LECTURE 3:
Plant and Animal
Kingdom: A brief survey
of plant and animal
kingdom to
pinpoint similarities and
diversities in nature.
Food Science--Concept
of Balance Diet: -
Vitamins, Carbohydrates,
Protein,Minerals,
DR. SANAWAR IQBAL
BSc (PU), B.D.S (PMC),
M.S Health Administration (IAS,PU)
GENERAL SCIENCE PMS 2015
AD MOD 2019
(BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES) Deputy Account Officer 2020
Election Officer 2020
CSS 2020
AC IRS
Plant and Animal Kingdom: - A brief survey of plant and
animal kingdom to pinpoint similarities and diversities in
nature.
Taxonomic Classification System
Taxonomy (which literally means
“arrangement law”) is the
science of classifying organisms
to construct internationally
shared classification systems
with each organism placed into
more and more inclusive
groupings.
Think about how a grocery store is organized.
One large space is divided into departments,
such as produce, dairy, and meats. Then each
department further divides into aisles, then
each aisle into categories and brands, and then
finally a single product. This organization
from larger to smaller, more specific categories
is called a hierarchical system.
The taxonomic classification system
uses a hierarchical model.
Moving from the point of origin, the
groups become more specific, until one
branch ends as a single species.
For example, after the common
beginning of all life, scientists divide
organisms into three large categories
called a domain: Bacteria, Archaea, and
Eukarya. Within each domain is a
second category called a kingdom.
After kingdoms, the subsequent
categories of increasing specificity are:
phylum, class, order, family, genus,
and species.
FIVE KINGDOM
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
PROPERTIES OF FIVE KINGDOMS
R.H. Whittaker gave the Five Kingdom classification for living
organisms. He categorized living organisms based on multiple
characteristics such as cellular structure, mode of nutrition, body
organization, reproduction, phylogenetic relationship, etc. These five
kingdoms were Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
PLANT KINGDOM
Kingdom Plantae includes all the plants. They are
eukaryotic, multicellular and autotrophic
organisms.
The plant cell contains a rigid cell wall. Plants
have chloroplast and chlorophyll pigment, which is
required for photosynthesis.
Characteristics of Kindom Plantae
I. They are non-motile.
II. They make their own food hence are called
autotrophs.
III. They reproduce asexually by vegetative
propagation or sexually.
IV. These are multicellular eukaryotes.
V. The plant cell contains the outer cell wall and a
large central vacuole.
VI. Plants contain photosynthetic pigments called
chlorophyll present in the plastids.
VII. They have different organelles for anchorage,
reproduction, support and photosynthesis.
Classification of Kingdom Plantae
A plant kingdom is further classified into subgroups.
Classification is based on the following criteria:
Plant body: Presence or absence of a well-
differentiated plant body. E.g. Root, Stem and
Leaves.
Vascular system: Presence or absence of a vascular
system for the transportation of water and other
substances. E.g. Phloem and Xylem.
Seed formation: Presence or absence of flowers
and seeds and if the seeds are naked or enclosed in
a fruit.
The plant kingdom has been classified into five subgroups according to the above-
mentioned criteria:
I. Thallophytes
lack a well-differentiated body structure and the plant body is thallus
like
Primitive plants where the body is not differentiated into stem, roots
and leaves
Plants with primitive and simple body structure.
The plant body is thallus, they may be filamentous, colonial,
branched or unbranched. Examples include green algae, red algae and
brown algae. Common examples are Volvox, Fucus, Spirogyra,
Chara, Polysiphonia, Ulothrix, etc.
II. Bryophytes
Small, non-vascular plants that prefer moist environments
do not have vascular tissues.
The plant body has root-like, stem-like and leaf-like structures.
Bryophytes are terrestrial plants but known as “amphibians of the
plant kingdom” as they require water for sexual reproduction.
They are present in moist and shady places.
Bryophyta includes mosses, hornworts and liverworts. Some of the
common examples are Marchantia, Funaria, Sphagnum, Antheoceros,
etc.
III. Pteridophyta
Pteridophytes have a well-differentiated plant
body into root, stem and leaves. They have a
vascular system for conduction of water and
other substances. Some of the common
examples are Selaginella, Equisetum, Pteris,
etc.
Spore-dispersing vascular plants
IV. Gymnosperms
Vascular plants that possess “exposed” seeds
Gymnosperms have a well-differentiated plant body and vascular
tissues. They bear naked seeds, i.e. seeds are not enclosed within a
fruit. Some of the common examples of gymnosperms are Cycas,
Pinus, Ephedra, etc.
V. Angiosperms:
Vascular plants that possess special characteristics such as flowers
and fruits
Angiosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants with a well-
differentiated plant body.
The seeds of angiosperms are enclosed within the fruits.
Angiosperms are widely distributed and vary greatly in size
Angiosperms are further divided into monocotyledons and
dicotyledons according to the number of cotyledons present in the
seeds.
Some of the common examples are mango, rose, tomato, onion,
wheat, maize, etc.
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
The Kingdom Animalia is a large group that
consists of eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that
are heterotrophic in nature.
As such, they obtain their nutrition from external
sources.
Although they are unable to produce their own
food, which is one of the main defining
characteristics of plants, animal cells lack a cell
wall that is present in plant cells.
With the exception of a few animals, the majority
of animals are motile which allows them to
effectively respond to stimuli and find food, etc.
In general, animals are divided into two main
groups namely, vertebrates (animals with a
backbone) and invertebrates (animals that lack a
backbone).
However, they are also divided into several phyla.
Kingdom Animalia Classification
Food Science
DEFINITION
Food science is the basic science and applied science of food;
its scope starts at overlap with agricultural science and
nutritional science and leads through the scientific aspects of
food safety and food processing, informing the development of
food technology.
Food science brings together multiple scientific disciplines.
It incorporates concepts from fields such as chemistry, physics,
physiology, microbiology, and biochemistry. Food technology
incorporates concepts from chemical engineering, for example.
Activities of food scientists include the development of new
food products, design of processes to produce these foods,
choice of packaging materials, shelf-life studies, sensory
evaluation of products using survey panels or potential
consumers, as well as microbiological and chemical testing.
Food scientists may study more fundamental phenomena that
are directly linked to the production of food products and its
properties.
BALANCED DIET
A balanced diet is a diet that contains
differing kinds of foods in certain quantities
and proportions so that the requirement for
calories, proteins, minerals, vitamins and
alternative nutrients is adequate and a small
provision is reserved for additional nutrients
to endure the short length of leanness.
VITAMINS
DEFINITION
A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules closely
related chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an essential micronutrient
which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper
functioning of its metabolism.
MINERALS
DEFINITION
A mineral is a chemical element required as an essential
nutrient by organisms to perform functions necessary for life.
However, the four major structural elements in the human body by weight
(oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen), are usually not included in lists of
major nutrient minerals (nitrogen is considered a "mineral" for plants, as it
often is included in fertilizers).
These four elements compose about 96% of the weight of the human body,
and major minerals (macrominerals) and minor minerals (also called trace
elements) compose the remainder.
SOURCE
Nutrient minerals, being elements, cannot be synthesized
biochemically by living organisms.
Plants get minerals from soil.
Most of the minerals in a human diet come from eating plants and
animals or from drinking water.
SIGNIFICANCE
As a group, minerals are one of the four groups of essential
nutrients, the others of which are vitamins, essential fatty acids,
and essential amino acids.
The five major minerals in the human body are calcium,
phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and magnesium.
All of the remaining elements in a human body are called "trace
elements".
The trace elements that have a specific biochemical function in
the human body are sulfur, iron, chlorine, cobalt, copper, zinc,
manganese, molybdenum, iodine, and selenium.
MALNUTRITION
Malnutrition refers to when a person's diet does not provide enough nutrients
or the right balance of nutrients for optimal health.
Causes of malnutrition
I. inappropriate dietary choices,
II. a low income,
III. difficulty obtaining food,
IV. various physical and mental health conditions.
ASSIGNMENT
Q1: Write a comprehensive note on ‘Balanced Diet’. (2018)
5marks
Q3: What is the significance of Vitamins? Describe the sources, uses and
deficiency symptoms of fat soluble vitamins.(2017) 5 marks
Q4: Do the mammals always lay eggs? If yes, where in the world do they live?
Write the name some of them. (2019) 5 marks
Q5 : Define the term Malnutrition. Elaborate its major causes and consequences
(2021) 5 marks
