Reading in Philippine history These objects, however, are never the happenings

Module #1 or the events themselves. If artifacts, they are the

results of events; if written documents, they may
Understanding History: A Primer of Historical be the results or the records of events. Whether
Method artifacts or documents, they are raw materials out
By Louis Gottschalk of which history may be written.

History But there is a catch

A historical context can be given to them only
Greek origin historie (ιστορια) = learning; if they can be placed in a human setting.
systematic account of phenomenon The whole history of the past (what has been
German word for history – Geshchichte, which called history-as-actuality) can be known to him
is derived from geschehen, meaning to happen only through the surviving record of it (history-
Zeus Salazar’s “ang kasaysayan ay isang as-record), and most of history-as-record is only
salaysay na may saysay sa mga taong the surviving part of the recorded part of the
nagsasaysay” remembered part of the observed part of that
Kasaysayan is rooted in two words salaysay, whole.
which means a narrative or a story and, more
important, saysay or meaning. In my history Historical Method and Historiography
classes, I always propose the working definition
of kasaysayan or history as a narrative (which can Historical method
be written visual, oral or combination of all three) The process of critically examining and
about past an event that has meaning to a certain analyzing the records and survivals of the past is
group of people in a given time and place. These here called historical method.
two components are inseparable. Without both Historiography
you cannot have true history (Ambeth Ocampo) The imaginative reconstruction of the past
from the data derived by that process is called
But what about the narratives that were historiography (the writing of history).
written in other parts of the world which we
don’t understand or that which remotely have no Historical Analysis
meaning to us? Will these be history? (1) The selection of a subject for investigation;
(2) The collection of probable sources of
This can be resolved as to “history in its information on the subject;
objective content” and “history in its subjective (3) The examination of those sources for
content” genuineness (either in whole or in part); and
(4) The extraction of credible particulars from the
Objectivity vs. Subjectivity in History by Louis sources (or parts of sources) proved genuine
Gottschalk
To be studied objectively (that is, with the Primary vs. Secondary Source
intention of acquiring detached and truthful
knowledge independent of one’s personal Primary Source
reactions), a thing must first be an object, it must A primary source is the testimony of an
have an independent existence outside the human eyewitness, or of a witness by any other of the
mind. Recollections, however, do not have senses, or of a mechanical device like the
existence outside the human mind; and most of Dictaphone that is, of one who or that which was
history is based upon recollections – that is, present at the events of which he or it tells
written or spoken testimony. (hereafter called simply eyewitness).

Artefacts Secondary Source

A secondary source is the testimony of anyone
Only where relics of human happenings can be who is not an eyewitness – that is, of one who
found – a potsherd, a coin, a ruin, a manuscript, a was not present at the events of which he tells.
book, a portrait, a stamp, a piece of wreckage, a
strand of hair, or other archaeological or
anthropological remains – do we have objects
other than words that the historian can study.
Original Source Historical Fact
(1) Because it contains fresh and creative ideas, A historical “fact” thus may be defined as a
(2) The collection of probable sources of particular derived directly or indirectly from
information on the subject; historical documents and regarded as credible
(3) Because it is in its earliest, unpolished stage, after careful testing in accordance with the canons
(4) Because its text is the approved text, of historical method. Infinity and a multiple
unmodified and untampered with, and variety of facts of this kind are accepted by all
(5) Because it is the earliest available source of the historians: e.g., that Socrates really existed; that
information it provides. Alexander invaded India
In the process of analysis the historian should
Document constantly keep in mind the relevant particulars
A written source of historical information as within the document rather than the document as
contrasted with oral testimony or with artifacts, a whole. Regarding each particular he asks: Is it
pictorial survivals, and archeological remains. credible? It might be well to point out again that
A human document has been defined as “an what is meant by calling particular credible is not
account of individual experience which reveals that it is actually what happened, but that is as
the individual’s actions as a human agent and as close to what actually happened as we can learn
a participant in social life.” from a critical examination of the best available
sources
Module 2.1 In the process of analysis the historian should
Understanding History: A Primer of Historical constantly keep in mind the relevant particulars
Method By Louis Gottschalk within the document rather than the document as
a whole. Regarding each particular he asks: Is it
Historical Criticism credible? It might be well to point out again that
External = authenticity what is meant by calling particular credible is not
 Fabricated, forged, fake that it is actually what happened, but that is as
 Hoax, misrepresentation close to what actually happened as we can learn
Tests: from a critical examination of the best available
 Date sources
 Author’s handwriting, signature This means verisimilar at a high level. It
 Anachronistic style (idiom, ortography, connotes something more than merely not being
punctuation...) preposterous in itself or even than plausible and
 Anachronistic reference to events (too yet is short of meaning accurately descriptive of
early, too late, too remote) past actuality. In other words, the historian
 Provenance establishes verisimilitude rather than objective
 Semantics truth. Though there is high correlation between
Internal = crebility Tests: the two, they are not necessarily identical.
 Verisimilitude
 Author’s mental processes Module 2.2
 Approximate date Philippine Prehistory
 Ability to tell the truth
 Willingness to tell the truth This is a skull cap discovered in 1962 in Tabon
 Corroboration Cave, Palawan.
Describe the Tabon Cave skull. What
Testimony predominant feature of the skull of humans is
As has already been pointed out, every present in the Tabon Cave skull, though it is only
historical subject has four aspects _ the a cap? This feature would differentiate the skull
biographical, the geographical, the chronological, cap from the skull of four-legged animals. (If you
and the occupational or functional. With a set of have a pet dog, what differentiates the skull of the
names, dates, and key-words in mind for each of dog from the skull of that found in Tabon cave?)
these aspects, the historical investigator combs his Several stones believed to have been
document for relevant particulars. intentionally chipped into weapons or tools were
General rule: for each particular of a document found on the same cave on the same rock strata
the process of establishing credibility should be with the same age subjected into carbon dating.
separately undertaken regardless of the general These were believed to have been made by
credibility of the author. humans.
 Describe the stone implements found in Tabon Department of Education got interested to
Cave. What feature of the human hand indentifies include them in their high school teaching
the hand which chipped the stone tools found in supplement Diwang Kayumanggi.
Tabon Cave? This feature could sufficiently  Was promoted from being a janitor to
identify that those tools were made by human research aid to scientist 1. He got a grant to
hand? study at the University of Chicago where he
earned his masters and doctorate in
Dr. Henry Otley Beyer Anthropology.
 Born on June 13, 1833 in Edgewood, Iowa.  After a few teaching stints while taking his
 first interest in the Philippines was sparked in Ph.D. in the University of Chicago, he went
1904 when he visited the Philippine exhibit in back to the Philippines to teach at the
St. Lois, Missouri. University of the Philippines. At that time, the
 Graduated in Chemistry at Iowa State Tabon Cave finds have already been a
University, took up his Master in Chemistry breakthrough in Philippine anthropology.
at the University of Denver.
 Volunteered to go to the Philippines to avail Dr. William Henry Scott
of the program to teach Filipinos during the  Historian who despised to be called an
American colonization. anthropologist. Scott was born on July 10,
 lived in the Cordilleras with the Ifugaos and 1921 in Detroit, Michigan to a Protestant
married Lingaya Gambuk, the daughter of an family.
Ifugao chief  Interest in archeology came when he earned a
scholarship in an Episcopalian-affiliated
Dr. Robert B. Fox Cranbrook School in Michigan.
 Born on May 11, 1918, in Galveston, Texas.  Was not able to pursue his interest yet when
 Earned his Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology joined the US Navy in 1942 and fought during
from the University of Southern California in the Second World War until 1946.
1941; his Master in Arts in Anthropology from  Joined the Episcopalian mission in China
the University of Texas in 1944; and his Ph.D. where taught and studied in Shanghai,
in the same field from the University of Yangchow and Beijing until 1949.
Chicago in 1954.  Was a victim of alien deportation from China
 Interest in the Philippines led him to work in after it fell in the hands of the communists in
the National Museum in time when this great 1949.
find landed on his assignment.  Went to Yale University in 1951 where he
 became chief anthropologist of the Philippine enrolled in Chinese language and literature
National Museum and took up his masters in Columbia
University.
Dr. F. Landa Jocano  was recalled back to military service in the
 born on February 5, 1930 in Cabuatan , Iloilo. Korean War and after less than a year of
 a product of public school in Iloilo but ran service, he tried to go back to his teaching
away to Manila for his parents could hardly career, this time, in Japan, but accepted a
support his schooling. teaching career in the Philippines where he
 worked his way to graduate at Arellano High was assigned in St. Mary’s School in Sagada
School but went back to Iloilo to finish his under the Episcopalian mission in Sagada,
Bachelor of Arts degree in Central Philippine Mountain province, where he taught English
University in Iloilo in 1957. and history.
 It was in Iloilo when he got interested in  earned his Ph.D. at the University of Santo
Philippine folklore, which led him to write to Tomas which his dissertation Prehispanic
Fox and offered him a job at the National Source Materials for the Study of Philippine
Museum as a janitor. History was published in 1968.
 his typing skills were far better useful than his  This book was revised in 1984, incorporating
cleaning skills that he became a part of the more assumed prehispanic materials that he
museum’s typing pool. debunked including the Code of Kalantiaw.
 This exposed him to museum’s data and led
him to write about Philippine legends
surrounding plant and animal life which were
serialized in Manila Times and which the
Module 3 (reading in Philippine history) Montalban but was repulsed again
CRACKS IN THE REVOLUTION at the Battle of Langka where they
HISTORICAL CONTEXT had to retreat to Balara.

Katipunan or KKK DISCOVERY...

(Kagalang-galang na Katipunan nang manga Anak August 30, 1896
nang Bayan)  Eight provinces rose in revolt against
 Formed on July 7, 1892 Spain – Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas,
 A secret revolutionary society to work for Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva
the independence of the Philippines by Ecija
means of arms or revolution  Captured their provincial and municipal
 Remained an underground offices and churches and declared their
organization until its discovery on territories under the command of the
August 19, 1896 revolutionaries.
 The discovery was a result of the  This forced Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco to
petty quarrel of Apolonio dela declare the eight provinces under the state
Cruz and Teodoro Patiño– both of war and martial law.
members of Katipunan and  From the eight provinces, the Spaniards
working at Diario de Manila had a special concern for Cavite since the
 Patiño confided to his sister who province is geographically and
lived in an orphanage in strategically located close to Manila, and
Mandaluyong and who told the houses a naval outpost at Sangley Point
authorities about her brother’s that could guard the mouth of Manila Bay
involvement in the secret from enemies that could attack Manila.
organization.  But the whole of Cavite except for
 His brother divulged the secret the naval station fell in the hands
organization to Fr. Mariano Gil of the revolutionaries.
who brought with him Spanish  The first order of battle was for the
guards to raid the printing press Spaniards was to re-take the
and found evidences of the province.
Katipunan in their lockers.
o #72 Azcarraga, near Elcano
Street, Tondo district, REVOLUTIONARY CAMPAIGN IN CAVITE
birthplace of the Katipunan.  The success of the revolutionary campaign
in Cavite was to the social class that led it.
DISCOVERY OF KATIPUNAN  Mostly gobernadorcillos, cabezas de
 By the last week of August 1896, about 500 barangay and members of the principalia
to 1,000 Katipuneros had already  The Aguinaldo’s came from the landed
assembled and was committed to fight family in Kawit. Other prominent leaders
and carry out a plan they hatched as early were also owners of land, members of the
August 24, 1896 to attack Manila on middle class, teachers and lawyers.
August 29, 1896.  On the other hand, while Bonifacio was
 But the plan did not happen on August 29, fighting a war of attrition in the hills of
instead, Bonifacio shifted the offensive on Balara, San Mateo and Montalban.
an arsenal in San Juan del Monte.
 It was a strategic shift because, if EMILIO AGUINALDO
successful, could yield into their “Capitan Miong”
possession guns and ammunitions.  By September, the youngest gobernadorcillo
 But the first major offensive turned of Kawit had become a local hero for having
out to be a blunder because of decimated the forces of General Ernesto
inadequate military experience. Aguirre in the battle at Imus.
 In the battle of San Juan del Monte,  Cavite had two Katipunan chapters.
the Katipuneros were met with  Mariano Alvarez – gobernadocillo of
heavy casualties and retreated as Noveleta, organized in 1895 the Sangguniang
far back as San Mateo, where they Bayan Magdiwang(Provincial Council of
attacked the municipal building in Noveleta).
 o Mariano Alvarez was the uncle of
Bonifacio’s wife Gregoria de Jesus, THE ELECTION
whose chapter had Noveleta and later, The presence of the Supremo to resolve their
San Francisco de Malabon (now differences creates legitimacy in the electoral
General Trias) as headquarters of the process.
Magdiwang.  To unite the forces in order to save the
 Baldomero Aguinaldo– Justice of the Peace of province from Spanish hands
Cavite Viejo or Kawit also created another  First Meeting (December 31, 1896) –
chapter of the Katipunan, the Sangguniang happened in Imus, failed to resolve the
Bayan Magdalo(Provincial Council of Cavite issue
Viejo) with its capital at Cavite Viejo where  Tejeros Meeting (March 22,1897) –
the Aguinaldo estate was located. second meeting; Magdalo delegates
o Baldomero was the older cousin of questioned what kind of government
Emilio. was the Katipunan
 The election that followed was an
TWO COUNCILS OF KATIPUNAN election in Cavite and by Caviteños
 MAGDIWANG COUNCIL only.
 Founded by Gen. Mariano Alvarez  It also turned out, it was an election, they
 According to Agoncillo, proclaimed, to be the election for the Republic
Magdiwang Council was formed of the Philippines.
first  Bonifacio fell into the trap that he eventually
 In the account of Santiago Alvarez, lost his position and came the death of the
Magdiwang was formed in April organization he founded.
1896
 MAGDALO COUNCIL
 According to Aguinaldo,in his
memoirs, Magdalo Council was
formed in June 1895
 Headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo

With the differences in datesclaimed, only TWO things

are DEFINITE:
1. Magdiwang was organized ahead of
Magdalo; and
2. The Supremo was present in both
elections

TWO COUNCILS... PRIMARY AGAINST SECONDARY SOURCES

 There cannot be two chapter– Memoirs of a General vs. Revolt of the Masses
governments in one province. MAGDALO FACTION MAGDIWANG
 Since they could not agree, the best FACTION
proposal – to dissolve the mother
organization itself, the Katipunan. Territorial Control
 MAGDIWANG COUNCIL– having
close affinity with Bonifacio due to Magdiwang
blood ties, respected the Katipunan Noveleta, San Francisco de Malabon, Rosario,
even considering it as a government in Tanza, Naic, Te r n a t e , Maragondon,
itself. Magallanes, Bailen, Alfonso, Indangand San
 MAGDALO COUNCIL – wanted the Roque
unity of the troops as they wanted a
new government formed. Magdalo
Cavite el Viejo, Imus, Dasmarinas, Silang,
The only way to unite the two councils under one Amadeo Mendez, Nunez, Bacoorand Carmona
government was to have an election. To make it
legitimate, the Supremo should be there to
authorize it.
Author’s Background man that even his surviving sister
Primary Source could not give a clear account of.
Memoirs of a General by Santiago Alvarez a.k.a. Gen.
Apoy Date Written or Published
 Born on July 25, 1872 at Imus, Cavite Primary Source
 The only child of Gen. Mariano Alvarez Memoirs of a General by Santiago Alvarez a.k.a. Gen.
and Nicolasa Virata Apoy
 Received early education under Antonio  July 1927 –the memoirs was serialized in the
Dacon, moved to Cavite City under Tagalog weekly magazine Sampaguita in 36
Ignacio Villocilloand transferred to parts.
Tondounder the tutelage of Macario  He worked from his notes of the 1896
Hernandez in his parent’s desire for him revolution, a participant-eyewitness.
to become a teacher.  June 1973 –Carolina Malay translated the
 His education was interrupted at the Tagalog in English which was completed
outbreak of the revolution in 1896. sometime in 1977.
 He became of the hero of the Battle of
Dalahican against Gen. Ramon Blanco. Secondary Source
 After the revolution, he continued his Revolt of the Masses by Teodoro Agoncillo
studies at UST, but he transferred at  1956 –the book was published
Letran where he finished his Bachelor of  Inconsistencies found in the accounts of
Arts. He took up law at Liceode Manila. Artemio Ricarte, Piodel Pilar, Epifanio delos
 He died on October 30, 1930 at San Pablo, Santos and Teodoro Kalaw.
Laguna where he was buried.  Admitted that Emilio Aguinaldo was a great
help in shedding light on the inconsistencies.
Author’s Background
Secondary Source Mention of Dates
Revolt of the Masses by Teodoro Agoncillo Primary Source
 Born in Lemery, Batangasin 1934 Memoirs of a General by Santiago Alvarez a.k.a. Gen.
 He obtained his AB Philosophy and Apoy
Masters degree at UP.  March 25, 1897 (meeting at Tejeros)
 He worked as linguistic assistant at the  March 27, 1897 (Baldomero Aguinaldo’s
Institute of National Language men met at Tanza Parish and elected
 He taught at FEU and MLQU. officers except Bonifacio were sworn in
 After the publication of his seminal works, front of the altar)
Revolt of the Masses, the Crisis of the
Malolos Republic, he was invited to teach Secondary Source
at the Department of History at UP where Revolt of the Masses by Teodoro Agoncillo
he later became chairman.  Mid December 1896 (Bonifacio’s
 He died on January 14, 1985. entourage visited Imus)
 He became a national scientist, post-  December 31, 1896 (assembly at Imus)
humously.  January 2, 1897 (letter to Gen. Mariano
Alvares)
Objective of the Author  March 22, 1897 (meeting at Tejeros)
Secondary Source  April 1897 (Spaniards captured San
Revolt of the Masses by Teodoro Agoncillo Francisco de Malabon
 To make known to the youth of his time the
fading memory of the struggle of the Mention of Places
revolutionaries and the story of the Primary Source
revolution. Memoirs of a General by Santiago Alvarez a.k.a. Gen.
Apoy
Primary Source  Zapote, Dalahikan, Imus, Salitran, Tejeros,
Memoirs of a General by Santiago Alvarez a.k.a. Gen. San Francisco de Malabon, Tanza
Apoy Objective of the Author Secondary Source
 An attempt to write the biography of Revolt of the Masses by Teodoro Agoncillo
Andres Bonifacio who was an obscure
  San Francisco de Malabon, Zapote, Imus,  Meeting was resumed with Bonifacio
Salitran, Dasmarinas, Noveleta, Tejeros, presiding and Artemio Ricarteas secretary
Kawit Montalban, Mariquina  Election proceeded by ballots suspected to
have been rigged by Daniel Tirona but
Key Personalities Bonifacio did not mind.
Primary Source  Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president,
Memoirs of a General by Santiago Alvarez a.k.a. Gen. Bonifacio was nominated vice-president
Apoy but lost until he was elected Secretary of
Andres Bonifacio, Mariano Alvares, Pascual the Interior
Alvares, Ariston Villanueva, Mariano Trias,  Daniel Tirona objected to Bonifacio’
Diego Mojca, Emilianode Dios, Santiago Alvares, selection in favour of Atty. Jose del
Artemio Ricarte, Baldomero Aguinaldo, Daniel Rosario.
Tirona, Cayetano Topacio, Jacinto Lumbreras,  Bonifacio drew his revolver against Tirona
and annulled the election.
Antonio Montenegro, Severino delas Alas,
Trinidad Rizal, Josephine Bracken Rizal, Jose del Sequence of Events
Rosario Secondary Source
Revolt of the Masses by Teodoro Agoncillo
 Mid December 1896, Andres Bonifacio
Secondary Source was called in his theatre of Battle in
Revolt of the Masses by Teodoro Agoncillo Montalban and Mariquinato mediate on
the rift between Magdalo and
Mariano Alvares, Pascual Alvares, Emiliano Magdiwang. Bonifacio and his brothers
Riegode Dios, Mariano Trias, Aristo Villanueva, arrived and stayed at house of Juan
Santiago Alvares, Diego Moxica, Artemio Ricarte, Castaneda in Imus.
Mariano Riegode Dios,  Esteban San Juan invited them for a
parade around Imusand they had a
Andres Bonifacio, Baldomero Aguinaldo, Daniel parade.
Tirona, Vicente Fernandez, Esteban San Juan,  December 31, 1896 Imus assembly which
Candido Tirona, Emilio Aguinaldo, Edilberto was meant to mend the rift between
Evangelista, Magdalo and Magdiwang saw the
suggestion of creating a government
Jacinto Lumbreras, Cayetano Topacio, Luciano  Nothing was resolved, meeting was re-
San Miguel, Antonio Montenegro, Daniel Tirona, scheduled on May 22, 1896.
Severinode las Alas  March 22, 1897 meeting at Tejeros was
presided over by Jacinto Lumbrera but
Sequence of Events was suspended due to the comment of
Primary Source Antonio Montenegro.
Memoirs of a General by Santiago Alvarez a.k.a. Gen.  The meeting was presided over by Jacinto
Apoy Lumbreras but was suspended due to the
 March 24, 1897, Battle at Salitranwhich comment of Antonio Montenegro.
claimed the life of Gen. Crispulo  Meeting resumed with Bonifacio
Aguinaldo presiding and elections proceeded with
 March 25, 1897 at about 5pm, Tejeros the election of Emilio Aguinaldo as
assembly Jacinto Lumbrera spresiding president. §When it came to the election of
 Severino delas Alas proposed the creation Aguinaldo as Secretary of Interior, Daniel
of a government. Tirona objected with the election of Jose
 Antonio Montenegro agreed but with a del Rosario as a better officer.
comment that they would be regarded as  Bonifacio was hurt a pulled a gun against
bandits. Tirona.
 Santiago Alvarez was slighted and  Bonifacio annulled the election.
commanded the arrest of Montenegro
 Commotion erupted if not for the
intervention of Trinidad Rizal, meeting
was suspended.
Module 4 Fernando Magallanes
Reading in Philippine History  born to a noble family sometime in 1480.
The First Voyage around the World  enlisted himself in the service of the
Portuguese navy and participated in several
The Greek’s Concept of a flat earth according expeditions in Asia in 1505 at the age of 25 in
to Homer. Humans are on top of the flat cookie, order to locate the spice island
above are the gods and down below is hades. No  was wounded in 1506.
one should sail outside the waters surrounding  In 1509, he sailed to Malacca with his friend
the cookie or you might fall on the edge of the and cousin Francisco Serrăo (Serrano) but was
earth. conspired against by the natives
 took refuge in an island in between Paragua
1415 – Prince the navigator, Portuguese ships (Palawan) and Zulu (Sulu) now known as
captured Ceuta, freed Christian slaves and found Turtle Islands.
gold was not coming from Arab-India route but  Francisco, on the other hand, prior to his
across Sahara. voyage in Molucas, landed in Mindanao, thus
1420- Captured Mediera Island the Portuguese were the first Europeans to
1432 – Azores have reached the islands prior to 1521.
1434 – Cape Bojador  In 1511Magellan participated in the battle and
1445 – Cape Verde later conquest of Malacca.
1456 – Cape Verde Island1462 – Sierra Leone  He stayed in Molucas. From this time,
1471 – Gold Coast Magellan was promoted captain and took a
1474 – SaoTome Island baptized Malay by the name of Enrique
1484 – Christopher Columbus submitted a (Henrich) de Malaca.
proposal to King John II of Portugal, claiming he  In 1512 Magellan and Francisco parted ways.
could reach India (4,000 km) via west. His Francisco went on to participate in the
advisers knew it was 16,000 km away. conquest of Molucas which was claimed as a
colony under the name of the King of
Paolo del Pozzo Toscanelli’s (Florentine Portugal.
physician) map  Magellan and Enrique, on the other hand,
 Columbus argued:The circumference of the went back to Lisbon the capital of Portugal.
earth is 30,200 km.  He took a leave and participated in several
 The distance between Canary Islands and battles with the Moors where he was accused
Japan was 3,000 Italian miles (3,700 km or of aiding the Muslims.
2,300 statute miles.  He was reinstated in 1514 with a new sailing
 Whereas s Eratosthenes measured it at 5,040 employment in 1515 but he rejected the offer.
stadia or 39,620 km. The actual measure is  In 1517, he had an audience with King
40,000 km. Manuel I to propose his plan to reach Molucas
 Whereas the correct distance is 19,600 km or which was their colony, not by sailing
12,200 miles. eastward which was within their territory
 King John’s adviser knew it was 16,000 km. beyond the Tordesillas line.
 King John rejected his plan.

Columbus’s map 1490

In 1488 he sought another audience with King
John but Bartolomeu Diaz had rounded the Cape
of Good Hope. The more that King John was not
persuaded of his plan .
In 1486 he went to Spain to propose his plan to
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel la which she
referred to a committee of savants but they said
he overestimated his calculations.

1415 – Prince the navigator, Portuguese ships

captured Ceuta, freed Christian slaves and found
gold was not coming from Arab-India route but  King Manuel denied the approval of
across Sahara. Magellan’s plan in 1517.
 He renounced his Portuguese citizenship and Antonio Pigafetta
went to Seville, Spain where he renewed ties  By 1518 to 1519, Seville had been buzzing
with a family friend , a Portuguese by birth with the news of the expedition and this
Diogo Barbosa (Diego Barboza). attracted different nationalities from France,
 He became a friend a sailing companion to his Germany, and Greece up to Galicia a province
son Duarte and married his daughter to his of Turkey to sign in for crew recruitment.
second wife, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa.  By this time a Venetian, came to Madrid. Born
They eventually had two sons Rodrigo and in 1491 and probably about 24 years old,
Carlos who died in infancy. Antonio Pigafetta, came to Madrid to
 A year after his stay in Seville, 1518, he accompany the papal nuncio (ambassador) Fr.
contacted Juan de Aranda, agent (in some Francesco Chieregati to Spain in order to have
translation, chief) of Casa de Contratacion. with King Charles.
 With the arrival of his partner Rui Faleiro, and
with the help of de Aranda, Magellan was
able to present his plan to King Charles I
which readily approved of his plan.
 Through the help of Archbishop Juan
Rodriguez de Fonseca, some investments
from a merchant-businessman, Christopher
de Haro who provided a barter of the rest of
the funds.

 Pigafetta was born to a noble family in the

province of Vicenza, Venice and a member of
the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, a group of
knights stationed in the Island of Rhodes in
the Mediterranean, who were fighting the
Muslim Turks.
 He heard of the expedition and decided to
stay in Spain to sign up with Magellan for the
voyage. He was recruited with a salary of
1,000 maravedis as a supernumerary, a
member of the crew with no specific job.
 August 10, 1519, the five ships descended on
the river to San Lucar de Barrameda
 They were moored for about a month waiting
for the right wind of the summer to blow
them west.
 On September 20, 1519, the church bells of
San Lucar rang wildly as a send off to the five
ships.

Reading in Philippine history

Module 5
THE UNTOUCHED BARANGAYS: In the Eyes of a
Spanish Missionary

HISTORICAL CONTEXT
 MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGASPI
 His voyage in 1565dropped the first
anchor towards directly colonizing the
Philippines
  ARCHIPELAGO OF ST. LAZARUS natives Spanish for the purpose of
 Named given by Magellanto the Christianizing them.
Philippines in 1521;  Several dictionariesin Ilocano,
 WESTERN ISLANDS (Islas del Visaya, Kapampangan and
Poniente) – how the Spaniards in Tagalog were produced with the
Europe called the Philippines prior to translation of Doctrina Christiana
renaming it during the voyage of Ruy in these languages.
de Villalobos in 1542  Doctrina Christiana
 LEGASPI’S VOYAGE  One of this works was the writings
 Between 1565 to 1572, Augustinian of Fray Juan de Plasencia
priests on board Legaspi’s voyage
to work for the conversion of the
natives to Christianity.
 Fray Diego de Herrera, Fray
Martin de Rada and Fray Pedro de
Gamboa
 Conversion was done in a harsh
manner.
 Legaspi‟s men ravaged Zubu with
artillery fire forcing the survivors
to flee to the grassy outskirts.
 They burned the idols but they
found the image of the infant
Jesusgiven to Juana the wife of
Humabon.
 Upon the return of the Zubuanos
to the ravaged site, they were
Christianized and exacted with
tribute
 ESTABLISHMENT OF MANILA
 Became capitalof Islas Felipinas in
1572
 Missionary work began to have its
home
 Missionaries were sent for
conversion:1.Franciscans
(1577)2.Jesuits (1580)3.Dominicans
(1580)4.Recollects (1606)
 Became capitalof Islas Felipinas in
1572
 Missionary work began to have its
home
 Missionaries were sent for
conversion:
1. Franciscans (1577)
2. Jesuits (1580)
3. Dominicans (1580)
4. Recollects (1606)
 ESTABLISHMENT ...
 From Manila, missionaries dispel
rsed searching for people in
barangays, learning their ways and
language.
 Learning the local language was
more efficient than teaching the