow-green to blue-green and may also exhibit fine white
streaks.

Description: KAlSi3O8 Amazonite is a gemstone variety of green microcline, a feldspar mineral. It is

usually opaque and therefore is cut en cabochon (with a rounded and convex polished surface).

The name's origin: Although its name is derived from the Amazon River, no deposits have been
found there.
Care and treatment: As with all gemstones, care should be taken to protect amazonite from
scratches and sharp blows. Store amazonites in separate boxes.

From the stone history: Articles made of amazonite were found in Ancient Egypt.
The Pikes Peak district of Colorado, U.S., became the most important source of amazonite after 1876.
When samples were unveiled at the Centennial Exhibition, their impressive purity and size eventually
forced competing Russian mineral dealers out of business.

Shopping guide: Note that amazonite is frequently confused with jade .

Healing ability: Amazonite makes your skin better. Releases fear and anxiety.

Mystical power: Amazonite makes your married life happier.

Deposits: Amazonite has been mined in Minas Gerais (Brazil), Colorado (U.S.), Ontario and Quebec
(Canada), Baveno (Italy) and the Ural Mountains of Russia.

Amber - allowing happiness to come through.

" Take it moment by moment,
and you will find that we are all,
as I've said before, bugs in amber"

Kurt Vonnegut, Slaughterhouse V

Color: Amber can vary in color from yellow to red, from green to blue, but amber's color is usually
honey brown. The best commercial amber is transparent, but some varieties are cloudy.
Sometimes insects or pieces of earth, leaves, pine needles and inclusions of small plant and animal
fossils are present in the amber.

Description: Amber is a fossilized tree resin of now-extinct conifer trees and ancient pine trees. It is
an amorphous hydrocarbon and may contain particles of various foreign materials, trapped insects,
and air bubbles. Its lustre is greasy to resinous. The resin must be several million years old to be
called amber. Recently hardened resins are called copals.

The name's origin: Amber derives its name from Middle English ambre, from Middle French, from
Medieval Latin ambra, from Arabic anbar ambergris.

Care and treatment: As amber is soft, it can be easily scratched. Be certain to store amber jewelry
separately from your other jewelry.

From the stone history: Amber is treasured and used for centuries in jewelry. It was familiar to
Paleolithic peoples and to the Greeks and Romans, who used it extensively in jewelry.
Amber has been used for decoration since the stone age. Amber is perhaps the oldest substance used
for human adornment. Amber beads and pendants were found in Northern Europe gravesites dating
back to 8000 B.C.E.
Jurassic Park made amber famous! The book and the movie used the idea that amber containing an
ancient mosquito might be the key to recreating dinosaurs. The basic goal was to remove blood from
the gut of a mosquito which had fed on a dinosaur just before being trapped in tree resin which later
became amber.

Shopping guide: Amber is one of the most popular stones collected today.
Amber with special markings such as the intials of ones name is a great protective talisman.
Nowdays amber is used in the manufacture of beads, amulets, mouthpieces, cigar and cigarette
holders, pipes, and other small ornamental objects.
Be ware of plastic, glass, synthetic resin and other natural resins amber imitations.
Healing ability: Amber is excellent for eyes, and for glandular swellings of the throat and lungs.
Amber balances endocrine and digestive network.

Mystical power: Amber brings good luck.

It is associated with time, cycles and longevity. Amber is also regarded as being highly sensual and
magnetic. Amber insures very long enjoyment of the qualities that make the wearer attractive. Amber
has long been associated with healing energy and mental stimulation, and is said to balance
aggressive traits.

Deposits: The most famous source of the world's amber is the Baltic coast of Germany. Amber is also
found off the coasts of Sicily and England and in Myanmar (Burma). In the Western Hemisphere, there
are rich deposits in the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and the state of New Jersey. An especially rich
bed of amber in New Jersey has yielded over 100 previously unknown extinct Cretaceous species
dating back as much as 94 million years. Because of amber's preservative qualities, the DNA of the
specimens trapped inside is intact, affording scientists a unique opportunity to study the DNA of
extinct species.

Amethyst - one of the Earth's beautiful stones.

Color: Found in abundance, in its purest form, Amethyst is colorless. The finest quality Amethyst is
medium to medium dark in tone, vivid in intensity, and purple, reddish purple to bluish purple in hue.
Heating removes the color from amethyst or changes it to the yellow of citrine. Most commercial
citrine is made in this manner.

Description: SiO2 Amethyst is the most valuable transparent, coarse-grained variety of the silica
mineral quartz that is valued as a semiprecious gem for its violet color. It contains more iron oxide
Fe2O3 than any other variety of quartz, and experts believe that its color arises from its iron content.
Other theories attribute the color to contained manganese or hydrocarbons.
All forms of quartz (including amethyst) are piezoelectric, making for important applications in
electronics. Tourmaline is the only other gemstone that possesses this property.

The name's origin: Amethyst derives its name from Middle English amatist, from Old French, from
Latin amethystus, from Greek amethustos, not drunk or intoxicating.

Birthstone: Amethyst is the birthstone of Aquarius (Water Bearer): Jan. 20 - Feb. 18

Wedding anniversary: Amethyst is anniversary gemstone for the 4th and 6th year of marriage.

Varieties: Oriental amethyst, or purple sapphire, is not quartz but a variety of corundum, a much
harder and rarer stone.

Care and treatment: Amethyst often becomes paler if kept out in the sun. Clean your Amethyst in
ultrasonic jewelry cleaner or with warm, soapy water and a soft bristle brush. Keep away from strong
chemicals and avoid sudden temperature changes. Remember that in any type of repair involving
heat, Amethyst must be removed from the setting.

From the stone history: The story of the origin of amethyst comes from Greek legends: The god of
wine, Bacchus, was insulted one day by a mere mortal. He swore the next mortal that crossed his
path, would be attacked by his fierce tigers. Along came a beautiful maiden named Amethyst.
Goddess Diana turned Amethyst in a beautiful statue of quartz to save her from the tigers claws.
Remorseful Bacchus wept tears of wine over the stone maiden, creating a lively purple stone.
Purple color has long been considered a royal color so it is not surprising that amethyst has been so
popular through the history. Fine amethysts are featured in the British Crown Jewels and were also a
favorite of Catherine the Great and Egyptian royalty. There are evidences that around 3,000 B. C. in
Egypt and in anterior Asia were made jewels of Amethyst.
The Amethyst is perhaps as popular today as it was in ancient time.
Shopping guide: Amethyst is a wonderful affordable purple gemstone. Purple has long been the color
of royalty and nobility. It is a deep, passionate color that evokes emotions. People who desire purple
colors are individuals who like to make a personal statement, and express their unique taste.
Designers celebrate Amethyst as the ideal choice for jewelry due to its regal color, variety in size and
shape, affordability, and wide tonal range from light to dark purple. The pale colors are sometimes
called "Rose de France" and can be seen set in Victorian jewelry. The deep colors are the most
valuable, particularly a rich purple with rose flashes.
Amethyst is wonderful in rings, necklaces, pendants, earrings, and bracelets. It is given as a symbol of
sincerity, security, and peace of mind.

Healing ability: Ametyst magnifies psychic abilities and right-brain activity. It strengthens immunity,
while energizing and purifying the blood. Ametyst relieves headaches, improves blood sugar
imbalance.

Mystical power: The Greek work "amethystos" basically can be translated as "not drunken" ,
expresses the ancient folk belief that the stone protects its owner against drunkenness. As the myth
goes, drinking wine from an Amethyst goblet would prevent one from becoming inebriated. The
gemstone still symbolizes sobriety.
Amethyst was thought to encourage celibacy. Because of that, amethyst was very important in the
ornamentation of churches in the Middle Ages. Bishops still often wear amethyst rings.
Amethyst is associated with a number of superstitions, being regarded as a love charm, and as a
protection against thieves.
In Tibet, amethyst is considered to be sacred to Buddha and rosaries are often fashioned from it.
Placed under the pillow at night, the beautiful amethyst is believed to produce a calm and peaceful
sleep.
Amethyst is given as a symbol of sincerity, security, and peace of mind.

Deposits: Amethyst is mined in Brazil, Uruguay, Sri Lanka, Siberia, Canada, India, Bolivia, and
Argentina and some African countries. Zambia being a significant source for Amethyst. Generally,
amethyst from South America tends to be available in larger sizes than African amethyst but amethyst
from Africa has the reputation for having better, more saturated, color in small sizes. Very dark
amethyst, mostly in small sizes, is also mined in Australia.

Aquamarine - a symbol of beauty, honesty, and loyalty.

Color: Aquamarines are found in a range of blue shades, from the palest pastel to greenish-blue to a
deep blue. While the choice of color is largely a matter of taste, the deeper blue gems are more rare.
Aquamarine is a pastel gemstone, and while color can be quite intense in larger gemstones, the
smaller Aquamarines are often less vivid.

Description: Be3Al3(SiO3)6 Aquamarine is pale greenish blue or bluish green variety of beryl. Beryl is
a mineral composed of beryllium aluminum silicate, a commercial source of beryllium. It has long been
of interest because several varieties are valued as gemstones. These are aquamarine, emerald and
heliodor. Aquamarine is the most common variety of gem beryl, it occurs in pegmatite, in which it
forms much larger and clearer crystals than emerald.

The name's origin: Aquamarine name is derived from Latin words meaning sea and water, therefore
name "aquamarine" means sea water.

Birthstone: Aquamarine along with bloodstone are birthstones of Pisces (Fish): Feb. 19 - March 20.

Wedding anniversary: Aquamarine is the anniversary gemstone for the 16th and 19th year of
marriage.

Care and treatment: As with all gemstones, care should be taken to protect aquamarine from
scratches and sharp blows. Keep aquamarine jewelry in the dark place, as it often becomes paler if
left out in the sun. Clean your Aquamarine in ultrasonic jewelry cleaner or with warm, soapy water
and a soft bristle brush.
Shopping guide: Aquamarine is a beautiful affordable gemstone found in a range of blue shades. The
highest quality aquamarine is transparent. Aquamarine is a hard gemstone making it a good choice for
jewelry that is worn frequently like aquamarine rings. However due to its delicate color and clarity it is
best displayed in a more prominent position such as in earrings and pendants.
A nice, medium dark blue aquamarine is a perfect gift for any occasion, but especialy for weddings, as
aquamarine is a symbol of beauty, honesty, and loyalty. When buying aquamarine jewelry for
yourself, note that wearring aquamarine in earrings brings love and affection.
In its finest color aquamarine will be a rather dark blue, rivaling a nice medium blue sapphire. But
they are rare and expensive. Be ware far too many blue topaz have been sold as aquamarines, as blue
topaz is much cheaper.
For many years aquamarine is a favorite of many consumers.

Healing ability: Aquamarine works against nerve pain, glandular problems, toothache, and disorders
of the neck, jaw and throat. It strengthens liver and kidneys. Aquamarine diminishes problems with
eyes, ears and stomach, relieves cough. Moreover, aquamarine protects from perils of the sea,
including seasickness. It is said to help ease depression and grief.

Mystical power: Aquamarine has a soothing effect on "just married" couples, assisting them in
working out their differences and insuring a long and happy marriage. Aquamarine is said to re-
awaken love in long-married couples and signify the making of new friends.
It also provides courage and strengthens the will. Aquamarine protects against the wiles of the devil.
Others say that the Aquamarine is an excellent stone for meditation.

Deposits: Aquamarine is found in Brazil, India, Russia (Ural mountains) and USA (Maine, New
Hampshire, Connecticut, North Carolina, Colorado and Vermont). Aquamarines are mined in a number
of exotic places including Nigeria, Madagascar, Zambia, Pakistan and Mozambique. Brazil is the source
of the finest aquamarines.

Aventurine - a stone of confidence and tranquility.

Stone's names: Aventurine, avanturine.

Color: Aventurine is a soft green semi-translucent to mostly opaque stone with mica flecks.
Aventurine also comes in silvery, yellow, reddish brown, greenish-brown, bluish green and orange. It
contains inclusions of small crystals that reflect light and give a range of colors - depending on the
nature of the inclusion.

Description: Aventurine is composed of two gem minerals, one is a plagioclase feldspar and the other
is quartz . Both have a sparkling reflection from oriented minute inclusions of mica or hematite, which
cause a slight metallic iridescence.

The name's origin: Aventurine derives its name from Italian - per avventura - by chance.

Wedding anniversary: Aventurine is the anniversary gemstone for the 8th year of marriage.

Care and treatment: Translucent aventurine often fades in the sun, therefore the aventurine jewelry
is better kept in the dark place.

From the stone history: For many centuries aventurine is used for jewelry, candelabra, girandoles,
pipes, vases and bowls (sometimes very large), and for other ornamental objects. Unique ancient vase
made of bright aventurine is displayed in Hermitage, art museum in St. Petersburg (Russia).

Shopping guide: Aventurine is a very charming inexpensive stone. It's claim to fame is having
inclusions that look like sparkles. This is an easy identifying factor often called aventurescence.
There was a custom of assigning various Masculine and Feminine Saints with a particular gem for use
in talismans. The name Andrew or Andre (i.e. patron Saint Andrew) is associated with Aventurine.
Healing ability: Avanturine is said to increase libido.
Releases fear and anxiety. Green aventurine strengthens one's blood and muscle tissues.

Mystical power: Aventurine is said to increase confidence, and gratitude, promotes emotional
tranquility and positive attitudes. Aventurine is a wonderful stone to use daily, especially during
meditation and prayer.

Deposits: Aventurine is found in Brazil, India, China, Japan, Russia, Tanzania, and USA. Extensive
beds in mica schist occur in the Russian Ural Mountains.
Green aventurine, colored by a chrome mica, has been found in the state of Tamil Nadu (formerly
Madras), India, China, and in Rutland (Vermont).

Bloodstone helps one become more knowledgeable in the ways of the world.
Stone's names: Bloodstone, Heliotrope

Color: Bloodstone is a green stone with red spots. It also occurs in shades of dark green with red,
brown and multicolored spots. The iron minerals cause the deep red and brown colors.

Description: Bloodstone is dark-green variety of the silica mineral chalcedony that has nodules of
bright-red jasper distributed throughout its mass. Polished sections therefore show red spots on a
dark-green background, and from the resemblance of these to drops of blood it derives its name.
Its physical properties are those of quartz.

The name's origin: Bloodstone is a stone with red spots which resemble drops of blood, so it is
received its name due to this similarity.
Heliotrope derives its name from Greek words meaning sun and turning.

Birthstone: Bloodstone along with aquamarine are traditional birthstones of Pisces (Fish): Feb. 19 -
March 20.

Care and treatment: Protect bloodstone from scratches, sharp blows, harsh chemicals and extreme
temperatures. The polish will be removed if you get this type of stone wet.

From the stone history: In the Middle Ages, bloodstone was attributed special powers as the spots
were thought to be the blood of Jesus Christ. It was used in sculptures representing flagellation and
martyrdom.

Shopping guide: Bloodstone is an inexpensive stone. It is often used for pendants and bead
necklaces.

Healing ability: In ancient times, bloodstone was thought to be able to stop hemorrhages with the
merest touch. Bloodstone relieves stomach and bowel pain. It strengthens blood purifying organs and
improves blood circulation. Bloodstone has a positive influence on a bladder.

Mystical power: Bloodstone is used to help one become more knowledgeable in the ways of the
world. Bloodstone is also believed to be a very magical stone.

Deposits: Bloodstone is found in Australia, Brazil, China, India, Kathiawar Peninsula and the USA
(Wyoming).

Chalcedony promotes calm and peace.

Stone's names: Chalcedony, Calcedony.

Color: Chalcedony can be virtually any color of the rainbow. It is commonly pale blue, yellow, brown
or gray with nearly waxlike luster. A white, buff, or light tan species of chalcedony are also occured.
Description: SiO2 Chalcedony is a finely crystallized or fibrous quartz that forms rounded crusts,
rinds, or stalactites in volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Chalcedony is a precious stone that occurs in
many forms, colors, and shapes. Chalcedony, agates, jaspers, bloodstone, cornelian, onyx, and
chrysoprase all make up the chalcedony gemstones. Chalcedonic pseudomorphs after other minerals
often give rise to very interesting specimens.
Other physical properties are those of quartz.

Care and treatment: Protect chalcedony from scratches, sharp blows, harsh chemicals and extreme
temperatures.

From the stone history: The Romans prized chalcedony as seals, and the Victorians carved them
into an endless array of cameos and intaglios. Chalcedony was used in Renaissance magic for health
and safety. In all ages chalcedony has been the stone most used by the gem engraver, and many
colored varieties are still cut and polished as ornamental stones.
Chalcedony is one of the gemstones, that used in commesso, also called florentine mosaic. Commesso
is a technique of fashioning pictures with thin, cut-to-shape pieces of brightly colored, semiprecious
stones, developed in Florence in the late 16th century. The stones most commonly used are agates,
quartzes, chalcedonies, jaspers, granites, porphyries, petrified woods, and lapis lazuli. Commesso
pictures, used mainly for tabletops and small wall panels, range from emblematic and floral subjects
to landscapes.
Visit all-that-gifts.com - the online store that offer a large collection of pictures decorated with natural
precious and semiprecious stones.

Shopping guide: Chalcedony is an inexpensive stone. It is one of the best wearing stones on the
market. Chalcedony also one of the most collected gemstones today.

Healing ability: This beautiful stone is believed to banish fear, hysteria, depression, mental illness
and sadness. Chalcedony reduces fever. Wearing chalcedony is believed to be excellent for eyes.

Mystical power: Chalcedony prevents from touchiness and melancholy. Worn by many to promote
calm and peace. Chalcedony also stimulates creativity.

Deposits: Chalcedony is found in many parts of the world, but the most prized Chalcedony are from
India, Madagascar, Burma, Brazil, Mexico & USA.

Charoite - A Stone for Courage.

Color: The colors in each piece of Charoite range from bright lavender, violet and lilac to dark purple
with both white, gray and black veining. It forms a swirling pattern of interlocking crystals. Royal
lavendar flows with chatoyant streaks of white around bits of black, peach and opalescent gray.

Description: (Ca,K,Na)3Si4O10(OH,F)H2O. Charoite is an unsual mineral and of rare occurence. It

formed from alteration of limestones by the close presences of an alkali-rich nephline syenite
intrusion. The heat, pressure and more importantly, the infusion of unique chemicals into the rock is
responsible for the transformations into new minerals such as charoite.

The name's origin: Charoite is named after the nearby Charo River.

From the stone history: The Russians first discovered charoite in 1947 in the Murun mountains in
Yakutia, but it was not known in the West until 1978. Charoite is used as an ornamental stone and as
a gemstone.

Healing ability: Put charoite beneath your pillow, especially if you are prone to disturbed sleep or
fears which surface in dreams. In combination with amethyst, it will help to release these fears.
Mystical power: Mystical power: Charoite is said to be useful for the cleansing and purification of
one's energy body as well as for the transmutation of negative energies within oneself.
Charoite transmutes negativity and cleanses the aura. Charoite facilitates the release of fear and
dissolution of negative energies encountered in the process of aligning with your soul's purpose. Work
with Charoite to foster a synthesis between the heart and crown chakra, walk your spiritual path with
awareness, and manifest your soul's wisdom and light in daily life. The purple color of Charoite,
among its other roles, helps to bring us closer to spirit by showing us that everything, even the
thoughts we hold as true, can be dissolved and replaced with more empowering energies.
The color black in this stone grounds the purple ray, and enables us to explore the nature of our fears;
while white represents the connection to spirit.

Deposits: Charoite is found in only one location - along the Chary River at Aldan in Russia. This part
of Russia is known for its forbidding climate and terrain and as a traditional place of exile for political
prisoners.
Why charoite has not been found in other locations is not fully understood. But it is probably due to a
combination of a chemically unique limestone reacting with a chemically unique intrusion and
subjected to unique physical conditions.

The information for mineralogist: Charoite has a hardness of from 5 - 6 on the MOHS scale.

Peridot is a symbol of fame, dignity, and protection.

Stone's names: Peridot, Chrysolite (golden yellow peridot).

Color: Peridot is a stone with a sparkling pale green color. It occurs in lime, yellowish green, olive
green or medium dark green hues.

Description: [Mg,Fe] 2SiO4 Magnesium iron silicate

Peridot, also called precious olivine, is a gem-quality transparent green olivine. The crystals of peridot
have a vitreous lustre and conchoidal fracture. Gem-quality olivine is a mineral that composes a lot of
the earth's mantel, the layer below the crust. It is also common in basalts on the moon.

The name's origin: Chrysolite means "golden stone" in Greek.

Birthstone: Peridot along with sardonyx are birthstones of Leo (Lion): July. 23 - Aug. 22.

Wedding anniversary: Peridot is the anniversary gemstone for the 16th year of marriage.

Varieties: Chrysolite is a golden yellow variety of peridot.

Care and treatment: As with all gems, protect peridot from scratches and sharp blows. Also avoid
drastic temperature changes. Do not clean peridot in a home ultrasonic cleaner.

From the stone history: Peridot has been adored since ancient times and has been valued for
centuries. People in the Middle Ages wore peridot to gain foresight and divine inspiration. Legend has
it that pirates favored peridot to protect them against evil. Peridot was greatly prized by Egyptian
Kings. Some of Cleopatra's emeralds were in fact peridots.
The deposit on Saint Johns Island in the Red Sea, that was mentioned by Pliny in his Natural History
(AD 70), still produces fine gems.

Shopping guide: Peridot is a beautiful stone that wears well and looks beautiful with a lot of your
wardrobe. Peridot is readily available in most sizes and a variety of shapes. Peridot should be priced
about the same as a garnet or tourmaline. Be aware of a very good imitation of peridot that is actually
a type of synthetic peridot.

Healing ability: This beautiful stone is worn or carried for general healing purposes. Peridot increases
strength & physical vitality. Peridot protects against nervousness and aids in healing hurt feelings. It
helps liver & adrenal function. Peridot is also thought to protect lungs, sinuses, and wrists from illness
and injury.

Mystical power: Peridot is used to help dreams become a reality. This very popular stone is believed
to attract love. The deep green hue of the peridot also suggests a connection in wealth-attracting.
Peridot calms a raging anger. It is also useful to dispel negative emotions, and it is believed to
promote sleep when worn to bed.

Deposits: Peridot is found in Australia, Brazil, China, Eygpt, Burma, Pakistan, Norway, and USA
(Arizona, Colorado, Hawaii, and New Mexico).
Much of the today's Peridot comes from Arizona. Very large crystals are found in the Mogok district of
Myanmar and in the Minas Gerais in Brazil.
Peridot has been mined from St John's Island in the Red Sea for over 3500 years. In 1994, an exciting
new deposit of peridot was discovered in Pakistan, and these stones are among the finest ever seen.

The information for mineralogist: Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 - 7.

Citrine is a signature of wisdom and peace.

Color: Pale yellow to a madeira orange in all of its glorious golden and yellow colors. The yellow color
is from the presence of iron, the darker the color - the higher the grade.

Description: SiO2 Citrine is transparent, coarse-grained variety of the silica mineral quartz . Citrine is
a semiprecious gem that is valued for its yellow to brownish color and its resemblance to the rarer
topaz.
Natural citrine is rare compared to amethyst or smoky quartz , both of which are often heated to turn
their natural color into that of citrine.

The name's origin: The name citrine is derived from the French word citron - lemon.

Birthstone: Citrine along with topaz are birthstones of Scorpius (Scorpion): Oct. 24 - Nov. 21 .

Wedding anniversary: Citrine is the anniversary gemstone for the 17th year of marriage.

Care and treatment: Citrine can be easily scratched. Citrine permenantly changes color if left in the
sunlight for several hours, hence citrine jewelry should be kept away from prolonged exposure to
strong light or heat.

From the stone history: Citrine is a gemstone which has been used in Greece since the Hellenistic
period (end of the 4th to the end of the 1st century BC).

Shopping guide: Citrine is a beautiful translucent yellow gemstone. The larger the stone, the more
golden the tone. It is a popular and affordable alternative to the much more expensive yellow sapphire
or yellow diamond. To create wondeful multi-colored jewelry, it is often combined with other stones
such as: peridot, amethyst, and garnet.
Citrine is often marketed under various names that confuse it with topaz to inflate its price. It may be
distinguished from topaz by its inferior hardness and from decolorized amethyst by its lack of reddish
cast.

Healing ability: Citrine is valuable in the treatment of depression, it eliminates self-destructive

tendencies. Citrine is said to stimulate memory.
It aids digestion, and removes toxins from the body. Citrine is a good healing stone, especially for
heart, kidney and liver. It helps fighting diabetes.

Mystical power: Citrine symbolizes light-heartedness, joy and happiness. Citrine is a great protective
talisman. It calms and soothes.
Citrine is the signature of wisdom and peace. It stimulates the mental body and aids the opening of
the bridge between higher mental body and intuitional levels. Citrine is said to help one connect with
Spirit. It enhances creativity, and motivates writers.
Deposits: Citrine is found in Brazil, Madagascar, Spain, Uruguay, Scotland, USA (California, Colorado,
North Carolina, Georgia, and Nevada) and Russia. Brazil is the main source of citrine.

Coral - a symbol of youth, health and hope.

Color: Coral comes in a variety of colors: in red, rose, orange, blue, white and black.

Description: Coral is the skeletal material of calcium carbonate, built up by small animals that live in
colonies in the sea. Red, pink, and white coral is mostly calcium carbonate. Black and golden coral is
conchiolin.
Coral is usually branchlike and occurs in a variety of colors, of which the most sought after are rose
red to red. In addition to coral, a number of other organic materials, including amber, pearl, ivory, and
jet, are considered gems.

Wedding anniversary: Coral is the anniversary gemstone for the 35th year of marriage.

Care and treatment: Coral is especially fragile. Protect coral from scratches and sharp blows. Store
corals in separate boxes. Also avoid large temperature changes. Do not clean coral in a home
ultrasonic cleaner.

From the stone history: A variety of forms were used in the Indian jewelry for the earrings, in which
pearls, filigree, gems, and coral appeared in floral compositions based on the contrast between the
different colors. Coral is thought by the ancients to be a stone.

Shopping guide: Corals are beautiful in rings, necklaces, and pendants. Coral is said to protect
children and it is given as a gift to children in many countries. Coral is often imitated by plastic, glass,
porcelain, and stained bone. Natural coral has a distinctive wood grain texture which can help identify
it as the real thing.

Healing ability: Coral is used in difficulties of the lungs and digestion. It relates to the circulation of
the blood and to the heart.
Coral helps restore harmony in the event of emotional conflict. It works against nutritional
deficiencies, depression and lethargy.

Mystical power: Coral is said to cure madness and give wisdom. Coral is used to build an emotional
foundation.
Coral protects children. It aids in the safe crossing of rivers, passages through tempests. It excites
nerve power, brilliancy and gladness and is a true health-giver. Note that coral loses its powers when
broken.

Deposits: Coral is found on the African coasts, Australia, Japan, Mediterranean coasts, Malaysia, and
the West Indies. The best coral comes from the Mediterranean Sea, particularly off the coasts of
Algeria and Tunisia.
A black horny coral growth, probably conchiolin, which hardens on exposure to air, has been obtained
off the islands of Hawaii.

Diamonds are beautiful symbols of love around the world.

Stone's names: Diamond, Brilliant.

Color: Diamonds are usually colorless. However, brown, yellow, green, blue, purple, pink, red, gray
and black variations are also found depending on the impurities present.

Description: C Native carbon Diamond is a mineral composed of pure carbon. It is difficult to accept
that chemically this brilliant gemstone is the same as black opaque graphite and even ordinary soot.
Diamond is the hardest natural substance, with a hardness of 10 on Mohs' scale, so it can be cut or
polished only by another diamond. It can be identified by its hardness and adamantine lustre. Despite
its extreme hardness diamond is brittle and at 4,289 degree C a diamond will completely burn up
leaving nothing behind.
Diamonds are the most popular gemstone of all time. Diamonds used for jewelry are graded on the
basis of color from blue-white to yellow. Grading also is done on the basis of purity, which varies from
perfectly clear, extremely pure stones to those with many impurities and flaws. Diamonds are said to
be of the first water when very transparent, and of the second or third water as transparency
decreases. Diamond stones are weighed in carats (1 carat = 200 milligrams) and in points (1 point =
0.01 carat).
The hardness, brilliance, and sparkle of diamonds make them unsurpassed as gems.

The name's origin: Diamond derives its name from the Greek word adamas, which means
"invincible".

Birthstone: Diamond is the birthstone of Aries (Ram): March 21 - April 19.

Wedding anniversary: Diamond is the anniversary gemstone for the 30th and 60th year of
marriage.

Care and treatment: Diamonds should be stored separately. They can scratch other jewelry as well
as each other.

From the stone history: Diamonds from Indian deposits were known in ancient times. In the West
the limited use of diamonds began in the late Middle Ages. The diamond, was thought to give its
wearer strength in battle and to protect him against ghosts and magic.The first river-bed diamonds
were probably discovered around 800 B.C.
Large demand provided an incentive for the production of false diamonds as early as 1675 in Paris.
Only 20 per cent of diamonds are suitable for cutting as gems. The rest are discolored or contain
flaws. Because of their extreme hardness, diamonds have a number of important industrial
applications. They are used in drill bits, glass cutters, masonry saws for shaping building stone, and
for cutting other diamonds.

Shopping guide: Diamonds are special gifts due to their glamour, rarity, durability and beauty.
Diamonds are welcome gifts for all occasions. They are beautiful symbols of love around the world.
A diamond with proper proportions will send all light entering the diamond out of the top of the stone.
This is considered an ideal cut and what you should be looking for.
If you want a nice diamond be prepared to pay a nice price. Low price means low quality.
Be aware of numerous imitations of diamonds: cubic zirconia, synthetic moissianite, synthetic rutile,
strontium titanate, colorless topaz, colorless sapphire, and many others. Scratching glass is useless
test as many imitations made of quartz , which also scratches glass. Consult a professional,
independent retail jeweler to insure you are getting the real thing.
If you are making a large investment in a diamond make sure that you are getting a diamond grading
report from a reputable gemological laboratory.

Healing ability: Diamond is a great assistance for all brain diseases. It is beneficial in stomach area.
Diamonds strengthen the owner's memory.

Mystical power: Diamonds give faith, purity, life, joy, innocence and repentance. They assist in
developing concentration and in beeing straight-forward and honest. It is believed the diamond loses
its brilliance with the health of the wearer, regaining it only when the owner recovers.
Diamond is an antidote to poison and is capable of detecting poison by exhibiting a moisture or
perspiration on its surface. Supposedly, the higher quality the diamond, the better it supports these
qualities.

Deposits: Diamonds are mostly found in Australia, Ghana, Zaire, Russia, USA (Arkansas, California,
Colorado, and North Carolina), and Brazil.

Famous diamonds:
 Jubilee diamond, flawless, clear white diamond weighing almost 651 carats in rough form, it was
found in the Jaegersfontein mine in South Africa in 1895. It was faceted into a cushion brilliant of
about 245 carats in 1897, the year of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, from which it takes its name.
Excelsior diamond, until the discovery of the

Cullinan diamond in 1905, the world's largest-known uncut diamond. When found by a worker loading
a truck in the De Beers mine at Jagersfontein, Orange Free State, on June 30, 1893, the blue-white
stone weighed about 995 carats. After long study the Excelsior diamond was cut (1904) by I.J.
Asscher and Company of Amsterdam into 21 stones ranging in weight from less than 1 carat to more
than 70 carats.

Cullinan diamond, world's largest gem diamond, which weighed about 3,106 carats in rough form
when found in 1905 at the Premier mine in Transvaal, S.Af. Named for Sir Thomas Cullinan, who had
discovered the mine three years earlier, the colorless stone was purchased by the Transvaal
government and was presented (1907) to the reigning British monarch, King Edward VII. It was cut
into 9 large stones and about 100 smaller ones by I.J. Asscher and Company of Amsterdam.

Excelsior diamond, which until the discovery of the Cullinan had been the largest known diamond.
The stones cut from the Cullinan diamond, all flawless, are now part of the British regalia. The two
largest are the largest cut diamonds known, and the larger of these is the Great Star of Africa, or
Cullinan I, a 530.2-carat, pear-shaped gem set in the English sceptre. The other is the most valuable
stone in the imperial state crown, the 317-carat Cullinan II, sometimes called the Second Star of
Africa.

Hope diamond, sapphire-blue gemstone from India, one of the largest blue diamonds known. It is
thought to have been cut from a 112-carat stone brought to France by the jewel trader Jean-Baptiste
Tavernier and purchased by Louis XIV in 1668 as part of the French crown jewels. This stone, later
called the French Blue, was recut into a 67-carat heart in 1673 and disappeared after the crown-jewel
robbery of 1792. The 45.5-carat Hope diamond, named for the London banker Thomas Hope, who
purchased it in 1830, was apparently formed from it. The Hope diamond is on display in the
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Regent diamond, also called PITT DIAMOND, a brilliant-cut stone with a slight blue tinge that once
was the outstanding gem of the French crown jewels; it was discovered in India in 1701 and weighed
410 carats in rough form. It was purchased by Sir Thomas Pitt, British governor in Madras, who
published a letter in the London Daily Post to counter rumours that he had stolen the gem. The stone
was cut to a 141-carat cushion brilliant called the Pitt diamond and was purchased in 1717 by the
Duke of Orleans, regent of France--hence its present name. In 1792 it was stolen along with other
crown jewels but was recovered. Napoleon I wore the stone in the pommel of his sword. It has been
on display in the Louvre since 1887.

Great Mogul diamond, the largest diamond ever found in India. It was discovered as a 787-carat
rough stone in the Golconda mines in 1650 and subsequently was cut by the Venetian lapidary
Hortentio Borgis. The French jewel trader Jean-Baptiste Tavernier described it in 1665 as a high-
crowned rose-cut stone with a flaw at the bottom and a small speck within. Its present location is
unknown, and some believe that either the Orlov diamond or the Koh-i-noor may have been cut from
this stone after its loss following the assassination of its owner, Nader Shah, in 1747.

Shah diamond, yellow-tinged stone of about 89 carats that bears three ancient Persian inscriptions,
indicating it was discovered before 1591, probably in the Golconda mines in India. The inscriptions are
to Nezam Shah Borhan II, 1591; Shah Jahan, son of Shah Jahangir, 1641; and Fath 'Ali Shah, 1826.
Given to Tsar Nicholas I by Fath 'Ali Shah in 1829, it is displayed in the Diamond Fund of Russia in
Moscow.
 Orlov diamond, rose- cut gem from India, one of the Romanov crown jewels; it is shaped like half
an egg, with facets covering its domed surface, and the underside is nearly flat. It weighs nearly 200
carats. According to legend, it was once used as the eye of an idol in a Brahman temple in Mysore and
was stolen by a French deserter, who escaped with it to Madras. Others contend that the
authenticated history of the Orlov extends to the middle of the 18th century, when the stone (believed
to be the long-missing Great Mogul diamond) belonged to Nader Shah, king of Persia. After his
assassination it was stolen and sold to an Armenian millionaire named Shaffrass. In either case, it was
purchased in 1774 by Count Grigory Grigoryevich Orlov, who in an unsuccessful attempt to regain
favour gave it to Empress Catherine II the Great. Catherine had it mounted in the Romanov imperial
sceptre, and it is now part of Russia's Diamond Fund (which contains the tsarist regalia) in Moscow.

Sancy diamond, fiery stone of Indian origin that is shaped like a peach pit and weighs 55 carats. It
has a long history and has passed through many royal families. Purchased in Constantinople about
1570 by Nicolas Harlay de Sancy, the French ambassador to Turkey, it was lent to the French kings
Henry III and Henry IV. Later it was purchased by Queen Elizabeth I of England and descended to the
Stuarts. After the flight of James II from England to France in 1688, it reappeared among the French
crown jewels of Louis XIV and was stolen with these in 1792. It reappeared in 1828, when it was
purchased by the Russian prince Demidov, in whose family it remained until 1900. Later it became the
property of Lady Nancy Astor.

Florentine diamond, clear, pale-yellow stone weighing 137 carats; of Indian origin, it was cut as a
double rose with 126 facets. Once owned by Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, who lost it when he
fell in battle in 1477, the stone came into the possession of Pope Julius II and the Medici family early
in the 16th century. Maria Theresa of Austria acquired it through her marriage (1736) to the Duke of
Tuscany, and it subsequently became part of the Austrian crown jewels. Seized by the Germans when
they took over Austria just before World War II, it was recovered by the U.S. 3rd Army and returned
to the Viennese by Gen. Mark Clark.

Star of the South, unblemished, 129-carat white diamond with a rosy glow, one of the largest ever
found in Brazil; it weighed about 262 carats in rough form. It was discovered in 1853 in the Bagagem
River (in Minas Gerais state) by a slave woman, who was given her freedom and pensioned as a
reward.

Emerald is the perfect emblem of an everlasting love.

Color: Emeralds occur in a variety of green colors. The magnificent green color that gives
extraordinary value to this gem is due to small amounts of chromium and vanadium. Some emeralds
have yellowish to bluish overtones.
The stone loses color when strongly heated.

Description: Al2Be3[Si6O18] Emerald is grass-green variety of beryl that is highly valued as a

gemstone. The physical properties of emerald are essentially the same as those of beryl.
Emeralds and are cut in a variety of different shapes, ranging from the traditional rectangular step-
cut, known as the "emerald cut," to rounds, ovals, squares and cabochons.
Because of emerald's high value, attempts were long made to manufacture it synthetically. These
efforts finally met with success in the mid of thirties in Germany. Nowdays synthetic emeralds are
manufactured in the United States. Aquamarine crystals are placed in a water solution and used as a
seed to produce emeralds. The crystals thus grown appear very similar to natural crystals and rival
them in color and beauty.

The name's origin: The name emerald comes indirectly from the Greek smaragdos, a name that
seems to have been given to a number of stones having little in common except a green color.

Birthstone: Emerald is the birthstone of Taurus (Bull): April 20 - May 20.

Wedding anniversary: Emerald is the anniversary gemstone for the 20th, 35th and 55th year of
marriage.
Varieties: Uralian emerald is in fact yellowish green or emerald-green andradite (variety of garnet).

Care and treatment: Clean your emerald with a soft, dry cloth. Oil is used during the stone
treatment, therfore you should never clean an emerald with an ultrasonic cleaner because this oil
could be removed or damaged. In addition, do not clean emerald in hot soapy water since it too can
remove this oil.
Avoid sudden temperature changes as emeralds lose their color when strongly heated.

From the stone history: The ancients appear to have obtained emeralds from Upper Egypt, where it
is said to have been worked as early as 2000 BC, during the life of Pharaoh Sesostris III.
Greek miners were working the mines in the time of Alexander the Great, and later the mines yielded
their gems to Cleopatra. Cleopatra was an avid emerald collector. Remains of "Cleopatra's Mines" were
discovered about 1817, they are situated on the Red Sea coast.
South America's rich bounty of emeralds was discovered by 16th Century Spanish explorers, who
found large emeralds in the possession of the Aztecs and Incas.
The Moguls of India, including Shah Jahan, the builder of the Taj Mahal, loved emeralds so much they
inscribed them with sacred text and wore them as talismans. Some of these sacred stones, called
Mogul emeralds, can still be seen in museums and collections today.
For example, one talismanic emerald is deep green and weighs 78 carats. Around the edge in Persian
runs the inscription: "He who possesses this charm shall enjoy the special protection of G-d."

Shopping guide: Emeralds have long been cherished for their brilliant green beauty. Highly valued
and desired, the brilliant green color of emerald has never ceased to dazzle. For centuries only those
of great wealth could venture upon so priceless a gift, the symbol of faith, kindness and purity. A fine
quality emerald of good color and clarity is more valuable than diamonds.
There are a lot of unknowns about emeralds that may confuse you, as a consumer. Consult a
professional, independent retail jeweler to insure you are getting the real thing.

Healing ability: Though not meant to replace traditional medical treatment, emerald is extensively
used for physical and emotional healing.
Emerald has refreshing soft green color, which has amazing healing powers for eyes, and it is a good
talisman for any eye trouble.
If worn about the neck or finger, emerald prevents convulsions in children. Emeralds are also an
antidote for poisons and poisonous wounds. It aids with ailments of the spine. Emeralds help fighting
all mental illness and neurological disorders.

Mystical power: Many virtues are ascribed to emerald. It is said to drive away evil spirits, and to
preserve the chastity of the wearer. Emerald is said to bring wisdom. Believed by the ancients to
empower the owner with foresight into the future, an emerald is regarded as an amulet for good
fortune.
The emerald gives faith, success in love, and discovery of false friends. It changes color in the
presence of false friends or false witnesses. It promotes constancy of mind, true friendship, and
felicity in domestic life. As a love token, it registers the degree of love. If pale, love is waning. An
emerald symbolizes rebirth and youth.
According to legends, emeralds strengthen the owner's memory, quicken the intelligence and assist in
predicting the future.
When worn, the stone is supposed to prevent epilepsy attack, and when held in the mouth it is
believed to be a cure for dysentery. It is supposed to assist women at childbirth.

Deposits: Today, most of the world's emeralds are mined in Colombia, Brazil and Zambia,
About 1830 emeralds were discovered in the Urals (Russia). They have been worked on the River
Takovaya, northeast of Sverdlovsk, where they occur in mica or chlorite schist. Emeralds have been
found, also in mica schist, in the Habachtal, Austria, in granite in Eidsvold, Norway, and in a pegmatite
vein piercing slaty rocks near Emmaville, N.S.W., Australia. Fine crystals have been obtained from
Hiddenite, N.C., in the United States.
 The Garnet is a stone of vitality and passion.
Color: The versatile garnet comes in a virtual rainbow of colors, including pink, red, purple, orange,
yellow, violet, green, colorless, occasionally black, brown and many shades of red and green. The
most common color of garnets is reddish brown. Bohemian Garnet is deep red gemstone, Russian
Demantoid and African Tsavorite are vibrant green.

Description: Pyrope: Mg3Al2[SiO4]3. Garnets are a group of common silicate minerals that have
similar crystal structures and chemical compositions.
It can be translucent to transparent, sometimes opaque with a vitreous or resinous lustre. The best
known type of garnet is red semi-precious stone pyrope, one of several red gems, which the ancients
used to call Carbuncles.
Garnets are actually one of the largest families of gemstones. Most natural garnets are mixtures of
two or more of the following pure species: pyrope, almandine, spessartine, uvarovite, grossular,
andradite. Garnets occur in a very wide variety of formations, colors, and clarities.

The name's origin: Garnets were so called by the ancient Greeks since color reminded them of the
pomegranate seed or granatum.

Birthstone: The garnet is considered to be the birthstone for Capricornus (Goat): Dec. 22 - Jan. 19.

Varieties: There are following major types of garnets: Almandine, Pyrope (also called Bohemian
garnet, or Cape ruby), Spessartine, Grossular (also called grossularite, or Gooseberry garnet),
Andradite, Rhodolite, Carbuncle, Hessonite (also called essonite, or Cinnamon stone), Topazolite,
Uvarovite and Uralian emerald (or demantoid).

Care and treatment: Clean garnet with a dry soft cloth. As with all gemstones, care should be taken
to protect it from scratches, sharp blows, harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures.

From the stone history: One of the world's most ancient gems, garnet has been treasured for
thousands of years.
Use of garnets as gems is traced to the Nile Delta in 3100 B.C. Egytian artisans created beautifull
garnet beads, bracelets and other jewelry. Garnets since ancient times used widely as an abrasive.
Garnets are said to have been used by Asiatic tribes in place of bullets.
During the latter part of the 19th century, garnet bracelets and brooches were particularly popular.
Most familiar during the peak of popularity were varieties of pyrope.
The hardness of garnets and their sharp fracture make them suitable as abrasives for wood, leather,
glass, metals, and plastics.
Garnet varieties have become known by misleading names, frequently consisting of a locality with the
name of another mineral variety, such as Uralian emerald or Cape ruby.

Shopping guide: Garnet is a reasonably priced stone. It is beautiful in rings, pendants, necklaces and
bracelets. There are some beautiful orange garnets. A green tsavorite garnet is a very rare and high-
priced stone.
The dazzling beauty of garnets is responsible for their widespread use as gemstones.

Healing ability: Garnet is an excellent assistance for blood deficiency diseases. It stimulates
bloodstream and pituitary gland, relieves rheumatism and arthritis pain.
Garnet combats depression and lethargy. Garnet also stimulates the spleen properly. Garnet protects
against depression and impure thoughts. Cures fever and promotes good health.

Mystical power: Garnet should be carried close to the body. Its energy is balancing and peaceful.
This stone of passion stimulates the sexual drive. Garnet gives energy and courage. It is said to
encourage robust good health and sexual desire, enhance the wearer's imagination. Garnet symbolizes
fire, faith, courage, truth, grace, compassion, constancy and fidelity. It also offers protection to the
traveler.

Deposits: Garnets are found in a wide variety of locations including Kenya, Sri Lanka, Thailand,
Brazil, India, Madagascar, Canada and USA. In USA garnet has been obtained in Arizona, Colorado,
Georgia, Idaho, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Utah, Florida, California
and Virginia. The majority of today's Garnet supplies come from Africa. Notable quantities of garnets
have been also found in Czech Republic and Spain.
The oranges and browns of Spessartite and Hessonite hail from Namibia and Sri Lanka.

Hematite helps to keep inward peace.

Stone's names: Hematite, Haematite.

Color: Hematites occur in opaque red or red-brown.

Description: Fe2O3 Iron oxide. Hematite is a silvery, shiny opaque stone that almost looks like metal.
Hematite is heavy and relatively hard oxide mineral, that constitutes the most important iron ore
because of its high iron content (70 percent) and its abundance.

The name's origin: Hematite derives its name from the Greek word haem (blood ) in allusion to its
red color.

Varieties: Many of the various forms of hematite have separate names.

The steel-gray crystals and coarse-grained varieties have a brilliant metallic lustre and are known as
specular iron ore or looking glass ore. They are used as intaglios in men's signet rings.
Thin scaly types are called micaceous hematite.
Much hematite occurs in a soft, fine-grained, earthy form called red ochre or ruddle.
Intermediate between these types are compact varieties, often with a reniform surface (kidney ore) or
a fibrous structure (pencil ore). Red ochre is used as a pigment in paints and crayons, a purified form,
rouge, is used to polish plate glass.

From the stone history: Ancient Egyptians used hematites as ornamental objects placed inside their
tombs. Red ochre was used by preistoric artists in their cave paintings. Nowdays hematite may also be
used as a polishing powder and as a paint pigment.

Shopping guide: As hematite hardness is 5.5 - 6.5 it will scratch glass, but is in turn scratched by
quartz. It can be identified by this property and by its streak, which is the color of the dried blood.

Healing ability: Garnet helps fighting against venereal diseases, it has a positive influence on a
bladder. This stone also helps to treat hysteria.

Mystical power: Said to be a good healing and grounding stone, it strengthens the body and improve
resistantance to life's stresses. Hematite inspire inner life and helps to keep inward peace.

Deposits: The most important deposits of hematite come from a sedimentary deposit: the Lake
Superior district in North America. Other important deposits include Minas Gerais (Brazil), Cerro
Bolivar (Venezuela), Labrador, and Quebec.

The information for mineralogist:

Hardness: 5.5-6.5.

Iolite - the Vikings' compass.

Stone's names: Iolite, Dichroite or Cordierite.

Color: Iolite is a transparent, violet-blue, light blue, blue, rich blue-violet stone.

Description: Mg2Al3O Magnesium Aluminum Silicate, Iolite is a blue silicate mineral that occurs as
crystals or grains in igneous rocks, only as a result of contamination of the magma by aluminous
sediment.
Iolite has a pleasing color of blue, but a rather extraordinary optical property. The gemstone changes
colors depending upon which angle it is viewed from.

The name's origin: The name Iolite is derived from the Greek "los", meaning violet.

Varieties: The stones from the gem gravels of Sri Lanka have been called water sapphires due to the
blue-violet color.
Iolite is sometimes called dichroite because of its marked pleochroism: different colored light is
transmitted in different directions.

From the stone history: Iolite, known as the Vikings' compass, due to it's ability to determine the
direction of the sun on overcast days. When the legendary Viking mariners sailed the wide ocean, they
used thin pieces of iolite as the world's first polarizing filter. Looking through an iolite lens, they could
determine the exact position of the sun, and navigate safely.
The natural mineral has little commercial use. When clear, iolite is cut as a gem.
Synthetic magnesium iolite has a low thermal expansion and is used as a semirefractory material
because of its resistance to thermal shock.

Shopping guide: Iolite necklaces and pendants wear better than iolite rings.
Iolite is commonly cut into traditional shapes, and its most desirable color is a rich violet-blue. Iolite
shows many colors in a single stone. It is very important to look at an iolite from several directions
before you purchase, because the stone presents very different colors from different angles. If cut
properly the stone shows its best blue color through the top of the stone. But viewed from another
angle the stone may appear colorless.
The price of iolites about the same as of nice amethysts in a good color. This pleasing violet gemstone
is gaining widespread popularity for its beauty and its attractive affordability.

Deposits: Most of the Iolite available today comes from Sri Lanka, Burma, India, Madagascar and
Brazil. Precambrian deposits of the Laramie Range,(Wyoming, USA), contain more than 500,000 tons
of Iolite.

The information for mineralogist: Hardness: 7.5.

Zircon provides the wearer with wisdom, honor and riches.

Stone's names: The orange variety of zircon is called jacinth.

Color: Zircon is known as a colorless stone used to imitate diamonds, but also comes in: blue, yellow,
orange, red, brown and green.

Description: ZrSiO4 Zircon is a silicate mineral, zirconium silicate.

The high refractive index and dispersion of zircon cause it to approach diamond in fire and brilliancy.
Zircon is widespread as an accessory mineral in acid igneous rocks, it also occurs in metamorphic
rocks and, fairly often, in detrital deposits.

The name's origin: The name Zircon is originated from Persian Zargun which means "gold color".

Birthstone: Zircon along with turquoise are birthstones of Sagittarius (Archer): Nov. 22-Dec. 21.

Varieties: Zircon is quite widely used in its three varieties. The first variety is called jacinth (also
spelled hyacinth) and was used to a great extent in classical antiquity. It occurs in the clear,
transparent red, orange, and yellow colors.
The blue variety is called starlite or Siam Zircon, while the third colorless variety is called Ceylon or
Matura diamond.

Care and treatment: Zircon will chip and crack rather easily though it has a hardness rating of 7. As
with all gems, protect zircon from scratches and sharp blows. Avoid hot water, sudden temperature
changes and household chemicals. Store a jewelry made of zircon in separate boxes.
From the stone history: Zircon has been around in jewelry for hundreds of years. It is known for its
high dispersion and for many years was used to imitate diamonds.

Shopping guide: Be ware of colorless glass and synthetic spinel zircon imitations.

Healing ability: Zircon relieves pain. It is said to whet one's appetite. Zircon also prevents
nightmares and ensures a deep tranquil sleep.

Mystical power: Zircon supposedly helps one be more at peace with oneself. Zircon is believed to
provide the wearer with wisdom, honor and riches. The lost of luster on a Zircon stone is said to warn
of danger.
Jacinth helps rising one's self-esteem.

Deposits: It occurs in beach sands in many parts of the world, particularly Australia, India, Brazil,
and Florida. Gem varieties occur in stream gravels and detrital deposits, particularly in Indochina and
Sri Lanka, but also in Burma, Australia, and New Zealand. Zircon forms an important part of the
syenite of southern Norway and occurs in large crystals in Quebec. Zircon is also found in Cambodia,
France, Myanmar, Thailand, Nigeria and Tanzania.

Jasper brings joy into life.

Color: Jasper exhibits various colors, but chiefly brick red to brownish red. It owes its color to
admixed hematite, but when it occurs with clay admixed, the color is a yellowish white or gray, or with
goethite, a brown or yellow. Often jasper is multi-colored.

Description: SiO2 Jasper is opaque, fine-grained or dense variety of the silica mineral chert. Jasper,
long used for jewelry and ornamentation, has a dull lustre but takes a fine polish. Its hardness and
other physical properties are those of quartz.

The name's origin: The name jasper is from the Greek iaspis.

Care and treatment: The polish on jasper will often be washed away in water. Clean your jasper
jewelry with a soft dry cloth.

From the stone history: In ancient writings the term jasper was chiefly applied to translucent and
brightly colored stones, particularly chalcedony, but also was applied to the opaque jasper.
Jasper was known as the great "rain-bringer" in the fourth century.
For thousands of years, black jasper was used to test gold-silver alloys for their gold content. Rubbing
the alloys on the stone, called a touchstone, produces a streak the color of which determines the gold
content within one part in one hundred.
Jasper is one of the gemstones, that used in commesso, also called florentine mosaic. Commesso is a
technique of fashioning pictures with thin, cut-to-shape pieces of brightly colored, semiprecious
stones, developed in Florence in the late 16th century. The stones most commonly used are agates,
quartzes, chalcedonies, jaspers, granites, porphyries, petrified woods, and lapis lazuli. Commesso
pictures, used mainly for tabletops and small wall panels, range from emblematic and floral subjects
to landscapes.
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semiprecious stones.

Shopping guide: Jasper is a very pretty, inexpensive gemstone. It is usually worn as beads or
cabochon jewelry.

Healing ability: Medicinal values were long attributed to jasper, including a belief that wearing it
strengthened the stomach. Jasper was also believed to cure gynecological problems.

Mystical power: Leopard skin Jasper is said to bring one what they need. Poppy Jasper is said to
help bring joy into life. Opalite Jasper is said to help one sleep.
Jasper was thought to drive away evil spirits and protect against snake and spider bites.

Deposits: Jasper is common and widely distributed, occurring chiefly as veinlets, concretions, and
replacements in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, as in the Urals, North Africa, Sicily, France,
India, Venezula and Germany.
Some varieties are color-banded, and beautiful examples of jasperized fossil wood are found in
Arizona, U.S. In USA Jasper is also found in California, Utah and Wyoming.

Lapis Lazuli is a gemstone compared to stars in the sky.

Stone's names: Lapis Lazuli, Lazurite.

Color: Lapis Lazuli occurs in various shades of blue with some qualities being speckled with white
calcite and some with yellow pyrite. The finest Lapis Lazuli is even blue color with little or no veining
from other elements.

Description: Lapis lazuli is a semiprecious stone valued for its deep blue color. The source of the
pigment ultramarine, Lapis lazuli is not a mineral but a rock colored by lazurite. In addition to the
sodalite minerals in lapis lazuli, small amounts of white calcite and of pyrite crystals are usually
present.
Because lapis is a rock of varying composition, its physical properties are variable.

The name's origin: The name lapis comes from word pencil in Spanish.

Wedding anniversary: Lapis Lazuli is the anniversary gemstone for the 7th and 9th year of
marriage.

Care and treatment: Lapis Lazuli can easily be scratched or chipped. Water can dissolve the stone's
protective coatings, hence clean your lapis lazuli jewelry with a soft dry cloth.

From the stone history: Lapis Lazuli with deep azure blue color, often flecked with golden pyrite
inclusions, was treasured by ancient Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations and often worn by royalty.
Lapis lazuli was widely used by Egyptians for cosmetics and painting . Persian legend says that the
heavens owed their blue color to a massive slab of Lapis upon which the earth rested. Lapis Lazuli was
believed to be a sacred stone, buried with the dead to protect and guide them in the afterlife.
Lapis lazili is one of the gemstones, that used in commesso, also called florentine mosaic. Commesso
is a technique of fashioning pictures with thin, cut-to-shape pieces of brightly colored, semiprecious
stones, developed in Florence in the late 16th century. The stones most commonly used are agates,
quartzes, chalcedonies, jaspers, granites, porphyries, petrified woods, and lapis lazuli. Commesso
pictures, used mainly for tabletops and small wall panels, range from emblematic and floral subjects
to landscapes.
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precious and semiprecious stones.
For centuries Lapis Lazuli has been prized for jewelry. But it has also been used to make the beautiful
blue paint ultramarine and has been used as a source of writing instruments. Ultramarine is used in
paints, lacquers, and decorating materials. It has a particularly brilliant blue color and is very lightfast.

Shopping guide: Lapis lazuli has been widely used as a semiprecious stone throughout history. It is
most often seen as a necklace of beads or carved pendants.
Fine natural Lapis Lazuli can be rather pricey. Jewelry with the high quality stones with no calcite or
pyrite veins can be quite expensive. Much of the jewelry that is sold as Lapis is an artificially colored
jasper from Germany that shows colorless specks of clear, crystallized quartz and never the goldlike
flecks of pyrite.

Healing ability: The stone is said to increase psychic abilities. Lapis is said to be a cure for
melancholy and for certain types of fever. Lapis lazuli eliminates negative emotions. It relieves sore
throat pain.

Mystical power: Traditionally believed to increase mental clarity, virility, and calm. Lapis Lazuli is
energy focuser for teachers, lecturers and speakers. Enhances creative self-expression. It is believed
to be useful in relieving depression and promoting spirituality. Lapis Lazuli is also powerful during
meditation.

Deposits: The main supplies of Lapis Lazuli are found in the Afghanistan, Egypt, Canada, Chile, the
US, and South America. The most important sources are the mines in Badakhshan, northeastern
Afghanistan, and near Ovalle, Chile, where gemstone is usually pale rather than deep blue.

Malachite -- a talisman for children.

Color: Malachite is an opaque, banded stone, the colors in the bands range from a very light green to
almost deep green.

Description: Cu2CO3(OH)2 , Malachite is a semi-precious stone and also a valuable copper ore,
hydrous copper carbonate. It is responsible for the green color of tarnished copper and bronze.
Because of its distinctive bright green color and its presence in the weathered zone of nearly all
copper deposits, malachite serves as a prospecting guide for that metal. Malachite has been used as
an ornamental stone and as a gemstone.

The name's origin: Malachite derives its name from Greek word malakos - soft. According to another
theory the word malachite comes from Greek malhe, which means grass.

Wedding anniversary: Malachite is the anniversary gemstone for the 13th year of marriage.

Care and treatment: Malachite is especially fragile. Protect malachite from scratches and sharp
blows. Also avoid large temperature changes. Do not clean malachite in a home ultrasonic cleaner.
Washing malachite in water will remove its protective polish. If setting or repairing in jewelry be
careful of heat since a jeweler's torch can damage the stone.

From the stone history: Mining Malachite began as early as 4000 BC by ancient Egyptians. In the
Middle ages, malachite was worn to protect from black magic and sorcery. In Ancient Greece amulets
for children were made of malachite.
In the New Stone Age came the discovery of the possibility of extracting certain metals from the ores
in which they generally occur. Probably the first such material to be used was malachite, then already
in use as a cosmetic and easily reduced to copper in a strong fire. It is impossible to be precise about
the time and place of this discovery, but its consequences were tremendous. Namely it led to the
search for other metallic ores, to the development of metallurgy.

Shopping guide: Malachite is a beautiful green earth stone with irregular black banding. It is easily
recognized by its color, green streak, and silky or velvety lustre. It is beautiful in earrings, necklaces,
and pendants. Imitation malachite has very regular black or white banding.

Healing ability: Malachite is said to aid in the regeneration of body cells, creates calm and peace,
and aids one's sleep.

Mystical power: A gorgeous stone, Malachite is worn by many to detect impending danger. This
beautiful green stone offers bands of varying hues and is believed by many to lend extra energy. It is
believed that gazing at Malachite or holding it relaxes the nervous system and calms stormy emotions.
Malachite is said to bring harmony into one's life. It is also believed that malachite gives knowledge
and patience. Malachite is used as a children's talisman to ward off danger and illness. It is attached
to infant's cradles.

Deposits: The most important mine is in Zaire. Notable occurrences are in Ural, Siberia, France,
South Australia, Namibia and USA (Arizona).

Moonstone - brings love into ones life.

Color: Moonstones come in a variety of colors, ranging from colorless to white, gray, brown, yellow,
orange, green, or pink. Clarity ranges from transparent to translucent.

Description: (K, Na) AlSi3O8, Moonstone (also called rainbow moonstone) is soft milky white stone,
the most valuable variety of feldspar with an rainbow sheen. Moonstone shows a silvery or bluish
iridescence, that is caused by the intergrowth of two different types of feldspar with different efractive
indexes. The term moonstone also has been applied to the plagioclase feldspars peristerite and
labradorite, which also exhibit iridescence.

The name's origin: The moonstone named for its semblance in color to the moon.

Birthstone: Moonstone along with alexandrite and pearls are birthstones of Gemini (Twins): May 21 -
June 21.

Wedding anniversary: Moonstone is the 13th anniversary stone.

Care and treatment: Moonstone can be easily scratched as it has a hardness of 6. Store moonstones
carefully and never allow two specimens to touch each other.

From the stone history: Moonstone was very popular with the Romans, who thought it was formed
out of moonlight, also used in Roman jewelry since 100 AD. In India moonstone is considered a sacred
stone to this day.

Shopping guide: Stone has a rainbow-like array of colors and will pick up colors you wear. The best
moonstone has a blue sheen, perfect clarity, and a colorless body color. It is often worn in rings,
pendants or bead necklaces.

Healing ability: Moonstone aligns vertebrae. It is good digestive aid. Moonstone also soothes and
balances the emotions.

Mystical power: Moonstone is believed to be protective for women and babies. It's also associated
with the sea and planting cycles. Moonstone is said to balance yin and yang. In India, moonstone is
regarded as a sacred stone. It is believed to bring good fortune. Legend says that Moonstone is a
highly prized gift for lovers as it arouses tender passion.

Deposits: Moonstone is found in Brazil, European Alps, India, Madagascar, Mexico, Myanmar, Sri
Lanka, Tanzania, and USA (Pennsylvania and Virginia). Sri Lanka produces the highest quality
moonstones.

Obsidian gives a clear insight into problems.

Color: Obsidian is usually black. Other colors include: brown, gray, red, blue and green, clear, orange,
yellow.

Description: Obsidian is a natural glass of volcanic origin that is formed by the rapid cooling of
viscous lava. Obsidian is extremely rich in silica (about 35 to 80 percent) and is low in water. Obsidian
is made of the same minerals as granite but cooled so quickly that they do not have time to
crystallize.
Obsidian has a glassy lustre and is slightly harder than window glass. Though obsidian is typically jet-
black in color, the presence of hematite produces red and brown varieties, and the inclusion of tiny
gas bubbles may create a golden sheen. Obsidian in attractive and variegated colors is used as a
semiprecious stone.
The name's origin: Discovered by Obsius in Ethiopia, obsidian is named after him.

Varieties: Black patterned obsidian with greyish-white inclusions which resemble snowflakes is often
called snowflake obsidian.

Care and treatment: Obsidian is fairly fragile. Avoid sharp blows as it will crack.

From the stone history: Obsidian has been used for thousands of years for toolmaking. In 1967
archaeologists working at the site of Tlapacoya, southeast of Mexico City, uncovered a well-made
blade of obsidian associated with a radiocarbon date of about 21,000 BC.
Sharp shards of obsidian were formed into arrowheads by Indians, who obtained large quantities of
obsidian from Obsidian Cliff in Yellowstone National park. The Aztecs used a great deal of obsidian for
tools, including sacrificial knives, the eyes of carving of their gods, and even mirrors.
Obsidian is used for dating. Obsidian weathers slowly at a uniform rate, and the thickness of the
weathered layer is measured microscopically and gauged against known standards to give a date in
years.
Obsidian has also been used for jewelry for centuries.

Mystical power: Obsidian is often used for gaining clear insight into problems. Obsidian stabilizes
and is a chastiser.

Deposits: The obsidians of Mount Hekla in Iceland, the Eolie Islands off the coast of Italy, and
Obsidian Cliff in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S., are all well-known occurrences. Obsidian is
also found in Hawaii, Japan and Java. Dark pieces found in Arizona and New Mexico are called Apache
Tears.

The information for mineralogist: Obsidian has a hardness rating of 5.

Onyx - a symbol of eloquence.

Stone's names: Onyx, Sardonyx (with white and brown bands).

Color: The layers in these stones range from translucent to opaque for sardonyx. The stones vary in
color, too. They may be white or gray, ranging to many colorful varieties. Sardonyx stones usually
contain flat-banded, white and brownish-red bands. Onyx is a gemstone with alternating light and
dark bands, which are colored in brown, red, black, white and grey.

Description: SiO2 Onyx is striped, semiprecious variety of the silica mineral agate with white and
black, brown or red alternating bands. Its properties are the same as those of quartz.

Birthstone: Sardonyx is the birthstone of Leo (Lion): July 23 - Aug 22.

Wedding anniversary: Onyx is the anniversary gemstone for the 7th year of marriage.
Black Onyx is the anniversary gemstone for the 10th year of marriage.

The name's origin: The word Sardonyx is derived from the Greek, Sard meaning "reddish brown,"
and onyx meaning "veined gem."

Varieties: Varieties of onyx include carnelian onyx, with white and red bands, and sardonyx, with
white and brown bands.

Care and treatment: Onyx may chip or scratch rather easily, so store onyx carefully and never allow
two specimens to touch each other.

From the stone history: The name onyx was used by the Romans for a variety of stones including
alabaster, chalcedony, and what is now known as onyx marble. Roman soldiers wore sardonyx
talismans engraved with heroes such as Hercules or Mars, god of war. They believed that the stone
would make the wearer as brave and daring as the figured carved on it. During the Renaissance,
sardonyx was believed to bring eloquence upon the wearer and was regarded with great value by
public speakers and orators.

Cameos are cut from stones, such as onyx, sardonix or agate, where different colors occur in layers.
The background material is cut away, leaving the cameo design in relief. Onyx is also used in intaglios
because its layers can be cut to show a color contrast between the design and the background.
Sardonyx at one time was more precious than gold, silver, or sapphire. Sardonyx is always widely
used in cameos and intaglios.

Shopping guide: Onyx is a rich-looking, affordable gemstone. It is often mixed with pearls to create
elegant jewelry. Treated agate is often sold as Black Onyx.

Healing ability: Onix is used as a heart, kidney, nerve, capillary, hair, eye and nail strengthener.
Onyx is said to help one sleep. This gemstone helps to eliminate apathy, stress and neurological
disorders.

Mystical power: This gemstone eliminates negative thinking, it is also believed to sharpen the wits of
the wearer. Onyx is said to bring spiritual inspiration. It is a great assistance in holding emotions and
passions under control.
Black Onyx is used to help one change habits.

Deposits: The chief localities of onyx are India and South America.

Opal is given as a symbol of hope, happiness and truth.

Color: Opal is fundamentally colorless, but such material is rarely found. Disseminated impurities
generally impart to opal various dull body colors that range from the yellows and reds derived from
iron oxides to black from manganese oxides and organic carbon.
The milkiness of many white and gray opals is attributable to an abundance of tiny gas-filled cavities
in them. Precious opal reflects light with a play of brilliant colors across the visible spectrum, red being
the most valued.

Description: Amorthous silica, SiO2 + nH2O, A solidified jelly so it has no crystal structure and
contains up to 13% water. Precious opals are translucent to transparent and are distinguished by a
combination of milky to pearly opalescence and an attractive play of many colors. These colors flash
and change as a stone is viewed from different directions are caused by interference of light along
minute cracks and other internal inhomogeneities.
Opal is extensively used as a gemstone. Various forms of common opal are widely mined for use as
abrasives, insulation media, fillers, and ceramic ingredients.

The name's origin: The name opal is derived from the Latin word opalus, meaning seeing jewel.
According to another theory the word opal comes from upala, a Sanskrit word simply meaning a
stone.

Birthstone: Opal along with tourmaline are birthstones of Libra (Balance): Sept. 23 - Oct. 23.

Wedding anniversary: Opal is the anniversary gemstone for the 14th and 18th years of marriage.

Varieties: Black opal, with a very dark gray or blue to black body color, is particularly rare and highly
prized.
White opal has light body colors.
Fire opal is characterized by yellow, orange, or red body color. White and Fire opals are much more
common.

Care and treatment: Opals develop crazing if they are exposured to sun and allowed to dry out. In
addition to cracking, loss of water causes loss of iridescence, therefore they need to be oiled regulary
to keep the water inside. Opal also must be protected from detergents that dry the gem. And always
remember, opals can be fairly brittle because they contain water.

From the stone history: The most striking quality of opal is its ability to refract and reflect specific
wavelengths of light. The interplay of different wavelengths of light gives opal its unique visual appeal,
and makes it one of the most sought-after gemstones in the world at all times.
Precious opal has been a gemstone since Roman times. Opal was included among the noble gems and
was ranked second only to emerald by the Romans. A beautiful opal called the orphanus was set in
the crown of the Holy Roman Emperor. It was described "as though pure white snow flashed and
sparked with the color of bright ruddy wine, and was overcome by this radiance." Opals are also set in
the crown jewels of France.
Most opal is more than 60 million years old and generally dates back to the Cretaceous period when
dinosaurs roamed the earth. Most of the precious opal marketed in ancient times was obtained from
occurrences in what is now Slovakia.

Shopping guide: Fire opals usually are facet cut, but most other precious opals are finished en
cabochon because their optical properties are best displayed on smoothly rounded surfaces. Because
opal may crack or lose its color if it dries, many finished stones are protected by water or films of oil
until they are sold. Light-colored stones are often dyed to resemble rarer, more deeply colored
varieties.
There are several opal imitations and even some synthetic opals on the market. As always consult the
proffesional before gems shopping. Examine the opal very carefully before you buy it to avoid the
purchase of the crazed stone.
Opals range from very inexpensive stones which are the almost pure white milk opals, to the very
expensive black opals. The cost of Black Opal may reach US$ 20.000 per 2 gr.

Healing ability: Opal has been described in medival times as a cure for diseases of the eye.
Fire Opal: Red corpuscle & blood disorders; depression; apathy; lethargy;
Black Opal: Reproductive organs; spleen & pancreas; filters red corpuscles & aids white corpuscles;
bone marrow; depression, especially of sexual origin;
White Opal: Balances left and right brain hemispheres for neuro disorders; stimulates white
corpuscles;

Mystical power: Black opal is regarded as an extremely lucky stone. In ancient times opal was
accepted as a symbol of faithfulness and confidence. It has reputed healing properties, especially to
increase mental capacities such as creative imagination. Black opals worn near the heart on necklaces
made of gold are said to protect one from the evil eye and protect travelers on journeys to far away
lands. Opals have been ground up and used a magic potions to heal the body, ward off bad dreams,
and used an energy enhancement tools.

Deposits: Most opal is found where geothermal hot springs dried up during seasonal periods of
rainfall and extended dry periods. More than 90% of the world's quality gem opals come from
Southern Australia, although it can be found in other parts of the world such as Brazil, Mexico,
Czechoslovakia and USA (Nevada and Idaho).
All superb black stones have been obtained from the Lightning Ridge field, New South Wales,
Australia. Deposits of White opal in Japan, Fire opal in Mexico and Honduras.

Pearl symbolizes love, success, and happiness.

Color: The color of pearls varies with the mollusk and its environment. It ranges from black to white,
with the rose of Indian pearls esteemed most. Other colors are cream, gray, blue, yellow, lavender,
green, and mauve. All occur in delicate shades.
Cultured pearls are being produced in virtually every color of the rainbow.

Description: The chief component of the nacre that constitutes the pearl is aragonite CaCO.
Pearls are formed by a mollusk consisting of the same material (called nacre, or mother-of-pearl) as
the mollusk's shell. It is a highly valued gemstone.
The shell-secreting cells of the mollusk are located in the mantleof its body. When a foreign particle
penetrates the mantle, the cells attach to the particle and build up more or less concentric layers of
pearl around it. Irregularly shaped pearls called baroque pearls are those that have grown in muscular
tissue. Pearls that grow adjacent to the shell are often flat on one side and are called blister pearls.
Pearls are characterized by their translucence and lustre and by a delicate play of surface color called
orient. The more perfect its shape (spherical or droplike) and the deeper its lustre, the greater its
value. Only those pearls produced by mollusks whose shells are lined with mother-of-pearl (e.g.,
certain species of both saltwater oysters and freshwater clams) are really fine pearls. Pearls from
other mollusks are reddish or whitish, porcellaneous, or lacking in pearly lustre.
The surface of a pearl is rough to the touch. Pearls come in a wide range of sizes. Those weighing less
than 1/4 grain (1 pearl grain = 50 milligrams = 1/4 carat) are called seed pearls. The largest naturally
occurring pearls are the baroque pearls; one such pearl is known to have weighed 1,860 grains.
Cultured pearl is natural but cultivated pearl produced by a mollusk after the intentional introduction
of a foreign object inside the creature's shell.

Birthstone: Pearl and cultured pearl along with alexandrite and moonstone are birthstones of Gemini
(Twins): May 21 - June 21.

Wedding anniversary: Freshwater Pearl is the anniversary gemstone for the 1st year of marriage;
Pearl is the anniversary gemstone for the 12th and 30th year of marriage.

Varieties: Jewelers commonly refer to saltwater pearls as Oriental pearls and to those produced by
freshwater mollusks as freshwater pearls.

Care and treatment: Pearls are less durable than most gems. They are sensitive to acids, dryness,
and humidity. If you wear cosmetics, perfume or a hair spray, put these on before wearing your pearl
jewelry. When taking off your pearls, wipe them with a dry, lint-free cloth. If needed, clean your
pearls with warm soapy water being very careful to not get water into the drill hole as the pearl may
discolor. Dry your pearls flat on an absorbant soft (preferably lint-free) towel.

From the stone history: The discovery that pearls could be cultivated in freshwater mussels is said
to have been made in 13th-century China, and the Chinese have been adept for hundreds of years at
cultivating pearls by opening the mussel's shell and inserting into it small pellets of mud or tiny bosses
of wood, bone, or metal and returning the mussel to its bed for about three years to await the
maturation of a pearl formation. Cultured pearls of China have been almost exclusively blister pearls.
The production of whole cultured pearls was perfected by the Japanese. The research that led to the
establishment of the industry was started in the 1890s by Mikimoto Kokichi, who, after long
experimentation, concluded that a very small mother-of-pearl bead introduced into the mollusk's
tissue was the most successful stimulant to pearl production. Cultured pearls closely approximate
natural pearls.

Shopping guide: Everyone seems to love the beauty of a strand of pearls. It is a classic piece of
jewelry. Pearl often symbolizes a happy marriage and in many countries are used as a wedding gift.
The price of pearls vary widely as a result of luster, size, how they were grown, color and type.
Natural pearls are the most expensive, followed by cultured pearls. Fresh water pearls tend to be
relatively inexpensive.
Fake pearls is usually either too heavy (inside is filled with glass)or too light (inside is plastic). The
most reliable method of testing if a pearl is natural or cultured is a combination of the X-radiography
and X-ray fluorescence testing procedures. That means that you as a customer has no way to
distinguish among two types of pearls. Hence stay with your independent professional retail jeweler.

Healing ability: Perls eliminate emotional imbalances. They help one master the heart chakra, aid
stomach, spleen, intestinal tract & ulcer problems.

Mystical power: Pearl is said to help one see themselves and help improve self-worth. As an emblem
of modesty, chastity and purity, the pearl symbolizes love, success, and happiness.

Deposits: The finest Oriental pearls are found in the Persian Gulf. Other notable sources of fine-
quality pearls include the Gulf of Mannar between India and Sri Lanka, the waters off Celebes,
Indonesia, and the islands of the South Pacific. In the Americas, the Gulf of California, the Gulf of
Mexico, and the waters of the Pacific coast of Mexico have yielded dark-hued pearls with a metallic
sheen as well as white pearls of good quality.
Freshwater mussels in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere have produced pearls of great
value, as for example those from the Mississippi River. Pearling is a carefully fostered industry in
central Europe, and the forest streams of Bavaria, in particular, are the source of choice pearls.
Freshwater pearling in China has been known from before 1000 BC.
Cultured pearls: Northern Australia established its first cultured pearl farms in the 1960s, that by the
mid-1970s were an established industry, producing pearl shell as well as pearls. Japan and Australia
are the largest producers of cultured pearls, though Fiji also produces some.

Peridot is a symbol of fame, dignity, and protection.

Stone's names: Peridot, Chrysolite (golden yellow peridot).

Color: Peridot is a stone with a sparkling pale green color. It occurs in lime, yellowish green, olive
green or medium dark green hues.

Description: [Mg,Fe] 2SiO4 Magnesium iron silicate

Peridot, also called precious olivine, is a gem-quality transparent green olivine. The crystals of peridot
have a vitreous lustre and conchoidal fracture. Gem-quality olivine is a mineral that composes a lot of
the earth's mantel, the layer below the crust. It is also common in basalts on the moon.

The name's origin: Chrysolite means "golden stone" in Greek.

Birthstone: Peridot along with sardonyx are birthstones of Leo (Lion): July. 23 - Aug. 22.

Wedding anniversary: Peridot is the anniversary gemstone for the 16th year of marriage.

Varieties: Chrysolite is a golden yellow variety of peridot.

Care and treatment: As with all gems, protect peridot from scratches and sharp blows. Also avoid
drastic temperature changes. Do not clean peridot in a home ultrasonic cleaner.

From the stone history: Peridot has been adored since ancient times and has been valued for
centuries. People in the Middle Ages wore peridot to gain foresight and divine inspiration. Legend has
it that pirates favored peridot to protect them against evil. Peridot was greatly prized by Egyptian
Kings. Some of Cleopatra's emeralds were in fact peridots.
The deposit on Saint Johns Island in the Red Sea, that was mentioned by Pliny in his Natural History
(AD 70), still produces fine gems.

Shopping guide: Peridot is a beautiful stone that wears well and looks beautiful with a lot of your
wardrobe. Peridot is readily available in most sizes and a variety of shapes. Peridot should be priced
about the same as a garnet or tourmaline. Be aware of a very good imitation of peridot that is actually
a type of synthetic peridot.

Healing ability: This beautiful stone is worn or carried for general healing purposes. Peridot increases
strength & physical vitality. Peridot protects against nervousness and aids in healing hurt feelings. It
helps liver & adrenal function. Peridot is also thought to protect lungs, sinuses, and wrists from illness
and injury.

Mystical power: Peridot is used to help dreams become a reality. This very popular stone is believed
to attract love. The deep green hue of the peridot also suggests a connection in wealth-attracting.
Peridot calms a raging anger. It is also useful to dispel negative emotions, and it is believed to
promote sleep when worn to bed.

Deposits: Peridot is found in Australia, Brazil, China, Eygpt, Burma, Pakistan, Norway, and USA
(Arizona, Colorado, Hawaii, and New Mexico).
Much of the today's Peridot comes from Arizona. Very large crystals are found in the Mogok district of
Myanmar and in the Minas Gerais in Brazil.
Peridot has been mined from St John's Island in the Red Sea for over 3500 years. In 1994, an exciting
new deposit of peridot was discovered in Pakistan, and these stones are among the finest ever seen.

The information for mineralogist: Peridot has a hardness of 6.5 - 7.

Tiger eye - offers courage, energy, and luck.

Stone's names: Tiger eye, also spelled tiger's-eye and tigereye.
Tiger eye is also called crocidolite cat's-eye or African cat's-eye. Color: Tiger eye has a rich yellow and
golden brown stripes, with a fine golden lustre when polished.

Description: Tiger eye is quartz that contains oriented fibres of crocidolite that have been replaced by
silica.
Tiger eye is displaying chatoyancy (a vertical luminescent band like that of a cat's eye) . Tiger eye
typically has lustrous alternating yellow or brown bands.

The name's origin: Tiger eye with its bands resembles an eye of tiger, so it is received its name due
to this similarity.

Wedding anniversary: Tiger Eye is the anniversary gemstone for the 9th year of marriage.

Varieties: Hawk's-eye is similar to tiger eye, except that the crocidolite was replaced by quartz before
altering to iron oxide. It therefore retains the gray-blue or green of the asbestos.

Care and treatment: As with all gems, protect tiger eye from scratches and sharp blows. Also avoid
large temperature changes.

From the stone history: Roman soldiers wore tiger's-eye for protection in battle. Tiger Eye was
thought to be all seeing due to its appearance.

Shopping guide: Tiger Eye is widely used in pendant and beads where it's lovely tiger-like peculiarity
displays out best.

Healing ability: Tiger eye relieves high blood pressure. Tiger eye wear is very helpful in the presence
of following diseases: bronchial asthmakidney, rheumatic heart disease, otitis and psoriasis.

Mystical power: Tiger Eye is used for focusing the mind. It is said that Tiger Eye offers protection
during travel, strengthens convictions and confidence. This very warm stone is beneficial for the weak
and sick.

Deposits: The most important mine for Tiger Eye is in South Africa. The best stones come from
Griqualand West.

Topaz is a stone of strength.

Color: Pure topaz is colorless, but it also occurs in a broad range of colors: yellow, blue, pink, peach,
gold, green, red, and brown.
Some natural yellow stones are heated to become permanently pink (pinked topaz).

Description: Topaz is an aluminum fluorite silicate containing fluorine and has a chemical formula of
Al2F2SiO4. It is one of the few gem minerals which, under suitable conditions, grow into enormous
crystals. Topaz typically occurs in cavities in rhyolites and granite, in pegmatite dikes, and in high-
temperature veins with cassiterite and tourmaline.
The stone is transparent with a vitreous luster. A light yellow, brown and pink variety of topaz are
valued as a gemstone. The pure crystals of topaz used a great deal in jewelry.

The name's origin: The name topaz is derived from the Indian Sanskrit word tapas, meaning fire.
According to another theory topaz derives its name from the Island of Topazos, in the Red Sea, where
the Romans obtained a stone which they called by this name, but which was the modern chrysolite or
peridot.

Birthstone: Topaz along with citrine are birthstones of Scorpius (Scorpion): Oct. 24 - Nov. 21.

Wedding anniversary: Topaz is the anniversary gemstone for the 4th and 19th year of marriage.
Imperial topaz is the anniversary gemstone for the 23rd year of marriage.

Varieties: Nothing compares to the sparkling brilliance of Blue Topaz. Orange-red Imperial Topaz is
rare.

Care and treatment: As topaz has a hardness of 8, keep your gems in separate boxes to protect
other jewelry from scratches. Also avoid large temperature changes. Topaz often becomes paler if
kept out in the sun. Do not clean topaz in a home ultrasonic cleaner. The best way to clean topaz is
warm soapy water.

From the stone history: It is believed that the topaz of modern mineralogists was unknown to the
ancients and that the stone called topazos was the mineral chrysolite or peridot.
In ancient times, a figure of a falcon carved on a Topaz was thought to help earn the goodwill of
kings, princes and magnates. Topaz is Stone of Strength noted by Greeks. During medieval days it
was thought to heal physical and mental disorders as well as prevent death.
In 1750 a Parisian jeweler discovered that the yellow Brazilian topaz becomes pink on exposure to a
moderate heat, and this treatment has since been extensively applied, so that nearly all the pink
topaz occurring in jewelry has been heat-treated. Such "burnt topaz" is often known as Brazilian ruby,
as is the very rare, natural red topaz.

Shopping guide: Topaz looks beautiful in rings, bracelets, necklaces, and pendants. Blue Topaz is
available in a variety of shades, sizes and shapes. Red and intense pink are the most rare and most
desirable colors for topaz. Pure topaz when brilliant-cut sometimes is mistaken for diamond.

Healing ability: Topaz stimulates an endocrine system. It assists in general tissue regeneration.
Topaz is valuable in the treatment of hemorrhages. It also increases poor appetite and helps fighting
blood disorders.

Mystical power: Topaz balances emotions and calms passions. It releases tension and gives feelings
of joy. Topaz is known as spiritual rejuvenation gemstone.

Deposits: Important sources of topaz are in Russia, Siberia, Brazil, Sri Lanka, Africa and China,
Japan, Pakistan, Myanmar, Nigeria, Australia, Mexico, and in the United States (in Maine, New
Hampshire, California, Colorado, and Utah). In the United States the best topaz has been worked near
Pikes Peak, Colorado, and in San Diego county, California. The largest known deposits are located in
Minas Gerais in Brazil.
The finest British topaz is found in the Cairngorm Mountains in the Central Highlands, especially at Ben
a Buird, Scotland. The famous topaz rock of the Schneckenstein, in Germany, yields pale yellow
crystals.
Fine topaz occurs at several localities in the Urals and in Siberia, Russia, and beautiful crystals come
from Takayama and Tanokamiyama in Japan.

The information for mineralogist: Topaz has a hardness of 8.

Tourmaline brings tranquillity and serenity into your life.

Color: Tourmaline comes in many colors such as blue, yellow, pink, red, black, green and clear.
Green is from iron, chromium and vanadium, pink from manganese. Some crystals are pink at one
end and green at the other.

Description: Tourmaline is borosilicate mineral of complex and variable composition. Tourmaline is

very abundant and has the best-developed crystals in pegmatites and in metamorphosed limestones
in contact with granitic magmas.
The colored varieties, when transparent and free from flaws, are cut as gems. Transparent crystals of
tourmaline are dichroic - the depth of color varies as the crystal is turned in the light.
Another peculiarity of tourmaline is that crystal when heated acquires an electric charge and attracts
small objects such as hair or small pieces of paper. Rubbing crystal imparts a similar charge.

The name's origin: Tourmaline came from the Sinhalese name of turmali or tormally (multicolored).

Birthstone: Tourmaline along with opal are birthstones of Libra (Balance): Sept. 23 - Oct. 23.

Wedding anniversary: Multicolored Tourmaline is the anniversary gemstone for the 8th year of
marriage.

Varieties: Three types of tourmaline, distinguished by the predominance of certain elements, are
usually recognized:
iron tourmaline (schorl), black in color;
magnesium tourmaline (dravite), brown;
alkali tourmaline, which may be pink (rubellite), green (Brazilian emerald), or colorless (achroite).

Care and treatment: As with all gems, protect tourmaline from scratches and sharp blows. Avoid
drastic temperature changes. Do not clean tourmaline in a home ultrasonic cleaner.

From the stone history: Tourmaline was known by cenuries by the name schrol. Colored crystals
were imported from Sri Lanka at the beginning of the 18th century.
During medieval days tourmaline was thought to heal physical and mental disorders as well as prevent
death. Used as a gem for over 2,000 years.
In addition to its use as a gem, tourmaline is employed in pressure devices because of its piezoelectric
properties. It has been used in depth-sounding apparatus and other devices that detect and measure
variations in pressure.
The colored crystals of tourmaline are very strongly dichroic-- i.e., they are of different color when
viewed in the direction of different axes. Plates cut parallel to the vertical axis of a tourmaline crystal
allow only the extraordinary ray through; if two such plates are placed in crossed position, the light is
entirely blocked. A pair of these plates form a very simple polarizing apparatus known as tourmaline
tongs.

Shopping guide: Tourmaline is beautiful in rings, necklaces, and pendants.

Healing ability: Tourmaline calms nerves, regulates hormones, fights against genetic disorders.
Tourmaline induces a tranquil sleep.
Schorl relieves arthritis pain, helps fighting heart diseases.

Mystical power: Tourmaline is said to dispel fear, negativity and grief.

According to legend, the tourmaline of all colors protects the wearer against many dangers and
misfortune.
Rubellite: Is believed to enhance creativity, to increase fertility, to smooth away passive or aggressive
nature.
Schorl: release anxiety, raises altruism, deflects negativity, neutralizes distorted energies, i.e.
resentment and insecurity.

Deposits: Tourmaline is found in Africa, Brazil, Madagascar, Mexico, Myanmar, Namibia, Sri Lanka,
and USA (southern California, Connecticut, Maine, New York and Texas). The Isle of Elba is famous for
pink crystals tipped with black which are known as Moors' Heads
 Turquoise brings happiness and good fortune.
Color: The color of turquoise ranges from sky blue through various shades of green to greenish and
yellowish gray. Turquoise is opaque except in the thinnest splinters, and has a feeble, faintly waxy
lustre.

Description: Turquoise, hydrated copper and aluminum phosphate [CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8*4H2O], that

is extensively used as a gemstone. Turquoise is a secondary mineral deposited from circulating
waters, and it occurs chiefly as an opaque, granular vein running through a host rock.

The name's origin: The name turquoise undoubtedly comes from turc (Turkish in French) as it was
transported to Europe through Turkey.

Birthstone: Turquoise along with zircon are birthstones of Sagittarius (Archer): Nov. 22-Dec. 21.

Wedding anniversary: Turquoise is the anniversary gemstone for the 5th year of marriage.

Care and treatment: The stone's color and lustre tend to deteriorate with exposure to sunlight, heat,
or various weak acids. Avoid hot water and household chemicals. Turquoise is relatively soft so avoid
scratches and sharp blows. Make sure certain coatings are not removed.

From the stone history: Turquoise with its blue hue, is among the oldest known gemstones.
Turquoise was obtained from the Sinai Peninsula before the 4th millennium BC in one of the world's
first important hard-rock mining operations. Turquoise started being used before 4000 BC.
Turquoise was an important ornamental mineral for jewelry and other object by the ancient Egyptians.
It graced the necks of Egyptian Pharaohs and adorned the ceremonial dress of early native Americans.
Turquoise has been attributed with healing powers as well as promoting the wearer's status and
wealth. A very special stone indeed, Turquoise is a sacred stone to many American Indian tribes and
has been used in various jewelry items.

Shopping guide: Given as a gift, Turquoise is believed by many to bestow wealth and happiness
upon its receiver.
Turquoise is reasonably priced and quite lovely. The finest stone is an even blue, blue-green, or green
color with little or no mottling. Delicate veining, caused by impurities, is desired by some collectors as
proof of a natural stone.
A delicate sky blue, turquoise provides an attractive contrast with precious metals. It may be carved
or engraved, and irregular pieces are often set in mosaics with jasper, obsidian, and mother of pearl.

Healing ability: Turquoise is said to be a guard against all diseases. It assist in tissue regeneration,
subtle body alignment & strengthening.

Mystical power: Turquoise has been thought to warn the wearer of danger or illness by changing
color. In the 13th century,turquoise was thought to protect the wearer from falling, especially from
horses.
Turquoise is also believed to bring happiness and good fortune to all. It's said that turquoise attracts
healing spirits, making it a premier healing stone.
Believed to be a protective stone, turquoise is worn to guard against violence and accidents. Turquoise
is also a valuable amulet for travelers.

Deposits: Highly prized turquoise has come from Neyshabur, Iran. Numerous deposits in the
southwestern United States have been worked for centuries by American Indians. Turquoise also
occurs in northern Africa, Australia, Siberia, and Europe.