Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10 (1): 149 - 157 (2018)

Agronomic performance of Indian wheat varieties and genetic stocks known

for outstanding chapati quality characteristics
Satish Kumar*, V. S. Sohu, and N. S. Bains
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana -141004 (Punjab), INDIA
*Corresponding author. E-mail: kumarsatish227@gmail.com
Received: June 19, 2017; Revised received: September 4, 2017; Accepted: January 20, 2018

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate set of wheat genotypes in one location for their agronomic
performance and chapati quality. The cultivars included the tall traditional wheat of the pre-dwarfing era, which were
known to excel for chapati quality. This set also included varieties known to have good chapati quality, commercially
grown wheats, advanced lines and genetic stocks excelling in one or other quality attribute. All these genotypes de-
veloped for different component traits were evaluated along with the recently released high yielding varieties to as-
sess their quality. The mean chapati score of these genotypes revealed that the tall varieties had a distinct edge
over others and are the best resource available for this trait. C306 had a high mean chapati score of 8.17 followed
by C518, C591 and C273. The released varieties WG357, HD2733 and PBW343 were intermediate in chapati quali-
ty whereas the genetic stocks WH1103 and WH712 had lowest score in the group. Among other agronomic traits
recorded the traditional varieties were tall and had lower yields than the recently released varieties. The tall varieties
had a slightly higher test weight. The environmental conditions and the quantitative nature of the chapati quality did
not auger well with the set of genotypes tested however, better and stable performance of the tall traditional varie-
ties. C306 the wheat variety released in 1965 for cultivation has remained the best quality genotype over the years
and was also established from this study.
Keywords: Chapati quality, C 306, Tall traditional wheats, Wheat

INTRODUCTION gion to region, as also on the preparation. However, a

soft and pliable texture, creamish colour, pleasing
Wheat is the leading cereal grain produced, consumed flavour and sweet taste along with good puffing and
and traded in the world. During 2015-16 total wheat long keeping quality are recognized as desirable quali-
production of wheat in world was 736MT with a con- ty attributes of good chapaties everywhere (Kumar,
sumption of 720MT (Source: International Grains 2009). Studies on chapati quality have been devoted
Council (IGC), 2017). In the Indian sub-continent and mainly to standardization of laboratory tests and com-
parts thereof, wheat is consumed as unleavened, single parison of available cultivars (Austin and Ram, 1971;
-layered flat bread, commonly known as chapati. Dur- Abrol, 1972; Finney et al., 1973; Bakshi et al., 1979;
ing 2016-17 total wheat production of wheat in India Mishra, 1998; Singh et al., 2016; Panghal et al., 2017).
was 97.44MT with a consumption of more than Though several studies have been conducted on the
90.0MT (Anonymous, 2017). Just as bread is a staple technological aspects of chapati processing, the under-
food item in the western world, chapati prepared from lying indices that can be used for selection and the
whole wheat meal (locally known as atta) is the staple genetic basis of chapati quality, remain incompletely
diet of a sizable population of Indian sub-continent. understood, particularly in comparison to similar stud-
India harbours about 1.25 billion people which amount ies on bread making. As a consequence, significant
to about 18 per cent of total world populations. Out of progress for chapati quality has not been made in
these more than 80 per cent consume wheat in the Indian wheat breeding programmes over the last four
form of chapati. Not only in India but the adjoining decades.
countries Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan also The superiority of tall wheats (C 306, C 273, C 591,
prefer ‘chapati’ as their main food item. These facts etc.) grown in North India before the advent of semi-
emphasize the importance of this end product of wheat dwarf varieties, has been documented for various qual-
and also underline the need for an in-depth analysis of ity traits such as grain hardness (Austin and Ram,
‘chapati’ quality. 1971), keeping quality of chapati (Abrol, 1972), color,
The quality of wheat, as far as chapati is concerned, is texture and flavour of chapati (Mishra, 1998), etc. C
relative. The concept of good chapati varies from re- 306, a variety released more than four decades ago in
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 Satish Kumar et al. / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 10 (1): 149 - 157 (2018)

1965, originally rainfed condition but its popularity quality (Table 1). Varieties such as C 306 remain un-
among chapati consumers has taken it to marginal surpassed for chapati quality in the Indian wheat
irrigated areas. Out of about 180 wheat varieties re- breeding programme to date. The set of cultivars and
leased in the country till then, none was found to sur- stocks used in the study included tall traditional
pass C 306 for chapati­ making quality (Mishra, 1998). wheats, namely C 306, C 273, C 518 and C 591 as the
It is widely acknowledged that the chapaties made most important constituents. Further a set of present
from modern, improved, high yielding varieties do not day cultivars excelling in yield and grain quality (PBW
have the above desirable characteristics to the same 509, PBW 550), yield and bread quality (DBW 16,
extent as those found in chapaties prepared from indig- PBW 533) and some good-grained advanced lines
enous (desi) wheats (Austin and Hanslas, 1983). With (PBW 531, PBW 534, PBW 554) were included to
the advent of semi-dwarf varieties in mid 1960s, the represent genotypes of highest overall worth obtained
chapati making quality of traditional tall Indian wheats so far in terms of quality as well as yield. Besides these
of the pre semi-dwarf era was eroded and no serious genotypes, stocks from the National Genetic Stocks
effort was made to recapture this trait in the new high Nursery (NGSN) which excelled in specific quality
yielding varieties. components were also included. Finally commercial
Other than C 306, wheat varieties popular for good cultivars that rule the farmer’s fields by virtue of yield
chapati quality evolved in different eras/periods. Lok 1 but are average for quality traits (PBW 343, PBW 502)
released in 1982 and Raj 1482 released in 1983 for were included to obtain a quality spectrum of sufficient
central zone have been preferred by consumers for amplitude.
their superior chapati quality over the semi-dwarf The material was grown in replicated trials using
wheats. 1990’s saw the release of wheats such as PBW standard agronomic practices with the aim of express-
154, PBW 175, Raj 3765 and later the varieties HD ing the normal quality potential of the genotypes. The
2733, GW 322 were released in 2001 and 2002 (Das et set genotypes sown during first year was re-constituted
al., 2006; Hemalatha et al., 2006). All these genotypes in second year with some changes. Unexpectedly, the
were known to have good chapati quality. As mentioned genetic stocks DI 9 and DI 105 (the dwarf versions of
earlier none of the genotypes could surpass C 306 for its C 306 and C 591 respectively) were found to yield less
chapati making qualities. And also they were released in than or at par with their parental isolines. Also the cha­
different eras and for different agro climatic zones, com- pati score was numerically less than both C 306 and C
parative information is either lacking or anecdotal i.e. not 591, leading to their omission. Pusa 5-3, a high protein
supported by any concrete data. stock, had reddish grains and thus was left out in se-
Since chapati making quality is a complex trait involv- cond year. The genotypes WH 423, WH 595, WH 800,
ing various components, development of genetic KYZ K2K-13, PBW 509 and PBW 531 were replaced
stocks for each component has been carried out in last by Madhya Pradesh wheats such as HI 1418 and HI
decade. These genetic stocks are evaluated for yield 1479, known to have good chapati quality. The few
and quality every year under Quality Component cultivars that had emanated from crosses of superior
Screening Nursery (QCSN) (Anonymous 2017). These chapati quality wheats with dwarf wheats formed an-
genetic stocks can be an important part of the breeding other important component of this set and included
programme for wheat quality. Thus these stocks along WG 357, PBW 175, PBW 154 and PBW 226. These
with the varieties mentioned above need to be put to- varieties were released in 1970s-80s and no longer
gether under one environment to evaluate for yield and command significant acreage, but are known to have
for other traits important for commercialization along good chapati quality. These genotypes along with oth-
with chapati quality. This will help in not only as- ers constituted the set for third year. Raj 1482, Raj
sessing these genotypes for quality but will be useful 3077 and Raj 3765 along with UP 262 were also in-
for establishing a benchmark or a baseline as far as cluded in this set. These genotypes replaced the poor
chapati quality is concerned. performing ones in the second year. A genotype
The present study was thus largely built around the adapted to Central India, Lok 1, was included for its
cultivars/genotypes which were known to excel for superior chapati quality, probably derived from tall
chapati quality. The major aim was to analyze the gen- traditional variety NP 4 which is one of its parents. NP
otypes for their agronomic characteristics and to study 4 has been known internationally for its superior
their quality attributes in one environment. quality.
Agronomic data recorded: The field performance of
MATERIAL AND METHODS the genotypes was observed on the basis of following
40 wheat genotypes were evaluated over a period of characteristics: Days to heading: recorded as number
three years for their field performance and quality at- of days from date of sowing to 50% flowering. Plant
tributes (2007-09). The research project was largely height: measured in centi meter from base of plant to
built around the tall traditional cultivars of the pre- the tip of spike excluding the awns. Tiller number:
dwarfing era, which were known to excel for chapati recorded as numbers of tillers per meter. Number of

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Spikelets/Spike: Number of spikelets was counted on 2MSE

five randomly selected spikes and average was worked r
out. Spike yield: calculated as the weight of grains per CD = x ta (r-1) (g-1)
spike. Spike grains: five spiked were threshed together Where, a = level of significance
and total grains were calculated for single spike, 1000 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
grain weight: as weight of thousand counted grains,
Test weight: as weight per unit volume of wheat Analysis of genetic variation for chapati quality was a
grains, Grain yield: Recorded as yield of plot in g/plot. major objective of the present study. It would be in-
Chapati making characteristics: The whole meal was structive to discuss the chapati quality of the set of
produced by grinding the grains in a laboratory stone genotypes collected from various wheat growing zones
grinder (Chakki). The gap between the two stone discs of India. This is the character the study seeks to ex-
was adjusted so as to pass the meal through 40 micron plain in terms of various quality components and indi-
mesh sieve. The 50 g whole meal (atta) and optimum ces. Almost all the genotypes used in the study are
quantity of water were mixed mechanically for 2 min known to have either one or the other attribute which
using Swanson mixer. The dough was evaluated for contributes to superior end use quality.
stickiness while rounding it up manually and kept in Significant genotypic differences were observed for
the humidity cabinet maintained at 30°C and 80% R.H chapati score of the genotypes in all the three seasons.
for 30 min. The dough was sheeted to 2mm thickness The mean chapati score (Table 1) ranged from 7.2
with the rolling pin and chapaties of 15.0 cm diameter (Pusa 5-3) to 8.1 (C 306) during the first year. The
were cut using appropriate die. Chapaties were baked chapati score showed variation between the groups of
on an automatic roti-maker having thermostatically genotypes, with the tall wheats of pre dwarfing era
controlled constant temperature for 20 sec on one side excelling over other groups. The tall varieties not only
and for 40 sec on other. Finally it was puffed for 10 established themselves as a distinct group with highest
sec by turning the chapati and bringing the upper plate chapati score but the next numerical best score (7.8 for
of the roti-maker in contact with the chapaties. Chapa­ both DI 9 and DI 105) also went to the derivatives of C
ties were cooled to room temperature in the humidity 306 and C 591. The commercial high yielding cultivars
cabinet and evaluated by a panel of trained judges us- gave intermediate chapati scores, significantly inferior
ing the evaluation performa based on dough stickiness to the best tall wheat i.e., C 306. Similar was the case
(5), puffing of chapati (5), color of chapati (5), texture of genetic stocks and other varieties which showed
of chapati (5), taste of chapati (5), flavor of chapati chapati scores well below the best entry i.e., C 306.
(5) and texture of chapati after 2 hrs (5). The total Stocks excelling in one or more quality component.
score was finally calculated out of a maximum of 10. The advanced lines (PBW 531, PBW 534, PBW 554)
The methodology has been derived from Rao et al. used in the set performed almost similar to the com-
(1986) and Sekhon et al. (1991). mercially released varieties. On the whole the genetic
Statistical analysis: The material had been planted in stocks DI 9, DI 105 and WH 423 with chapati scores
a randomized complete block design. The analysis of of 7.8, 7.8 and 7.7 respectively were adjudged to be at
variance for different traits was done as per the follow- par with the best cultivar C 306 (Table 1).
ing model: During second year, significant genotypic differences
Yij = m + ti + bj + eij were again observed for chapati score. The mean cha­
Yij = observation obtained from the ith treatment and jth pati score (Table 1) ranged from 7.1 in case of ‘PBW
block. 502’ to 8.1 in case of ‘C 306’ and ‘C 518’. The tall
m = general mean varieties were again found significantly superior to all
ti = the effect of ith treatment other groups, thus confirming their status as best cha­
bj = the effect of jth block pati wheats. The commercial wheat group gave inter-
eij = error associated with ith treatment and jth block mediate score with PBW 343 (7.6) having highest
The analysis of variance based on the above model score in the group. DBW 16 and PBW 533 were in-
takes the following form: cluded in the set as they are identified for their excel-
Where,r = no. of replications,g = no. of genotypes lent bread making properties. These varieties did not
fare well for chapati making giving a score of 7.4 only.
Source d. f. Sum of Mean sum F-ratio
Squares of squares This suggests that there is environmental influence on
Replica- r-1 RSS MSR MSR/MSE the chapati quality which is a quantitative trait.
tions Among the released varieties known for chapati quali-
Treatments g-1 GSS MST MST/MSE ty, Lok 1 (chapati score 7.9) performed better than
Error (r-1) (g-1) SSE MSE
others in the group though slightly lower than C 306.
CD to compare two genotypes was computed as fol- Thus Lok 1 was able to express good chapati quality
lows: outside Central Zone also, where it is recommended
for cultivation. Similarly HI 1418 also registered a

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Table 1. The set of genotypes evaluated for their chapati score during three years.
Ist Year IInd Year IIIrd Year
Genotype Mean Chapati Genotype Mean Chapati Genotype Mean Chapati
score score score
C 273 7.9 8A 7.9 PBW 343 7.8
C 306 8.1 9D 7.8 PBW 550 7.8
C 518 8.0 C 273 8.0 PBW 533 7.5
C 591 8.0 C 306 8.1 PBW 534 7.6
WG 357 7.6 C 518 8.1 DBW 16 7.8
PBW 343 7.6 C 591 8.0 PBW 154 7.5
PBW 550 7.4 WG 357 7.9 PBW 175 7.5
PBW 502 7.4 PBW 343 7.6 PBW 226 7.5
PBW 509 7.6 PBW 502 7.1 LOK 1 8.0
PBW 554 7.6 PBW 550 7.4 8A 8.0
PBW 531 7.6 DBW 16 7.4 9D 8.0
PBW 534 7.5 PBW 533 7.4 C 273 7.9
Pusa 5-3 7.2 PBW 534 7.3 C 306 8.3
DI 105 7.8 PBW 554 7.6 C 518 8.0
DI 9 7.8 HI 1418 7.8 C 591 8.0
WH 423 7.7 HI 1479 7.5 WG 357 7.7
WH 595 7.6 PBW 154 7.2 HD 2329 7.5
WH 712 7.5 PBW 175 7.3 HD 2733 7.7
KO 123 7.4 PBW 226 7.3 UP 262 7.9
KYZ K2K-13 7.5 LOK 1 7.9 WH 712 7.5
HD 2793 7.5 KO 123 7.5 WH 1003 7.5
WH 800 7.5 HD 2793 7.6 RAJ 1482 7.9
WH 1003 7.4 WH 712 7.3 RAJ 3077 7.7
WH 1003 7.4 RAJ 3765 7.8
Means 7.5 Means 7.6 Means 7.7
CD (5%) 0.41 CD (5%) 0.31 CD (5%) 0.26

chapati quality score of 7.8, at par with C 306. PBW agronomic traits: Analysis of variance indicated that
154 (7.2), PBW 175 (7.3) and PBW 226 (7.3) fell into there are significant differences present among the
next group with respect to chapati quality. These gen- genotypes across all the three years (Table 2a, 2b &
otypes are regarded to be superior for chapati quality 2c). Mean performance of the genotypes across first,
among released semi-dwarf varieties and PBW 175 second and third year for different traits is given in the
has C-306 as a parent. The genetic stocks, on the other table 3, table 4 and table 5 respectively. Trait wise dis-
hand again failed to give good chapaties thus empha- cussion on evaluation of the genotypes is presented
sizing the fact that good chapati quality resulted from below:
a combination of different component traits and not Test weight: The test weight gives an account of the
because of one or two traits. The advanced breeding stresses suffered by the crop during the grain formation
lines in this season again showed an intermediate cha­ along with the indication of the shape and size of the
pati score. grains. The values of test weight among the genotypes
During third year again significant genotypic differ- ranged from 75.00 kg/hl for ‘WH 423’ to 83.00 kg/hl
ences were again observed for chapati score. The for ‘C 591 and WH 800’ during first year. All the gen-
mean chapati score (Table 1) ranged from 7.4 in case otypes in tall wheats group gave high values for test
of ‘WH 712’ to 8.3 in case of ‘C 306’. As during first weight along with the commercial; wheats and the ad-
two years, tall traditional varieties were significantly vanced lines known to have good grains. Only PBW
superior in chapatti quality to all other groups. The 534 gave a value of 76.67 kg/hl. In case of genetic
commercial wheat group gave intermediate score with stocks medium to high values were obtained for all the
PBW 343 (7.8) having highest score in the group. Lok genotypes except DI 9 (76 kg/hl), DI 105 (75.67)
1 (chapati score 8.0) again performed better along (chapati quality score not so low) and WH 423. In se-
with Raj 1482 (7.9) and UP 262 (7.9). cond year the values of test weight ranged from 73.50
The similar results were reported by earlier studies kg/hl for ‘Lok 1’ to 79.33 kg/hl for ‘C 591’. Overall
(Bakshi et al., 1979; Austin and Hanslas, 1983; Das et the values of test weight observed were on lower side
al., 2006; Hemalatha et al., 2006; Mehta et al., 2006) in comparison to previous season. Again the values of
which emphasized that the tall traditional wheat varie- test weight for tall wheats were highest in this season,
ties of pre-dwarfing era were superior in chapati quali- whereas the commercial wheats, advanced lines and
ty in comparison to the semi dwarf varieties. the varieties with known quality gave medium range of
Evaluation of the genotypes for yield and other values. The genetic stocks however gave low values of
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Table 2a. Analysis of variance of evaluated during first year

Source of Degree of Mean Squares
Variation freedom Days to Plant Grains Spike No. of Tillers 1000 Test Yield (Kg/
flowering Height per yield spikelets per grains weight plot)
(50%) (cm) spike (g) per spike meter weight (g) (g)
Replication 2 0.97 48.12 3.89 0.017 3.02 218.26 14.16 4.59 20308.46
Genotypes 22 36.90* 449.21 153.08* 0.36* 5.63 454.86* 55.70* 17.39* 40705.05*
Error 44 2.21 11.84 54.05 0.10 1.47 137.35 4.54 3.85 14496.43
* Significant at 5% level

Table 2b. Analysis of variance of evaluated during second year

Source of Degree of Mean Squares
Variation freedom Days to Plant Grains Spike No. of Tillers 1000 grains Test Yield
flowering Heigh per yield spikelets per weight (g) weight (Kg/plot)
(50%) t (cm) spike (g) per spike meter (g)
Replication 2 1.33 339.85 88.62 0.14 4.43 3711.10 15.33 2.56 0.89
Genotypes 23 218.34* 512.52 537.11* 1.39* 4.39 1041.71 45.54* 7.94* 1.08*
Error 44 2.95 30.99 55.52 0.10 1.31 368.58 6.75 0.98 0.20
* Significant at 5% level
Table 2c. Analysis of variance of evaluated during second year
Source of Degree of Mean Squares
Variation freedom Days to Plant Grains Spike No. of Tillers 1000 Test Yield
flowering Height per yield spikelets per grains weight (Kg/
(50%) (cm) spike (g) per spike meter weight (g) (g) plot)
Replication 2 2.08 31.59 235.85 0.005 38.51 1049.97 17.25 15.84 0.02

Genotypes 23 26.57* 511.86* 127.66 0.22* 6.58 459.76 41.18* 9.30 0.55*
Error 44 9.73 28.35 73.56 0.10 2.45 295.02 11.10 4.48 0.15
* Significant at 5% level

Table 3. Mean performance of genotypes for different agronomic traits and yield evaluated during first year.
Genotype Days to Plant No. of Spike No. of spike- Tillers/ Yield 1000 Test
heading height grains / yield lets / spike meter (Kg/ grains weight
(50%) (cm) spike (g) plot) wt.(g) (kg/hl)
C 273 93.0 102.0 39.0 1.3 18.0 91.0 2.26 31.0 81.0
C 306 94.0 101.0 47.0 1.7 19.0 70.0 3.27 35.0 79.0
C 518 95.0 105.0 48.0 1.7 18.0 114.0 4.83 33.0 81.0
C 591 96.0 114.0 58.0 1.9 19.0 102.0 3.63 30.0 83.0
WG 357 95.0 83.0 46.0 1.9 15.0 102.0 3.31 36.0 81.0
PBW 343 97.0 74.0 49.0 2.1 18.0 106.0 6.29 39.0 80.0
PBW 534 91.0 81.0 36.0 1.6 19.0 79.0 3.60 40.0 76.0
PBW 550 95.0 72.0 51.0 2.0 17.0 72.0 5.46 38.0 82.0
PBW 554 95.0 71.0 51.0 2.2 18.0 75.0 5.00 40.0 82.0
PBW 531 94.0 72.0 48.0 2.1 17.0 76.0 4.94 38.0 81.0
PBW 502 96.0 72.0 51.0 2.4 17.0 90.0 6.12 40.0 80.0
PBW 509 96.0 72.0 58.0 2.5 18.0 79.0 6.11 40.0 81.0
Pusa 5-3 94.0 88.0 42.0 1.7 18.0 102.0 4.54 32.0 78.0
DI 105 96.0 80.0 59.0 1.7 19.0 85.0 3.31 28.0 75.0
DI 9 99.0 83.0 53.0 1.7 17.0 77.0 2.83 27.0 76.0
WH 423 88.0 84.0 55.0 2.4 20.0 70.0 4.74 35.0 75.0
WH 595 96.0 78.0 60.0 2.2 19.0 92.0 5.08 35.0 77.0
WH 712 97.0 80.0 66.0 2.4 21.0 87.0 4.83 31.0 80.0
KO 123 96.0 68.0 52.0 1.8 19.0 97.0 6.34 31.0 80.0
KYZ 87.0 83.0 50.0 2.4 17.0 85.0 4.61 42.0 80.0
HD 2793 101.0 82.0 50.0 1.6 18.0 82.0 5.64 35.0 79.0
WH 800 96.0 76.0 55.0 2.4 19.0 91.0 4.94 39.0 83.0
WH 1003 103.0 78.0 58.0 2.5 21.0 76.0 3.50 35.0 78.0
CD (5%) 2.4 5.6 2.6 0.5 1.9 14.6 0.98 3.5 3.2
test weight with HD 2793 (76.00 kg/hl) being an ex- Days to heading: During first year, he days to 50%
ception. During third year of evaluation the values of heading ranged from 87.00 days for ‘KYZ-K2K-13’ to
test weight among the genotypes ranged from 70.00 103.00 days for ‘WH1003’. The tall wheats, the com-
kg/hl for ‘PBW 343 and Raj 1482’ to 77.00 kg/hl for mercial wheat varieties and the advanced lines gave
‘8A, C 306 and PBW 534’.The performance during equivalent values for the days to flowering whereas
this year was similar to the performance of the geno- the genetic stocks showed a lot of variation for this
types during first two years. trait. WH 423 (88.33 days) and KYZ K2K-13 gave
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Table 4. Mean performance of genotypes for different agronomic traits and yield evaluated during second year
Genotype Days to Plant No. of Spike No. of Tillers/ Yield (Kg/ 1000 Test
heading height grains / yield (g) spikelets / meter plot) grains wt. weight
(50%) (cm) spike spike (g) (Kg/hl)
PBW 343 105.0 91.0 43.0 1.7 18.0 119.0 3.6 48.0 75.0
PBW 502 105.0 94.0 34.0 1.5 18.0 106.0 3.5 48.0 75.0
PBW 550 90.0 77.0 36.0 1.9 18.0 81.0 3.5 41.0 75.0
DBW 16 106.0 89.0 35.0 1.5 16.0 111.0 3.3 41.0 77.0
PBW 154 89.0 89.0 25.0 1.2 18.0 107.0 2.5 44.0 75.0
PBW 175 103.0 102.0 33.0 1.6 16.0 160.0 2.2 45.0 75.0
PBW 226 82.0 83.0 33.0 1.4 17.0 120.0 3.2 39.0 76.0
PBW 533 101.0 94.0 22.0 1.5 17.0 116.0 3.8 52.0 76.0
PBW 534 91.0 81.0 36.0 1.6 19.0 79.0 3.6 40.0 76.0
PBW 554 89.0 78.0 38.0 2.0 19.0 74.0 3.4 42.0 76.0
8A 102.0 108.0 35.0 1.7 17.0 125.0 1.9 44.0 79.0
9D 100.0 121.0 32.0 1.5 19.0 118.0 1.7 41.0 78.0
C 273 97.0 115.0 31.0 1.2 18.0 104.0 1.4 37.0 76.0
C 306 96.0 114.0 29.0 1.4 18.0 112.0 2.3 44.0 78.0
C 518 100.0 113.0 28.0 1.3 18.0 114.0 1.6 41.0 78.0
C 591 98.0 122.0 21.0 1.5 19.0 128.0 1.8 39.0 79.0
WG 357 99.0 95.0 27.0 1.4 18.0 112.0 2.9 44.0 76.0
LOK 1 88.0 93.0 23.0 1.0 16.0 117.0 1.3 44.0 73.0
HI 1418 86.0 85.0 32.0 1.3 18.0 111.0 2.8 36.0 74.0
HI 1479 87.0 92.0 35.0 1.6 19.0 107.0 2.6 42.0 74.0
KO 123 103.0 84.0 39.0 1.6 19.0 122.0 3.5 37.0 76.0
HD 2793 115.0 99.0 42.0 1.6 20.0 94.0 3.0 37.0 76.0
WH 712 103.0 96.0 35.0 1.6 20.0 126.0 3.0 37.0 74.0
WH 1003 114.0 95.0 37.0 1.6 20.0 83.0 2.7 41.0 73.0
CD (5%) 2.8 9.1 2.3 0.2 1.8 21.0 0.7 4.2 1.6
low values whereas HD 2793 (101.33 days) and WH ‘HD 2329 and LOK 1’ to 125.00 cm for ‘C 273’. Simi-
1003 gave high values. Other genetic stocks were ob- lar trends in plant height for the genotypes were again
served to have values intermediate to these extremes. observed in this season. The tall wheats were observed
In year the days to 50% heading ranged from 82.00 to have highest value of plant height followed by varie-
days for ‘PBW 226’ to 114.00 days for ‘WH 1003’. ties with known quality and the genetic stocks, which
Higher values for the days to heading were observed in again showed values ranging from low to medium for
this season. The tall wheats were found to have high plant height. The commercial wheat varieties gave low
values with C 518 (100.33 days), 8A (102.00 days) to intermediate values of plant height in this season.
and 9D (100.67 days) giving higher values than other Number of grains per spike: The number of grains
varieties in this group. The commercial varieties, ad- per spike ranged from 36.20 for ‘PBW 534’ to 66.53
vanced lines and the genetic stocks were observed to for ‘K 0123’ in first year. The tall wheats and the ad-
show a lot of variation with both highest and lowest vanced lines were found to have intermediate values
values giving a lot of difference. During third year the for grains per spike. The genetic stocks and the com-
days to 50% heading ranged from 91.00 days for mercial wheats however gave more number of grains
‘PBW 226’ to 105.00 days for ‘PBW 175’. Values of per spike. In second year the number ranged from
days to heading were even higher during this year. A 21.93 for ‘C 591’ to 42.60 for ‘HD 2793’. The number
mixed pattern was observed among different groups. of grains per spike in this season was lower in compar-
Plant height: Variation for plant height in genotypes ison to first year. Cultivars such as PBW 154 (25.93)
ranged from 71.22 cm for ‘PBW 554’ to 114.66 cm for and PBW 533 (22.27) gave low values whereas the
‘C 591’ in first year. The tall wheat varieties expressed commercial varieties as well as the genetic stocks gave
their character with all the tall group wheats showing high values of number of grains per spike. The tall
high values of plant height. The commercial group wheats gave intermediate number of grains per spike.
however gave lowest plant height values as most of the During third year, the number ranged from 29.00 for
varieties had dwarfing genes. The genetic stocks and ‘PBW 175 and WG 357’ to 51.00 for ‘9D’. No particu-
the advanced lines gave intermediate values of plant lar trend was observed for this trait among the geno-
height in this season. In second year the values of plant types during third year of testing.
height varied from 77.92 cm for ‘PBW 550’ to 122.17 Spike yield: The spike yield showed variation from
cm for ‘C 591’. As during first year different groups of 1.35 g for ‘C 273’ to 2.52 g for ‘WH 1003’ in first
genotypes followed similar trends. During third year year. The tall wheats gave low spike yield whereas the
the values of plant height varied from 73.00 cm for commercial varieties and the advanced lines gave high

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Table 5. Mean performance of genotypes for different agronomic traits and yield evaluated during third year
Genotype Days to Plant No. of Spike No. of Tillers/ Yield (Kg/ 1000 Test
heading height grains / yield (g) spikelets / meter plot) grains weight
(50%) (cm) spike spike wt. (g) (Kg/hl)
8A 99.0 109.0 37.0 1.3 19.0 59.0 1.1 33.0 77.0
9D 101.0 112.0 51.0 1.7 20.0 80.0 0.9 33.0 74.0
C 273 96.0 125.0 40.0 1.2 18.0 97.0 1.1 30.0 76.0
C 306 103.0 123.0 36.0 1.3 18.0 80.0 1.6 36.0 77.0
C 518 104.0 117.0 37.0 1.2 20.0 100.0 1.2 32.0 74.0
C 591 99.0 115.0 38.0 1.3 20.0 102.0 1.1 34.0 76.0
DBW 16 94.0 90.0 43.0 1.5 17.0 97.0 2.2 35.0 75.0
HD 2329 97.0 73.0 30.0 0.7 17.0 52.0 0.8 25.0 72.0
HD 2733 95.0 84.0 46.0 1.3 19.0 52.0 1.7 28.0 75.0
LOK 1 95.0 73.0 33.0 0.5 15.0 63.0 0.4 33.0 72.0
PBW 154 96.0 83.0 36.0 1.3 18.0 81.0 1.3 36.0 74.0
PBW 175 105.0 97.0 29.0 1.1 16.0 89.0 1.5 39.0 71.0
PBW 226 91.0 79.0 30.0 1.0 14.0 88.0 1.6 34.0 76.0
PBW 343 101.0 95.0 35.0 1.2 20.0 94.0 2.3 34.0 70.0
PBW 533 102.0 95.0 46.0 1.8 21.0 75.0 2.1 39.0 72.0
PBW 534 101.0 79.0 43.0 1.6 18.0 69.0 2.0 37.0 77.0
PBW 550 100.0 81.0 36.0 1.2 21.0 67.0 2.3 35.0 74.0
RAJ 1482 104.0 78.0 35.0 0.8 17.0 56.0 1.1 23.0 70.0
RAJ 3077 101.0 81.0 30.0 0.8 18.0 81.0 1.1 25.0 71.0
RAJ 3765 100.0 79.0 40.0 1.1 20.0 74.0 1.6 29.0 72.0
UP 262 104.0 85.0 39.0 1.2 19.0 74.0 1.3 29.0 74.0
WG 357 97.0 93.0 29.0 0.9 18.0 73.0 1.1 31.0 73.0
WH 1003 100.0 90.0 49.0 1.7 20.0 76.0 2.3 34.0 72.0
WH 712 100.0 87.0 33.0 0.9 21.0 59.0 1.3 26.0 72.0
CD (5%) 6.4 11.2 3.4 0.6 3.2 6.7 0.8 5.4 4.3
Table 6. Mean performance of genotypes during core group for three years
Genotype Days to Plant No. of Spike No. of Tillers/ Yield 1000 Test Chapati
heading height grains yield spikelets / meter (Kg/plot) grains weight score (out
(50%) (cm) /spike (g) spike wt. (g) (Kg/hl) of 10)
C 273 95.7 114.7 36.7 1.2 18.4 97.4 1.3 33.3 78.4 7.93
C 306 97.9 113.1 37.7 1.5 18.8 87.8 2.0 38.9 78.2 8.17
C 518 100.1 112.2 38.2 1.4 19.1 109.8 1.4 35.8 78.3 8.03
C 591 97.9 117.5 39.9 1.6 19.7 111.2 1.5 34.8 79.7 8.00
HD 2733 103.9 88.8 46.7 1.6 19.5 76.3 2.4 33.7 76.7 7.60
PBW 343 101.2 87.2 39.6 1.7 19.5 106.9 3.0 41.0 75.4 7.67
PBW 534 94.5 80.7 38.8 1.6 19.2 76.1 2.8 39.8 77.0 7.47
PBW 550 95.3 77.2 41.5 1.7 19.1 73.9 2.9 38.6 77.5 7.53
WG 357 97.2 91.0 34.2 1.4 17.6 96.1 2.0 37.1 77.3 7.73
WH 1003 105.7 88.1 48.7 1.9 20.9 78.8 2.5 37.2 74.7 7.43
WH 712 100.6 88.0 45.2 1.7 21.2 91.2 2.2 31.9 75.9 7.40
values with PBW 534 (1.64) being only exception in 20.77 for ‘WH 1003’. During third year the range var-
the group. The genetic stocks gave values for spike ied from 14.00 for ‘PBW 226’ to 21.00 for ‘PBW 533
yield ranging from medium to high. In second year the and PBW 550’. The number of spikelets per spike was
variation ranged from 1.01 g for ‘Lok 1’ to 2.04 g for not observed to be significantly different in all the
‘PBW 554’. Again in this season the values of spike genotypes studied.
yield were observed to be on lower side in comparison Tillers per meter: The number of tillers per meter
to first year. During third year the variation ranged was highest in C 518 (114.00) and lowest in C 306
from 0.5 g for ‘Lok 1’ to 1.8 g for ‘PBW 534’. Again (70.37) during first year. The tall wheats with an ex-
in this season the values of spike yield were observed ception of C 306 gave high values of tillers per meter
to be on lower side in comparison to first two years. whereas in commercial varieties group all genotypes
The tall wheats gave low spike yield whereas the com- gave medium values of tillers per meter with PBW 343
mercial varieties and the advanced lines gave interme- (106.67) being an exception. The advanced lines and
diate to high values. The genetic stocks were found to the genetic stocks gave medium low values of tillers
have medium to high spike yields. per meter. In the second year of evaluation WH 712
Number of spikelets per spike: The number of spike- (126.83) and PBW 554 (74.67) showed highest and
lets per spike ranged from 15.88 for ‘WG 357’ to lowest number of tillers per meter respectively. During
21.89 for ‘WH 1003’ in first year, where as in second the third year the number of tillers per meter was high-
year the number varied from 16.03 for ‘PBW 175’ to est in C 591 (102.00) and lowest in HD 2329 and HD

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2733 (52.00) The tall wheats and the varieties with tall and had lower yields than the recently released
known quality were observed to give high values for varieties.The tall varieties had a slightly higher test
this trait. The advanced lines gave low values whereas weight. The quality attributes of these genotypes have
the genetic stocks gave values ranging from medium been established by past studies (Uprety and Abrol,
to high. 1972; Qarooni, 1996; Singh, 2002; Singh and Gupta,
1000 grains weight: The 1000 grain weight varied 2004; Srivastava et al., 2003; Mallick et al., 2013; He-
from 27.18 g for ‘DI 9’ to 42.54 g for ‘KYZ-K2K-13’ malatha et al., 2013, Kundu et al., 2016).
in first year. The advanced lines with good grains and This study for evaluating the performance of Indian
the commercial varieties gave high 1000 grain weight wheat varieties known for good chapati making quality
values in comparison to tall wheats which gave medi- revealed that the tall traditional wheats from pre-
um range of values for this trait. All the genetic stocks dwarfing era are still unmatched for their unique end
with an exception of KYZ-K2K-13 (42.54 g) and WH use quality for the Indian flat breads commonly known
800 (39.31 g) gave low to medium range of values. as chapattis. Similar studies of quality parameters of
The range was from 36.75 g for ‘HI 1418’ to 52.07 g Indian wheat varieties (Sekhon et al., 1976; Singh et
for ‘PBW 533’ in second year. In comparison to previ- al., 1983; Syed et al., 1990; Supekar et al., 2005; Gill
ous season the values of 1000 grain weight were on et al., 2006, Inamdar et al., 2015; Harshwardhan et al.,
higher side in this season. Higher values were obtained 2016) have indicated that there is a wide variation for
for commercial wheats such as PBW 343 (48.56 g) various physico-chemical characteristics but majority
and PBW 502 (48.96 g). Most of other genotypes gave of the varieties produce average to good chapaties.
medium range of values with few genetic stocks re- Chapati quality evaluation of candidate varieties and
cording low values for the trait. During third year of checks conducted under the All India Coordinated pro-
evaluation the 1000 grains weight ranged from 23.00 gramme over three decades have shown variety C 306
in Raj 1482 to 39.00 in PBW 175 and PBW 533. to be superior to almost all the other cultivars tested
Plot yield: The yield showed range from 2600.00 g for (Mishra, 1998). Bansal et al. (2000) studied the suita-
‘C 273’ to 6340.00 g for ‘K 0123’ in first year. The bility of advanced wheat genotypes for bread, biscuit
tall wheats gave low values with C 518 (4830.67 g) and chapaties and reported some new genotypes to be
being an exception. The commercial wheats gave high better than the check varieties but none could surpass
values with advanced lines and the genetic stocks the best chapati wheat, C 306. Gupta et al. (2005)
yielding intermediate values for the plot yield. In se- while working on wheat samples collected from differ-
cond year the range for plot yield was from observed ent zones of India found that the location has some
to be between 1310 g for ‘Lok 1’ and 3830 g for influence on chapati quality. It was found that some
(PBW 533). The commercial varieties gave high val- genotypes performed better in specific environments.
ues whereas tall wheats were observed to have low
plot yields with C 306 (2300 g) being an exception. Conclusion
During third year of evaluation the plot yield for the The performance of the varieties released after semi
genotypes ranged from 400.00 g in Lok 1 to 2300.00 g dwarf wheat were introduced in India and various ge-
in PBW 550. The varieties with known quality also netic stocks developed for different component traits
gave medium low values whereas advanced lines and
was found below par across all the three years of eval-
the genetic stocks gave medium high values of plot
uation. The varieties from warm and humid central
yield across the years.
areas of India, did not perform to their potential when
Results from a core set of genotypes evaluated dur-
grown in northwestern plains which experience high
ing all three years: Over this period of testing, 11
temperatures during grain filling. The environmental
genotypes were evaluated across all the three years.
conditions and the quantitative nature of the chapati
These genotypes formed the core group of genotypes
quality did not auger well with the set of genotypes
which included the tall wheats of pre dwarfing era
tested however, better and stable performance of the
known for best chapati quality and few high yielding
tall traditional varieties. C 306 the wheat variety re-
varieties released for cultivation along with two genet-
leased in 1965 for cultivation has remained the best
ic stocks which performed better during each year. The
quality genotype over the years and was also estab-
mean chapati score of these genotypes revealed that
lished from this study.The present study provides an
the tall varieties had a distinct edge over others and are
the best resource available for this trait. C 306 had a established base for further studies on understanding
high mean chapati score of 8.17 followed by C 518, C the basis of chapati making quality of wheat. To infer
591 and C 273 (Table 6). The released varieties WG the role of component traits in chapati quality some
357, HD 2733 and PBW 343 were intermediate in cha- specific recombinant populations can be used. The
pati quality whereas the genetic stocks WH 1103 and knowledge generated during this study can be utilized
WH 712 had lowest score in the group. Among other for developing wheat genotypes with excellent end use
agronomic traits recorded the traditional varieties were quality.

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