TESTS: READING AND USE OF ENGLISH Part 1 For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0), In the exam, mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Example: 0 A fulfl B accomplish G manage D_ perform cs eee Book Review Galapagos: The islands that changed the world was lucky enough to (0) an ambition and visit the Galapagos Islands two years ago. (1)........ 0 substitute for a visit, this superbly attractive book provides a fascinating commentary and scientific background to the Galapagos experience. BBC books have (2)........ their usual high-quality job in producing the volume that will accompany their TV series of the same name. Nothing can compare to exploring the strange landscapes, (3) ........ up close and personal with the unique wildlife and witnessing the rich biological and environmental history that is so very apparent on the islands. However, this book does (4) close. The superb descriptive prose of award-winning cameraman Paul Stewart is another plus (5) ........ a8 is the fact that this is punctuated by his iconic photography. This book (6) in celebrating the weird and wonderful sights but don't (7) .......fead this book as an alternative to actually going, use it as the (8) ....... of inspiration for your own trip, a useful guide once you're there and a stunning reminder on your return. 4 A Despite B However Whilst D Whereas 2 A set B done C made D given 3A getting B reaching © arriving D_ gaining 4 A nun B come © go D pass 5 A spot B_ point © mark D tip 6 A attains B succeeds C achieves —D_obtains 7 A barely B hardly © merely D. scarcely 8 A base B cause © origin D source TEST 5: READING AND USE OF ENGLISHPart 2 For questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). In the exam, write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. Example: [0] [AS [ Ahistory of table tennis Like many other sports, table tennis started out (0) ........ a mild social diversion. It was popular in England in the second half of the nineteenth century under its present name and various trade names like Whiff-Whaff and Ping-Pong, (9) sought to imitate the sound (10) ........ by the ball striking the table. The game soon (11)... something of a craze and there are many contemporary references to it and illustrations of it (12) played, usually in domestic surroundings. (13) ....... the early twentieth century, the sport had already acquired some of its present-day complexities, (14) it was still seen by many as an after-dinner amusement (15) ....... than a sport. An account published in 1903 found it necessary to warn players (16) ........ the wearing of evening dress, but went on to give detailed technical advice about the pen-holder grip and tactics. (Over the next 60 years, table tennis developed into a worldwide sport, played by up to 30 million competitive players. TEST 5: READING AND USE OF ENGLISHTEST § Part 3 For questions 17-24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). In the exam, write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. Example: [0] {H]z|s|tTlo|a|z[|N[s Dancing is good for you Since the dawn of civilisation, dance has been an important part of life, and dance (0) .. Struggle to identify the first evidence of dance as it has always been an intrinsic part of human (17) ss. The earliest recorded dances, discovered in the 9,000-year-old Bhimbetka rock paintings in India, were used to tell stories and celebrate (18) .......... events, whilst also serving as a way of passing on information to future generations. But why has dance, something which can make someone look utterly (19) if done wrong, always seemed to be natural to our DNA? Experts argue that its psychological and physiological benefits are the cause. (20) .......... Studies have discovered that dancing is not only an (21) .......... form of non-verbal communication, but is also a mood-boosting cure that can alleviate (22) ........... improve interpersonal (23) .......... and cure illnesses. Physically, dancing makes us happy because, as with any repetitive exercise, it releases us to be endorphins. Also it's a socialising event, (24) physically close to people and more emotionally connected to them. HISTORY BEHAVE SIGNIFY RIDICULE NUMBER EFFECT DEPRESS RELATION ABLEPart 4 For questions 25-30, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given. Here is an example (0). Example: 0 Chloe would only eat a pizza if she could have a mushroom topping. ON Chloe ‘@ mushroom topping when she ate a pizza. The gap can be filled with the words ‘insisted on having’, so you write: Example: | 0 INSISTED ON HAVING In the exam, write only the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. 25 The village shop is now being managed by a national supermarket chain. TAKEN Anational supermarket chain ... of the village shop. 26 This door is an emergency exit and must never be locked for any reason. ACCOUNT On... ee .. be locked because it is an emergency exit 27 Melvin’s friend recommended that website where he bought the camping equipment. ON Melvin bought equipment from that website a friend. 28 We never imagined that Julian might be planning to resign from his job. OCCURRED Itnever his job. Julian might be planning to resign from 29 As ong as he could see, Kevin really didn't mind where he sat in the stadium, DIFFERENCE As ong as he could see, .. the stadium. ... where he sat in 30 Unfortunately, | don’t have enough time to visit the gym regularly. ABLE If had more time, .. more regular visits to the gym. TEST 5: READING AND Use oF enous = ERINPart 5 ‘You are going to read an article about a management theory book. For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, Cor D) wh you think fits best according to the text. In the exam, mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Bees, Ants. Reindeer, Not che usual topic of conversation atan average board meeting, But if Peter Miller’ debut book, Smart Sivarm, is anything to go by, the creatures could revolutionise the way we do business. In the latest in a series of books that challenge leaders to chink: differently, Smart Swarm explores the habits, actions and instincts of animals and how they can be applied to business. The book is set to become the most talked about in management circles after Miller, a senior editor at National Geographic Magazine, wrote an article on the subject a few years ago, which was read by 30 million people globally. Ie follows a string of ‘business thinking’ books that have hit the shelves in recent years, all searching for new answers on how to run organisations effectively. Obliguity, published in March, told us thar che most profirable companies are not the most aggressive in chasing profits, Wikinomics, a bestseller, demonstrated new models of produiction based on community and collaboration. Miller believes his book is the fist time anyone has laid out the science behind a management theory. “The biology of how ant colonies of beehives work are appealing models for “organisations and systems that can be applied in a business context he says. So how exactly can bees help run board meetings? “By the way they work independently before they work together; Miller says. ‘Picture a huge bechive hanging on the branch ofa tree, with about 5,000 bees vying for space and protection, ‘They know their colony is getting too big and leaving them vulnerable. They must find a new home — and fast ~ but in a way that everyone agrees with, In today’s business environment, managers need to be able to make the tight decisions under huge amounts of pressure. Yet, it is clear chat some of the be: in some of the biggest organisations can get ‘wrong, How is it that they can fail to make efficient business decisions when a swarm of bees can make a titical decision about their hive in just a few seconds?” According to Miller, ‘swarm theory’ can help managers, The new management gurus What can animals tell us about business? three simple steps: discover, test and evaluate, The bes fitst realise they have a problem. They then fly into the neighbourhood to find potential new sites. They come back and perform a ‘dance’ to get other bees to follow them. Eventually, the bees wich the best dance attract the most vores and a decision is made. Back to the board meeting. Managers thar encourage debate, and then have a ballot over which idea is best, stand a better chance of getting it right, Miller says. “The bee example tells you that you need to seek out diversity in your team. You need to have a way of gathering up very different approaches and ideas so you can make sure you pick the right one.” Ants, in addition, can help businesses organise workflow and people, In an ant colony, there is no leader. Ants are selE-organised, and respond to their environment and each other. One ant on its own could not raid a kitchen cupboard, but one anc telling che next one that its worch following him to find food ends up creating a food chain, “In an ant colony, you get the right number nand out searching for food, you get the right number aking care of the babies? Miller says. ‘Asa manager, this can tell you your hierarchy, your bureaucracy, is getting in the way ‘of getting the work done.’ “The airline industry has already flirted with the idea that ants can help make flying stress-free, Southwest Airlines, n low-cost airline, was concerned its 30-year an Ame old policy of letting customers choose where they sit once they boarded a plane was slowing down the process, By creating a compucer simulation of people loading on to a plane, based on what ants would do, the company’ was able to show that assigned seating would only be faster by a few minutes. It was not worth scrapping their first-come, first-served policy, which was a key part of the company’s brand. ff you are concerned about surviving the next business cycle, in other words giving your company the resilience and ability to bounce back from challenges that you cant anticipate, chen Nature is a great model.” TEST 5: READING AND USE OF ENGLISH31 32 33 34 35 36 ‘What does the writer say about Smart Swarm in the first paragraph? A Ithas already attracted a great deal of attention. B tis one of several books on animal behaviour and business. C_ Itcconcems a topic that a great many people are interested in. D_ Itreflects what is already happening in some businesses. Miller believes that his book differs from other ‘business thinking’ books because of A the evidence given in support of the theory. B_ the ease with which thé theory can be implemented. its focus on behaviour rather than profit or production. D its emphasis on practical action rather than theory. In the third paragraph, the writer says that the behaviour of bees ‘can show managers ‘A the consequences of making the wrong decisions. B howto pinpoint exactly what a problem is. Chow to arrive at the correct conclusions very quickly. D_ the need to act decisively when under great pressure. According to the ‘swarm theory’, managers need to A. consider the effect of a decision on a variety of other people. be able to persuade others that their proposed decisions are right. B C regard decision-making as a collaborative process. D_ accept criticism of decisions they have made. ‘The example of ants raiding a food cupboard illustrates A the need to create the right kind of hierarchy and bureaucracy. B_ the differences between how managers and employees think. C_ the belief that aims can be achieved in various different ways. D_ the effectiveness of employees making decisions for themselves. Looking at the behaviour of ants caused Southwest Airlines to A. improve one of its practices. B speed up one of its processes, C retain one of its policies. D_ increase customer choice. TEST 5: READING AND USE OF ENGLISHPart 6 You are going to read four extracts from articles in which art historians are talking about the value of works of art ‘over time. For questions 37-40, choose from the extracts A-D. The extracts may be chosen more than once. Worth its weight in gold? Four art historians consider the value of works of art overtime. A Audrey Anson Ie-can be particularly challenging to identify the kind of art that will maintain its reputation and value over decades and centuries. Historically many collectors of fine art were entirely self-centred in their approach, purchasing particular works simply to impress others with evidence of their wealth and taste, but with hardly a thought as to what might endure to impress subsequent geherations. Such collectors tended to be conservative by nature, often assuming that trends and fashions in arc were passing phases and chat traditional quality would stand the test of time. Judging the long-term value of contemporary art cannot be an exact science, however, and it is easy to see in retrospect who had a good eye for the art of the future and who had nor. Much harder is the business of predicting which of today’s artists will be appreciated in years to come, as many disillusioned art collectors have learnt to their cost. What is not in doubr, however, is that some will end up being counted amongst the all-time greats. B Justin Bellamy Ies the need to distinguish the truly worthwhile from the merely fashionable chat drives those aiming to establish meaningful art collections today. Their aim is to seek out those contemporary works of art which might be expected not only co retain theit value, but also in the fullness of time quite rightly come co be regarded as definitive examples of a trend or period. Some historians argue that every age is defined by the att it inspires, be ir sculpture, painting or whatever. But this is a gross simplification. Until relatively recent times, very few of those commissioning or purchasing such works as new did so with a view to the future, They were more interested in the prestige that owning such works brought them. Whar's more, a famous picture may come to be more memorable than the event it depicts, distorting our true understanding of the event itself C Anita Crouch Critics and commentators find it hard enough to agree on what represents the finest in the artistic output of their own times, let alone predict the tastes of the future, In their relentless search to identify the cutting edge, they risk heaping praise on work that is merely of transitory interest, and sadly this risk was never greater than in our present age, when mediocrity seems to be the norm. But it wasnt always so. In the past, there was much wider consensus regarding what represented notable artistic achievement in whatever style prevailed in a given period. The purchase and exhibition of such works represented a status symbol for those in positions of power and influence, and although over time collections accumulated, it was largely short-term goals that triggered the process. In the end, history judges whether such collections have long-term artistic value or not. D Dario D’Amico ‘When people consider what we can pass on to future generations, they come up with various answers ranging from ideas to technology to works of art. And it is the latter that some people feel truly reflece the mood and atmosphere of their time. This will be just as true of our own age, however eccentric the contemporary art scene might appear on the surface. Down through the centuries, people have bought and passed on to future generations, those works of art chat seemed to embody the spirit of their age and would have lasting value, More offen than not, this cured out to be a self-fulfilling prophecy because for periods predating the advent of mass communications and photography, the art helps form a view of both what life was like and how people thought at the time, Some people go further, claiming that art continues to resonate long after derailed memories of momentous events have been lost. EN TET 5: READING AND USE OF ENGLISHWhich art historian doesn't have the same opinion as Anson about why people in the past collected works of art? shares Crouch’s view regarding how successfully the best contemporary works of art can be identified? holds a different view to Bellamy regarding the value of art in the study of history? has a different opinion from the others regarding the lasting value of current trends in art? TEST 5: READING AND USE OF ENGLISH EREPart 7 You are going to read a newspaper article about a very young artist Six paraaraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fs each oe (41-46), There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. In the exam, mark your answers on the separate answer sheet All the time weare talking, Kieron Williamson is busy sketching on the pad in front of him with quick, fluid movements of his pencil. He is copying from a book of pen and ink illustrations by Edward Seago, the owentieth-century British artist, before he adds touches of his own to the sketches. Kieron is clearly caught up in what he is doing, his blonde head a study in concentration as he kneels in the front room of his family home. But he’s noc so distracted that he doesn’t sometimes look me in the eye and put me right. ‘You've added a bit more decail here, I say, as he is reproducing Seago’s sketch of an old man in an overcoat. ‘Seago’, | explain, ‘s lighter” ‘Nor lighter? Kieron corrects me. “You call it looser. Loose and tight. They're the words,’ Seven-year-olds don't offen give adults lessons in the terminology of fine are. gO) Kieron actually can and does, and has been hailed as a ‘mini-Monet, on account of his neo-Impressionist style, or the next Picasso, Recently, buyers from as far afield as South Africa and America queued up outside his modest local art gallery ~ some of them camping outall night— to snap up 33 paintings in just 27 minutes, leaving Kieron £150,000 better off. How did ic feel? “Very nice,’ he replies politely. ‘Did you talk to any of the buyers?” ‘Yes, they kept asking me what else I do.’ And what did you tell them? “That I go to school, thar I play football for my school and shat I am the best defender in the team.” Is Kieron Britain’s most exciting artist? Peter Stanford watches an amazing seven-year-old as az work. = His exhitities ditesecond co sell our so quickly—has browse iim =the af eeosion. Several American TV pereets aes Smet she family Ala already and snday = comes come & squeezed into the front room ict me, Sikes am. Michelle, his younger siser, Bilin Je. and oe decping cats. i — “These ase mes © iid = sicher when I was watching the levine =i Salli jo.” he says, handing me a skecchtbosit. Sil eges on 2 vibrant fairground scene Kicsam Senile ie pas= in the Seago book that inspied Rie Tee she same carousel, but he has added Sues Guldimes and trees in his drawing in the shencbibenie. SS As accompilstied <= Eizron's paintings are, part of their appeal = amiimatendly che story of precocious talent ches ees em Bbe's doing similar work when be& D8 Ser geamec 2 different reaction. Ss ~©~— But Kiccum thesia seme of x. He looks up sharply from hic sixxttims “HEE want to paint; he says, “Tl paiae! TEST 5: READING AND USE OF ENGLISHA An example is his pastel Figures E Each one takes him only a few at Holkbam, an accomplished composition with big blues skies, # line of sand dunes framing to either side and two figures, one with a splash of red in the centre to draw the eye in, There is such an adult quality to his work that you can't help wondering if someone older has been helping him. B Standard seven-year-old, boy stuff there. Kieron, however, is being hailed as a child prodigy. “They only come along once in a generation,’ artist Carol Pennington tells me laver, as she explains how she helped nurcure this carly-blooming talent, ‘and Kieron is that one.” © Michelle Williamson is aware of this. “T fully expect Kieron in a few years! time to focus on something else as closely as he is focusing on are right now, she says. ‘Football or motor racing. There may well be a lot more ahead for him chan art.” D_ Yet, in the centre of the melee, Kieron seems utterly oblivious and just gets on with what he does every day, often ing at 6 a.m, fo get on t0 paper a picture thar is bursting to get out of his head. He will be painting every day of the school holidays, relishing the freedom denied him during term time. TEST 5: READING AND USE OF ENGLISH minutes ~ horses, figures huddling in a tent, men and women in unusual costumes. ‘I'm going to do this one, then this one, then this one,’ he tells me, ‘but not this one — the eyes aren't looking at anyone ~ or this one ~ too messy.” ‘This, i is clear, is no mechanical exercise in reproduction. To underline the point, Kieron rakes it back off me and adds a smudge of dark under one of the groups of people. But then Kieron Williamson is not your average boy. Aside from his precocious articulacy, he is single- handedly illustrating chat familiar remark, made by many a parent when confronted with a prize-winning work of modern art, that ‘my seven- year-old could do better than that’.Part 8 You are going to read an article about the Royal Society, a British scientific institution. For questions 47-56, choose from the sections of the article (A~E). The sections may be chosen more than once In the exam, mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. In which section of the article are the following mentioned? belief that a certain development has been of particular use to scientists the variety of ways in which the Royal Society encourages people [48 | who are not scientists to consider scientific issues a rapid reaction to research being made public a parciicdaslopriemdccenica igenizcien inca! =] ‘a resource for information on past scientific discoveries | 54 | a lack of understanding of scientific matters among people in general a system that the Royal Society introduced the fact that scientists do not always reach firm conclusions eal a problem that is not limited to the world of science | | the belief that certain things that are possible are not desirable TEST 5: READING AND USE OF ENGLISHThe unstoppable spirit of inquiry ‘The president of the Royal Society, Martin Rees, celebrates the lang history of one of ‘The Royal Society began in 1660. From the beginning, the wide dissemination of scientific ideas was deemed important. The Society searted to publish Philosophical Transaction, the frst scientific journal, which continues to this day. The Society's journals pioneered what is still the accepted procedure whereby scientific ideas are subject to peer review ~ criticised, refined and codified into ‘public knowledge. Over the centuries, they published Isaac Newton's researches on light, Benjamin Franklin’s experiments on lightning, Vole’ first battery and many of the criumphs of owentieth- century science. Those who want to celebrate this glorious history should visic che Royal Societys archives via our Trailblazing website. ‘The founders of the Society enjoyed speculation, but they were also intensely engaged with the problems of their era, such as improvements 10 timekeeping and navigation. After 350 years, our horizons have expanded, but the same engagement is imperative in the 21" century. Knowledge has advanced hugely, bur it_must be deployed for the benefit of the ever- growing population of our planet, all empowered by ever more powerful technology. ‘The silicon chip was pethaps the most transformative single invention of the past century; it has allowed miniaturisation and spawned the worldwide reach of mobile phones and the internet. It was physicists who developed the World Wide Web and, though it impacts us all, scientists have benefited especially. Britains greatest institutions. “Traditional journals survive as guarantors of quality, buc they are supplemented by a blogosphere of widely varying quality. The latter cries out for an informal system of quality control. The internet levels the playing fields between researchers, in major centres and those in relative isolation. It has transformed the way science is communicated and debated, In 2002, three young Indian mathematicians invented a faster scheme for factoring large numbers ~ something that would be crucial for code-breaking, They posted their results on the web, Within a day, 20,000 people had downloaded the work, which was the copic of hastily convened discussions in many centres of mathematical research around the world, The internet also allows new styles of research. For example, in the old days, astronomical research was stored on delicate photographic plates; these were not easily accessible and tiresome to analyse, Now such daca (and large datasets in ‘genetics and particle physics) can be accessed and downloaded anywhere. Experiments and natural events can be followed in real time. ‘We recently asked our members what they saw as the most important ‘questions facing us in the years ahead and we are holding discussion meetings on the “Top Ten’, Whatever breakthroughs are in store, we can be sure of one ching: the widening gulf berween what science enables us to do and what ifs prudene or ethical actually to do. In respect of certain developments, regulation will be called for, on ethical as well as prudential grounds. ‘The way science is applied is a matter not just for scientists, All citizens need to address these questions. Public decisions should be made, after the widest possible discussion, in the light of the best scientific evidence available. ‘That is one of the key roles of the Society. Whether it is the work of our Science Policy Centre, our journals, cour discussion meetings, our work in education or our public events, ae must be at the heart of helping policy makers and citizens make informed decisions. Bur science isn't dogma. Its assertions are sometimes tentative, sometimes compelling; noisy controversy doesn't always connote balanced arguments; risks are never absolutely zero, even if they are hugely outweighed by potential benefits. In promoting an informed debate, the media are crucial, When reporting a scientific controversy, the aim should be neither to exaggerate risks and uncertai nor to gloss over them. ‘This indeed a challenge, particularly when institutional, political or commercial pressures distort the debate. Scientists ‘often bemoan the public’s weak grasp of science — without some ‘feel’ for the issues, public debate cant get beyond sloganising. But they protest too much: there are other issues where public debate is, to an equally disquieting degree, inhibired by ignorance. The Royal Society aims (o sustain Britain’ traditional strength in science, but also to ensure that wherever science impacts on people's lives, it is openly debated. TEST 5: READING AND USE OF ENGLISH