- Orexin/hypocretin is an excitatory neuropeptide hormone that
promotes wakefulness and suppresses rapid sleep [21].
Orexin/hypocretin deficiency is observed in narcolepsy. At the same
time, up to 80% of patients with narcolepsy complain of headaches,
among which tension-type headaches and migraine are especially
common [29]. Studies show that orexin/hypocretin is involved in pain
modulation, including the caudal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve.
- Melatonin is a neurohormone produced primarily by the pineal gland
and regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Melatonin plays a crucial
role in regulating circadian rhythms, including initiating sleep and
maintaining its rhythms. The melatonin secretion has a diurnal rhythm
—it increases in the dark and is suppressed in the presence of light; the
process is regulated by the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus.
At the same time, melatonin can have an analgesic effect, and
disturbance in melatonin secretion can lead to headaches.
Psychology :
Correlation between headache and sleep disorders is mediated not only by
biological factors but also by psychological factors. First, they are linked by a
common emotional and personal background: anxiety, vulnerability to stress,
low self-esteem, and maladaptive behaviors in relation to the disease.
According to the results of cross-sectional population study . presence of
headache and comorbid sleep disorders significantly increased the level of
anxiety and depression and worsened the quality of life.
Berdasarkan scenario, orang tersebut mengalami stress. Ketika seseorang mengalami stress,
tubuh kita merespon dengan 2 cara :
- Terjadinya peningkatan nafsu makan
Kelenjar adrenal melepaskan hormon kortisol yang memiliki efek untuk meningkatkan nafsu
makan dan motivasi secara keseluruhan, termasuk motivasi untuk makan• Tingkat hormon
kortisol yang tinggi bersama kadar insulin dalam tubuh yang tinggi bisa meningkatkan hormon
ghrelin. • Ghrelin disebut juga dengan “hunger hormone”, berperan memberikan sinyal ke otak
untuk makan dan menyimpan kalori dan lemak lebih efektif.
- Terjadinya penurunan nafsu makan
Ketika stres terjadi, bagian otak yang disebut hipotalamus melepaskan hormon
kortikotropin, yang berfungsi untuk menekan nafsu makan. • Otak juga mengirimkan
pesan ke kelenjar adrenal yang berada diatas ginjal untuk mengeluarkan lebih banyak
hormon epinefrin (sering dikenal sebagai hormon adrenalin). Epinefrin ini yang
membantu memicu respon tubuh untuk menunda makan.
Based on the scenario, this patien have stress. When someone have stress, our body responds in
two ways:
- increase appetite
adrenal glands hormone cortisol increasing appetite and overall motivation (including
motivation to eat).
High levels of the hormone cortisol along with high levels of insulin in the body increase the
hormone ghrelin. Ghrelin, also known as the “hunger hormone”, plays a role in signaling to the
brain to eat and store calories and fat more effectively.
- Decreased appetite
stress, hypothalamus hormone corticotropin, which suppresses appetite.
Brainadrenal glands hormone epinephrine (often known as the hormone adrenaline). This
epinephrine helps trigger the body's response to delay eating.
- An increase in appetite
The adrenal glands release the hormone cortisol, which has the effect of increasing appetite and
overall motivation, including motivation to eat. High levels of the hormone cortisol along with
high levels of insulin in the body can increase the hormone ghrelin. • Ghrelin, also known as the
“hunger hormone”, plays a role in signaling to the brain to eat and store calories and fat more
effectively.
- Decreased appetite
When stress occurs, a part of the brain called the hypothalamus releases the hormone
corticotropin, which suppresses appetite. • The brain also sends messages to the adrenal glands
that are above the kidneys to release more of the hormone epinephrine (often known as the
hormone adrenaline). This epinephrine helps trigger the body's response to delay eating.
Stress can affect appetite. This effect is related to involvement of either the ventral tegmental
area (VTA), or the amygdala via N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors
Pertanyaan no.9
chronic stress down-regulates the immune system by decreasing B and T cells and reducing NK
cell activity
no. 14
stress has many effects on the human nervous system and can cause structural changes in
different parts of the brain. Chronic stress can lead to atrophy of the brain mass and decrease its
weight. These structural changes bring about differences in the response to stress, cognition and
memory. Of course, the amount and intensity of the changes are different according to the stress
level and the duration of stress
