1

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

“The backbone of Philippine aquaculture” is how bangus farming has been

regarded by most fishery experts Bangus, also known as milkfish, bangus (scientific

name: Chanos chanos) is most closely related to carps and catfishes. Although

commercial production of bangus dates back more than a century ago, it was only in

recent years that significant growth of the industry was realized. Today, the

Philippines is one of the top bangus producers in the world. The Philippines has been

exporting bangus to other countries like the United States, England, Canada, and

Japan. Sleek and silvery, beloved because of its mild, sweet flesh, and its melt-in the-

mouth belly fat, bangus is a favorite Filipino fish.

The popularity of bangus can be gleaned in such recipes as bangus en tocho

(fried bangus served with a sauce of any of the following: tahure, tokwa, or tausi),

bulanglang na bangus (with eggplants, ampalaya, sitao, malunggay, onion, tomatoes,

rice washing and bagoong), rellenong bangus (formerly a party dish; now available

even in school cafeterias), and bangus lumpia.

Raising bangus can be done employing different production systems in

freshwater and in brackishwater. This depends on the available resources and level of

management, the culture methods can vary from the traditional or extensive system,

the modular or semi-intensive to the intensive system Milkfish: A Basic Domestic

Need Commodity, a primer published by PCAMRD).

The semi-intensive system is an improvement of the traditional system where

fingerlings are stocked at a higher density. With natural and artificial feeds, bangus
 2

fingerlings are stocked at densities of 6,000 to 12,000 per hectare. With dependence

on natural food in the traditional system, low stocking densities of 1,000 to 3,000

fingerlings per hectare are applied. In this method, the culture period is longer thus

allowing only one or two cropping a year. The modular pond system, on the other

hand, allows a continuous operation and makes possible four to six cropping per year.

To make fishponds and fish cages productive throughout the year, adequate supply of

bangus fingerlings is necessary. Historically, milkfish fry abound in the country,

especially during the fry season in the months of April to October the PCAMRD

primer reports. During recent years, the number collected has been dwindling. (Singh

1982, Singh and Poernomo 1984)

Regardless of the wide milkfish farms in our country the demand is getting

higher as well which makes the supply drops. Therefore, there is a need to increase

the supply in a manner of accumulation fish farms in an area where it can survive. In

order to avoid shortage as well as a good benefit for the community economy likewise

opening doors for unemployed people in the community.

 3

Conceptual Framework

Milkfish theoretical approach has been practiced for centuries in the Philippines,

Indonesia and Taiwan. In the Philippines alone, about 195,000 hectares of brackishwater

ponds and 30,000 hectares of freshwater fishpens are used for milkfish production. The fry

needed to stock these ponds and fishpens still come exclusively from the coastal waters.

Annual catches from the natural fry grounds, however, are uncertain due to fluctuations in

climatic conditions. In addition, traditional fry grounds are threatened by increasing pollution.

Milkfish production in the Philippines has increased steadily through the years and is

projected to continue over the next decade. With the recent improvements in culture

operations through improved fertilization and pond management techniques resulting in

higher stocking density per unit area, the demand for seeds is expected to increase.

Furthermore, an estimated 62,000 hectares out of the 140,000 hectares of mangrove swamp

are available for future expansion (Samson, 1983). Research efforts to artificially propagate

milkfish has resulted in successful induced spawning of wild adults (Kuo et al., 1979; Liao et

al., 1979) and captive broodstock (Tseng and Hsiao, 1979; Juario and Natividad, 1980; Liao

and Chen, 1979, 1983) as well as development of larval rearing techniques giving survival

rates up to 70% (Vanstone et al., 1977; Juario et al., 1983)..

These developments underline the potential for increasing milkfish supply through

controlled breeding. Recognizing the need to accelerate development of milkfish breeding

technology, the Minister of Natural Resources, the Director of the Bureau of Fisheries and

Aquatic Resources (BFAR) and the Chief of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development

Center (SEAFDEC) Aquaculture Department to implement a "National Bangus Breeding

Program". The program aims to: (a) accelerate the development of a simplified technology for

propagating milkfish and test its economic viability for commercial application; (b) increase

fry supply in selected natural fry grounds, particularly those close to productive fishponds; (c)

establish hatcheries in fishpond areas far from natural source of fry; (d) eliminate or minimize

transport cost and mortality of fry; and (e) produce excess fry for export.
 4

Socio-Economic variables:
BFAD
Community

Production factors: Manpower factors: Environmental factors:

 Healthy surroundings  Maintenance  Water Supply
 Water outlet  Grower  Soil Characteristics
 Established  Cleaner  Wind Direction
ponds/fishpen  Distributor  Topography
 Protection from flood
 Vegetation

Product:

Milkfish production

Economic/social/individual effect:

 increase milkfish supply

 employment
 good quality products
 eliminate/minimise transport cost

As shown in the conceptual model, socio-economic variables needs to directly

work with the production which includes healthy surroundings, water outlet,

established ponds/fishpen, the manpower factors such as maintenance, grower,

cleaner, distributor and environmental factors which includes water supply, soil

characteristics, wind direction, topography, protection from flood and vegetation in

order to come up with the desired product and which also enables the said study to

meet its positive effect for the social, economic and even for individual purposes such

as employment. The study is anchored on the collaboration of the socio-economic

variables to the 3 different factors production.

 5

Research Hypothesis

In pursuing this research, milkfish farming is said to be beneficial in many

ways such as easier access not only for the locals but even for nearby communities.

Moreover, this gives economic positive impact for it allows the community to be

employed. In addition, milkfish farming allows individual to enjoy good and

nutritious food for it’s a good source of different vitamins and minerals that every

individual needs. It is clear that the milkfish is beneficial to most Filipinos in some

ways that will be able to have a better standard of life. 

Statement of the problem

This study attempted to provide information about La Paz milkfish farm

production. Specifically, this answers the following questions:

1. How will bangus production help a better livelihood for the community?

2. What are the benefits of milkfish farm production?

3. How would milkfish farm production guarantee a good quality product?

4. How would it help cultivate the shortage of milkfish?

Definition of Terms

Milkfish. Also called bandeng, or bangos, (Chanos chanos), silvery marine

food fish that is the only living member of the family Chanidae (order

Gonorhynchiformes).

Semi-intensive culture. This process is undertaken by employing some or

majority of the modern techniques of production which includes funning and

fertilization, eradication of nuisance species or pests, control of diseases, stock

 6

manipulation and selective harvesting, removal of metabolites or toxic substances

accumulating in the ponds and supplemental feeding.

Intensive Fish Culture. This utilizes a process of limited area with very high

investment. It adopts modern techniques of production, including the use of

commercial or formulated feeds.

Extensive fish culture. This utilizes a process of wide area with only minimal

capital and very low production. The fish farmer largely relies on nature’s attributes

for the sustenance of the fish stock.

Importance of the study

The results of this research which is the La Paz milkfish farm production are

deemed meaningful. Specifically to the following that are benefited:

Community. Through this research, the community will have an overview

about milkfish production especially when they have plans to put in action in the

future.

Students. Through this research, the students can acquire more knowledge

with regards in operating milkfish farm as well as they will widen their understanding

about milkfish farm production.

Fishvendors. Through this research, the fishvendors can determine customer

choice in selection of milkfish with this they already have knowledge on what to do.
 7

Fishermen. Through this research, the fishermen can gain more knowledge

about milkfish farm production and will be able to apply the information or

knowledge they have gather.

Scope and Limitation of the study

The main objective of the study is to provide information regarding milkfish

farm production.

This research was conducted at Ilocos Norte Regional School of Fisheries in

the School Year 2017-2018, second semester involving five (5) from community and

five (5) students. The said respondents were asked to share their personal perspective

on the research topic. Each of the respondents was given questionnaire to answer. To

supplement the researcher accumulated related information, principles and theories

from available published references in the library and internet.

 8

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Milkfish Production

The increasing demand for fish, the drop in catch per unit effort in capture

fisheries, and the changing climatic conditions all point out to aquaculture as a last

resort for increased fish production. Being native to our waters, bangus (milkfish) is

considered a better species for aquaculture. Bangus as a commodity has a high

consumer acceptance. It can be farmed in fresh, brackish, marine waters. Most

importantly, package of technologies from selecting the broodstock to rearing the

larvae to fingerling size, and finally, to feeding, growing, and processing milkfish for

the market is available.

The technology for milkfish production is fully developed starting from

broodstock development and artificial propagation in hatcheries to grow-out in ponds,

pens, and cages as well as post harvest handling and processing. Formulated feeds are

also fully commercialized with several feed mill companies involved in distribution

and marketing in all parts of the country. With mariculture parks established in all

regions, more sea cages can be put up and sustained. (Ebora, 2016)

Milkfish primarily eats plant matter and detritus. It can filter feed plankton

from the water column as well as graze on bottom algae and detritus on the pond

bottom, making it a very efficient feeder. Milkfish can grow very well using artificial

feeds. Being an herbivore, it does not have any tendency to eat each other even when

hungry. Thus, it is amenable to crowding and can be stocked at high densities. Fish

cage operators routinely stock at 40 pieces/m3.

 9

Milkfish Processing

Preservation by Curing

Drying, smoking and fermentation (“buro”) are the traditional way of

preserving milkfish. Drying involves splitting the fish into butterfly cut and brining

before being laid under the sun. Drying time ranges from 10 hours up to 32 hours

under the sun depending on fish size to achieve 20% moisture content. Smoking

involves only gutting and brining without splitting. The drum-type smoker is the most

affordable smoking chamber. Fermentation involves filleting the fish and the use of

cooked rice and “angkak” (a type of fungus). Improvements in these traditional

processes are needed to improve product quality and wholesomeness.

Freezing and Canning

The introduction of freezers and pressure cookers has given rise to new way of

preserving fish through freezing and canning (or bottling). Freezing of whole fish is

not widely practiced due to poor local market acceptability for frozen whole milkfish.

Canned milkfish enjoys a good market because of its convenience but is done only by

large canneries as an additional product line. For cottage industry level operation,

bottling in glass jars is more popular because it does not require expensive

machineries and glass bottles are cheaper than tin cans.

Deboning and other Value Adding Processes

Deboned milkfish or “boneless bangus” is undoubtedly the most popular

value-added milkfish product. These are sold fresh-chilled, smoked, marinated and

chilled, or individually packed and frozen. These enjoy good market both in the

Philippines and abroad. It is a tedious process involving the removal by hand of more

than 170 inter-muscular bones. The production of “boneless bangus” has also given

rise to many other value-added products as processors find ways to use the trimmings
 10

and bits of flesh that are invariably removed with the bones. These new milkfish

products include fishballs, milkfish lumpia, quekiam, embutido, and chicharon from

the skins.

Benefits of Milkfish as Source of Nutrition

In addition to its distinctive flavor, milkfish has many benefits as a source of

good nutrition for human health. According to the tests that have been carried out, as

written by Deniarko, the benefits of milkfish as a source of nutrition contains more

omega-3 than the other types of fish.

In milkfish has omega 3 content of 14.2 percent, while other fishes such as

sardines contain 3.9 percent, salmon (2.6 %), and tuna (0.2 %).

Omega fatty acids consist of omega 3, 6 and 9. Omega 3 is a type of

polyunsaturated fat that cannot be produced by human body. Omega 3 important as

essential fatty acids that are formed from fatty acids such as EPA (eicosapentaenoic

acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and ALA (a-linolenic acid).

If diligently consume foods containing fatty acids such as contained in milkfish every

day without exaggeration, it could help the development of the brain and memory of

children, prevent heart disease, high cholesterol levels, nourish the eyes, and reduces

depression. Omega 3 is good for pregnant women to increase breast milk and the

quality. Children who are born will be healthier and smarter.

In addition to omega-3, protein content in milkfish of 20.38 percent, higher

than some other fish. Consuming milkfish can meet the protein needs of the body. The

high nutrient content in milkfish can prevent coronary heart disease, also increase

endurance.
 11

Regular consumption of milkfish can prevent micronutrient deficiencies and

can help the growth of the nervous system and brain development. Other benefits of

milkfish can reduce the risk of hypertension.

Bangus Products

More value-added products can now be turned out of full-grown milkfish.

These include bangus longganisa, nuggets, stuffed-grill burger, and stuffed milkfish

or relleno.

Standard production processes, storage studies, and appropriate packaging

materials have been established for these products by food technologists of the UP-

Visayas-institute of Fish Processing Technology (UPV-IFPT) in Miag-ao, Iloilo. (UP

Visayas’ main campus is in Miag-ao; its other campuses are in Iloilo City, Cebu City

and Tacloban City) They are seeking commercial partners to take their products to the

market.

The longganisa, nuggets, stuffed-grill burger, and relleno are acceptable to all

age groups and to non-pork eating consumers. As an export item, these products make

Filipinos long for home and crave for the Christmas and fiesta seasons. The stuffed

milkfish is the best product for promoting the unique Filipino hospitality as it

symbolizes the care, patience, and artistry of Filipino cooks. Bangus longganisa is

good for breakfast, lunch, and snack.

Bangus nuggets are made from high-quality milkfish flesh and a prime quality

product for parties, fast food centers, and restaurants. The natural fiber and flavor of

the meat are retained. It is a health food, rich in protein and low in cholesterol. The

bangus stuffed-grill burger is a new high-end product from minced flesh of back and

tail and filled with Filipino favorite flavours.

 12

Bangus or Milkfish Cultivation Systems in the Philippines

High hopes are pinned on aquaculture as the solution to the shortfall in the

harvests from capture fisheries relative to the expanding human population. Such

expectations can only be fulfilled by herbivorous or omnivorous farmed species not

dependent on fishmeal-based feeds. In the Philippines, Indonesia, and Taiwan,

milkfish farming is widely regarded as the way to domestic food security (Platon,

1999).

Fish, fishing, and fish farming are very important to the- diet, culture, and

economy of the people of the Philippines and the rest of Asia. Milkfish farming in

Indonesia, the Philippines and Taiwan started about 4-6 centuries ago, and milkfish

has become a national symbol, the official national fish of the Philippines.

Milkfish is a large, long-lived species, and its habitat, behavior and food habits

change with size and stage in the life cycle. Milkfish in the wild migrate from one

habitat to another. Adults spawn ate sea, the larvae migrate inshore, juveniles settle in

shallow-water habitats, and large juveniles and sub-adults return to sea. Little is

known about the actual movements, particularly during the period after the juveniles

leave the nursery grounds, and the period after the spawning of adults at sea. To

ensure the survival of milkfish populations in the wild, coral reefs, beaches,

mangroves swamps, estuaries, rivers, and lakes must be protected.

The fish life cycle generally consists of four stages: egg, larvae, juvenile, and

adult, with a sub-adult stage in species with long life spans. Milkfish, like most fishes,

go through indirect development and complete metamorphosis, in which eggs hatch

into larvae that look very different from the adults.

Milkfish primarily eats plant matter and detritus. It can filter feed plankton

from the water column as well as graze on bottom algae and detritus on the pond
 13

bottom, making it a very efficient feeder. Milkfish can grow very well using artificial

feeds. Being an herbivore, it does not have any tendency to eat each other even when

hungry. Thus, it is amenable to crowding and can be stocked at high densities. Fish

cage operators routinely stock at 40 pieces/m 3. Sustainable milkfish farming is

basically an appeal to practitioners and stakeholders in the industry to rethink some

principles and realign mindsets to ensure that Filipinos and people everywhere

continue to enjoy the dietary and economic benefits that milkfish brings.

Milkfish Production Dualism in the Philippines

Philippine milkfish ponds are generally underutilized. Perennial low milkfish

yields from underutilized brackishwater ponds are primarily the result of the

difference between fertilizer application rates followed by most milkfish farmers and

those higher rates which would duplicate the results achieved on experimental farms

and also on a small number of private farms. The purpose of this study was to

determine and measure the constraints to the adoption of more intensive fertilizer

application rates among milkfish farmers in the Philippines. The analytical model

specified for this study was placed in the context of various theories of agricultural

stagnation and growth. Fifty-six explanatory variables, categorized into

socioeconomic, institutional, physical and bio-technical parameters, were

hypothesized to explain variations in fertilizer use. The study focused on farmers'

perceptions of constraints. Data were collected from 447 milkfish farmers in seven

provinces. Additional' data from a previous survey involving 324 farmers from seven

provinces were also included in this study.

The four explanatory variables which were statistically significant at the 1%

level were: ratio of milkfish price 'o organic fertilizer price, ratio of milkfish price to

inorganic fertilizer price, interest in working on other milkfish farms and belief in the
 14

effect of fertilizers on the taste of milkfish. The other four variables, significant at the

5% level were: salinity of pond soil sample, interest in seeking consultation, family

size and farmers' estimates of a "fair" collateral requirement for loans.

For the purpose of this study, the bench mark yield is pegged at 2,000 kg/ha/year, a

conservative output level widely known as attainable under farmers' field conditions. Much

higher output has in fact been reported, but this is probably not a realistic goal for most

milkfish farms. The actual yield is estimated to be 800 kg/ha/year, representing approximately

the average yield per ha achieved.

Efficiency and Farm Size in Philippine Aquaculture

As global production of capture fisheries stagnated over the last decade, output

from aquaculture expanded steadily, making aquaculture one of the fastest growing

food-producing sub-sectors globally (Ahmed and Lorica, 2002; FAO, 2002). This

spectacular development has sometimes been described as a blue revolution, with the

underlying idea that aquaculture has the potential to solve some aspects of the world’s

chronic hunger and malnutrition problems (Coull, 1993). While there is no arguing

with the increase in aquaculture production, it is however necessary to acknowledge

that this development has generated a number of social, environmental and economic

problems.

We believe that it will make a contribution to an important and ongoing policy

debate that emerges from the fact that, while the Philippines adopted several land

reform laws in the late 1980s, aquaculture ponds have so far been exempted. As a

result, the distribution of holdings in brackishwater aquaculture remains very unequal

as indicated by a Gini coefficient of 0.72 for the two regions that form the focus of

our study. Naturally, large fishpond owners and leaseholders believe that agrarian
 15

reform would, if anything, only worsen the severe problems of poverty and inequality

in the communities where fish farming represents an important activity. Yap (1999)

cites a telling extract from the newsletter of Negros Prawn Producers and Marketing

Cooperative: The implementation of the (land reform) law is liable to cause

widespread strife among the landowner. There is no showing that land reform will

enliven the plight of the poor. Without undermining their capabilities, it is also

doubtful whether they (the farmers) can put up the necessary capital to maximize land

use. Having been used to having a landlord on whom to call in times of need, this

plunge to independence may have a crippling effect.

Development of Milkfish Production Technology

The milkfish is the most important fish species being farmed in the

Philippines. It is cultivated in freshwater, brackishwater and marine environments. A

number of milkfish production technologies have been developed to fit these diverse

culture situations. These production technologies are modified depending on the

location, climate, topography, tidal fluctuation, water current, water depth, available

land/space, available supplies and materials, available capital and level of viability.

Milkfish can be considered as the superstar of Philippine aquaculture because of the

following attributes:

a) True to its name the milkfish provides not only reasonably priced source of

nutritious protein to millions of people in the Indo-Pacific region but also livelihood

to countless of families engaged in aquaculture.

b) Herbivore/detritivore – Milkfish is low in the food chain. It eats primarily

plant materials and detritus but will readily eat rice bran, trash fish, formulated diet
 16

and etc. when natural food becomes scarce. It can exploit food found from the surface

of the water up to the bottom.

• It is a filter feeder which utilizes fine gill rakers to concentrate plankton

inhabiting the water column.

• It is also a benthic feeder which browses on complex benthic organisms (lab-lab),

filamentous algae, and detritus on the bottom.

c) Euryhaline – It can tolerate and live in extreme salinity ranging from 0-100

ppt but growth is optimal between 0.5-40 ppt. which means it can be cultured in a

wide range of environment from fresh to highly saline waters.

d) Eurythermal – It has a wide temperature tolerance range (10- 40°C) with

optimal growth ranging from 25-30°C.

e) Milkfish is not piscivirous so it can be grown at higher densities and can be

polycultured with other fin fishes and crustaceans.

f) It is resistant to diseases with no known occurrence of serious disease

outbreak in aquaculture.

g) Milkfish can be stunted under sub-optimal circumstances such as

overcrowding or scarcity of food but grows fast when conditions become favorable

once more.

h) Milkfish broodstock husbandry and hatchery technology have already been

developed, thus a continuous supply of seed stock can be assured.

i) Milkfish is highly acceptable in fresh, frozen, fillet, deboned, smoked,

canned and many other product forms. Its only negative attribute – having so many

fine bones embedded in its muscles can be removed during processing to increase its

commercial value and acceptability such that it is now exported to the US and EU;

and among other countries its export is increasing.

 17

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the research strategies, sampling design, data gathering

procedures or techniques and the statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

The study is a survey research that presents the milkfish farm production. The

survey research is a method of research that aims to let people know that milkfish

farm production is beneficial in many ways.

The data gathered through the survey were consolidated to present

comprehensive and holistic discussion of the answer to research question.

Population and Sampling

The purposive sampling was used in which five (5) respondents from

community and five (5) students were chosen. This was done to ensure that the target

population will be well represented. The researchers also believe that said process

eliminate research bias.

Data Gathering Procedures

A simple questionnaire constructed by the researchers served as the main tool

in gathering the data presented in Chapter IV.

The said survey questionnaire specifically aimed to encourage and give

information that milkfish is beneficial to most Filipinos in some ways that will be able

to have a better standard of life. 

 18

Statistical Treatment

After the questionnaires were all gathered, the researchers analyze the

respondents answers through the use of basic statistical operation such as the

frequency and percentage.

The specific answers of the respondents per item were tabulated then the

percentage was computed to reveal the dominant perspective of the respondents on

the research topic. There are items which are rank to determine the preferences of the

respondents on a given aspect of the topic.

 19

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDING

Graph 1 exhibits the number of respondents who agree in putting up milkfish

farm production.

Number of Respondents Agrees in Putting Up Milkfish Farm Production

No
YesYesTotal
NoNumber of Respondents= 10

100%

A total of 100 percent (100%) of the respondents answered Yes, which means

all of the respondents approves in putting up milkfish farm production.

Therefore, based on the Graph, all of them approve to put up milkfish farm

production.
 20

Graph 2. Advantages of Milkfish Farm Production

Advantages of Milkfish Farm Production

100% 100% 100%
90%
80%

0.2
0.1
0 0 0

Agree
Disagree

The advantages of milkfish farm production are: first, Milkfish farm

production creates business opportunity one hundred percent (100%); second is

milkfish farm production is fit to the coastal environment area one hundred percent

(100%); third, milkfish is nutritious one hundred percent (100%); fourth is bangus

fish production help improve the livelihood of the people in community with ninety

(90%); and fifth is milkfish is affordable to the community with eighty percent (80%).
 21

As for the disagree, milkfish is affordable to the community with twenty percent

(20%) of the respondents and bangus fish production help improve the livelihood of

the people in community with ten percent (10%) respondents.

Therefore, according from the data gathered, the advantages of milkfish farm

production with top 3 that all the respondent totally agree on milkfish farm production

creates business opportunity, milkfish farm production is fit to the coastal

environment area, and milkfish is nutritious. In the other hand, there are respondent

who disagree that milkfish is affordable to the community and bangus fish production

help improve the livelihood of the people in community.

 22

Graph 3 Disadvantages of Milkfish Farm Production

Disadvantages of Milkfish Farm Production

0 0 0
Disagree 2Agree 3
10 10 10
8 7

The disadvantages of milkfish farm production are; first, there is mortality of

milkfish when calamities occur with one hundred percent (100%) who answered

agree; second, milkfish production is extensive labor with one hundred percent

(100%) who answered agree; third, Milkfish farm requires high maintenance one

hundred percent (100%) reacted agree; fourth milkfish is sensitive with eighty percent

(80%) reacted agree and twenty percent (20%) who disagree and last, milkfish farm
 23

production is not possible if it is lack of infrastructure with seventy percent (70%)

respond agree and thirty (30%) who disagree and last.

Therefore, according from the data gathered, the disadvantages of milkfish

farm production with top 3 that all the respondent totally agree that there is mortality

of milkfish when calamities occur, milkfish production is extensive labor, and

milkfish farm requires high maintenance. In the other hand, some of the respondents

answered disagree that milkfish is sensitive and milkfish farm production is not

possible if it is lack of infrastructure.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion

Based on the result of the survey, it could be gleaned that all of the

respondents agree in putting up milkfish farm production. In addition, the advantages

of milkfish farm production the respondents totally agree that milkfish farm

production creates business opportunity, milkfish farm production is fit to the coastal

environment area, and milkfish is nutritious. Furthermore, there are still who disagree.

As for the disadvantages, the respondents reacted agree that there is mortality of

milkfish when calamities occur, milkfish production is extensive labor, and milkfish

farm requires high maintenance. In the other hand, there are still who disagree that

milkfish is sensitive and milkfish farm production is not possible if it is lack of

infrastructure.

Recommendation

The following recommendations are offered by the researchers based on the

accumulated study.
 24

1. The community should try this kind of business which is milkfish farm production

that will surely make an outcome of good quality product with high profit.

2. The student should know more about milkfish farm production on how to operate

and manage it so that in the future if they have plan in putting up such business

they already have knowledge about it.

3. The fishvendors should know how to determine customer’s choice of milkfish to

lessen their effort and easier for them to sell their products.

4. The fishermen should learn on how to produce milkfish to be able to gain more

profit as a fisherman.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Book Sources

Bagarinao, T. 1999. Ecology and Farming of Milkfish. SEAFDEC Aquaculture.

Emata, A.C. 1994. Natural Spawning, Egg, and Fry Production of Milkfish, Chanos
chanos Forsskal. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management.
Espejo-Hermes, J. 2004. Quality assurance of aquaculture products. Manila:Milk fish

and Tilapia Tawid Publications.

Hilomen-Garcia, GV. 1998. Sensitivity of fertilized milkfish (Chains chanos) Eggs to

Mechanical Shock and Simulated Transport. Aquaculture.

Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research

Development. The Philippines Recommends for Milkfish. 2016 First Edition.

Los Baños, Laguna: DOST-PCAARRD.

Internet Sources

https://www. /milkfish-species-that-has-high-quality.html
 25

http://www.fao.org/fishery/affris/species-profiles/milkfish/production/en/

http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Chanos_chanos/en

https://www.gaiadiscovery.com/marine-life-latest/bangus-or-milkfish-

cultivation-systems-in-the-philippines.html

http://pubs.iclarm.net/resource_centre/WF_37171.pdf

https://repository.seafdec.org.ph/handle/10862/1308

http://www.seafdec.org.ph/2011/training-course-on-milkfish-farming/

APPENDIX
 26

APPENDIX A

Region I
Schools Division of Laoag
ILOCOS NORTE REGIONAL SCHOOL OF FISHERIES
La Paz, Laoag City

RESPONDENT’S PROFILE

Name: __________________________________ Date: ____________

Age:___________________________________

Milkfish Farm Production

General Instruction: The following are statements are the advantages and
disadvantages of milkfish farm production. Put a check mark (/) in the column which
best for you.

1. Do you agree in putting up milkfish farm production?

_____Yes ______ No

A. Advantages and Disadvantages Agree Disagree

1. Milkfish farm production creates business
opportunity.
2. Milkfish farm production is fit to the coastal
 27

environment area.
3. Milkfish is affordable to the community.
4. Bangus fish production help improve the
livelihood of the people in community.
5. Milkfish is nutritious.

B. Disadvantages Agree Disagree

1. There is mortality of milkfish when calamities
occur.
2. Milkfish is sensitive.
3. Milkfish farm production is not possible if it is lack
of infrastructure.
4. Milkfish production is extensive labor.
5. Milkfish farm requires high maintenance.

Thank you for your time and cooperation. God bless!

Respondent’s Signature
APPENDIX B

List of Respondents

From Community:

1. Tayamen, Godofredo

2. Pascual, Arsenio

3. Patoc, Felizardo

4. Tayamen, Leonardo

5. Pascual, Damaso

Students:

6. Tayamen, Steven

7. Domingo, Kaye Cee

8. del Rosario, Rolando

9. Pascual, Jasmin

10. Estelita, Jomerlyn

 28

CURRICULUM VITAE

TRISTAN JAKE M. GERONIMO

Barangay 32-B La Paz, Laoag City
09951434093

Educational Background

ELEMENTARY: Eulalio F. Siazon Memorial Elementary School

SECONDARY: Ilocos Norte Regional School of Fisheries

Personal Information

Age: 18
Birth Date: October 26, 1999
Birth Place: Laoag City
Address: Barangay 32-B La Paz, Laoag
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
 29

Nationality: Filipino
Father: Tito Geronimo
Mother: Lilani Geronimo

JUSTINE ROLLIN P. PATOC

Barangay 33-A La Paz, Laoag City Ilocos Norte
09165285865
Jusrollin09@yahoo.com

Educational Background

ELEMENTARY: Eulalio F. Siazon Memorial Elementary School

SECONDARY: Ilocos Norte Regional School of Fisheries

Personal Information

Age: 18
Birth Date: November 9, 1999
Birth Place: Laoag City
Address: Barangay 33-A La Paz Laoag
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Father: Estrolin A. Patoc
Mother: Amy P. Patoc
 30

NAFRAISHA ANNE A. TABALBAG

Barangay 32-C La Paz, Laoag City Ilocos Norte
09166420158
Annenafraisha@yahoo.com

Educational Background

ELEMENTARY: Eulalio F. Siazon Memorial Elementary School

SECONDARY: Ilocos Norte Regional School of Fisheries

Personal Information

Age: 18
Birth Date: September 13, 1999
Birth Place: Lapaz, Laoag City
Address: Barangay 32-C La Paz, Laoag City Ilocos Norte
Religion: Pentecost
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Father: Daniel B. Tabalbag
 31

Mother: Marrieta V. Tabalbag