SHS DepED PHYSICAL SCIENCE FIRST QUARTER MODULE 6 BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULESPhysical Science- Grade 11/12 Quarter 1 - Module 6: Biological Macromolecules Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. ‘Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (.., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ‘ownership over them Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin Development Team of the Module Writer: Rommel Carl R. Peralta liustrator: Ray Daniel Peralta Layout Artist: Jose Gamas Jr. Language Editor: Diana Desuyo IEditors/ Reviewers: Jocelyn Navera Kristina Nieves Brenly Mendoza Bevelyn Nocomora Regional Center Site, Rawis, Legazpi City 4500 @ ovr moe or © roeasosepesgoustExplain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid and proteins determine their properties and functions ($11/12PS-Ille-22) iitSupplementary Learning Module for Senior High School Learners LESSON BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES: In the previous grade level, you understood that living matter is made mostly of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen with some sulfur and phosphorous, Biological diversity has its molecular basis in carbon’s ability to form huge number of molecules with particular shapes and chemical properties. In this module, you will know the critical role of the biological macromolecules in cell structure and function. BEGIN! Nutrients are the molecules needed by living organisms to survive and grow however animals and plants cannot synthesize themselves. Animals gain nutrients by consuming food, while plants pull nutrients from soil, Hence many critical nutrients are biological macromolecules. Do you want to know these biological macromolecules? Read on and accomplish the tasks prepared for you in this module, At the end of the module, you should be able to: ’ YOUR TARGET + identify the four types of biological marcomolecules; and + explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid and proteins determine their properties and functions.Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. TRY THIS! Which of the following macromolecules serve as fuel and building material of the body? Carbohydrates Protein Lipids Nucleic Acid aege What do you call the relatively large molecule consisting of a chain or network of many identical or similar monomers chemically bonded to each other? a. Enzymes b. Polymer c. Amylose d. Ribose 3. Which of the following is NOT a type of biological macromolecule? a. Carbohydrates b. Protein . Nucleic Acid ron 4, What example of protein has a function of catalysing a chemical reaction? 5. What biological macromolecule that store, transmit, and help expr a, Hormones b. Receptor Protein . Transport Protein 4, Enzyme hereditary information? a. Carbohydrates b. Protein’ c. Nucieic’Acid d. ron Hil How did you find the test? Please check your answers at the answer key \- section and see how you did. Don't worry if you got a low score, this just means that there are more things that you can learn from this module. So, hap on!Do! JUMBLED LETTERS Below are jumbled words about biological macromolecules, Arrange the letters and match it to its description. ' 1. These are polymers built fram monomers 2. It includes both sugar and polymers of sugar 3. Itis a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules 4. It store, transmit and help express hereditary information 5. Itincludes a diversity of structures resulting in a wide range of functions CHOICES SIPLID ORPNTE! CUMACMOORLELE LEINCCU IDCA YHCBODRATESAR Good job in finishing the activity! Take note of the key concepts you had written, These words might appear on the next activities.@ 2 KEEP THIS Bn MIND BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES With the rich complexity of life on Earth, you can expect that all living organisms have enormous diversity of molecules. From bacteria to whale, there are large molecules that provide the basic necessities in order these living organisms to survive. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid are the four types of biological macromolecules that play vital role in building material, storing, transmission and hereditary information. The macromolecules in three of the four classes of life's organic compounds- carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids- are chain-like molecules called polymers (from the Greek polys, many and meros, part). A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds, much as a train consists of chain cars. The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer are smaller molecules called monomers (from the Greek monos, single). Some of the molecules that serve as monomers also have other functions of their own. Each cell has thousands of different macromolecules; the collection varies from one type of cell to another even in the same organism. The inherent differences between human siblings reflect small variations in polymers, particularly DNA and proteins. Despite this immense diversity, molecular structure and function can still be grouped roughly by class. These four major classes of large biological molecules have emergent properties not found in their individual building blocks. CARBOHYDRATES The word carbohydrate may be broken down to carbon and hydrate, From the chemical formula of carbohydrate, notice that the ratio of C:H:0 is 1:2:1, which can be rewritten as Cn(H20)n. Carbohydrates can be seen as hydrates of carbon. This is a traditional but incorrect understanding of carbohydrates but it still presents a useful picture of the molecule, Another term for carbohydrate is saccharide. This term is derived from the Latin word saccharum referring to sugar--a common carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are classified either as simple or complex. Simple sugars are monosaccharides and disaccharides. Complex sugars are polysaccharides.Carbohydrates are the primary energy source of the human body. The different saccharides that humans eat are converted to glucose which can be readily used by the body. Around 4 kilocalories is derived from one gram of carbohydrate. Should there be an excessive consumption of carbohydrates, the excess is converted to glycogen which is stored in the liver and in muscles. Glycogen is a slow-releasing carbohydrate. Examples of monosaccharide (one saccharide) are: * Glucose used in dextrose, blood sugar; the form utilized by the human body * Galactose — -found in milk and milk products * Fructose found in fruits and honey The above monosaccharides all have the same chemical formula of CsH:2Os and its structure is the one that made the difference in its properties. For example, galactose (163-169°C) has a higher melting point than glucose (148-155°C). Glucose is sweeter than galactose. On the other hand, examples of Disaccharide (two saccharides) are: * Maltose = Glucose + Glucose Found in malt * Sucrose — - Glucose + Fructose Found in regular table sugar, sugarcane, and sugar beet * Lactose — - Glucose + Galactose Found in milk and milk products. Individual saccharides are connected via glycosidic bonds. A water molecule is released when two saccharides are combined The examples of Polysaccharide (many saccharides) are: Starch / Amylose _ - Composed of 250 - 400 glucose molecules connected via a-1-4- glycosidic bond. It is a storage form of glucose in plants Amylopectin - Like amylose but has more branches attached via a-1-6 glycosidic bond. it isia storage form of glucose in plants Glycogen -Composed of more glucose, more highly branched (same type of bond as amylopectin). Itis storage form of glucose in animals, stored in the liver and muscles Cellulose Composed of glucose units connected via B-1-4 glycosidic bond, linear chain arranged in a parallel manner . It is a structural material in plants--cell wall in wood, wood fiber cannot be digested by humansBIR ak enh MONOSACCHARIDES o ne He cCHOH ¢ v ee on deo nbn wo-f-H HdLon at on Hfon w-E-H dow aof-on wgon ton dion” bupt cae a ibose D-deoxynbose Defructose —_D-galactose Denbose D-deexymib ketohexose —aldohexose aldopertores: Figure 1 Retived Merch 25,2086, fom hp/bstane chem.iv elev! ChemtOACSprngt209/actre Noten 10MNect29chiml DISACCHARIDES uo Wom 0 aut « “y hogan lucene froctone ‘evon Kee ara POLYSACCHARIDES amylopectin EatutetPROTEIN The word protein came from the Greek term “proteios” meaning first. One can think of protein as the beginning of life. From egg albumin being pure protein to sperm and egg cells, we all start from proteins. Proteins are composed of four elements, namely, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Sulfur and other metals are sometimes also found in proteins. If carbohydrates are made up of saccharides, proteins are made up of amino acids. An amino acid is a molecule that has an amine and a carboxyl group. There are 20 amino acids, The combination of many amino acids creates protein. Amino acids are joined together with a peptide bond. Proteins are also called polypeptides. The diagram below shows that water is released in the formation of peptide bonds. This is similar to the formation of complex saccharides. ‘Amino acid (1) ‘Amino acid (2) = Peptide bond water Dipeptide Figure 7. Retrioved Merch 25, 2016, from hitp:/study com/scademyllesson/peptide-bond- definition formation structural Different types of proteins are composed of different combinations of amino acids arranged in a specific way. Depending on the order of the amino acids, the protein will acquire a certain configuration and function. The configuration is governed by several factors, namely: a, H-bonding between amino acids which creates either a helical structure or a pleated sheet b. Disulfide bonds for amino acids containing sulfur c. Salt bridges d, Hydrophobic and hydrophilic tendenciesThere are different examples of proteins. These are: « Keratin, Itis a structural protein found in hair, skin, and nails. It is a highly cross-linked protein containing a-helix and B-pleated sheets. Sheep's wool is made largely of keratin * Fibroin. It is found in silk. Silk has a smooth and soft texture. It is one of the strongest natural fibers that have high resistance to deformation. It is also a good insulation. Silk is primarily composed of B-pleated sheets. The long polypeptide chain doubles back on its own running parallel connected together by H-bonds * Collagen. It is a major insoluble fibrous protein found in connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, cartilage and the cornea of the eye. It comprises as much as 30% of proteins in animals. Its strength is attributed to its triple helix structure comprising of a-helices braided together. When several triple helices combine, they form the fibrils that make up connective tissues + Enzymes. It functions to catalyze chemical reactions. They either speed up a reaction, lower the needed energy for a reaction to take place, or bind substances to their specific partners. Enzymes themselves are very specific as can be seen in their shape. Examples of enzymes are: (1) Lipase - help in digestion of fats; (2) Pepsin - help in breaking down proteins into peptides (smaller units); (3) Sucrase - also called invertase, help in the digestion of sugars and starches. ‘© Myoglobin. it is a polypeptide that stores oxygen in muscles. It is a globular protein comprised of 153 amino acids in a single polypeptide chain. It contains a heme group which has an iron (II) ion at its center. This is where the oxygen is stored. + Hemoglobin. tis a globular protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream. It is composed of four sub-units, each containing a heme group that enables it to transport four oxygen molecules at a time. LIPIDS The word lipid comes from the Greek word ‘lipos” which means fat. Lipids are a family of biomolecules having varied structures. They are grouped together simply because of their hydrophilic property (water-fearing). They are soluble in non-polar solvents such as ether, acetone, and benzene. Lipids can be classified into four categories: a. Wax; b. Triglycerides; c. Phospholipids; and d. Steroids. Examples of Lipids are: * Fatty acids. It is essential to understanding lipids. Fatty acids are long- chain carboxylic acids that are insoluble in water. Fatty acids can besaturated or unsaturated. Saturated fatty acids contain single bonds in its hydro-carbon chain whereas unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds. ‘An easy way to remember saturated fatty acids is to think of them as “saturated” with hydrogen. All the carbon molecules have two hydrogen atoms attached to it. In unsaturated fatty acids, carbons with a double bond only have one hydrogen atom attached to it hence being “unsaturated.” Saturated fatty acids allow their molecules to fit close together and form strong attraction. They usually have high melting points and are solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fatty acids are bent because of the double bond and are therefore, not as close together as saturated fatty acids. They are often irregularly shaped. Unsaturated fatty acids have a low melting point and are liquid at room temperature. Lipids containing either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids somehow are able to retain these properties. * Triglyceride Fat and oil are the most common examples of lipids. They are under triglycerides because they are composed of glycerol and three fatty acids «= Fat refers to solid triglyceride usually from animal sources such as meat, milk, butter, margarine, eggs, and cheese. Oil refers to liquid triglycerides from plant sources. Examples are olive oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, and soybean oil. Animal fat contains high percentages of saturated fatty acids while plant oil is mostly unsaturated fatty acids. + Phospholipids contain glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. Unlike other lipids, phospholipids have a polar and non-polar end. This property allows it to transport molecules in the bloodstream. It is also a major component in the cell membrane. The two parts of a phospholipid can be termed as the hydrophilic head (phosphate group) and hydrophobic tail (fatty acid group). This dual property allows phospholipids to form a phospholipid bilayer. In this configuration, the hydrophilic head sticks out while. the hydrophobic tail is tucked in and away from the watery environment. This is why phospholipids are suitable as cell membrane. NUCLEIC ACID Nucleic acids play an essential role in the storage, transfer, and expression of genetic information. Nucleic acid was discovered by a twenty-fouryear-old Swiss physician named Friedrich Miescher in 1868. He was puzzied that an unknown substance in white blood cells did not resemble carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids. He was able to isolate the substance from the nucleus and initially called it nuclein. He eventually was able to break down nuclein into protein and nucleic acids. He found out that nucleic acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The most common examples of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA(ribonucleic acid). DNA is a nucleic acid that carries the genetic code oforganisms, It is fondly termed as the blueprint of life. RNA, on another hand, carries the information from the DNA to the cellular factories for the synthesis of proteins. If carbohydrates are composed of saccharide units, proteins of amino acids, and lipids of fatty acids, nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are also known as polynucleotides. A nucleotide has three parts: a. Nitrogenous base; b. Five-carbon carbohydrate or sugar; and c. Phosphate group The nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA are: DNA’s : Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Thymine (T) RNA’s : Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Uracil (U). DNA has a different sugar group than RNA. DNA has deoxyribose while RNA has ribose. DNA RNA The drawing above shows that DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded. The bases are paired up as can be seen in DNA. The bases C and G have three H-bonds between them, and A and T have two. Hydrogen bonding is greatly responsible for the shape of both RNA and DNA. The different nucleotides are connected in a chain via phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of the base pairs in one's DNA is unique for every organism (except for identical twins). The DNA and the cell containing it determine the kind of protein that will be synthesized. The different proteins are then responsible for the processes that carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and other substances in the body undertake Source: Commission on Higher Education, ‘Teaching Guide for Senior High Schoo! Physical Science 10APPLY WHAT YOU DIRECTIONS: Summarize your learning by filing-up the table below. Biological Elements Found | Function Example Macromolecule | in the Molecule Carbohydrates Protein Lipids Nucleic Acid ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVI NED Directions: Answer the following questions. What are the four types of biological marcomolecules? How do the structures of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid and proteins determine their properties and functions? po Directions: Make a poem describing the importance of biological macromolecules to our lives. You will be graded using the rubric below. * Content ve 50% © Creativity - 30% © Accuracy of information - 20% TOTAL 100% "1REINFORCEMENT Discuss the benefits of products or technologies that uses carbohydrates, protein, lipids and nucleic acid. Show your answer by using a concept map. WORD BANK The following terms used in this module are defined as follows: CARBOHYDRATES. It includes both sugar and polymers of sugar. LIPIDS. itis a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules. MACROMOLECULE. These are polymers built from monomers. MONOMER. These are repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer. NUCLEIC ACID. It store, transmit, and help express hereditary information. POLYMER. It is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds PROTEIN. It includes a diversity or structures resulting in a wide range of functions. Great! You have completed your learning episodes in this module! You are now ready to start a new learning adventure in the next module. Congratulations!ICES Campbell, N. & Reece, J. Campbell Biology. Ninth Edition. Pearson. USA. (2005) Commission on Higher Education. Teaching Guide for Senior High School Physical Science. (2016) Timberiake, K. C. Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Sth ed. United States of America: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. (1992) McMurry, J. E., Fay, R. C. Chemistry 5th ed. United States of America: Pearson Prentice Hall. (2008) Boyer, R. Concepts in Biochemistry 3rd ed. Asia: John Wiley & Sons Inc (4) see additional resources. (2006) 14