unit 0 2

S e c tm

Worcft easily confused

. se the correct form of the w ords in the boxes to com plete the sentences in each group A-G below. You m ay
use some of the w ords m ore than once. In some cases, m ore than one w ord m ay be correct.

look see watch notice regard stare glance observe

Observing/watching
1 We spent weeks in Africa________________________ the way lions catch their prey.
see
2 Did y o u ________________________ the tie he was wearing? It had pink elephants on it!

3 The students________________________
regarded/watched the new teacher with curiosity.
look
4 Always________________________ left and then right before crossing the road.

5 Don’t ________________________
stare at people like that! It’s really rude.
saw/watched
6 I ________________________ a great science fiction film last night.
looked
7 Before I bought the magazine, I ________________________ through it quickly.
noticing
8 I couldn’t h elp ________________________ the big red spots on his face.
9 B ill________________________
glanced at his watch and started running. He was late for school.

B find out invent discover detect

1 deteccted
Many serious illnesses may be cured if they a r e ________________________ early enough.
find out
2 “We m ust________________________ as much as we can about the gang,” said the detective.
discovered
3 Was it Captain Cook w h o ________________________ Australia?
invented
4 The first camera, the Kodak 1, w a s ________________________ by G. Eastman in 1888.

explore investigate look for lookup (do) research

investigate
1 The police came t o ________________________ the murder immediately.
research
2 I still h ave________________________ to do for my project on sharks.

3 I m ust________________________
look up this word in the dictionary, because I don’t remember what it means.
looking for
4 Mum, I’m ________________________ my trainers. Have you seen them?
explore
5 As soon as the five friends got to the cave, they decided t o ________________________ it.

D attempt effort trial experiment

effort
1 It takes a lot o f ________________________ and patience to learn how to play a musical instrument.
trial
2 John’s case came t o ________________________ and in the end he was found innocent.

3 The athlete failed in his la s t________________________

attemp to break the world record.

4 Many cosmetic companies claim they don’t carry o u t________________________

experiments on animals.
5 I worked for the company for a (n )________________________
trial period of two weeks before I was fully employed.
unit 0 2
E audience spectators viewers sightseers onlookers witnesses

spectators
1 T h e ________________________ disagreed with the referee’s decision and interrupted the football match.
onlookers
2 The two teenagers claimed they were ju s t ________________________ and had nothing to do with the fight.
sightseers
3 Paris attracts thousands o f ________________________ all year round.

4 At the end of the play, t h e ________________________

audience applauded enthusiastically.
witnesses
5 T h e ________________________ were asked to give a detailed description of the accident.

viewers
6 The concert was broadcast on TV and attracted one b illio n ________________________ worldwide.

memorise remind recall recognise

recognise . her at first. She had changed a lot.

memorise _ his phone number because I didn't have a pen to write it down.
remind ______ him to buy coffee, otherwise he’ll forget.

recall
________________scenes of World War II.

view sight image

vision
1 The sun affects m y ________________________ when I’m driving, so I always wear sunglasses.
view
2 We have a s u p e rb ________________________ of the sea from our balcony.

sight
3 The child started to cry at t h e ________________________ of the dogs.

4 The television show was about t h e ________________________

sight you can visit in Rome.

scene
5 The police arrived at t h e ________________________ of the accident within minutes.

image
6 An actor’s ________________________ is im portant for his career.
scene
7 I ran out of paint, so I couldn’t finish the sky for the background________________________ in the play.

8 When we were leaving the flower show, we were asked to fill in a questionnaire to give o u r ________________________
view

on what we had seen.

 unit0 2

Derivatives are form ed from n o u n roots, ad jectiv e roots and v e rb roots. In this unit w e w ill deal with
adjectives, adverbs and nouns which derive from certain noun roots.

Noun Root Adjective = Noun + -ful Adjective = Noun + -less

Describing a quality or Having enough of that quality or Not having that quality or
characteristic (often abstract nouns) characteristic characteristic
care careful careless
Adverb = Noun + -fully # Adverb = Noun * -lessly
carefully carelessly

■Some other common nouns that form adjectives and adverbs in the same way are: colour, harm,
hope, meaning, pain, power and use.
• The noun doubt forms the adjective in -ful and the adverb in -fully and in -less.
doubt 4 doubtful doubtfully - doubtless
• In some cases only one of the two adjectives - and corresponding adverbs - derives from the noun root,
not both.
beauty 4 beautiful - bg$Erttig$s / beautifully - bejjZrfrtessly end 4 - endless / e rp k rffy - endlessly
In the same way: delightful, dutiful, grateful, aimless, effortless, heartless, homeless, nameless, pointless
and shapeless.
• The opposite of some adjectives in -ful is un + noun root + ful, not noun root + less.
success 4 successful * unsuccessful skill 4 skilful * unskilful truth 4 tru th fu l * untruthful
• Sometimes both adjective forms (noun root + less and un + noun root + ful) derive from the same noun.
In such cases the two adjectives have different meanings. The adjective form un + noun root + ful is the
opposite of the adjective in -ful.
h e l p h e l p f u l (= sb who gives help) t unhelpful (= sb who doesn’t give help)
helpless (= sb who needs help)
> The opposite of some adjectives in -less is noun root + -y or noun root +-b le, not noun root + -ful.
guilt ^ guiltless 4 g uilty sleep 4 sleepless * sleepy
sense 4 senseless * sensible value 4 valueless * valuable (note the changes in spelling)
■ Be careful with the meaning of the adjectives derived from price.
price ^ pricey (=expensive)
4 priceless (= too valuable to have a price)

Noun Root Noun = Noun + -ship

1 Somebody in a certain position / occupation 1 State of being in certain position / occupation
author authorship
2 Somebody having a relationship with sb else 2 Relationship between two people
friend friendship

• Some common nouns that form nouns in the same way as author are: citizen, leader, member and owner.
• Some common nouns that form nouns in the same way as friend are: companion, partner and relation.
• Some nouns form nouns in - ship with a different meaning: champion, scholar and sponsor.

NOTE: When you are asked to complete a sentence with a suitable word deriving from a given root, read
the sentence carefully to decide: 1) what part of speech the missing word is (noun, verb, adjective or
adverb), 2) if the missing word has the same meaning as the given root (e.g. success-successful) or the
opposite meaning (e.g. success-unsuccessful).
unit 0 2
Com plete the sentences w ith the co rre ct fo rm of the w ords in capitals.

beautyfully
1 The top model w a s ____________________________ dressed in an elegant evening gown. BEAUTY
peaceful
2 My street i s ____________________________ because it’s far from any main roads. PEACE
championship
3 Our football team won t h e ____________________________ at the end of the season and received CHAMPION
sponsorship
____________________________ from a large company. SPONSOR
homeless
4 There are thousands o f ____________________________ people sleeping in the streets. HOME
colourful
5 I bought a ____________________________ dress but its colours faded after I washed it. COLOUR
carelessly
6 I was fined because I was driving ____________________________ . CARE
helpful
7 The directions you gave us were ra th e r____________________________ , as we still got lost. HELP
sleepy
8 I am feeling q u ite ____________________________ because I didn’t get enough sleep last night. SLEEP
9 I got into a business____________________________
partnership with my cousin but it ended up PARTNER
unsuccessful
being ____________________________ . SUCCESS
powerful
10 The musical performance was s o ____________________________ that the audience gave POWER
the orchestra a standing ovation.

11 The witness’ statement didn’t help the police in the investigation, so it proved to
valueless
b e ____________________________ . VALUE
12 The man was found ____________________________
guilty of shoplifting and sentenced GUILT
to one month in prison.
successfully
13 He h a s ____________________________ completed his postgraduate studies. SUCCESS
painlessly
14 The new lazer treatm ent can extract teeth ____________________________ . PAIN
harmless
15 It’s just a ____________________________ dog. There is no need to panic. HARM

Exam ination Practice

A Read the text belo w and decide which answ er A, B, C or D best fits each space.

A NIGHT A T THE THEATRE

Going to the theatre brings back happy memories, as it (1)________________________ me of my very first performance on

stage, (2)________________________ was th irty years ago. Parts of that particular night are so vivid that I can still picture
myself as though it were yesterday. The excitement amongst the actors, the (3)________________________ applause and

the party after the opening night are memories which will remain with me for (4 )________________________ .
I don’t know how we managed to do so well. The rehearsals were far from satisfactory because we thought that

we could just have two rehearsals a week (5 )________________________ in fact we needed more. The background

(6 )________________________ to the last act weren’t ready until an hour before the beginning of the play despite the set

builder’s best (7)________________________ .The director was not satisfied (8 )_________________________ anything and he

didn’t even want to show up on the first night. Admittedly, I wouldn’t have wanted to either.

(9 )________________________ the night finally arrived, we were all a bit worried. I remember (10)________________________
through the curtain ten minutes before the start and being amazed (11)________________________ the

(12)________________________ of a full house. Finally, it was time for the curtain to go up. In the end, we proved the director
wrong and everything went like clockwork.
 unit 0 2

1 A recognises B reminds C recalls D memorises

2 A which B when C where D who

3 A onlookers’ B viewers’ C audience's D spectators’

4 A life B ages C a while D time

5 A where B when C which D whenever

6 A images B visions C scenes D sights

7 A attempts B efforts C trials D tries

8 A by B in C at D with

9 A When B After C While D Until

10 A glancing B noticing C staring D watching

11 A in B at C on D for

12 A view B vision C sight D image

B Complete the text belo w with the correct form of the w ords in capitals.

friendship
Many people consider (1) ______________________ to be the FRIEND
relationship
most im portant (2)______________________ they can have. RELATION

It is (3)______________________
wonderful to have a friend you can talk WONDER

valuable
to and share (4 ) ______________________ experiences with. VALUE

However, it is im portant to choose friends

carefully
(5)_______________ . CARE
thoughtful
An ideal friend should be (6 )______________________ THOUGHT

and when any difficulties arise, hopefully be there for us.

Of course, there will be times when we m ight be

doubtful
(7)______________________ of our friends. But, we should DOUBT

always talk things through in a (8 )______________________

sensible SENSE

way and find a solution to our problems. Moreover,

untruthful
we should be careful not to be (9 )______________________ . TRUTH

W ithout honesty, the bond between friends is

useless
(10)______________________ and not worth anything at all. USE