09/09/2020

SISTEM KULIT / INTEGUMEN

PRIYO SUSATYO
Fakultas Biologi Unsoed

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KULIT → MERUPAKAN SIST. YG

BERVARIASI DARI LAPISAN
EPITHEL: BERHUB DGN LINGK
LUAR
PERKEMBANGAN DR. LAP.
ECTODERM PD MASA EMBRIO
→ EPIDERMAL → EPIDERMIS

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EPIDERMIS : LAP TERLUAR HUB LINGK LUAR

FUNGSI : PROTEKSI, EKSTRARESEPTOR
(IRITABIL), RESPIRASI, EXCRETORI, TDD : STRATUM KORNEUM (MENANDUK,
PENGATUR SUHU, HOMEOSTATIS, PIPIH & KERATIN).
NOURISHMENT (NUTRISI) & GERAK STRATUM LUSIDUM (BENING, ZAT
ELEIDIN)
TDD : KULIT SEBENARNYA (EPIDERMIS & STRATUM GRANULOSUM (PIPIH,
DERMIS). PIGMEN KERATOHIALIN)
DERIVAT (SECARA EMBRIONAL DR STRATUM GERMINATIVUM (PIPIH, BER-
EPIDERMIS & DERMIS). DEFFERENSIASI)
ANTARA EPIDERMIS DG DERMIS → LAP
KULIT : TEBAL → (TELAPAK); TIPIS → BASAL (SEL SILINDRIS & KUBIS)
(PERMUKAAN TUBUH) DERMIS : → KORIUM; TDD Stratum
SPONGIOSUM, Str.PAPILARE, Str.
COMPACTUM, & Str.RETIKULARE)

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DERIVAT-DERIVAT EPIDERMIS

TDD STRUKTUR KERAS & LUNAK.

1. BINTIL TANDUK : PENEBALAN 2. BINTIL TANDUK : PENEBALAN

STRATUM CORNEUM (BUFO sp). STRATUM CORNEUM (BUFO sp).
2. SISTEM TANDUK : SISIK EPIDERMAL
3. BULU
4. RAMBUT
5. CAKAR
6. TANDUK
7. TANDUK LAIN

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3. BULU : SISIK EPIDERMAL ; PLUMAE :

KASAR, TDD TECTRICES (BULU TUBUH).
2. SISIK TANDUK : SISIK EPIDERMAL REMIGES (SAYAP), RETRICES (EKOR)

TANGKAI (CALAMUS; UMBILICUS,

RACHIS),
(ST. KORNEUM) → CARAPAC VEXILUM (RAMI, RADII, RADIOLI).
(BAG DORSAL & PLASTRON PLUMULAE (BULU HALUS) :
BAG VENTRAL (CELONIA SP. / RACHIS PENDEK
KURA-KURA). FILOPLUMAE (BULU RAMBUT) :
RADIOLI.

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BIRDS
The fowl’s skin is divided into a number of separate areas where the skin has been modified to some extent
to be able to carry out special functions. These areas are:
•integumentary system consists of the skin, the feathers
•The feathered skin.
and the appendages (claws and beak)
•The scale covered skin on the lower legs and feet.

•the integumentary system is very important in providing •The hard, horny areas of the beak and toenails.

protection to the bird from a number of potentially •The pad of the foot (or plantar).
dangerous situations. •The skin of the comb and wattles.
The

The feathered skin is also divided into a number of special areas or tracts – those where feathers actually do
grow and other areas where they do not grow but which appear as such because they are covered by
feathers. The areas where they do grow are called pterylae and the areas where they do not grow are
called apteria.

AFRICAN JACANA

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Cross-section of bird skin FEATHERS

Structure
The skin is composed, in the main, of two different tissues:
The lightness and stiffness of keratin is also a key to bird flight. In the
•Connective tissue of the dermis and hypodermis where the cells are form of feathers it provides the large airfoils necessary for flapping and
widely spaced. gliding flight. In another form, the light fluffy down feathers,also made
•Cellular stratified epithelium of the epidermis, which make up the
horny outer layer of the skin and forms the feathers. of keratin, are some of the best natural insulators known. This superior
insulation is necessary to help maintain the high body temperatures of
birds
a. The hypodermis connect with air sacs of the respiratory system thus enhancing the ability to fly. different skin types
contain different amounts and distribution of special compounds mainly collagen,elastin and keratin.
Five types of feathers
•Epidermis
The epidermis consists of three separate layers: a. Contour Feather
A.The flattened, horny cell layer – the outermost layer.
B.The transitional layer – joins the outer layer to the inner layer. It is here that the cells formed in
the third innermost layer are transformed into the hard, horny type found in the outermost layer.
C.The columnar cell layer – this is the innermost layer of the epidermis and is the germinative layer b. Down Feather
where the cells of the epidermis are formed.
b. Dermis
•The dermis is relatively thin and shows a uniform, microscopic structure. This is different to many other animals that have c.Pin or Filoplumes Feather
both densely packed and loose layers of cells. The main component of the dermis is collagen with a small amount of
elastin.

•Hypodermis d.Plumules
•The hypodermis contains fewer cells and is more loosely arranged than the dermis. Fat is stored here in special adipose
cells (adipose tissue is fat tissue). Air spaces found in the
e.Bristles

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3. A FEATHER: EPIDERMAL SCALES; PLUMAE: ROUGH, a. Contour Feather

CONSIST OF TECTRICES (SUPERFICIAL of BODY). REMIGES

(ON WINGS), RETRICES (ON TAIL)

❑ STALK (CALAMUS; UMBILICUS, RACHIS),

VEXILUM (RAMI, RADII, RADIOLI).
❑PLUMULAE (SMOOTH FUR): rachis
(SHORT); Diagram 5.7 - A Contour Feathera

❑FILOPLUMAE (HAIR FEATHER): RADIOLI

•Countour feathers are large feathers that cover the body, wings and tail. They have an expanded vane that
provides the smooth, continuous surface that is required for effective flight.

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b. Down Feather c.Pin or Filoplumes Feather

Diagram 5.9 - A Pin Feather

Diagram 5.8 - A Down Feather

•Down feathers are the only feathers covering a chick and form Pin feathers have a slender hair-like shaft often with a tiny tuft
the main insulation layer under the contour feathers of the adult. of barbs on the end. They are found between the other
They have no shaft but consist of a spray of simple, slender feathers and help tell a bird how its feathers are lying (see
branches (see diagram 5.8). diagram 5.9).

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d.Plumules 4. RAMBUT : SPESIALISASI DARI

•Plumules are found beneath the contour feathers where they
EPIDERMAL
form a soft, downy undercoat. They have a short shaft with
radiating, free barbs and barbules. They have no interlocking
hooklets or barbicels. These feathers provide the depth to the
coat and play a large part in trapping the air and holding it still
– thus improving their ability to conserve warmth.

e.Bristles
LEKUK-2 SENSORI RAMBUT
•Bristles are found around the mouth and eyes of chickens
and are thought to be primarily used to aid the sensory ability
(PROTOTHRIK). CIRI KHAS PD
of birds and protect sensitive areas. A comparison between MAMALIA.
bird bristles and mammalian eylashes could be used here.

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•Their skin reflects their greater commitment to a terrestrial existence

3. Reptile

KING COBRA

Section of the skin of a reptile showing the overlapping epidermal scales . Epidermis of Reptiles

ALLIGATOR

•Their skin reflects their greater commitment to a terrestrial existence

•Reptile skin has two principal layers: the dermis, which is the deeper layer of connective
tissue with a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves, and the epidermis which in reptiles
consists of up to seven sub-layers or "strata" of closely packed cells, forming the body's outer
protective coating.

•dermis is provided with chromatophores, color bearing cells that give many lizards and
snakes their colorful hues
•the characteristic scales of reptiles are formed largely of keratinA

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4. Amphibian

•amphibians are transitional between aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates

The seven epidermal layers are:

1. The stratum germinativum, the deepest layer of living cells which have the capacity for rapid cell
division; GREEN FROG
and the six layers which form each "epidermal generation" - the old and new skin layers - which are:
Epidermis with thin stratum corneum and very little
2 - 3. The clear layer and lacunar layer, which mature in the old skin layer as the new skin is growing keratin; Leydig cells
beneath. Dermis with chromatophores, poison glands and mucous
glands
4 - 6. The alpha layer, the mesos layer and the beta layer; these layers consist of cells which are Scales are rare
becoming keratinised, with production of two types of keratin (alpha and beta keratin). These cells are
thus being transformed into a hard protective layer.

7. The Oberhautchen layer, which forms the toughest outermost layer of keratinised, dead skin cells.

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KINDS OF FISH
1.bony
2.Cartilaginous
3.Jawless

•Bony Fish
•The skin of bony fishes contains scales

Integument of a bony fish showing epidermis, dermis, embedded

Types of scales
scale and related structures. 1.CYCLOID SCALES-concentric ridges-milkfish
2.CTENOID SCALES-w/spines or ctenii
3.GANOID SCALES-rhomboid shape,
4.COMOID SCALES-extinct fishes dermal armor
5.PLACOID SCALES-spines directed caudally-sharks,skates

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3. Cartilaginous
•The skin is covered with horny teeth-like scales and on the jaws these are modified to form teeth. JAWLESS FISH
•the simplest of all fish, and the simplest of all vertebrates, are the jawless fish,
which include the lampreys and hagfish. These creatures have no jaws. The
COOKIE-CUTTER SHARK mouth is surrounded by a large, round sucker.

HAGFISH

•Placoid scales or dermal denticles

•Outer enamel; inner dentin
•Epidermis does not cover scales

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COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE SKIN

3. OSTEICH-THYES / BONY FISH -more mucous glands -presence of ancient ganoid

CHORDATE EPIDERMIS EPIDERMIS -presence of cycloid scales or modern cycloid scale
-with uicellular goblet cells w/c -flexible dermal fin rays which
multi-layered and is rich thinner than epidermis but maintain mucous coat of the skin stregthens the fins of bony
1. AGNATHANS/ JAWLESS w/mucous glands tough due to interwoven to prevent dessication fishes
‘slime eels lack scales collagenous fibers. -with poisonous granular gland -with osteoderms
‘Layers are mitotic including ‘rich in the melanophores w/c -photophores serve as lures
surface cells horny denticles in ad heres tightly to the /warning
the buccal funnel is the only underlying musculator ‘skin-w/o scales ‘with dermal chomatophores
cormfied structure,shed replaced myosepta 4.AMPHIBIA ‘with incipient stratum corneum ‘firmly attached to the
‘uncellular goblet cells secretes underlying musuculature
mucigens for semi-aquatic ‘voluminous bread
more layered and cells are thicker than epidermis and amphibians subcutaneous lymph sinuses
2.CHONDRICH- compactly arranged w/2 more or less defined ‘mucons glands-mucin separates skin from muscles
THYES/CARTILAGINOUS ‘unicellular glands excepting layers ‘poison glands-alkaloidal ‘bony dermal scales in
secreation caecilians
chaemiras ‘placoid scales fr.the ‘cornified skin prevents
‘stingrays-goblet toxins. paleozioc shakers dessication.
‘multicellular cells at the base ‘sheet of melanophores ‘thick stratum corneum ‘bony dermal,bones are more
secretes toxins derse dorsally than virtrally 5.REPTILES ‘with epidermal scales molts at abundant
Multicelullar cells are conc. at less illumnuscence regular internal ‘osteoderms
‘presence of unique horny 1.lizards-underlying the
the base of the claspers of ‘with ceratotrichia or fin rays
surface features epidermal scales
males ‘integumentary glands are not 2.snakes-absent
abundant
‘scales,scutes,rattles,clansz,plaq
ue,spiny crests

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6.AVES
‘thin-skinned
‘epidermal scales umited to feet
‘dermis
feathers
supports
and
the
arrectures
5. CAKAR, KUKU & TELAPOK (TDD ST. KERAS)
and base of breaks
‘presence of sharp clans
pilorum/ plumarun
‘exceptionally thin → ST. KORNEUM YG MENANDUK.
‘integumentary glands are ‘motility of skin is correlated
absent to thermoregulatory function

CAKAR : BAG. DORSAL (KONVEKS):

‘uropygial gland caudal, oil the of feathers
feathers ‘no osteoderms
‘with feathers ‘with spurs both sexes
.down
.filoplumes
.tarsometatasus
.carpometasus in some UNGUIS, RUNCING; BAG VENTRAL
.rectrices
.remiges (KONKAF) : SUB-UNGUIS
7.MAMMALS ‘hairs are present arising from presence of hair
hair follicles
‘epidermal glands
follicle,arrector
muscles,sweat, KUKU : LEBAR, PIPIH; SUB-UNGUIS
.sebaceous-sebum sebaceous glands,conn.
.sudoriferous-sweat
.mammary-milk
tissues
‘highly vascularized
LEBIH LUNAK, PANGKAL → SULCUS
‘stratum ‘with nerve endings
germinating
germinativum is
‘has thermoregulatory UNGUIS (PARIT KUKU).
‘dense stratum corneum function-homiothermic
‘derivatives
.claws
‘hypodermis
subcutaneous
or
layer
TELAPOK : UNGUIS → PERISAI TANDUK;
.horns separates skin from muscles
.hairs ‘with pigment cells SUB-UNGUIS (HURUF U/V); KUNEUS
.nails
.baleen whale bone
hangs or oral cavity
(VENTRAL SUB-UNGUIS MENANDUK).

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6. TANDUK (BAHAN TULANG / ZAT TANDUK)

7. STRUKTUR TANDUK LAIN
- TANDUK KOSONG (LANJUTAN DARI TL.
FRONTAL, TUNGGAL) : KAMBING,
DOMBA, KERBAU, SAPI - SISIR IKAN PAUS : BALEIN
- PRONG HORN : TANDUK KOSONG, (LEMPENG PALATIN) →
BERCABANG, TIAP TAHUN BERGANTI;
ANTILOP PENYARING MAKANAN.
- CULA : RAMBUT MENYATU, TETAP - RUGAE PALATINUM :
(BADAK)
PENEBALAN PD MULUT HW
- RANGGA : TANDUK TULANG, BERGANTI
(RUSA JANTAN) CARNIVORA.
- TANDUK JERAPAH : TL FRONTAL,
PERMANEN.

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8. KELENJAR : DERIVAT SEL EPITHEL

SEBAGAI SEL PIALA / GOBLET.
TIPE :
• MEROKRIN (HANYA MENGELUARKAN SEKRET) HISTOLOGY OF
: LUDAH, PANKREAS, MUKUS.
• HOLOKRIN (SELURUH SEL SBG SEKRET) : INTEGUMENT / SKIN
KERINGAT, LAMAK.
• APOKRIN : SEKRET BAG. UJUNG/PUNCAK (KEL
MAMAE)
SEKRETNYA : KELJ MUKUS; (CAIRAN LENDIR)
LEMAK; (SEBACEUS)
SEROSA; (CAIRAN ENCER ; KERINGAT)
SUSU (ATAVISME/PRIMITIV; POLYMASTISME /
ESKTRA KELJ; POLYTHELISME / EKSTRA
PUTTING & GYNEKOMASTISME / KELJ MAMAE
→ PADA HEWAN JANTAN 36

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TDD. KULIT & DERIVAT-2 NYA, MRPK.

ORGAN PEMBUNGKUS SELURUH PERM.
TUBUH
DERIVAT KULIT :
• KELENJAR KERINGAT,
• KELENJAR MINYAK,
• RAMBUT &
• KUKU
SKEMATIS KULIT & ASESORISNYA

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Sistem Integumen memiliki dua komponen

KULIT utama, membrana cutaneous dan struktur-
struktur tambahan:
KETEBALAN KULIT BERBEDA- 1. Membrana cutaneous sendiri memp. dua komponen:
BEDA/TIDAK SAMA ➔ TGT.PD. epidermis, atau epitel permukaan, dan dermis, suatu
TEMPAT/LOKASI ➔ 0,5 – 4 mm. are di bawah epidermis tersusun atas jaringan ikat.
2. Struktur-struktur tambahan seperti : rambut, kuku, dan
SHG. ADA DUA DUA kelenjar-kelenjar eksokrin multiseluler. Struktur-struktur
MACAM KULIT ➔ KULIT TEBAL ➔ tersebut terletak terutama pada lapisan dermis dan
TELAPAK TANGAN & KAKI menyembul melalui epidermis menuju permukaan kulit.
Di bawah dermis, jaringan ikat dari lapisan
KULIT TIPIS subkutaneus, dikenal juga sebagai fascia superficialis
atau hypodermis, memisahkan integumen dari
permukaan bawah sekeliling organ-organ seperti otot
dan tulang

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STRUKTUR KULIT EPIDERMIS & DERMIS

ADA 2 LAPISAN KULIT :

1.EPIDERMIS (KULIT ARI) ➔ DIBANGUN
O/ JARINGAN EPITHEL BERLAPIS
BANYAK PIPIH,BERKERATIN ➔ ASAL
DARI LAPISAN EKTODERM
2.DERMIS (KULIT JANGAT) ➔ JARINGAN
IKAT ➔ ASAL DARI MESODERM

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KULIT TEBAL STRATIFIKASI PADA EPIDERMIS & DERMIS

LAPISAN PENYUSUNNYA :
1. EPIDERMIS, DIBAGI MENJADI LAPISAN-
LAPISAN :

STRATUM GERMINATIVUM
STRATUM SYLINDRICUM
STRATUM SPINOSUM
STRATUM GRANULOSUM
STRATUM LUCIDUM
STRATUM CORNEUM

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STRATUM GERMINATIVUM STRATUM GRANULOSUM

(LAPISAN BASAL).➔ SEL-SEL MEMP. 3 – 5 LAPIS SEL, SEL-SEL PIPIH. DLDM.
JULURAN SITOPLASMA YG MASUK KE SITOPLASMA SEL TDP. BUTIR
LAPISAN DERMIS ➔ DENTATE CERATOHYALIN. INTI MENUNJUKKAN
PROJECTION ➔ SEL-SEL MASIH MAMPU TANDA DEGENERASI.
MEMBELAH DIRI
STRATUM LUCIDUM
STRATUM SPINOSUM BBRP LAPIS SEL PIPIH, SUSUNAN RAPAT.
SEL POLIGONAL, > DR. SEL BASAL, DLM SITOPLASMA SEL TDP. BUTIR-BUTIR
MAKIN KE ARAH STRATUM DI ATASNYA REFRAKTIL, YAKNI ELEIDIN. INTI MENUJU
BENTUK SEL MEMIPIH. KE ARAH NEKROSIS/KEMATIAN.

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STRATUM CORNEUM
LAPISAN YG PALING TEBAL; SEL-SEL
PIPIH, MEMANJANG TERSUSUN RAPAT.
LAPISAN INI MGD. KERATIN ➔ LAPISAN
MENANDUK (TDD 2 LAPIS), ➔ LAP. YG
PALING LUAR SCR PERIODIK BISA
MENGELUPAS ➔ STRATUM
DISJUNCTIVUM

DISTRIBUSI MELANOCYT & KERATINOCYT PD EPIDRMIS

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PD. STRATUM GERMINATIVUM ➔

TDP PIGMEN MELANIN. PD KULIT HITAM,
MELANIN TDP PD SELURUH LAP.
EPIDERMIS NYA

PD. KULIT TELAPAK TANGAN & KAKI

MEMP. LEKUKAN DAN TONJOLAN YG
BERLAINAN PD MSG-2 ORANG (SULCUS &
GYRUS) ➔ DERMOGLIFY

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STRATUM PAPILARE
2. DERMIS
➔ DIBANGUN O/ SERABUT KOLAGEN & ELASTIN HALUS
LAP. YG PALING DEKAT DG/TEPAT DI TDP. SEL-SEL JAR. IKAT; STRATUM INI MBTK TONJOLAN
BAWAH EPIDERMIS KE DLM LAP. EPIDERMIS, DISEBUT PAPILLAE DERMIS;
➔ LAP. DERMIS TDD STRATIFIKASI : PAPILLARE MGD BADAN SENSORI (Corpusculum
Meisneri)➔ PAPILA RABA;
BANYAK MGD PEMB DARAH ➔ PAPILLAE VASCULAR.

STRATUM PAPILARE
STRATUM RETICULARE
➔DIBANGUN O/ JAR IKAT KENCANG/PADAT IREGULER,
STRATUM RETICULARE TERSUSUN PARALEL DG PERMUKAAN;
PD LAP INI TDP KELENJAR KERINGAT, Corpusculum Vater
Pascini (untuk sensasi tekanan), Golgi Mazzoni (u/ sensasi
dingin)

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3. SUB CUTAN / HYPODERMIS

SCR HISTOLOGIS BUKAN MRPK BAGIAN DARI
KULIT TTP TDP BANYAK DERIVAT KULIT
BERMUKIM DISINI; SCR KLINIS MRPK BAG KULIT
➔ TDD JAR IKAT LONGGAR/AREOLAR; TDP
TIMBUNAN LEMAK, PANICULUS ADIPOSUS

KULIT TIPIS
STRATUM GERMINATIVUM ➔ LEBIH TIPIS, JUGA STR.
GRANULOSUM NYA
TDK KONTINYU
STRATUM CORNEUM ➔ KECUALI STRUKTUR YG ADA
PD KULIT TEBAL, DI SINI ADA KELENJAR MINYAK;
JUGA TDP RAMBUT DAN musculus Arectorus pillorum.

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STRUKTUR BATANG & AKAR RAMBUT

DIBANGUN O/ EPIDERMIS ➔
TERSSN MJD 3 LAPISAN :

MEDULLA

CORTEX

CUTICULA

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SELUDANG AKAR RAMBUT / Follicle

MEDULLA, PALING DALAM, HANYA PD RAMBUT pilus
TEBAL/KASAR ➔ MRPK AXIS RAMBUT ➔ TDD 1 – 2 1. seludang akar rambut dalam
LAPIS SEL
• cuticula, tdd 1 lapis sel pipih ➔ tss spt sisik
* DLM AKAR RAMBUT, SEL-2 BBTK KUBUS, INTI BULAT (di bag dlm berinti, ke permukaan inti hilang)
* DLM BATANG, SEL-2 TSB MENANDUK ➔ TANPA INTI
•Lap. Huxley, bbrp lap sel transparan ➔ mgd
CORTEX, LAPISAN YG PALING TEBAL butir- butir trichohyaline, makin ke perm inti
* PD AKAR RAMBUT ➔ BTK SEL KUBUS, INTI BULAT memanjang dan hilang
* PD BATANG RAMBUT ➔ SEL-2 MENANDUK, • Lap. henle, mgd serabut tanduk (corny fibrile)
MEMANJANG, INTI MENGHILANG ➔ PIGMEN RAMBUT
(MELANYN) TDP DI ANTARA/DLM SEL-2 DR CORTEX INI
2.SELUDANG AKAR RAMBUT LUAR
CUTICULA, LAPISAN TIPIS ➔ HANYA TDD 1 LAPIS
SEL JERNIH, PIPIH MRPK KELANJUTAN DR STRATUM
* PD AKAR RAMBUT ➔ SEL-2 BERINTI GERMINATIVUM DI PERMUKAAN
* PD BATANG RAMBUT ➔ SEL-2 TDK BERINTI, SPT SISIK
3.SELUDANG JARINGAN IKAT,
TDD 3 LAP, DR DLM KE LUAR:
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SELUDANG JARINGAN IKAT,TDD 3 LAP. ➔

SELUDANG RAMBUT DR DLM KE LUAR:

SEMACAM MEMBRAN BASAL ➔ DR

SUBST AMORF, SER RETICULIN ➔
JERNIH
LAPISAN YG SELULER ➔ SERABUT-
2 TSSN MELINGKAR
STRUKTUR DPT SPT RETICULER,
TTP SEL-2 NYA TSSN MEMANJANG

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MATRIX RAMBUT
MRPK SEL-2 DR BULBUS RAMBUT YG Musculus Arectorus pilorum
MENUTUPI PAPILA RAMBUT ➔
PEMBELAHAN SEL-2 RAMBUT MENYBBK Otot ini tdd 1 berkas sel otot polos, susunan
RAMBUT TUMBUH miring
➔ terentang dr stratum papilare s/d seludang
PAPILLA RAMBUT jar ikat DR FOLLICLE RAMBUT
MRPK DERMIS YG MENJOROK KE BILA MUSC. BERKONTRAKSI ➔ RAMBUT
A/ TEGAK ➔ BERSAMAAN DG ITU SEBUM
BULBUS RAMBUT DAN SGT VASKULER
A/ KELUAR DR KEL. MINYAK, KRN
TERJEPIT

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Growth and Replacement of Hair KELENJAR MINYAK / Glandulla

Our hairs grow and are shed according to a hair growth cebacea
cycle.
A hair in the scalp grows for 2-5 years, at a rate of about
0.33 mm per day.
TIPE KELENJAR HOLOCREEN;
Variations in the growth rate and in the duration of the hair
growth cycle account for individual differences in the length
of uncut hair.
BTK ALVEOLER BERCABANG
While hair is growing, the cells of the hair root absorb
nutrients and incorporate them into the hair structure. SEDERHANA; SEKRET/GETAHNYA
Clipping or collecting hair for analysis can be helpful in DISBT SEBUM;
diagnosing several disorders.
For example, hairs of individuals with lead poisoning or
other heavy-metal poisoning contain high quantities of SAL. PELEPASAN/pars excretorius PD
those metal ions. Hair samples can also be used for LEHER FOLIKEL RAMBUT
identification purposes through DNA fingerprinting.
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Sebaceous follicles are located on the face,

back, chest, nipples, and male sex organs.
FUNGSI ➔ Kelenjar
Minyak

SBG ORGAN EXCRETORI

TAMBAHAN

PENGATUR SUHU TUBUH

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KELENJAR KERINGAT
/ glandulla sudorifera
•TIPE KELENJAR APOCREEN ; BTK TUBULER
BERGELUNG SEDERHANA; TDD SEL-SEL
KUBUS/SILINDRIS YG MGD BUTIR SEKRET, LEMAK,
KDG JUGA DIJUMPAI PIGMEN.
→ PD SEL SEKRET TDP KANAL INTERSELULER ➔
➔ BAG SEKRETORI DG SEL-SEL BTK KUMPARAN DPT
BERKONTRAKSI (myoepithel), TRSSN SEPANJANG
SALURAN ➔ FUNGSI MEMBANTU DLM
MENGELUARKAN SEKRET
→ BAG EXCRETORIUSNYA YG DEKAT PERMUKAAN
BERBTK SPIRAL, DIBATASI O/ SEL-SEL STR.
CORNEUM & STR GERMINATIVUM; PD BAG
DERMIS DIBATASI O/ LAP SEL EPITEL BANYAK
KUBUS (2 LAPIS)➔ SEMUA BERTUMPU POD APOCREEN SWEAT GLAND
MEMBRAN BASAL
67 68

67 68

The functions of merocrine sweat

gland activity include:
PENGATUR SUHU TUBUH →Cooling the surface of the skin
to reduce body temperature. This is the primary function of
sensible perspiration, and the degree of secretory activity is
regulated by neural and hormonal mechanisms. When all the
merocrine sweat glands are working at their maximum, the
rate of perspiration can exceed a gallon per hour; dangerous
fluid and electrolyte losses can occur. For this reason,
athletes in endurance sports must pause at regular intervals
to drink fluids.
Excreting water and electrolytes. A number of ingested drugs
are excreted as well.
Protecting from environmental hazards. Sweat dilutes
harmful chemicals and discourages the growth of
microorganisms.
69 70

69 70

K U K U / Nail (Unguis)
➔ mrpk SUATU KEPING ZAT TANDUK ➔
DIBTK O/ EPIDERMIS
BAG-2 KUKU :
1.AKAR KUKU (RADIXUNGUIS)
➔TERLINDUNG O/ LIPATAN KULIT
PROXIMAL

2.BADAN KUKU (CORPUS UNGUIS)➔

YG BERSANDAR PD NAIL
BED/BANTAL KUKU

3. TEPI KUKU➔YG BEBAS

71 72

71 72

12
 09/09/2020

BAG-2 YG LAIN DARI KUKU :

1.LUNULA ➔ BBTK BULAN SABIT➔PUTIH,

TDP DI ANTARA AKAR KUKU & BADAN
KUKU

2.TEPI KUKU (PROXIMAL)➔DIBATASI O/

LIPATAN KULIT YG DISEBUT➔LIPATAN
KUKU PROXIMAL; SDGK DI BAG
LATERAL➔LIPATAN KUKU LATERAL

73 74

73 74

STRATUM CORNEUM DARI

REFERENCES:
KUKU
DI BAGIAN PROXIMAL➔MENEBAL & http://www.treasuresofthesea.org.nz/jawless-fishes-and-
MELEBAR➔EPONYCHIUM MELIPUT KUKU bony-fishesVertebrate Integumentary System
SEBELAH ATAS http://www.scribd.com/doc/28077598/Integumentary-
System
DI BAGIAN TEPI (BEBAS)➔MENEBAL DI BAGIAN http://www.slideshare.net/aLLensoriano08/the-
BAWAH➔HYPONYCHIUM integumentary-system
http://www.drstandley.com/bodysystems_integumentary.sh
STRATUM GRANULOSUM➔TDP PROXIMAL (PD tml
LIPATAN)➔DG BATAS AKAR KUKU http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin
http://www.poultryhub.org/physiology/body-
PROXIMAL DARI NAIL BED➔MENEBAL➔ systems/integumentary-surface-of-the-bird/
DISEBUT MATRIX KUKU➔ http://fatboygotsick.artician.com/portfolio/Amphibian-skin-
SEL MATRIX➔PEMBELAHAN➔SEL TERATAS diagram/
MGLM KORNIFIKASI➔SHG KUKU TUMBUH KE
MUKA 75

75 76

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Anatomi Komparativa
SISTEM RANGKA / SKELETON

SISTEM RANGKA / SKELETON

DIBANGUN OLEH STRUKTUR YANG
KERAS.
FUNGSI :
Priyo Susatyo
Fakultas Biologi Unsoed • MENYOKONG TUBUH,
• MELINDUNGI ORGAN VISCERAL,
• ALAT GERAK,
• SUMBER MINERAL Ca (KALSIUM),
• PEMBUAT SEL DARAH MERAH.

1 2

RANGKA : ADA 2 KELOMPOK ISTILAH : BENTUK RONGGA

1. EKSOSKELETON :
SISIK PD IKAN SISIK - FORAMEN (LUBANG PD TL.
TANDUK PD
CHELONIA (PENYU) : ATLAS)
PLASTRON & - FENESTRA (LUBANG PD RUAS
KARAPAC
2. ENDOSKELETON :
TL. BELAKANG).
RANGKA DALAM - FOSA (CEKUNGAN /LEKUKAN)
PENYOKONG
TUBUH, SBG - FISURA (CELAH)
PELINDUNG ORGAN
VISCERAL
- KANALIS (RONGGA YANG
PANJANG)

3 4

BENTUKTONJOLAN / PROSESUS

CONDILUS : TONJOLAN PD TL. TENGKORAK (HUB

DG TL ATLAS)
APOFISIS :TONJOLAN KECIL
• ZYGAPOFISIS HUB ANTAR RUAS TL. BELAKANG
• PREZYGAPOFISIS (TONJOLAN DEPAN DGN. RUAS
TL. BELAKANG)
• POSTZYGAPOFISIS (TONJOLAN BLK DGN RUAS
TL. BELAKANG)
• DYAPOFISIS (TONJ. DGN TUBERKULUM TL.
RUSUK)
• PARAPOFISIS (TONJ. DGN KAPITULUM TL
RUSUK).

5 6

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PERTUMBUHAN TULANG HUB ANTAR TULANG (SENDI / ARTHROSIS)

MESENCHIM : MERUPAKAN SEL INDUK BERUPA DIARTHROSIS : HUB ANTAR TL.

SKELETOGEN UTK MEMBENTUK RANGKA SEHINGGA ADANYA GERAKAN YANG
(DERMATOCRANIUM, RAWAN DAN TULANG) BEBAS.
RAWAN : MERUPAKAN POLA DASAR SINARTHROSIS : HUB ANTAR TL. YANG
PEMBENTUKAN ENDOSKELETON PD MASA HANYA TERJADI GERAKAN TERBATAS.
EMBRIO OLEH SEL CHONDRBLAST → SEL ANHILOSIS : HUB ANTAR TL. YANG TIDAK
CHONDROSIT. MEMUNGKINKAN ADANYA GERAK
TULANG : TULANG RAWAN DENGAN ADANYA BAHKAN TDK ADA GERAKAN,
MINERALISASI DR. KALSIUM PADA SEL SUTURA : HUB ANTARA TL TENGKORAK
OSTEOBLAST → SEL OSTEOSIT, SEHINGGA YANG TDK MEMUNGKINKAN ADANYA
MENGERAS MEMBENTUK TULANG GERAKAN.

7 8

DIARTHROSIS : DITANDAI ADANYA SINARTHROSIS : TDK ADANYA

KANTONG SINOFIAL DAN ADANYA KANTONG SINOFIAL
CAIRAN SENDI (PELUMAS)
SENDI PELURU : GERAKAN BEBAS KE SEGALA SINCHONDROSIS : DIKENAL DG
ARAH, TL. FEMUR DG TL. ASETABULUM. NAMA SYMPHISIS, YI. HUB ANTAR
SENDI ENGSEL : GERAKAN HANYA SATU TL. DIBATASI OLEH TULANG
ARAH, PADA SIKU YI. TL HUMERUS DG TL. RAWAN. MISAL PUBISYMPISIS.
ULNA.
SINDESMOSIS : HUB ANTAR TL. YG
SENDI PUTAR : GERAKAN HANYA TERTENTU,
DIBATASI OLEH JAR. IKAT, MISAL
ANTARA TL. RADIUS DG TL. ULNA.
SUTURA (TL. TENGKORAK)
SENDI GESER : GERAKAN SANGAT
TERBATAS, ANTAR ZYGAPOFISIS TL
BELAKANG.

9 10

RANGKA DIBAGI 2 BAGIAN CHORDA (NOTOCHORDA)

SKELET AXIAL / SUMBU , TDD : SETELAH DEWASA → CENTRUM
- CHORDA (NOTOCHORDA),
ADA 4 TIPE :
- TULANG TENGKORAK,
- RUAS TULANG BELAKANG (VERTEBRAE), - AMPHICOEL : KE-2 PERMUKAAN
- TULANG RUSUK (COSTAE), CEKUNG, CONTOH – IKAN, AMPHIBI
- TULANG DADA (STERNUM). - PROCOEL : PERMK ANTERIOR CEKUNG,
SKELET ANGGOTA / APPENDIKULAR, TDD : POSTERIOR CEMBUNG,CONT – REPTIL
- TULANG GELANG BAHU (ANGGOTA DEPAN - ACOEL : KE-2 PERMK PLAN / RATA,
/ ATAS) CONTH - MAMALIA
- TULANG GELANG PANGGUL (ANGGOTA
BELAKANG / BAWAH) - HETEROCOEL : KE-2 PERMK BENTUK
PELANA, PD LEHER AVES

11 12

2
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TULANG TENGKORAK

TDD. TULANG :
- FRONTAL (BAG. DEPAN) → OTAK BESAR
- PARIETAL (BAG ATAS ADA DUA SISI
KANAN & KIRI)
- TEMPORAL (PD MANUSIA ADA PROSESUS
STYLOID) PD SISI KANAN & KIRI.
- OCCIPITAL (BAG BELAKANG DR TULANG
PARIETAL & TEMPORAL) → OTAK KECIL
- LACRIMAL(BAG DEPAN DI BAWAH PD BAYI TDP. SUTURE MASIH
TULANG FRONTAL) LUNAK → FONTANEL :
- DENTARY (RANGKA PENYUSUN RAHANG FRONTAL FONTANEL (TL.
BAWAH) FRONTAL & TL. PARIETAL)

13 14

COSTAE (TULANG RUSUK)

RUAS TULANG BELAKANG PD VERTEBRATA TINGGI, SATU RUAS TL
RUSUK SATU PD RUAS TL BELAKANG, PD
TDD 5 DAERAH : IKAN TDPT RUSUK DORSAL → SEPTUM
HORIZONTAL & RUSUK VENTRAL →
- LEHER (CERVICAL) → RUAS 1 – 12 (6 –
VEBTROLATERAL.
9)
STERNUM (TULANG DADA)
- DADA (THORAKS) → RUAS 5 – 9
LETAK MEDIO-VENTRAL, ADA HUB DGN
- PERUT (LUMBAR) → RUAS 5 - 6 GELANG BAHU / PECTORAL, POSISI
- PANGGUL (SACRAL) → 1 - 5 LETAKNYA PREZONAL (STERNUM &
- EKOR (CAUDAL) → 3 – 50 (MENYATU APPARATUSNYA PD ANTERIOR GELANG
COXIC) BAHU); POSTZONAL (STERNUM &
APPARATUSNYA PD POSTERIOR GELANG
BAHU)

15 16

RANGKA PADA IKAN TULANG DADA (STERNUM) pada AMPHIBI

EPISTERNUM (ATAS) → BTK. OVAL

OMOSTERNUM (BTK. MEMANJANG,
BERSENDIAN DGN TL. CLAVICULA,
CORACOID & EPICORACOID)
XIPHISTERNUM (BAWAH BTK. X)

17 18

3
 12/09/2020

RANGKA REPTILIA

TULANG
DADA
(STERNUM)
PD AVES

BERUPA KEEL / CARINA (UJUNG

RUNCING) PERLEKATAN OTOT
PECTORALIS MAYOR & MINOR.

19 20

TULANG DADA PD MANUSIA RUAS TULANG BELAKANG

TIAP RUAS TL. BELAKANG TDD.:
- BADAN / CORPUS YI. BERUPA CENTRUM
MANUBRIUM - LENGKUNG / ARCHUS : NEURAL DAN
(ATAS) →
HAEMAL.
BERSENDIAN
DGN TL - TONJOLAN / PROCESUS / APOFISIS :
CLAVICULA PERSENDIAN ANTAR TL. RUSUK, YI :
XIPHISTERNUM PREZYGAPOFISIS, POSTZYGAPOFISIS
→ DGN TL. PERSEDIAN DGN TL. RUSUK, YI :
RUSUK DIAPOFISIS DGN TUBERCULUM;
XIPHOID PARAPOFISIS DGN KAPITULUM
PROSSESUS
(BAWAH) →
PROSESUS TRANSVERSUS → MRPK
BERUPA RAWAN.
PLEUROPOFISIS YI APOFISIS YG RUDIMEN.

21 22

RUAS TULANG BELAKANG CORPUS / CENTRUM

MERUPAKAN BAGIAN TERBESAR DR RUAS TL.
TIAP RUAS TL. BELAKANG TDD.: BELAKANG BTK MEMBULAT MELINDUNGI CHORDA.
- BADAN / CORPUS YI. BERUPA CENTRUM BENTUK ADA 5 TYPE CENTRUM :
- LENGKUNG / ARCHUS : NEURAL DAN 1. AMPHICOEL, TIPE PALING PRIMITIF, KEDUA UJUNG
HAEMAL. BIKONKAF (CEKUNG), PD IKAN & GECHO
2. PROCOEL, UJUNG ANTERIOR KONKAF (CEKUNG),
- TONJOLAN / PROCESUS / APOFISIS : UJUNG POSTERIOR KONVEK (CEMBUNG) ATAU
PERSENDIAN ANTAR TL. RUSUK, YI : DATAR (PLAN / PLATE).
PREZYGAPOFISIS, POSTZYGAPOFISIS 3. OPISTOCOEL / PLATYCOEL, UJUNG ANTERIOR
PERSEDIAN DGN TL. RUSUK, YI : KONVEK, UJUNG POSTERIOR KONKAF. PD LEHER
DIAPOFISIS DGN TUBERCULUM; UNGULATA
PARAPOFISIS DGN KAPITULUM 4. ACOEL / BIPLATY / AMPHIPLATY, KEDUA UJUNG
PLATY (DATAR) ANTARA KEDUA KEPING RUAS TL
PROSESUS TRANSVERSUS → MRPK TDP TULANG RAWAN, PD TL. BELAKANG PD.
PLEUROPOFISIS YI APOFISIS YG RUDIMEN. MAMALIA
5. HETEROCOEL, KEDUA UJUNG BENTUK PELANA, PD
TL LEHER BANGSA AVES (BURUNG)

23 24

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RUAS TLG BELAKANG PD EKOR IKAN SKELET APPENDIKULER (ANGGOTA)

BENTUK INI MENJADI BENTUK DASAR DR EKOR
IKAN, SEHINGGA ADA BEBERAPA TIPE EKOR GELANG PECTORAL (BAHU)
(CERKAL): PD IKAN PENYOKONG SIRIP PECTORAL, MELEKAT
ORIGO.
- PROTOCERKAL : BAG EPAKSIAL & HEPAKSIAL
SIMETRI BILATERAL (EKSTERNAL & INTERNAL). TL SCAPULA & CORACOID → TL. CLEITHRUM
PD LARVA IKAN. PD. HEWAN TETRAPODA
- HETEROCERKAL : BAG EKSTERNAL & INTERNAL TDD TL SCAPULA & CLAVICULA,
ASIMETRI BILATERAL, TL EKOR MENGARAH PD LENGAN ATAS (BRACHIUM) : TL. HUMERUS
EPAKSIAL MEMP. EPULARIA & BAG HAEMAL LENGAN BAWAH (ANTEBRACHIUM) : TL. RADIUS
MEMP. HYPOLARIA, PD IKAN HIU (LURUS IBU JARI/BAG. PROXIMAL) & TL. ULNA
- DIPHICERKAL : MERUPAKAN HETEROCERKAL (BAG. DISTAL); PD KELELAWAR TL. ULNA
MEREDUKSI, PD. KURA-KURA/CELONIA TL ULNA
SEKUNDER, SIMETRI BILATERAL, PD IKAN → BESAR.
DIPNOI.
MANUS (CARPAL) : PERGELANGAN TANGAN TDD 8
- HOMOCERKAL : BAG EKSTERNAL SIMETRI RUAS, BEBERAPA HW. FUSI (3 – 4 RUAS).
BILATERAL, BAG INTERNAL ASIMETRI METACARPAL (TELAPAK TANGAN) : TL. MEMANJANG
BILATERAL, MEMP. UROSTYLE (FUSI
VERTEBRAE KAUDAL), PD IKAN TELEOSTEI (TL PALANGS (DIGITI) : TL 2 – 3 – 3 – 3 – 3 RUAS.
SEJATI)

25 26

GELANG PELVIC (SACRAL) MACAM TULANG

BERSENDIAN DGN SINSACRUM, PD TL. ANGGOTA
MEMILKI PATELLA (TL. TEMPURUNG) → MPERKUAT
TULANG KOMPAK :
OTOT-2 KAKI. DIBANGUN DR SISTEM
BAG. FEMUR (PAHA) : TL. FEMUR HAVERSI (CANAL / SAL.
BAG. CRUS (BETIS) : TL. TIBIA (TL KERING). TL.
FIBULA (TL. BETIS), PD AMPHIBI KE-2 TL INI →
HAVERS & LAMELA HAVERS
TIBIOFIBULA, PD AVES : TL TIBIA DGN TL. TARSAL YG KONSENTRIS SERTA
→ TIBIOTARSUS
MEMP. SAL. VOLKMAN /
BAG. PES (TELAPAK KAKI) : TARSAL (PERGL. KAKI),
METATARSAL; PD AMPHIBI TL TARSAL FUSI → PENGHUB. ANTAR SIST.
TIBIALE (ASTRAGALUS) & FIBULARE (CALCANEUS). HAVERS DAN PERMUKAAN
BAG. DIGITI : PD. UNGULATA JARI KE 3 & 4 TMBH.
BAIK SDG 2 & 5 TDK BAIK. PD UNTA (CAMELON) 2 &
LUAR BERSIFAT
5 MEREDUKSI, SDG 3 & 4 BAIK SEKALI; PD KUDA VASCULER)
HANYA KE 3 YG TUMBUH; PD. BADAK HANYA YG KE
2, 3 & 4

27 28

BAGIAN TULANG TDD. EPIPHYSE

(TEPI) & DIAPHYSE (TENGAH)

TULANG BUNGA KARANG :

PD EPIPHYSE (UJUNG TL.),
SUMSUM TULANG : PD. TDD TRABECULAE
RONGGA TENGAH TL. / (KEPING-2 TL) &
DIAPHYSE; TDD SUMSUM DIANTARA TDP SUMSUM.
MERAH (PEMBTK SEL
DARAH MERAH) & KUNING
(JAR. LEMAK).

29 30

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JARINGAN RAWAN & TULANG

BENTUK TULANG
• TL. PIPA / PANJANG : BTK MEMANJANG; TL
FEMUR, ULNA, RADIUS, HUMERUS
(EPIPHYSE, DIAPHYSE & EPIPHYSEAL) PD.
TL SDG TUMBUH / ANTARA EPIPHYSE DAN
DIAPHYSE).
• TL PENDEK : MIS. TL. CARPAL, TARSAL & Priyo Susatyo
PALANGS. dan
Sugiharto
• TL. PIPIH : MIS. TL RUSUK DAN Fakultas Biologi Unsoed
TENGKORAK.

31 32

RAWAN & TULANG Rawan

• Jaringan ikat khusus
• Terdiri dari komponen seluler dan matriks
ekstraseluler • Jaringan ikat khusus dengan matriks ekstraseluler
• Komponen seluler mensekresikan yang tegas
matriks/bahan dasar dan terjebak di • Menyokong jaringan lunak (hidung, telinga,
trakhea)
dalam matriks.
• Menyuerap goncangan dan mengurangi friksi di
• Menyokong jaringan tubuh dalam sendi

33 34

Rawan
Jaringan Rawan
• Letak :
– Telinga dan hidung
– Sistem repirasi • Jaringan Ikat Khusus, tersusun atas:
– Chondrocyt : memiliki aktivitas metabolik yang rendah, letak
– Persendian yang dapat bergerak di dalam lacunae.
– Rawan costae – Matrix: hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans, glycoproteins yg
berasosiasi dengan serabut collagen dan serabut elastic
– Diskus intervertebralis • Avascular/tidak memiliki pembuluh darah
– Symphysis pubis • Tidak memiliki syaraf ataupun pembuluh lymfe
• Perichondrium bisa ada atau tidak
– Rangka embryo
• 60-80% : air – transparant → merupakan kemampuan dari
rawan untuk menahan tekanan

35 36

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Sel Rawan & matriks rawan Rawan Hyaline

1. sel-sel rawan: • Jumlahnya melimpah/banyak

a. sel-sel Chondrogenic • Berupa anyaman dari serabut kolagen tipe II
b. Chondroblast • Warna putih kebiruan
c. Chondrocyt • Matriks bersifat Basophilic (suka thd pewarna basa)
• Perichondrium ada
2. Matrix dari rawan
• Pada embryo, jenis rawan ini berfungsi sbg skeleton/rangka
a. serabut-serabut : collagen type I, collagen type II sampai digantikan oleh tulang, bertindak sebagai suatu template
dan serabut Elastic • Lempeng Epiphyseal dalam pertumbuhan tulang panjang
b. glycosaminoglicans: chondroitin 4-sulfate, • Tempat dijumpainya :
chondroitin 6-sulfate, hialuronic acid, keratan permukaan persendiaan, hidung, larynx, trachea, bronchus, ujung
sulfate dan heparan sulfate. rusuk yg menghubungkan dg sternum

37 38

Rawan Hyaline
Cartilage Rawan Elastic

• Sama dengan rawan hyaline, banyak tersusun oleh

serabut elastic, serabut collagen tipe II
• Warna kekuningan, agak opak daripada rawan hyalin
• Perichondrium ada
• Letak pada organ :
– Daun telinga/auricula dari telinga
– saluran auditory externalnal dan saluran audio
– Tuba Eustachius
– Epiglottis
– Cuneiform cartilage of larynx

39 40

Rawan Elastic
Fibrocartilage

• Bundles of type I collagen fibers in rows

• Combination of HC and dense regular connective
tissue
• Usually merges with adjacent dense connective tissue
• Chondrocytes often in rows or groups
• Matrix acidophilic due to high collagen (type I)
• No perichondrium
• Locations :
– Intervertebral disks
– Pubic symphysis
– tendon and ligament attachment to bone
– Menisci

41 42

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Fibrocartilage

Fibrocartilage

43 44

Differences
Type of Identifying perichondrium location
Cartilage Growth
cartilage characteristics
hyaline Type II collagen, Present, Articular ends of long
basophilic exceptions: bones, nose, larynx,
matrix, articular trachea, bronchi, • Appositional growth
chondrocytes surface & ventral ends of ribs – From perichondrium
in groups epiphyses
– differentiation of new
elastic Type II collagen, present Auricula, walls of chondrocytes from stem cells
and production of matrix at
elastic fibers auditory canal, auditory
surface
>>, tube, epiglottis,
chondrocytes cuneiform cartilage of • Interstitial growth
in groups larynx – By chondrocytes within
cartilage
fibrocartilage type I collagen, absent Intervertebral disks,
– mitotic division of existing
acidophillic articular disks, pubic chondrocytes and production
matrix, symphysis, insertion of of matrix
chondrocyt in some tendons
• No new chondrocytes in adults
paralel rows
and no cartilage growth

45 46

Histogenesis & Pertumbuhan

Effects of Hormones and vitamins on Cartilage
Rawan
Thyroxine, testosterone and Stimulate cartilage growth and
somatotropin matrix formation

Cortisone, hydrocortisone and

estradiol
Inhibit cartilage growth and matrix
formation
• Sel-sel Mesenchimal cells berubah
menjadi chondroblast
Hypovitaminosis C Inhibits matrix synthesis and
deform architecture of epiphyseal • Chondroblast mensekresi matriks
plate, leads to scurvy ekstraseluler
Absence of vitamin D (resulting in
deficiency in absorption of calcium
Proliferation of chondrocytes is
normal, but matrix does not
• Chondroblast terperangkap dalam
and phosphorus) calcified properly, results in rickets matriks sendiri dalam kompartemen-
kompartemen individu yg kecil (lacunae)
yang akan berubah menjadi chondrocyt
47 48

8
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Tipe pertumbuhan Interstitial

Pertumbuhan Appositional
• Chondrocyt dalam in lacuna yg
berkapasitas dalam pembelahan sel, • Sel-sel Mesenchymal pada bagian tepi dari rawan
berdeferensiasi untuk membentuk fibrolas
mampu membentuk semacam rumah dari • Fibroblas menyusun jaringan ikat padat tidak
sel-sel cluster dan dikenal sebagai teratur/irreguler dengan serabut utama kolagen yg
kelompok isogen disebut perichondrium
• Perichondrium memiliki 2 lapisan :
• Sel-sel di dalam bahan dasar dari
- lapisan luar mrpk lapisan berserabut
kelompok isogen menghasilkan matriks
- lapisan sebelah dalam yang seluler→ sel-sel
dan mendorong dari masing-masing satu chondrogenic
sama lain, membentuk semacam • Sel-sel Chondrogenic mengalami pembelahan dan
pembatas lacuna memperluas rawan dari diferensiasi menjadi chondroblas
sebelah dalam ke setiap arah. • Chondroblas mensekresi matriks dan lain-lain
• Rawan tumbuh dari bagian perifer
49 50

Jaringan Tulang Fungsi Tulang

• Menyokong berat tubuh

• Mrpk jaringan ikat khusus • Melindungi organ-organ lunak
• Matriks tulang : satu dari jaringan yang • Tempat terjadinya Hematopoiesis
terkeras dalam tubuh • Membantu pergerakan
• Calcium Hydroxy-apatite >> • Mineral homeostasis

• Menahan tekanan
• Terdiri dari komponen seluler dan matriks

51 52

Sel-sel Tulang dan Matriks

Osteocyt
• Sel-sel tulang : Tulang
- Osteoblas
- Osteocyt • Terletak di dalam lacunae (rongga)
- Osteoclas dalam lamellae
• Matriks Tulang : • Canaliculi – allow suatu juluran dari
- komponen an organik→ kristal calcium hydroxyapatite osteocytes untuk berkomunikasi
- komponen organik satu sel dengan yg lain dan juga
 Kolagen type I (80-90 %) dengan pembuluh-pembuluh darah
 proteoglicans

53 54

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Irisan langsung, segar dari

Irisan dekalsifikasi
tulang (sediaan tulang digosok)

55 56

Tulang Kompak dan Tulang

Periosteum
Bunga karang/spongy bone • Lapisan berserabut– jaringan ikat padat khusus
tidak teratur
• Tulang Kompak– • Lapisan seluler – osteoblas & osteoclas
solid, tampak weight, • Syaraf
structural menyokong • Ada pembuluh darah
struktur organ • Terdapat serabut Sharpey
• Berlekatan dengan tendons
• Tulang Bunga
Karang/Spongy – Endosteum
terdapat rongga • mrpk permukaan dalam dari tulang kompak
sumsum tulang, • ditutup oleh trabeculae
• Osteoblas & osteoclas
trabeculae, beratnya
ringan

57 58

Histologi Tulang Kompak

Tulang Panjang
• Osteon / Sistem Haversi
• Diaphyse– shaft – Unit struktural dari tulang panjang
• Epiphyse – ujung-ujung – Bentuk silindris
tulang
– Letak paralel dengan tulang
• Keping Epiphyse/mrpk
region pertumbuhan • Lamella konsentris
• Arteri pensuplai – Serabut kolagen
makanan – untuk
– Dijumpai seabut-serabut dengan
sumsum merah dan
tulang kompak arah berbeda-beda
– Meningkatkan kekuatan pada
rangka

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Histologi Tulang Kompak

Histologi Tulang Kompak

• Lamella • Canalis Central /

Interstitial
Canalis Haversi
• Canalis Volkmann’s
• Lamella – Endosteum
Circumferential
– Pembuluh darah
dalam dan luar
– syaraf

61 62

Bone Formation Intramembranous Ossification

• Osteogenesis – development of the skeleton and • Flat bone develops from mesenchyme
growth through adolescence (~18 females, ~21
males) (undifferentiated, embryonic CT)
• Osteoblasts secrete osteoid • Skull and clavicle
• Osteoid is mineralized (calcium phosphate
precipitates)
• Mesenchymal cells become osteoblasts
• Osteoblasts become osteocytes • Osteoblasts form bone
• Forms woven bone (immature)
• Periosteum formed
• Mature lamellar bone formed on surfaces

63 64

Reserve Cartilage
Endochondral ossification
Zone of Cartilage
Proliferation
• Hyaline cartilage model of bone first
• Cartilage is replaced by bone
• Long bone Zone of Cartilage
Maturation

Hypertrophy

Zone of Degeneration
Zone of Ossification

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Bone Growth
Abnormal Bone Growth
Regulated by:
– Growth hormone • Hyperpituitarism.
– Thyroid hormone Gigantism. F/19. Family
photographs showed that this
– Sex hormones young woman had
consistently outgrown her
twin brother and was always
the biggest child in the school
class. She had a pituitary
adenoma secreting growth
hormone.

67 68

Bone Remodeling Bone Repair

• Dynamic – changing throughout

life
• Osteoblasts – form new bone
• Osteoclasts
– multinucleated, fused cells
– Secrete HCl, dissolve calcium
phosphate
– Lysosomal enzymes digest collagen
& matrix
– Phagocytize debris

69 70

Bone repair (cont’d) Bone repair (cont’d)

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Osteoporosis
Bone resorption > bone deposition
 Bone mass
 Fractures

Related to:
 Estrogen after menopause
 Exercise in youth ages
 Calcium and protein in diet

Treatment:
 Calcium and exercise
 vitamin D

73 74

Normal
Osteoporosis

Enjoy your Animal Structure lessons…

75 76

QUIZ
QUIZ 1
2

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Quiz 4
QUIZ 3

79 80

QUIZ Quiz 6
5

81 82

Quiz 7

Enjoy your Animal Structure l essons…

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ELGA Final Project

March 5, 2014
Mrs. Ma. Luisa V. Cuaresma
SISTEM OTOT / MUSCULUS

Submitted by:
Alagao, Alia Nevin
Andres, Jocielle Marie
Atrillano, Noreen
Austria, Marion
Calsita, Bianca Joy
Cipriano, Mary Chris
MEB24
1

1 2

PERKEMBANGAN DR LAPISAN
MUSCULAR MESODERMA

SYSTEM
Pendahuluan

TERDIRI SATU SEL YG PIPIH MEMANJANG → TERSUSUN

DALAM BENTUK FILAMEN SITOPLASMIK (MYOFIBRIL).
3
SEL OTOT → SARCOPLASMA

3 4

SISTEM OTOT / MUSCULUS FUNGSI OTOT

• MERUPAKAN BAGIAN PEMBENTUK • ALAT GERAK SUATU RANGKA

MORFOLOGI TUBUH (OTOT RANGKA), (MENGANDUNG ACTINOMYOSIN /
MENCAPAI ± ANTARA 50 - 60% DARI PROTEIN KONTRAKTIL). ORIGO &
BERAT TUBUH. INSERTIO.
• OTOT DAPAT BERKEMBANG / • PENYIMPANAN ENERGI → GLIKOGEN.
MEMBESAR (LATIHAN, HORMON - • MEMPERTAHANKAN TEK. OSMOTIK
ANDROGEN →LAKI-LAKI), CAIRAN TUBUH
MENYIMPAN ENERGI DLM BTK GULA • PENGHASIL PANAS TUBUH
OTOT (KONTRAKSI).

5 6

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Peranan Jaringan Otot Sifat-Sifat Jaringan Otot

◼ MENGHASILKAN GERAKAN TUBUH ◼ DAPAT DIRANGSANG SCR

◼ MENJAGA KESEIMBANGAN POSISI ELEKTRIS
TUBUH
◼ MENGATUR VOLUME ORGAN ◼ DAPAT BERKONTRAKSI
◼ MENGGERAKAN SUBSTANSI- ◼ DAPAT MEMPERPANJANG DIRI
SUBSTANSI DALAM TUBUH ◼ ELASTIS
◼ MENGHASILKAN PANAS

7 8

7 8

MUSCULAR TISSUE Kontraksi Otot

Kontraksi otot, yang mungkin kasar / tebal
ataupun yang secara ektrim halus/tipis dan teratur
Serabut Otot merupakan sel-sel panjang dengan bentuk- antara kontraksi cepat dan pelan, keduanya
bentuk khusus yang dikhususkan untuk memendek /
dikontrol oleh sistem syaraf yang tersaji dalam
berkontraksi. Serabut kontraktil ini memelihara gerakan
bagi rambut-rambut tubuh, udara pernafasan, ukuran besar pada kegiatan-kegiatan yang
pencernaan makanan dan cairan, sel-sel reproduktif, dianggap penting.
darah dan cairan limfe. Otot memberikan tanggapan
terhadap rangsang yang berasal dari dalam dan luar
tubuh sebaik bentuk komunikasi individu dengan
lingkungan luarnya.

9 10

9 10

KLASIFIKASI
Pada klasifikasi otot yang lebih luas,
Serabut otot pada vertebrata secara menurut fungsinya adalah :
struktur dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai
berikut : •polos, involunter;
a. nonstriated, licin / otot polos • jantung (seran lintang), involunter;
/smooth muscle;
• rangka (seran lintang), volunter.
b. striated cardiac / otot jantung Klasifikasi berdasarkan struktur & fungsi
lurik / cardiac muscle menunjukan bahwa aktivitas kontraksi berada
di bawah pengaruh / dikontrol oleh syaraf
c. striated skeletal / otot skelet lurik otonom.
/ skeletal muscle / seran lintang 11 12

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KEMAMPUAN BERKONTRAKSI KEMAMPUAN BERKONTRAKSI

Hal-hal lainnya dihubungkan dengan : Serabut otot rangka/seran lintang secara
**Kemampuan dari otot polos & otot total tergantung pada sistem syaraf, baik pada
jantung untuk berkontraksi secara spontan integritas struktural maupun fungsi.
walaupun tidak ada suplai syaraf (kontraksi Masing-masing serabut otot seran
myogenic / myogenic contraction). lintang/rangka disuplai dengan satu akhiran
serabut syaraf pada suatu daerah khusus dari
**Aktivitas kontraktil dari otot-otot yang
bersifat involunter secara normal diatur oleh membran sel atau sarcolemma, yakni
sistem syaraf autonom baik yang simpatik daerah subneural dari apa yg disebut motor
maupun sistem nervous. end plate.
13 14

13 14

KEMAMPUAN BERKONTRAKSI
Jika suplai syaraf pada otot rangka Serabut otot polos biasanya
terputus,mengakibatkan komponen kontraksinya pelan / lambat, tetapi mampu
mempertahankan aktivitas kontraksinya.
serabut otot akan mengalami atrophy
secara cepat ➔ (denervation atrophy). Sebagian besar serabut otot polos dari
saluran gastrointestinal dan urogenitalia
dihubungkan masing-masing dengan yg lain
Jika sel otot bekerja, akan meningkat oleh kontak membran superfisial khusus
ukuran dan kepanjangannya; Jika tidak (sarcolemmal) ➔ (gap junctions or nexus),
digunakan, otot juga akan mengalami yang mengirimkan pemicuan rangsang listrik
atrophy ➔ (disuse atrophy). dari satu sel otot ke sel otot lainnya. ➔ dapat
dilihat pd pembicaraan gap junction
15 16

15 16

EPIMYSIUM

PERIMYSIUM MUSCLES

ENDOMYSIUM

17 18

17 18

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TIPE OTOT HEWAN VERTEBRATA

color
• red
• white •OTOT LURIK (OTOT RANGKA
/SKELET MEMP. BAG. MYOFIBRIL
MULTINUCLEAT)

location
• somatic
• visceral
•OTOT JANTUNG (OTOT LURIK-
•TETAPI INVOLUNTARY

Nervous
system
• voluntary
control • Involuntary

Appearance
• skeletal OTOT POLOS (UNI-NUCLEAT,
ORGAN VISCERAL PERISTALTIC,
• visceral PD. GLAND, RAMBUT & BULU)
19

19 20

3 Types of Muscle Tissue 3 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

Striated voluntary Smooth involuntary
muscle tissue muscle tissue
– ‘skeletal muscle’ – ‘visceral muscle’
– Long cylindrical – Elongated cells,
multinucleated cells tapered ends, nucleus
– Sarcoplasm = Parallel (center)
rows with alternating light – Sarcoplasm = clear
(I-band) and dark (A- – Found in internal
band) forming striations organs which bring
– Attached to skeleton about involuntary
responsible for voluntary 21 movement 22

movement.

21 22

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

MUSCLE ORGANIZATION
SKELETAL MUSCLES VISCERAL MUSCLES CARDIAC MUSCLES
Striated involuntary
muscle tissue - Attaches to bones, - Attached to hair - Forms the wall of the
– ‘cardiac muscle’ skin, fascia follicles and skin heart
- Striated - Non-striated - Striated
– Linear, branching - Voluntary muscles - Involuntary muscles - Involuntary muscles
bundles of fibers joined - Axial muscles - Includes muscle of - Myocardium
- Jaw muscles tubes, vessels and - Electropaxes
end to end by - Extrinsic eyeball hollow organs, intrinsic
intercalated disc muscles eyeball muscles,
– Found in walls of heart - Appendicular erectors of feathers
musculature and hair
to bring the involuntary - Integumentary
contraction of the muscles
organ 23

24

23 24

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OTOT LURIK (OTOT RANGKA / SKELET MEMP.

BAG. MYOFIBRIL MULTINUCLEAT DI TEPI, PJG
2–3µ

BENTUK SEL SILINDRIS (MYOFIBRIL),

PANJANG, INTI BANYAK (MULTISELULER)
DIBUNGKUS OLEH SARCOLEMMA
MYOFIBRIL TDD: 1. LEMPENG GELAP A (AN-
ISOTROP) MEMP LEMPENG / SCHEIBE
TERANG SEMPIT → LEMPENG H (HENSEN)
& LEMPENG M (MITTEL)
2. LEMPENG TERANG I (ISOTROP) → MEMP
LEMPENG Z (ZWISCHEN). DI ANTARA 2
LEMPENG → SARCOMERE

25 26

OTOT POLOS (UNI-NUCLEAT, ORGAN

OTOT JANTUNG (OTOT LURIK VISCERAL - PERISTALTIC, PD.
INVOLUNTARY), PJG 9 -22 µ GLAND, RAMBUT & BULU)

SARCOLEMMA HALUS, SERABUT BENTUK KUMPARAN, INTI TUNGGAL –

SANGAT HALUS, MYOFIBRIL PIPIH DI BAGIAN TEPI, PJG 30 – 200 µ,
TERSUSUN RADIER, INTI DI DIBUNGKUS OLEH SERABUT ELASTIN
TENGAH ANTAR SERABUT BER- & RETICULIN; SITOPLASMA →
ANASTOMOSE SARCOPLASMA.
DAPAT DALAM BENTUK SOLITER

27 28

Tipe2 otot skelet untuk

CARA KERJANYA : 1. Agonis atau penggerak utama aksi/pergerakan
• VOLUNTARY (DIBAWAH KEHENDAK) – penggerak utama untuk aksi/tindakan tertentu
• INVOLUNTARY (TANPA DIBAWAH ex. Otot Deltoid pada gerakan abduction dari lengan
KEHENDAK) 2. Antagonis
BENTUK : – gerakan yang berlawanan
ex. Otot Latissimus dorsi and pectoralis untuk otot deltiod
• KUMPARAN MEMP. BENTUK
3. Synergis
PERUT/BELLY (MONOGASTRIK,
– menstabilkan gerakan pada satu sendi
DIGASTRIK DAN POLYGASTRIK),
– menghambat gerakan yang tidak diinginkan
BICEPS & TRICEPS.
ex. brachioradialis and brachialis membantu otot bicep untuk
• PANICULATA (RATA, FLAT) INSERTIO membuat gerakan dan menstabilkan sendi siku
PADA TENDON, JAR. IKAT. 4. Fixator
30
– memperbaiki posisi kaki saat gerakan terjadi
ex. Bicep dan tricep memegang posisi bahu dan siku

29 30

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Tipe-tipe otot skelet untuk

Fungsi-fungsi Tertentu
1. Flexor – menekuk anggota badan,
bisa lengan dll
Extensor – meluruskan anggota
tubuh atau bagian2 komponen
2. Adductors – menggambar bagian
menuju suatu garis median
3. Abductors – menggambar bagian 4. Elevator dan atau levator – menaikkan atau mengangkat
pada garis median atau dari bagian bagian tubuh
disekitarnya atau anggota tubuh Depressor – menurunkan atau menekan suatu bagian
(limb) ex. Rahang bawah (mandibulla)
3. Pronators – membelokkan atau 5. Constrictor– menggambar bagian bersama-sama atau
memutar bagian tubuh ke bawah menekan suatu ruang
(axis)
ex. Pharynx dan abdomen
Supinators – membelokkan atau
memutar bagian tubuh ke atas (axis) Dilator – memperluas celah atau ruang / rongga
ex. (both) – telapak tangan *Sphincters – konstriksi yang mengeliling suatu
31 32
lubsng/bukaan.
ex. mulut, pylorus, anus

31 32

AKSI : ANTAGONIS
• FLEKSOR → MENARIK ANGG. TUBUH KE ARAH
PROKSIMAL & EXTENSOR → KE ARAH DISTAL (OTOT
DAERAH DORSALIS / EPAKSIAL).
• ADDUCTOR → MENGGERAKAN ANGG. TUBUH KE ARAH
DALAM & ABDUCTOR → KE ARAH LUAR (OTOT
DAERAH HUMERUS)
• PROTACTOR → MENJULUR (LIDAH) & RETRACTOR →
MENARIK KEMBALI.
• LEVATOR → MENGANGKAT / MENAIKKAN ANGG.
TUBUH & DEPRESOR → MENURUNKAN KEMBALI (OTOT
PADA RAHANG / HIPOBRANCHIAL).
• ROTATOR → MEMUTAR. PERGELANGAN TANGAN
(SUPINATOR → MEMUTAR KE ARAH ATAS / LUAR &
PRONATOR → KE ARAH BAWAH / DALAM).
• TENSOR → KONTRAKSI GENDANG TELINGA &
CONSTRICTOR RELAKSASI.
• SPHINCTER MEMBUKA KELENJAR & DILATOR
MENUTUP KELENJAR (OTOT POLOS). → PILORUS.
SYNERGIS : BIASANYA KERJA ANTARA SYARAF DENGAN
OTOT.

33 34

35 36

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37 38

39 40

41 42

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BERDASARKAN PERLEKATAN PD RANGKA

ORIGO : OTOT YG MELEKAT :PD BAGIAN RANGKA YANG
TIDAK BERGERAK ATAU TETAP.
INSERTIO : OTOT YG MELEKAT PD BAGIAN RANGKA
YANG BERGERAK.
PERLEKATAN LANGSUNG PADA RANGKA DI BAG
PERIOSTEUM,
SEDANG YG PERLEKATAN TIDAK LANGSUNG PADA
RANGKA DIHUBUNGKAN OLEH TENDON.
BERDASARKAN BENTUK :
KUMPARAN (SEHINGGA MEMP BELLY / PERUT) → PADA
OTOT RANGKA ANGGOTA BADAN, YI MEMP
MONOGASTRIK, DIGASTRIK & POLYGASTRIK.
PIPIH / CEPER (PANICULATA) BANYAK TERDAPAT PADA
BAGIAN VENTRAL TUBUH (ABDOMEN), PUNGGUNG
DAN BAGIAN MUKA.

43 44

• ARAH SERABUT : OBLIQUE (MIRING),

RECTUS (LURUS).
• POSISI : THORAC, SUPERFICIAL.
• BENTUK : DELTOID, BERGERIGI.
• UKURAN : MAJOR, MINOR,
LONGISIMUS.

45 46

Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates

*) OTOT SKELET PADA IKAN
• METAMERIK MYOMERE (MYOSEPTA
BTK ZIGZAG) MEMUDAHKAN UNTUK
PERGERAKAN RENANG, MYOMERE
PUTIH / TERANG BERGERAK CEPAT,
MYOMERE GELAP UNTUK GERAKAN
LAMBAT.
• BAG. ATAS / DORSAL NEURAL ARCUS
→ EPAKSIAL
• BAG. BAWAH / VENTRAL HAEMAL
ARCUS → HEPAKSIAL
• PADA TL. RUSUK (COSTAE)
48

47 48

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*) OTOT SKELET PADA MAMALIA

• EPAKSIAL : INTER-VERTEBRALIS,
ZYGAPOFISIS (INTER-ARTICULARIS).
• HYPAKSIAL : SUB-VERTEBRAL,
RECTUS MUSCULUS (LINEA ALBA).
EXTERNAL / INTERNAL OBLIQUE,
INTERCOTALIS
(THORAC/PECTORAL). PADA BUAYA-
LIZARD / KADAL EXT. OBLIQUE DUA
LAPIS, PADA AMPHIBI TDK
TERDAPAT, PADA BURUNG
MEREDUKSI.

49 50

*) OTOT ANGGOTA
• SIRIP & LENGAN
• PADA IKAN : UNT. BERGERAK,
STABILITAS TUBUH, MENGATUR ARAH.
• PADA TETRAPODA :
• - ANGG. DEPAN / ATAS
• BAG. DORSAL : BAHU DAN PUNGUNG
(HUMERUS & SCAPULA)
• BAG. VENTRAL : PECTORAL
(CLAVICULA, COSTAE & STERNUM,
KEEL PD BURUNG).

51 52

Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates

ANGG. BELAKANG / BAWAH Specialized Muscles
• MENOPANG BEBAN TUBUH, (MELEKAT
PD. TLG. PUBIS, SYMPHISIS DAN FEMUR).
• Electric organs
OTOT POLOS INTEGUMENTARY :
– In fish
• MELEKAT PADA LAP. DERMIS BIASA
FUNGSI UNTUK BERGERAK PADA APODA – Modified hypaxial muscles
(ULAR) → OTOT HYPAKSIAL
• PADA ARMADILO (TRENGGILING) →
Figure 10.17: Electric eel.
MELUNCUR (ROLLING)
• HEWAN BERKANTUNG (SAAT HAMIL)
• PADA KELELAWAR (OTOT PATAGIAL
MEMBRAN TEBANG)
• ARECTOR PILORUM →RESPON PADA
BULU, RAMBUT 54

53 54

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ORGAN LISTRIK :
• DARI OTOT HYPAKSIAL → PECTORAL
JARI-JARI SIRIP (SEJENIS LELE),
EKOR (BELUT). MENGHASILKAN
LISTRIK 500 VOLT. SEBG. SIGNAL
(KOMUNIKASI).
• DALAM 1 JARI-JARI SIRIP MEMILIKI
20000 KUTUB ELEKTRIK.

56

55 56

Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates

OTOT AXIAL

 Sistem Otot dari LAMPREYS adalah  2 division :

 Epaxial (Atas)
lebih primitif daripada vertebrata lainnya.  Hypaxial (Bawah)

 (-) Septum Lateral

 (+) Myomeres
 (+) Myosepta

 Masing-masing myotome memberikan kontribusi satu

segmen otot yang disebut MYOMERE.

 Serabut yang lebih pendek dari myomeres disisipkan pada

partisi dari jaringan ikat disebut MYOSEPTA, yang terletak
diantara myomere yang berturutan.
57 58

57 58

Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates

OTOT-OTOT APPENDICULAR

 (-) appendages nya

berpasangan
 (+)otot-otot Branchial muscles
(tidak menonjol)

59 60

59 60

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Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates

OTOT-OTOT AXIAL
 Otot dariIKAN YANG MEMILIKI RAHANG
adalah lebih advans tetapi  2 division:
kurang kompleks daripada TETRAPODA  Epaxial (Atas)
(hewan berkaki 4)  Hypaxial (Bawah)

 (+) Lateral septum

 (+) Myomeres
 (+) Myosepta

 MYOMERES menjadi lebih miring/serong

(bentuk zig-zag) dan dicetak menjadi kerucut
yang saling terkait.
61 62

61 62

Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates

 Strap-like Otot-otot
hypobranchial yang
seperti tali memanjang
dari korset pectoral
ke lengkung visceral.
 Melayani dan membuka
insang ke bawah dan ke
belakang .
 Berevolusi dari otot-otot
hypaxial
mempertahakan
orientasi longitudinal
dari serabut-serabut
(otot).

63 64

63 64

Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates

OTOT-OTOT APPENDICULAR Massa ventrak dari FLEXOR:

 (+) Sepasang appendages (berevolusi dengan  Adductors/Depressors
sirip)  Menggerakkan sirip KE BAWAH atau KE
Massa dorsal dari BELAKANG
EXTENSOR:  Otot-otot Adductors berkurang pada lengkung
 Abductors/Levators internal dari masing-masing lengkung visceral.
 Menggerakkan sirip-
sirip KE ATAS atau
MELURUSKAN
 Satu seri dari otot-
otot levator di bawah
pharynx mengangkat
batang-batang
insang.
65 66

65 66

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Muscles of Aquatic Vertebrates

LIKAN-IKAN yang memiliki 6 otot
have 6 extrinsic eye muscles:

67 68

67 68

 Modifikasi dari bentuk-bentuk hewan

akuatik rendah
 Pada Kondisi Metameric =
kabur/mengaburkan
 Trunk/tubuh mereduksi volumenya
volume

69

70

69 70

 Tidak memiliki otot-otot epaxial

 Septum lateral lebih dorsal posisinya
 Myotome nya primitif
 Serabut otot selalu ada dari satu
myocommata ke yang selanjutnya
 Seluruh massa epaxial membentuk trunkus
dorsalis
 Myotomes – tersusun secara vertical
susunannya
 Intersegmental bundles
71 72

71 72

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 Dorsalis trunci
become
differentiated into
intertransversarial
muscles between
the transverse
processes and
interneural
muscles between
neural arches
73 74

73 74

 ADULT URODELES  Reduced the number of layers in hypaxial

trunk muscles
 Ventral trunk muscles
 Rectus abdominis is large muscle extending
Beginning from the outside, there are from sternum to pubis
superficial and deep external oblique  Myocommata have disappeared from the
(course in posteroventral direction) external oblique and transversus but are
Internal oblique layer extend in retained to some extent in the rectus
abdominis as tendinous inscriptions
posterodorsal direction
 Lastly, the amphibians have muscle that
Transversus which fibers almost in a vertical move the to tongue this derived from the
position. It lies next to peritoneum hypobranchial muscle
75 76

75 76

78
77

77 78

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AXIAL MUSCULATURE AXIAL MUSCULATURE

 Epaxial muscles  Hypaxial muscles – functions to bend
– functions to extend or straighten the the spine and provides lateral bending.
spine and provide some lateral flexion.  subvertebral group
 rectus abdominis group
– lack myosepta and become complex
 lateral group

79 80

79 80

APPENDICULAR MUSCULATURE Forelimbs

 more numerous and diverse -trapezius muscles derived from the branchial
than in AMPHIBIANS.
musculature
 Intrinsic muscles
-several muscles derived from the axial
- quadrupedal locomotion musculature
 Dorsal extensor -most appendicular muscles are derived
 Ventral flexor muscles directly from appendicular muscles of fish
ancestors.
 Extrinsic integumentary muscles
- inserted on the underside of the
dermis.
81 82

81 82

Hindlimbs
-dorsal and ventral muscle groups are again
recognized.
*caudofemoralis- a prominent flexor of the thigh
of Reptiles.

Extrinsic eyeball muscles

 Eyeball can no longer be rotated around its optical
axis.
*pyramidalis-muscles inserted on the upper lids
and nictitating membrane of Reptiles.

83 84

83 84

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Integumentary muscles

 Snakes- locomotor apparatus may include separate

muscles, the costocutaneous, to move the ventral
scutes.

REPTILES is the
first group of vertebrates
to have INTEGUMENTARY
MUSCLES
capable of moving the skin.
85 86

85 86

BIRDS MUSCULAR STRUCTURE

 Most birds have approximately 175 different

muscles.
 The skin muscles help a bird in its flight by
adjusting the feathers.
 Pygostyle (tail muscle)

 The pectorals, or the breast muscles

 True Flight

 thin, stringy muscles of the vertebral column

87 88

87 88

THE SUPRACORACOIDEUS WORKS USING A PULLEY

LIKE SYSTEM TO LIFT THE WING WHILE THE
PECTORALS PROVIDE THE POWERFUL DOWNSTROKE.

89 90

89 90

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Epaxial Muscle
– lack myosepta
– complex
Hypaxial Muscle
– same with all tetrapods

* subvertebral group
– located below transverse process
– ventroflexes the spine

91 92

91 92

Anterior ribs
– enlarged Lateral group of hypaxial muscle:
– penetrates external and internal obliques
– forms the intercostals muscle - Serrratus
– ventilation of the lungs - Levator scapulae
- Rhomboideus

93 94

93 94

Branchial muscle
*Ancestor adductor mandibulae of lower
vertebrates several muscles in mammals
(-) depressor mandibulae
 Digastric muscle (new muscle)
-ventral constrictor of 1st and 2nd arches
innervated by 5th and 7th cranial nerves
 Stapedial muscle
 Muscle of the larynx
 Constrictor of the throat

95 96

95 96

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Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates

AXIAL
FISHES AMPHIBIANS REPTILES BIRDS MAMMALS
MUSCLES
Muscle masses Muscle masses Muscle masses
Solid mass; subdivided and subdivided and subdivided and
Epaxial
above the rearranged into rearranged into rearranged into
(Upper)
lateral septum longitudinal longitudinal longitudinal
muscles muscles muscles
2 outer oblique 2 outer oblique Oblique layers
2 outer oblique
layers and 1 layers and 1 are further
Solid mass; layers; 1 inner
Hypaxial inner inner subdivided,
below the transverse
(Lower) transverse transverse separated by
lateral septum layer; rectus
layer; rectus layer; rectus intercostal
abdominis
abdominis abdominis muscles
Transverse/
Dorsally
Septum Lateral Linea alba
position
septum

Myotomes Present Present Absent

Myosepta Present Present Absent Absent

To produce an
undulating Maintenance of Maintenance of Maintenance of Maintenance of
motion that posture, head posture, head posture, head posture, head
FUNCTION
propels the movement, movement, movement, movement, and
fish through and respiration and respiration and respiration respiration
the water
97 98

97 98

Epaxials (Tetrapods)

99
Hypaxials (Tetrapods)
10
0

99 100

Hypaxials (Tetrapods)
10
1
Hypaxials (Tetrapods)
10
2

101 102

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Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates

JAW
FISHES AMPHIBIANS REPTILES BIRDS MAMMALS
MUSCLES
Associated Associated Associated Highly
with with with modified;
Constrictors
mandibular, mandibular, mandibular, mandibular,
Branchiomeric and levator
hyoid and hyoid and hyoid and hyoid and
muscles
pharyngeal pharyngeal pharyngeal pharyngeal
arches arches arches arches
Contribute to Contribute to Contribute to
Control vocal
Breathing and larynx larynx larynx
FUNCTION functions
feeding (vocalization) (vocalization) (vocalization)
within larynx
and throat and throat and throat
Attached Associated Associated Associated Associated
posteriorly to with with with with
Hypobranchial
pectoral pharyngeal pharyngeal pharyngeal pharyngeal
skeleton arches arches arches arches
Serve to open Movement of Movement of Movement of Movement of
the jaws and the larynx, the larynx, the larynx, the larynx,
FUNCTION pull the gills hyoid hyoid hyoid hyoid
downward apparatus and apparatus and apparatus and apparatus and
and backward tongue tongue tongue tongue

10 10
3 4

103 104

Hypobranchial
muscles

10
BRANCHIOMERIC MUSCLES 10
5 6

105 106

Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates

APPENDICULAR
MUSCLES
FISHES AMPHIBIANS REPTILES BIRDS MAMMALS

Adductor Dorsal; flex Ventral; Ventral; Ventral; Ventral;

muscles fins recovery recovery recovery recovery

Abductor Ventral; Dorsal; Dorsal; Dorsal; Dorsal;

muscles extend fins propulsive propulsive propulsive propulsive

Intrinsic
More
muscles are Much more Intrinsic Similar to
Other numerous &
limited in complex than musculature is reptiles but
characteristics diverse than
number & in fish reduced more diverse
in amphibians
undifferentiated

Balance and Support and Support and Support and Support and
FUNCTION
orientation locomotion locomotion locomotion locomotion

Recovery Phase Propulsive Phase

- Forward movement and - Backward movement
raising of the limb of the limb (abduction)
(adduction) – Extension of arm/leg
– Flexing of arm/leg – Flexion of hand/foot
HYPOBRANCHIAL MUSCLES 10
– Extension of hand/ foot
10
7 8

107 108

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Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates

Propulsive Phase:
INTEGUMANTARY
Muscles REPTILES BIRDS MAMMALS
Amphibians Reptiles Mammals MUSCLES
responsible for Arrector pilli
Arrector pilli muscles;
Latissimus Costo-cutaneous
Forelimb Specialized Muscles muscles; patagial patagial muscles
Latissimus dorsi Latissimus dorsi dorsi; muscles
muscles (bats);
abduction
Trapezius mimetic muscles

Provide friction for Involved in facial

FUNCTION Aid in flight control expression
locomotion
Hindlimb Caudofemoralis;
Caudofemoralis Caudofemoralis
abduction Biceps femoralis

Patagial muscles

10 11
9 0

109 110

REFERENCES:
 http://bio.sunyorange.edu/updated2/comparative_anatomy/anat.html2/M_BACK
.htm
 http://klemow.wilkes.edu/BIO122-LabQuiz3.html
 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18274/18274-h/18274-h.htm
 http://campus.murraystate.edu/academic/faculty/tderting/cva_atlases/WEBSITE/
dmuscles.html
 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/279858/hypobranchial-muscle
 http://www.blackspvbiology.50megs.com/sharkdiss.html
 http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/Chapter10.html
 http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes6.htm
 http://campus.murraystate.edu/academic/faculty/tderting/cva_atlases/WEBSITE/
dmuscles.html
 http://www.faculty.biol.ttu.edu/strauss/vertstructure/Handouts/10_SkeletalMusc
lesHandout.pdf
 http://www.faculty.biol.ttu.edu/strauss/vertstructure/lecturenotes/07b_muscular
system.pdf

11 112
1

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RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM

1 2

1 2

OUTLINES & OBJECTIVES

INTRODUCTION
DESCRIBE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE
RESPIRATOTY SYSTEM
IDENTIFY THE ORGANS OF THE UPPER
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (NOSE;NASAL
CAVITY&PHARYNX) AND DESCRIBE THEIR
FUNCTION
DESCRIBE STRUCTURE OF THE LARYNX
(CARTILAGES ; LIGAMENTS OF THE LARYNX &
LARYNGEAL MUSCULATURE) AND INTRODUCE ITS
ROLE IN NORMAL BREATHING AND SOUND
PRODUCTION
DISCUSS STRUCTURE OF THE EXTRAPULMONARY
AIRWAYS (TRAKHEA & PRIMARY BRONCHI)
DESCRIBE SUPERFICIAL ANATOMY OF THE LUNGS
(LOBES & SURFACE OF THE LUNGS; BRONCHI;
BRONCHIOLUS; ALVEOLAR DUCTS & ALVEOLI;
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE LUNGS), STRUCTURE OF A
PULMONARY LOBULE, AND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY
OF THE ALVEOLI
3 4

3 4

FUNCTION
• Conduction Area: Warming, Moistening, Nasal Cavity
Filtration
– Nasal Cavities • Vestibule
– Naso & oro-pharynx • Respiratory Portion
– Larynx – Mucous layer
– Trachea – Lamina propria
– conchae
– Bronchi
• Olfactory area
– Bronchioles
– Mucous layer
• Respiratory Area: Gas Exchange – Lamina propria
– Respiratory bronchioles
• Nasal Sinuses
– Alveolar ducts
– Alveolar Sacs
– Alveoli
5 6

5 6

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Nasal Cavity
• Vestibule
– Non-keratin Stratified squamous epithelium-ciliated
pseudostratified columnar
– Vibrissae
– Sebaceous glands
• Respiratory Portion :mucous
– Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
– Goblet Cells (+)
– Brush Cells
• Columnar, short microvilli, Synapse branch, General
sensory stimulation
– Small granule cells
• Neuroepithelial cells, Contain norepinephrine or
neuropeptides, Reflex regulating of airway caliber
or vasculature
7 8
– Stem cells-precursor epithelial cells

7 8

Respiratory portion: lamina propria Respiratory portion: Conchae

• Branched Tubuloalveolar glands (mixed)
– Mucous • Shell-fish shaped
– Serous • Increase surface area
• Attached to periosteum of underlying (moisture & warmth)
bones • Turbulence
• Rich vascular network • Allergy, common cold caused
– Blood flow perpendicular to air flow enlargement → airway
(warm inspired) obstruction
– Arteriovenous anastomoses
9 10

9 10

MUCOUS LAYER
OLFACTORY AREA • Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• No Goblet Cells
• Bipolar Neurons
• Top, lateral, medial walls • Dendritic process
• Knob like olfactory vesicle-cilia
• Slight yellowish-brown • Axon-fila olfactoria
• Life span about a month
• Mucous layer • Supporting (Sustentacular) cells
• Tall Columnar cells
• Lamina Propria • Apical nuclei
• Numerous microvilli
• Secretory
• Lipofuchsin granules (impart yellow/brown color to
epithelium)
• Functionaly similar to glia
• Basal Cells
• nuclei below level of olfactory cell nuclei
• Source of replacement olfactory cells
11 12
• Brush cells

11 12

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LAMINA PROPRIA
• Branched tubuloalveolar serous glands
(Bowman’s glands)
– Lipofuchsin granules in gland cells
(impart yellow/brown color to
epithelium)
– Short ducts lined cuboidal cells become
squamous

• Myelin fibers of trigeminal nerve

13 14

13 14

Pharynx-Larynx
Nasal sinuses
• Ciliated pseudostratifed columnar
epithelium
• Stratified squamous epithelium in
• Lined with pseudostratified selected areas
columnar epithelium, –lingular surface epiglottis
• Goblet cell (+) → mucous secretion –vocal cords
• Small less well developed glands • Branched tubuloalveolar glands
(lamina propria)-except epiglottis
• Larynx-connective tissue rich in
mast cells
15 16

15 16

LARYNX; Vocal folds

Trachea
• Ciliated pseudostratified
columnar epithelium-unless
chronic irritation
• Lamina Propria
• Submucosa
• Cartilaginous layer
• Adventitia
Cat, Bouin's, AFT, 5.5
17 18

17 18

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• Ciliated pseudostratified columnar PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED EPITHELIUM

Basement membrane → trachea
epithelium-unless chronic irritation
– Ciliary escalator
– Goblet Cells, brush cells, small-granule
cells, basal cells
– Thick basement membrane
• Lamina Propria
– Collagenous fibers, elastic rich
– Very Cellular-lymphocytes, plasma cells,
mast cells, eosinophil, fibroblasts
• Submucosa
– Relatively loose CT
– Blood vessels and Lymphatics
– Mucous-serous secreting glands
– Blends into perichondrium
Rhesus monkey, SUSA, AFT, 484 x
19 20

19 20

TRACHEA → Lamina propria

• Cartilaginous layer
– 16-20 C shaped cartilages
– Hyaline cartilage
– Closed posteriorly- fibroelastic
connective tissue and smooth
muscle
• smooth muscle -trachealis
– Patency and flexibility
– May ossify
• Adventitia
– Blends adjacent structures
– Fat cells, nerves, blood vessels
Rat, Helly's fluid, H. & E., 612 x.
21 22

21 22

HYALINE CARTILAGE→Trachea

A B

B. Rat, Helly's fluid,

A. Rat, Helly's fluid,
toluidine blue and
Mallory's stain, 612 x.
erythrosin, 612 x

23 . 24

23 24

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Bronchus Bronchus
• Right Bronchus = wider, straighter
• Branch: Secondary then tertiary • Mucosa
• Tertiary Bronchi • Muscularis
–10 right • Submucosa
–8 left • Cartilage layer
• Roughly 9-12 branching • Adventitia
generations to reach bronchioles
• Bronchial Wall
25 26

25 26

• Mucosa
– Ciliated pseudostratified columnar • Cartilage layer
epithelium –Array around circumference
– Quickly diminishing basement membrane
–Becomes progressively smaller and
– Much reduced lamina propria
fewer
• Muscularis
– Becomes continuous –Disappear at bronchioles
– Increasingly conspicuous relative to • Adventitia
decreasing cartilage
–Moderately dense CT
• Submucosa
– Loose CT –Blends connective tissues of
– Both mucous and Serous glands pulmonary artery, lung
– Adipose tissue parynchyma
– Bronchial arteries
27 28

27 28

BRONCHUS AND BRONCHIOLE Bronchioles

• 1 mm or less
• Epithelium:
– Initially Pseudostrat.column. Epi
– Reduces to ciliated columnar Epi.
– Goblet Cells
• No cartilage plates
• No subepithelial glands
• Relatively thick smooth muscle layer
• Clara Cells
– Dome shaped apex
– Protein secreting machinery
– Secretes surface active lipoprotein (prevents
luminal adhesion)
• Branch into 5-7 Terminal bronchioles
Cat, 10% formalin, H. & E. stain, 162 x. • Divides into 2 respiratory bronchioles
29 30

29 30

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BRONCHIOLE
Respiratory Bronchiole

• Transition passageway (conducting and

respiratory)
• Epithelium
– Initially ciliated columnar to cuboidal
epithelium
– Eventually no cilia-disappear after goblet
cells and glands
– Clara cells eventually predominate
– scattered alveoli
– Occasional brush or dense-core granule
Cat, 10% formalin, H. & E., 162 x.
cells
31 32

31 32

RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE, DUCT, AND ALVEOLI

Rat, glutaraldehyde-osmium fixation, toluidine blue stain, A. 50 x, B. and C. 162 x.

33 34

33 34

Respiratory portion of the

respiratory system
• Alveolar Duct
– Extended passageway lined by alveoli
– Alveolar rim ringed by smooth muscle
• Alveolar Sac:
– Space surrounded by cluster of alveoli
– Termination of alveolar duct
• Alveoli
– 100-150 million/lung
– Thin walled (.2 mm)
– Supported by collagenous and elastic
framework
35 36

35 36

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ALVEOLAR DUCT AND ALVEOLAR SACS

Rat, glutaraldehyde-osmium fixation,toluidine blue stain, A. 162 x, B. 612 x.

37 38

37 38

Type I alveolar cells

(Type I pneumocytes)
Alveolar cells
• Extremely thin squamous
• Alveolar epithelial cells (Type I alveolar
cells, Type I pneumocytes)
Epithelium
• Great Alveolar cells (Type II alveolar cells • 95% surface of alveoli but
(cuboidal-mitotic), septal cells, Type II represent only 40% of cells
Pneumocytes • Zonulae occludentes-resist
• Brush cells (very rare) fluid leakage into alveolus
• Alveolar macrophages (Dust Cells)
• Some micropinocytotic vesicles
• Alveolar Septum
39 40

39 40

Type II alveolar cells, septal cells

Type II Pneumocytes
Alveolar septum
• Cuboidal cells
• Short microvilli on apical surface
• Alveolar epithelium cells • Septal Junctions
• Basal lamina of alveolar epithelium • 5% Alveolar surface, 60% of cells
• Basal lamina of endothelium • Equal numbers of type I
• Endothelial cells • Synthezise surfactant
• Alveoli Pores • Apical cytoplasm-granule-lamellar bodies
• Mitotically active
• Possible source of alveolar epithelial
41
replacement 42

41 42

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ALVEOLUS
Surfactant
• Apical cytoplasm
• Reduces surface tension
• Prevents alveolar collapse
• Reduces energy required for
respiration
• Broken down extracellularly
• Hyaline Membrane disease (neonatal
respiratory distress syndrome)
• Phosphatidylcholine, phospholipids
Rat, glutaraldehyde-osmium fixation, toluidine blue stain, 1416 x.
43 44

43 44

Dust Cell/
Alveolar Macrophages

• Migrate over alveolar surface

• Scavenge inhaled particulates

45 46

45 46

MACROPHAGES → Lung; terminal bronchiole

Blood Supply

• Bronchial Arteries
• Pulmonary Arteries

Cat, 10% formalin, H. & E., 324 x.

47 48

47 48

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Have a nice histology lessons

Good luck

49

49

9
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Comparative Anatomy
of Vertebrate Digestive System
ANATOMI KOMPARATIVA
SISTEM PENCERNAAN
PADA HEWAN VERTEBRATA

Animal Structure 2

1 2

SISTEM PENCERNAAN Digestion

PADA HEWAN
Purpose: reduce feed particles to molecules
that can be absorbed into the blood
• Mechanical breakdown of food
– chewing
• Chemical breakdown of food
– HCl in the stomach
– enzymes
• Contractions of digestive tract
Lele (Clarias batrachus))
3 4

3 4

Sistem Pencernaan Hewan Rongga Mulut vertebrata

• Rongga mulut
• Pharinx
• Oesophagus
• Lambung
• Usus halus, (duodenum, jejunum, illeum)
• Usus kasar atau usus besar (colon, caecum, 1.Atap rongga mulut; 2. potongan melintang tengkorak. A. Katak; B. Kadal; C.
rectum) Burung; D. Kuda. Akh.alur khoane (choane);bb. Bibir; bv. Bantalan vomer; ck. Celah
khoane; m.dasar mata; eg.epiglotis; es.esophagus; kh.khoane; kr. Krikoidea;
ko.kotak otak; lk. Lipatan khoane; l.l. lipatan langit-langit; lp.langit-langit primer; ls.
• Usus buntu yg tumbuh rudimenter Langit-langit sekunder; pm.premaksila; pmo.palatum mole; ra. Rahang atas; rb.
Rahang bawah; rm. Rongga mulut; rn. Rongga nasal;Rnf. Rongga naso pharynx; sl.
• Kloaka; anus Selaput lendir; sn. Aeptum nasal; te. Tuba eustachius; th. Thyroidea; tk. Trakhea; tl.
Tulang lidah
5 6

5 6

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Rongga Mulut Bbrp Vertebrata Pencernaan Ikan

Dasar Rongga Mulut : A. Katak; B. Kadal; C. Burung; D. lidah Manusia; E.

Lidah dari Prosimiae, pandangan lateral. E. esofagus; g. glotis; ks. Lubang k
antung suara; la. Larings; lb. lidah bawah; le. Lubang esofagus; li. Lidah; lla.
Lubang larings; Op. otot pengunyah; pfo.papila foliata; pfu. Papila fungiformes;
psv. Papila Sirkum valata; ta. trakhea
7 8

7 8

Pencernaan Katak, Amphibi Pencernaan Reptil

Kadal
9 Varanus komodo
10

9 10

Pencernaan pd Burung, Aves, Columba livia Pada Burung, Aves

• Pd kerongkongan Aves, tdp pelebaran dr
kerongkongan yg disebut tembolok/ingluvius,
fungsi untuk menyimpan makanan sementara
• Pd burung pemakan biji, bag anterior
lambungnya berdinding tipis, banyak kelenjar,
proventriculus
• Sdgkn pd bag posteriornya struktur
lambungnya lebih tebal→ ventriculus

11 12

11 12

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 04/10/2020

Pencernaan pd Mamalia, monogastric, Pencernaan pd Polygastric, Sapi, ruminansia

carnivora,kucing

13 14

13 14

Pencernaan pd Mamalia, monogastric, Manusia

Con’t

• Pd ruminantia/pemamah biak, lambungnya

ada 4 ruangan : rumen, retikulum, omasum
dan abomasum

15 16

15 16

Hewan diklasifikasikan bdsk tipe Hewan jg diklasifikasikan bdsk tipe

makanan yg mereka cerna lambungnya
• Carnivore - animal products
– Dogs, Cats
• Monogastrics or non-ruminants
• Herbivore - plant products
– Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Horses
• Omnivore - combination of plant and animal • Ruminants
products
– humans, pigs

17 18

17 18

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 04/10/2020

Hewan Monogastric Hewan Ruminantia

Ruminant – memiliki 4 ruang pd lambung

Monogastric – memiliki satu struktur lambung sebelum lambung yg sebenarnya
yg sederhana • herbivores
» cattle, sheep, goats and pseudoruminants (llamas)
• mostly carnivores and omnivores
» Very simple: mink and dog
» Cecal digestion: horse, rabbit or rat
» Sacculated stomach : kangaroo

19 20

19 20

Saluran Pencernaan Hewan

Saluran pencernaan Hewan
Monogastric
Monogastric
• Makanan melintasi dr mulut menuju lambung
Anatomi Dasar melalui oesophagus
mulut • Untuk mengurangi ukuran dr partikel makanan

lambung • Dari lambung, makanan melintasi melalui :

– duodenum (bagian pertama dr small intestine)
small intestine / intestinum tenue • Sekresi empedu & pankreatik masuk ke sini
large intestine / intestinum crassum atau colon – jejunum (bagian kedua dr small intestine)
• Absorbsi sari-sari makanan/nutrients
– ileum (bagian ketiga dr small intestine)
• To split food molecules dan Absorbsi sari-sari makanan/nutrients

21 22

21 22

Con’t Kemiripan Manusia & Babi

• Large Intestine • Keduanya omnivores

• Absorbsi air • Tdk dapat mensintesis vitamin B complex
• Pembentukan feses • Tdk dapat mensintesis asam amino
• Rectum • Dapat menjadi gemuk dg meningkatnya
asupan makanan

23 24

23 24

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Con’t Enzim pencernaan pd Monogastric

• pancreas
– lipase
• Pengecualian • lipids to fatty acids and glycerides
– herbivora – trypsin
• Kuda memiliki cecum (blind anterior end of the colon) • proteins to polypeptides
di mana makanan difermentasi
– Cecum terletak posterior untuk mengoptimumkan area
– chymotrypsin
absorbsi makanan • peptides to amino acids and peptides
– amylase
• starch to disaccharides and dextrin

25 26

25 26

Con’t Pencernaan Hewan Ruminantia

• gall bladder • mulut
– bile • esophagus
• produced in the liver
• rumen
• emulsifies fats
• alkaline to neutralize stomach contents that are acidic • reticulum
• small intestine • omasum
– amino acids, fatty acids and monosaccharides are • abomasum
available for absorption • small intestine
• large intestine
27 28

27 28

Digestive System Digestive System

Six major subdivisions

◼ Oral cavity ◼ Agnatha - straight
◼ Pharynx digestive tube
◼ Esophagus ◼ Coiled tube evolved with
lengthening of tract
◼ Stomach

◼ Small & large intestine

◼ Rectum
Simple to complex digestive systems.

29 30

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Oral Cavity Oral Cavity of several vertebrate

◼ Begins at mouth, ends at

pharynx
◼ Tongue in floor of cavity
◼ Palate in roof of cavity
the base of oral cavity: A. frog; B. liard; C. bird; D. Human tongue; E. Tongue of
◼ Primary palate Prosimiae, lateral view; E. oesophagus; g. glothis; ks. Hole; ks.sound
◼ Secondary palate bag/kantung suara; la. Laryngs; lb. The lower tongue; le. The hole of
oesophagus; li. ton; lguela. The hole of laryngs; Op. Masticatory muscle/otot
◼ Teeth Human oral cavity. pengunyah; pfo.papilla foliata; pfu. Papilla fungiformes; psv. Papila Sirkum
valata; ta. trakhea
32

31 32

Palates Teeth
◼ On jaws normally
◼ Primary palate in ◼ Cheeks in mammals form pocket
anamniotes- nasal ◼ Acrodont teeth- fish and snakes
passageways empty into oral ◼ Bicuspid- amphibians
cavity ◼ Tricuspid- lizards
◼ Ex: Salamander ◼ Pleurodont teeth- snakes
◼ Secondary palate of ◼ Thecodont teeth- crocodilians
amniotes- extends to
pharyngeal cavity
◼ Internal nares
Oral cavity of amphibian (a)
and mammal (b).
Cross section of jaw.

33 34

Jaw Teeth and Cheek

◼ Used for storage- rodents and squirrels

◼ Modified placoid scales- sharks
◼ Polyhyodont- permanent replacement of teeth
◼ Diphyodont- two sets of teeth
◼ Monophyodont- one set of teeth

Types of Cusps

Figure - Types of cusps.

35 36

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 04/10/2020

Bird Teeth Reptilian Teeth

◼ Egg caruncle- all egg layers

◼ Not actual tooth
◼ Structure epidermal, horny, ◼ Egg tooth- lizards and
keratinized snakes
◼ On tip of snout ◼ Actual tooth
◼ To penetrate egg shell
◼ Upper jaw
◼ To penetrate egg shell

Egg caruncle of 15 day old Monitor egg tooth..

owlet.

37 38

Modifications of Snake Teeth Mammalian Teeth

◼ Incisors
◼ For cutting
◼ Ex: elephant tusks

◼ Aglyphous- no modifications ◼ Canines

for venom delivery ◼ For piercing
◼ Ex: walrus tusks
◼ Solenoglyphous- retractable
teeth, fangs ◼ Premolars & Molars
◼ Proteroglyphous- fangs in front ◼ To matriculate food
of mouth ◼ Diastema- space without Mammalian teeth specializations.
Position, cross and longitudinal
◼ Opisthoglyphous- fangs in back sections of aglyphous (1), teeth; e.g., no canines
of mouth opisthoglyphous (2), and
solenoglyphous (3) fangs.

39 40

Mammalian Teeth Dental Formula

◼ Catarrhines and humans have
2-1-2-3=16 x 2 = 32 total teeth
◼ Canines: 3-1-4-2 and 3-1-4-3
◼ If 0 is present, diastema is present
◼ Heterodont dentition
◼ Other varieties
◼ Homodont- all teeth the same
◼ Bunodont- all teeth on single plain
◼ Sectorial teeth – carnassials; e.g., upper premolar and
lower molar in carnivores

Dental formulae.

41 42

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Tongue Oral Glands

◼ Immobile in jawed fish ◼ Named based on location
◼ Fleshy in higher vertebrates ◼ Labial- near the lips
◼ Frog- tongue shoots out and draws ◼ Palatal- near palate
back
◼ Internasal
◼ Glandular field secretes sticky fluid
◼ Sublingual- releases venom
◼ Immobile tongue- turtles, crocs,
and some birds ◼ Parotid- salivary gland

◼ Flexible tongue- nectar feeding ◼ Submaxillary

bats and snakes

◼ Forked tongue of snake ◼ Birds have few oral glands
Jacobson’s organ (sensing apparatus) of ◼ Swifts Swift and nest.
snake and forked tongue.

43 44

Pharynx Pharynx
◼ In embryo, exhibits series of lateral ◼ Constant Features in Tetrapods
pharyngeal pouches ◼ Glottis-slit to larynx
◼ Covered by epiglottis
◼ Gives rise to various glands
◼ Eustachian tube- opening
◼ Slits in pharyngeal region
◼ Esophagus- opening

◼ Pharynx further subdivided for food and air

passage
◼ Foramen cecum- groove on back of tongue
◼ Vestigial structure the leads to embryonic thyroid
gland
Embryonic pharyngeal arches and Adult regions of pharynx.
oral development.

45 46

Pharynx

(a) Upper respiratory tract of human showing pharynx regions and

(b) hyoid and larynx.

47 48

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Esophagus Stomach
◼ Muscular tube connecting pharynx ◼ Muscular chamber
and stomach ◼ Secretes gastric juices
◼ Different lining of stomachs
◼ Can be short
◼ Esophageal-like epithelia
◼ Crop- specialization in birds ◼ Glandular epithelia
◼ Outpocketing of esophagus ◼ Ruminant stomach
◼ Used to store food ◼ 4 chambers: rumen, reticulum,
◼ Pigeon’s milk
omasum, abomasum
◼ Human stomach
Stomach of mammals with esophageal-
◼ Cardiac sphincter- esophagus like epithelia in gray and glandular
epithelia in red.
meets stomach
Esophagus and crop of bird. ◼ Mostly lined with gastric epithelium

49 50

Stomach Structure 4-Chambered Stomachs

◼ Greater and lesser curvature ◼ Rumen- food enters
◼ Messentaries ◼ Bacterial action
◼ Greater omentum – attaches along greater curvature ◼ Reticulum- forms a bolus
◼ Lesser omentum – attaches along lesser curvature ◼ Omasum- reswallowed grass
◼ Cecum- increases surface area ◼ Salivary action
◼ 2 parts in bird and crocodile stomach ◼ Abomasum- food worked out
◼ Proventiculus-glandular by gastric glands
◼ Gizzard- grinding mill (gastroliths)
Stomach of calf.

51 52

Small Intestine Small Intestine

◼ Brunner’s Glands- mucous glands in duodenum
and jejunum
◼ Duodenum- 1st segment ◼ Peyer’s Patches- lymphatic nodules in ileum
◼ Bile and pancreatic ducts ◼ Crypts of Lieberkühns- intestinal glands at base
◼ Jejunum and Ileum of villi
subdivisions ◼ Lacteals- within villi—interior lymphatic vessels
◼ Transport fat molecules to circulatory system
◼ Valve of Kirckring- increases surface area
Digestive tract showing regions of
small intestine.

53 54

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Large Intestine
Small Intestine
◼ Fish and amphibians - straight and short
◼ Amniotes- divided into colon and rectum

◼ Ileocecal valve- allows passage from small intestine

into large
◼ Sigmoid flexure- S-shaped region
at rectum
◼ Cecum- aids in absorption
◼ Terminates at vermiform appendix
◼ Cloaca- common chamber for
Histology of alimentary canal of a mammal showing digestive, urinary, and reproductive
various glands of small intestine.
products to empty (includes monotremes)
Large intestine of human.

55 56

Liver Pancreas
◼ Liver is diverticulum of primitive gut
◼ Pancreas – diverticulum of gut
◼ Liver produces bile
◼ Bile stored in gallbladder ◼ Duct of Santorini- small, dorsal pancreas
◼ Common bile duct ◼ Duct of Wirsung- large, ventral pancreas
◼ Ampulla of Vater- terminal portion ◼ Accessory duct- large duct after small, dorsal
duct disappears
◼ Exocrine and endocrine glands
◼ Islets of Langerhans- endocrine glands

Development of liver and pancreas.

57 58

Literature Cited
Figure 11.1, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.10, 11.15, 11.16, 11.17, 11.18 & 11.22- Kent, George C. and Robert K.
◼ Rectal gland- diverticulum in sharks Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Figure 11.2- http://www.mouth-cancer-symptoms.com/
Figure 11.6- http://gargravarr.cc.utexas.edu/owl/2002/
Figure 11.7- http://www.proexotics.com/collection_nonPE9.html
Figure 11.8- http://www.kingsnake.com/reptilia-italia/My_HomePage_file/snakesgeneral.htm
Figure 11.9- http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/zoology/22
Figure 11.11- http://www2.worldbook.com/features/reptiles/html/body_senorg.html
Figure 11.12- http://www.rspb.org.uk/birds/whatyoucando/attracthousemartins/index.asp
Figure 11.13- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes7.html
Figure 11.14- http://www.cortexity.com:8080/nicksblog/
Figure 11.19- http://www.yoursurgery.com/ProcedureDetails.cfm?BR=1&Proc=49
Figure 11.20- Kardong, K. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. McGraw Hill,
2002.
Figure 11.21- http://www.becomehealthynow.com/popups/lrg_intest.htm

59 60

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HISTOLOGI

TOPOGRAFI MAKROANATOMI ORGAN – ORGAN PENCERNAAN

1 2

1 2

digestive functions to be a series  SISTEM PENCERNAAN /

DIGESTIVUS TERDIRI DARI
of integrated steps:
 Ingestion
 Mechanical processing
 Digestion
 ➢SALURAN PENCERNAAN
 Secretion
 Absorption & resorption
 ➢ KELENJAR PENCERNAAN
 Excretion
→kunyah;cerna;absorbsi;resorbsi;ekskresi !!

3 4

3 4

SUSUNAN SALURAN PENCERNAAN

KELENJAR PENCERNAAN
MULUT PHARYNX OESOPHAGUS

 YGTDP DI DLM SALURAN

LAMBUNG PENCERNAAN → KEL. BRUNER

USUS KASAR
USUS HALUS  YG
TDP DI LUAR SAL. PENCERNAAN
Caecum/apendix,
ANUS colon & rectum Duodenum, jejunum &
ileum →KEL. LUDAH, HATI, PANKREAS

5 6

5 6

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HISTOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
 The Mucosa BADAN
LIDAH
 The Digestive Epithelium LIDAH PERBATASAN

 The Lamina Propria AKAR LIDAH

MULUT
SULCUS
 muscularis mucosae
GIGI
 The Submucosa
 The Muscularis Externa
 The Serosa / adventitia

7 8

7 8

MULUTlll
CAVUM ORIS→ DIBUNGKUS TUNICA MUCOSA
PERMUKAAN → EPITEL BERLAPIS BANYAK PIPIH
CELAH CAVUM ORIS → RIMA ORIS (ANTARA DUA
BIBIR)
LABIUM ORIS SUPERIOR ET INFERIOR
PIPI (LATERAL) → SEBAGAI DINDING
DASAR MULUT + LIDAH/LINGUA
LANGIT-LANGIT/ATAP → PALATUM DURUM DAN
PALATUM MOLE
KE ARAH BELAKANG → PINTU BERHUBUNGAN
DG PHARYNX → FAUCIA

9 10

9 10

LABIUM ORIS FACIES EXTERNA

 SEB. LUAR→EPIDERMIS
 FACIES EXTERNA + RUBRUM LABII (lapisan (EP.B.B.PIPIH)
merah bibir)
 SEB. BAWAH → PAPILA CORII
 TDP. KELENJAR SUDORIFERA &
 FACIES INTERNA KEL. CEBACEA
 TDP. FOLIKEL RAMBUT

11 12

11 12

2
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LIP / BIBIR

FACIES INTERNA
 STRUKTUR = M. MUCOSA CAVUM
ORIS
 EP.B.B. PIPIH → TANPA KERATIN >
TEBAL DRPD EPITEL CAVUM ORIS
 DALAM JAR. IKAT TDP GLANDULLA
LABIALIS → MRPK KEL. LUDAH
CAMPURAN & KEL. LUDAH
MUKOSA MURNI
Human, 10% formalin, H. & E., 6 x.
13 14

13 14

P I P I
 STRUKTUR MIRIP LABIUM ORIS
 TDK MEMP. RUBRUM LABII
FACIES INTERNA & RUBRUM LABII
 STRUKTUR PERMUKAAN LUAR & DALAM
→ TIDAK MGD PIGMEN PD EPITEL  PERM. DLM. MRPK. M. MUCOSA → KEL.
LUDAH CAMPURAN → GLANDULLA
→ MUSCULUS ORBICULARIS ORIS → TDD OTOT + BUCCALIS
JAR. IKAT → SUSUNAN MELINGKAR RIMA ORIS → DI  ANTARA F. EXTERNA & F. INTERNA →
ANTARA F. EXTERNA & F. INTERNA JAR. IKAT & OTOT BERCORAK →
MUSCULUS BUCCINATOR

15 16

15 16

LIDAH → STRUKTUR LIDAH

Lanjutan PIPI
 TERUTAMA OTOT SERAN
 Epitel Squamous complex tak berkeratin
LINTANG→ TSS 3 ARAH
 Lamina propria tdd. Jar. Fibroelastik, tdp. Kel. (LONGITUDINAL,
Mukus & kdg-2 kel. Serous TRANSVERSAL/MELINTANG,
 Pada submukosa tdp. Banyak serabut elastik & OBLIQUE / SERONG)
pembuluh darah  SER FIBROELASTIN (MGD SARAF,
PEMB. LYMFE, PEMB. DARAH,
ADIPOSA/LEMAK & KELENJAR)

17 18

17 18

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TONGUE
KELENJAR LIDAH
  KEL. NUHN / BLANDIN (DI BAG
ANTERIOR LIDAH, SIFAT MUCOUS)
  KEL. VON EBNER (DI BAG. POSTERIOR
LIDAH, DIDUGA ENZIM, BERMUARA
PADA PARIT/SULCUS→DIJUMPAI
PD TIPE PAPILA CIRCUMVALATA)
 KEL. MUCOUS (PD AKAR LIDAH,
BERMUARA PD PERMUKAAN LIDAH)

 PADA AKAR LIDAH → KUMPULAN JAR.

LIMFOID, LINGUAL TONSIL DG NODULI
LIMFANYA & KEL MUKUS
Human, Zenker's fluid, phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin stain, 5.6 x.
19 20

19 20

LINGUAL GLANDS
A. Mucous gland
B. Serous gland
PERMUKAAN LIDAH
 PERMUKAAN DORSAL → PAPILA
LIDAH → PENONJOLAN DI LAMINA
PROPRIA → DILIPUTI LAPISAN
EPITEL B.B. PIPIH

 PERMUKAAN VENTRAL → HALUS

Human, Zenker's fluid, iron hematoxylin and aldehyde fuchsin stains, 162 x.

21 22

21 22

PAPILA LIDAH
→ mrpk peninggian/tonjolan-tonjolan epitel mulut Papila VILIFORMIS
dan lamina propria yg diduga bentuk & fungsinya
berbeda
 BTK.CONUS / KERUCUT
 VILLIFORMIS  JUMLAH BANYAK, TDP DI SELURUH
 FUNGI FORMIS BAG DORSAL LIDAH
 EPITHEL MENANDUK, TDK MGD
 FOLIATAE
TASTE BUD/PUTTING KECAP
 CIRCUM VALATA

23 24

23 24

4
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TONGUE
Fungiform and filiform papillae

Papila FUNGIFORMIS
 TDP DI BAGIAN ANTERIOR LIDAH
 BENTUK JAMUR / SEPERTI
CENDAWAN
 JUMLAH LEBIH SEDIKIT DRPD P.
VILLI FORMIS
 TASTE BUD TERLETAK PD BAG.
APEX PAPILLA→1 – BBRP BUAH
Human, Zenker's fluid, phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin, 26 x.
25 26

25 26

Papila FOLIATAE FOLIATE PAPILLA

 TONJOLAN-TONJOLAN SGT. PADAT –

SEPANJANG LATERAL / TEPI BELAKANG
LIDAH
 MGD. BANYAK TASTE BUD / gemma
gustatoria
 KELENJAR SEROSA → MENGALIR →
MELALUI MUARA-MUARA→SEKITAR DASAR
PAPILA
 PD. MANUSIA, RUDIMENTER
 TDP. PD HEWAN MENGERAT
Rabbit, 10% formalin, H. & E., 66 x.
27 28

27 28

Papila CIRCUMVALATA TONGUE

Circum vallate papilla

 DI BAGIAN POSTERIOR LIDAH (TERSEBAR)

 BENTUK SPT PAPILA FUNGIFORMIS TTP > &
TDK BEGITU MENONJOL KE PERMUKAAN
 PAPILA DIKELILINGI PARIT
 SISI LATERAL PENUH DG TASTE BUD (  250
BUAH PD. MANUSIA)
 JUMLAH PAPILA 7 – 11 (PD MANUSIA)
 TDP KEL. VON EBNER (SIFAT SEROUS) PD
PARIT / ALUR
 TDP JUGA KELENJAR MUKOSA

Human, Zenker's fluid, phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin stain, 26 x.

29 30

29 30

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TDP 3 JENIS SEL PENYUSUN :

TASTE BUD SEL BASAL; SEL PENYOKONG/SEL SUSTENTAKULER;
SEL SENSORIS (NEUROEPITHEL); SEL PENGECAP
PUTTING PENGECAP / gemma gustatoria  MASA HIDUP SEL SENSORIS PENDEK →
JUMLAH PD TIAP PUTTING 4 – 20 BUAH
 BERUPA BADAN BULAT / LONJONG  SEL SENSORIS BARU
 TERLETAK TEGAK LURUS PD. (BTK THORAX/LANGSING, UJUNG BEBAS /
EPITEL BERLAPIS BANYAK PIPIH APEX MEMP. MICROVILLI BERAKHIR DG
LIDAH RAMBUT PENGECAP), TERBENTUK DARI
AKTIVITAS MITOSIS SEL-SEL BASAL / TASTE
 DIHUBUNGKAN DG PERMUKAAN → HAIR.
O/ SALURAN SEMPIT –TASTE PIT  SEL PENYOKONG → BTK SPT KUMPARAN →
INTI BULAT → PUCAT → DIANGGAP SBG
TINGKAT PERTAMA PD DIFERENSIASI SEL
SENSORIS
31 32

31 32

LAMINA PROPRIA LIDAH

Taste pit / porus gustatorius
 JAR. IKAT LONGGAR → TDP FAT CELL
Epitel
 LIDAH TANPA LAPISAN SUB MUCOSA →
Micro villi / taste hair BERBEDA DG TRACTUS DIGESTIVUS
epidermis Sel sensoris / neuroepithel  TDP KEL. LUDAH :
* GLANDULLA LINGUALIS BLANDIN / NUHN
Sel basal / ANTERIOR
* GLANDULLA LINGUALIS SEROSA VON
Sel sustentakuler/sel penyokong EBNER / POSTERIOR
* GLANDULLA LINGUALIS POSTERIOR
MUCOSA

Gambar. Taste bud / gemma gustatoria

33 34

33 34

TUNICA MUSCULARIS KELENJAR LUDAH

 TDD. OTOT SERAN LINTANG →
 SUSUNAN MENURUT ORIGO-INSERTIO
1. OTOT INTRINSIK (DI DALAM LIDAH)
Musclus transversalis linguae;
M. VERTICALIS LINGUAE;
M. LONGITUDINALIS SUPERIOR; M.
LONGITUDINALIS INFERIOR

2. OTOT EKSTRINSIK (DI LUAR LIDAH)

M. GENIOGLOSUS; M. HYOGLOSUS;
M. STYLOGLOSUS; M. PALATOGLOSSUS
35 36

35 36

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GLANDULLA ORALIS /
MACAM KELENJAR LUDAH
G. SALIVARIUS / KEL. LUDAH  GLANDULLA PAROTIS → DEKAT DAERAH
 LETAK DI LUAR RONGGA MULUT → AURICULA / CUPING TELINGA
 GLANDULLA SUBMANDIBULARIS → DI DASAR
SEMUA MUARA DALAM RONGGA MULUT MULUT
 GLANDULLA SUBLINGUALIS → DI BAWAH M.
MUSCULARIS LIDAH
 PERANAN / FUNGSI :
 GLANDULLA LINGUALIS :
** MEMBASAHI M. MUCOSA MULUT, LIDAH * GLANDULLA BLANDIN / NUHN
& GIGI * GLANDULLA SEROUSA VON EBNER
**MELICINKAN MAKANAN SAAT DIKUNYAH * GLANDULLA MUCOUSA POSTERIOR
**MEMBANTU PERNCERNAAN / ENZIM  GLANDULLA PALATINA → DI PALATUM DURUM
 GLANDULLA BUCCALIS → DI BAWAH PIPI
 GLANDULLA LABIALIS → DI BAWAH BIBIR
37 38

37 38

SUBLINGUAL GLAND

Rhesus monkey, glutaraidehyde fixation, H. & E.,

A. 28 x; B. 55 x; C. 222 x.
39 40

39 40

SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND PAROTID GLAND

Striated ducts

Human, 10% formalin, H. & E., 162 x

Human, Zenker's fluid, H. & E., 612 x

41 42

41 42

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PAROTID GLAND
 PD PANGKAL LIDAH → JARINGAN LYMF → TONSILA
LINGUALIS → KELENJAR PHARYNX → KEL. MUKOSA
 LAMINA MUSCULARIS MUCOSA → TIDAK ADA PD LIDAH
→ DIGANTI DG JAR. ELASTIS SBG BATAS TUNICA
MUCOSA
 TUNICA MUCOSA→LAPISAN PD 2 TEMPAT
- LATERAL NASOPHARYNX
-DEKAT DG PERBATASAN DG PANGKAL OESOPHAGUS
 TUNICA MUSCULARIS
-STRATUM MUSCULARIS LONGITUDINALE INTERNA
(INNER)
-STRATUM MUSCULARIS CIRCULARE EXTERNA
(OUTER)
 TUNICA ADVENTITIA → JAR. IKAT FIBROSA TPIS → OTOT
T. MUSCULARIS LANGSUNG MELEKAT PD TENGKORAK

Human, 10% formalin, H. & E., 162 x. 43 44

43 44

GIGI
 MRPK LENGKUNG PADA TULANG MAXILLA
DAN MANDIBULLA.
 MASING-MASING GIGI TDA BAGIAN :
* CROWN (MAHKOTA GIGI)→ TERSEMBUL
DI ATAS GUSI (GINGIVA) → TDA.
DENTIN & EMAIL (ENAMEL) → CORONA
DENTIS
* RADIX DENTIS (AKAR GIGI ) → DI BAWAH
GINGIVA → MEMPERTAHANKAN GIGI
DLM LEKUK TULANG (ALVEOLUS) →
TDD 1 – 3 BUAH AKAR → DI BAG DENTIN &
SEMENTUM → 1 ALVEOLUS U/ AKAR TIAP
GIGI.
45 46

45 46

TOOTH (IN SITU)  SACHET → CROWN TERBENAM DLM LEKUKAN

Mandible TULANG RAHANG → ALVEOLUS / SACHET
 CERVIX / LEHER GIGI → PERALIHAN / DAERAH
PERTEMUAN ANTARA MAHKOTA DG AKAR GIGI
 GIGI DESIDUA YG PERTAMA LAMBAT LAUN DIGANTI O/
GIGI PERMANEN → KEDUA JENIS GIGI INI SAMA TDA
BAG NON MINERAL → PULPA & 3 BAG MINERAL
(EMAIL, DENTIN & CEMENTUM)
TIAP GIGI MEMP. RONGGA SENTRAL → BTK SAMA DG
BTK GIGI
 MEMBRAN PERIODONTALIS / LIGAMENTUM → MRPK
STRUKTUR BERSERABUT KOLAGEN YG
MENGELILINGI SEMENTUM AKAR, MEMBANTU U/
MEMFIKSASI GIGI DG KUAT PD LEKUK TULANGNYA. →
MENGHUBUNGKAN SEMENTUM DG TULANG RAHANG.
Cat, 10% formalin, decalcified, 4.6 x

47 48

47 48

8
 09/10/2020

EMAIL GROUND TOOTH

 STRUKTUR PALING KERAS PADA TUBUH
→ BANYAK MGD KALSIUM
 KOMPOSISI : 97% GARAM Ca /
ANORGANIK (Ca-fosfat→90%) →
 sisanya tdd CaCO3, Mg Fosfat, CaCl2
3% ZAT ORGANIK + AIR
 email tdd struktur batang → btk prisma /
thorax hexagonal → dibangun o/ bag
anorganik
 prisma email → berikatan dg substansia inter
prismatic → bag organik yg mengapur
 ***matrix bukan disekresi o/ serabut kolagen
ttp o/ sel bakal tulang gigi → sel ameloblast Human, ground nondecalcified, unstained, dark field, 6.0 x

49 50

49 50

DENTIN (substansia eburnea)

SEMENTUM
 struktur & komposisi hampir = tulang > keras 72 %  LAPISAN TIPIS → PEMBUNGKUS
- 80% anorganik (kristal hydroxyapatit); serabut AKAR GIGI → MATRIX GIGI
kolagen; glikosaminoglikans & garam Ca 20%
ORGANIK + AIR  1/3 BAGIAN ATAS → NON SELULER
(PERBATASAN EMAIL – SEMENTUM)
 MEMPUNYAI ULURAN SITOPLASMA → SERAT-
→ 20 –50  s / d UJUNG AKAR
SERAT TOMES → TERLETAK DLM TUBULUS-
TUBULUS DENTIN → ULURAN INI BERASAL
SETEBAL 150 – 200  → LAPISAN
DARI SEL-SEL ODONTOBLAST → DALAM
INCREMENTAL
PULPA GIGI  BAG. BAWAH 2/3 → DISUSUN O/
 OKI → PD DENTIN TERLETAK SALURAN-2
SEL-SEL CEMENTOCYT (DLM
HALUS → TERSUSUN RADIER LACUNAE) → LAP. CEMENTOCYT

51 52

51 52

P U L P A
 MIRIP TULANG (STRUKUR &  DIBANGUN O/JAR. IKAT VASKULER →
KOMPOSISI) → TTP TIDAK ADA SERABUT UTAMA KOLAGEN →
SISTEM HAVERS & PEMBULUH SUBSTANSI DASARNYA
GLYCOAMINOGLICANS
DARAH → SERABUT KOLAGEN YG
 BANYAK DIJUMPAI AKHIRAN SYARAF &
MEMBENTUK SBG SERABUT PEMBULUH DARAH → U/ RASA SAKIT →
SHARPEY → LAP. SERABUT ODONTOBLAST BANYAK; FIBROBLAST;
KOLAGEN SERABUT RETIKULIN; KOLAGEN
 PD USIA SEMAKIN TUA → PD  SYARAF JENIS BERMYELIN →
TERBENTANG s / d LUBANG APEX GIGI
BAGIAN BAWAH → MULAI TERLIHAT
 ODONTOBLAST MEMP. INTERBRIDGES &
SISTEM HAVERS TERMINAL BAR

53 54

53 54

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MEMBRANA GINGIVA
 MRPK MEMBRANA MUCOSA → TERIKAT
PERIODONTALIS KUAT PD PERIOSTEUM TULANG MAXILLA
& MANDIBULLA
 TERSUSUN DARI EPITEL BERLAPIS
 TDD.JAR. IKAT KENCANG → SERABUT
BANYAK PIPIH → BANYAK DIJUMPAI
NEMBUS KE SEMENTUM PAPILLA JAR. IKAT
 EPITEL BERHUBUNGAN DG EMAIL GIGI,
MELALUI M. BASALIS NYA
 ANTARA EMAIL DG & EPITEL → TDP
CELAH GINGIVA (LEKUKAN KECIL →
MENGELILINGI MAHKOTA GIGI) →
GINGIVAL SULCUS

55 56

55 56

PHARYNX BDSK HUBUNGAN DG ALAT TUBUH DI

DEKATNYA, ADA BEBERAPA NAMA
SALURAN PENCERNAAN YG MENYILANG PHARYNX :
SALURAN PERNAFASAN → LARYNX
 NASOPHARYNX → REGIO RESPIRATORIA
TERSUSUN ATAS DINDING LAPISAN :
 *LAMINA PROPRIA → INFILTRASI SEL-SEL LIMFOID →  OROPHARYNX
BERBAGAI BENTUK → NODULUS LYMPHATICUS
→ REGIO
 *TUNICA MUCOSAE → JAR. IKAT → PEMBULUH
DARAH, SYARAF → MEMBENTUK ANYAMAN SYARAF DIGESTORIA
& SEL SYARAF → PLEXUS NERVOSUS SUB MUCOUS
MEISNER
 DI ANTARA 2 T. MUSCULARIS TDP ANYAMAN  LARYNGOPHARYNX
PEMBULUH DARAH & SERABUT SYARAF →
MEMBENTUK PLEXUS NERVOSUS MYENTERICUS
AUERBACHI
57 58

57 58

NASOPHARYNX OROPHARYNX
 TERLETAK DI ATAS PALATUM MOLLE  TERLETAK DI BELAKANG ARCUS
 EPITEL KOLUMNER PSEUDOKOMPLEX GLOSSOPALATINUS
BERSILIA  EPITEL SKUAMUS KOMPLEX TAK
BERKERATIN

59 60

59 60

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 ** TUNICA MUCOSA →
LARYNGOPHARYNX R.RESPIRATORIA→EPITEL PSEUDOSTRATIFIED
BERSILIA + SEL GOBLET / SEL PIALA → NASOPHRAYNX
 TERLETAK ANTARA OROPHARYNX SAMPAI DI R.DIGESTORIA→ E.B.BPIPIH TANPA KERATIN
ATAS TULANG RAWAN HYOID
 CAMPURAN DARI KEDUA EPITEL TERSEBUT **LAMINA PROPRIA : NASOPHARYX →
SEBELUMNYA R. RESPIRATORIA TDD :
ketiga pharynx di atas memp.lapisan-2 sbb : -MEMBRAN BASAL
 JAR.IKAT PADAT→SER.ELASTIS LEBIH BANYAK -JAR.IKAT FIBROELASTIC + J.I. FIBROELASTIC + SEL-
DAN SEDIKIT SERABUT KOLAGEN SEL LYMFOID
 OTOT SERAN LINTANG -KELENJAR SEROMUCOSA
 JAR.IKAT DIMANA TDP.KELENJAR & BANYAK -PD DINDING TDP TONSILA PARYNGEALIS
JAR.LYMFOID (KUMPULAN JAR. LYMFOID)
61 62

61 62

PALATUM (LANGIT-LANGIT)
 PALATUM DURUM (LANGIT-LAGIT KERAS)
REGIO DIGESTORIA :  PALATUM MOLE (LANGIT-LANGIT LUNAK

PALATUM DURUM :
-J.I. FIBROELASTIC MENONJOL -DILAPISI MEMBRANA MUCOSA YG MELEKAT PD
PERIOSTEUM OS PALATUM
KE EPITEL - SUBMUCOSA → GLANDULLA PALATINA → SIFAT MUCOSA

PALATUM MOLE :
-PERBATASAN OROPHARYNX & -MIRIP STRUKTUR PALATUM DURUM
NASOPHARYNX → JARINGAN -SUB MUCOSA TIDAK TERDAPAT JAR. TULANG → DIGANTI
JAR. MUSCULOTENDINEOUS
LYMFOID → TONSILA PALATINA -UVULA → MENGGANTUNG DI BELAKANG P. MOLE
→ PD SUB MUCOSA DIJUMPAI → GLANDULLA PHARYNGEA

63 64

63 64

STRUKTUR UMUM SALURAN PENCERNAAN

SALURAN PENCERNAAN
 LAPISANMUCOSA

 OESOPHAGUS s/d RECTUM → →LAMINA PROPRIA

STRUKTUR LAPISAN DINDING  LAPISAN MUSCULARIS MUCOSA
SELALU KONSTAN  LAPISAN SUB MUCOSA
 MULUT s/d PHARYNX → LAPISAN  LAPISAN MUSCULARIS / OTOT
TIDAK KONSTAN  LAPISAN SEROSA / ADVENTITIA

65 66

65 66

11
 09/10/2020

LAPISAN MUCOSA
EPITEL PEMBATAS → E.B.B.PIPIH / SILINDRIS
(E.B.T.PIPIH)
→ MBTK PENDALAMAN KE DALAM → (LAMINA
PROPRIA; SUB MUCOSA & KELUAR SALURAN
PENCERNAAN) → PENDALAMAN DAPAT BERUPA
SUATU KELENJAR

LAMINA PROPRIA → JAR. IKAT LONGGAR/KENDUR →

MGD JAR. LIMFATIS / TIDAK ATAU KOMBINASI;
SERABUT-SERABUT

MUSCULARIS MUCOSA → SEL OTOT POLOS &

SERABUT ELASTIS → KONTINYU → MEMISAHKAN LAP.
STRUKTUR UMUM SALURAN PENCERNAAN MUCOSA & SUB MUCOSA
67 68

67 68

LAPISAN MUSCULARIS EXTERNA / OTOT

LAPISAN SUB MUCOSA DIBANGUN O/ SEL-SEL OTOT POLOS >
JAR. IKAT KENDUR / LONGGAR TEBAL DRPD MUSCULARIS MUCOSA
BIASANYA DUA LAPISAN
TERDAPAT PEMBULUH DARAH; PLEXUS -STRATUM MUSCULARIS CIRCULARE INTERNA →
SYARAF AUERBACH;P.MEISSNER; DALAM
GANGLION PARASIMPATIS -STRATUM MUSCULARIS LONGITUDINALE
EXTERNA→ LUAR

BANYAK MGD SERABUT ELASTIN

 FUNGSI : GERAKAN PERISTALTIK →
MENDORONG MAKANAN; AKIBAT PENGARUH
SEBAGIAN KECIL SERABUT KOLAGEN PLEXUS SYARAF AUERBACH (YG TDP DI
ANTARA KEDUA JENIS OTOT INI); TDP
PEMBULUH DARAH & LIMFE (DALAM JAR. IKAT)
DIJUMPAI KELENJAR & JAR. LIMFOID ANTARA SUB LAPISAN OTOT
69 70

69 70

SEROSA / ADVENTITIA OESOPHAGUS

LAPISAN TIPIS TDD :
 *JAR. IKAT KENDUR → BANYAK
DIJUMPAI PEMBULUH DARAH &
JARINGAN LEMAK / ADIPOSA

*TERSUSUN OLEH SEL PIPIH SELAPIS →

MESOTHELIUM
*DIBANGUN O/ JAR. IKAT KENDUR → KE
PERMUKAAN DIBATASI MESOTHEL
*SALURAN PENCERNAAN DAPAT
MENGGANTUNG DALAM RONGGA → DG
ADANYA SELAPUT PENGGANTUNG
ORGAN VISCERA / JEROAN TSB
71 72

71 72

12
 09/10/2020

OESOPHAGUS ESOPHAGUS-STOMACH JUNCTION

Longitudinal section

 MUCOSA → EPITEL.B.B.PIPIH /SKUAMUS KOMPLEX

TIDAK MENANDUK
FUNGSI : U/ PROTEKSI THD KERUSAKAN DARI PENGARUH
MAKANAN YG MASIH KASAR STRUKTURNYA

→ JAR. IKAT KENDUR → MEMBENTUK PAPILLA KE DALAM JAR

EPITEL DI ATASNYA

→ KELENJAR CARDIA → TUBULER BERCABANG SEDERHANA→

SEKRETNYA BERSIFAT MUCUS → DIJUMPAI PD DAERAH DEKAT
KE LAMBUNG

→ MUSCULARIS MUCOSA → TDD KELOMPOK SEL OTOT POLOS,

TERSUSUN MEMANJANG → MAKIN KE ARAH POSTERIOR OTOT
POLOS MAKIN MRPK LAPISAN YG SEMPURNA

73 74

73 74

Scaning microscope’s views of oesophageal wall

Penampang Histologis Oesophagus
75 76

75 76

 SUB MUCOSA  MUSCULARIS (OTOT) EXTERNA

→MRPK JAR. IKAT KENDUR (ELASTIC)

→BILA OESOPHAGUS KOSONG → LAPISAN →TDD 3 LAPISAN TEBAL SEL OTOT :

MUCOSA & SUB MUCOSA MEMBENTUK *PD BAG DISTAL (CAUDAL) → OTOT POLOS
LIPATAN MEMANJANG PERMUKAAN → SHG
SAJA
LUMEN BERBENTUK STELAT
*PD BAG TENGAH →CAMPURAN OTOT LURIK
& POLOS
→PD LAPISAN SUB MUCOSA → KELENJAR
OESOPHAGEA → BERBENTUK *PD BAG PROXIMAL (CRANIAL) → OTOT
TUBULOALVEOLER BERCABANG MAJEMUK LURIK SAJA
→ TIDAK TERATUR SUSUNANNYA
→ MENGHASILKAN LENDIR / MUCUS

→RODENTIA & KUCING → TIDAK MEMILIKI

KELENJAR INI
77 78

77 78

13
 09/10/2020

ESOPHAGUS
Muscularis externa
 ADVENTITIA

→J -JAR. IKAT KENDUR → YG

BERHUBUNGAN DG ORGAN
LAIN DI SEKITAR
RONGGA ABDOMEN

-TDP JUGA PEMBULUH DARAH & SYARAF

PADA DAERAH PERALIHAN DG CARDIA TDP.

SPHINCTER CARDIACA

79 80

79 80

LAMBUNG
LAMBUNG
/ gaster / gaster
MRPK SEGMEN SALURAN PENCERNAAN MAKANAN
MEMBESAR SPT KANTUNG→
 SBG.RESERVOAR (DAYA TAMPUNG 1 – 1,5 LITER)
 MENAMBAH CAIRAN PD MAKANAN YG DIMAKAN,
 MENGUBAHNYA MENJADI BUBUR HOMOGEN YG LIAT
(CHYME)
 & MELANJUTKAN PROSES PENCERNAAN (3-4 JAM);
 MENGHASILKAN FAKTOR INTRINSIK YG BERPERAN U/
ABSORBSI VIT. B12;
 ABSORBSI SELEKTIF (AIR, GARAM, ALKOHOL, GULA,
BBRP OBAT)

81 82

81 82

TDP 3 DAERAH / REGION DG STRUKTUR

HISTOLOGI BERBEDA → DIDASARKAN
ATAS MACAM KELENJARNYA :

• CARDIA→DAERAH SEMPIT SESUDAH

OESOPHAGUS → KELENJAR CARDIA

• FUNDUS→MRPK DAERAH YG PALING

LUAS → KELENJAR FUNDUS

• PYLORUS→MRPK DAERAH SEMPIT →

BERHUBUNGAN DG DUODENUM →
KELENJAR PYLORUS
Scanning microscope’s views of gastric walls
83 84

83 84

14
 09/10/2020

STRUKTUR DINDING LAMBUNG

 SUB MUCOSA
 MUCOSA
→J.IKAT KENDUR, KASAR & VASKULER
→EPITEL.B.T.SILINDRIS→MASING-2 SEL YG
MEMBANGUN MENHASILKAN MUCUS→ EPITEL (PEMBULUH DARAH DI SINI BESAR-2)
LAMBUNG DISEBUT SBG EPITEL KELENJAR
FUNGSI : PROTEKSI KERUSAKAN FISK & CHEMIS
→MUCOSA & SUB MUCOSA → MEMBENTUK
→LAMINA PROPRIA→JAR. IKAT KENDUR DG
KELENJAR-2 LAMBUNGNYA; NODULUS PENINGGIAN/PELIPATAN→ MEMANJANG,
LYMPHATICUS TDP PD CARDIA & PYLORUS BERCABANG → RUGAE (BILA LAMBUNG
DISELINGI SEL-2 OTOT POLOS EMPTY)→ BILA LAMBUNG BERISI RUGAE
→MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE→DUA LAPISAN MENGHILANG
TIPIS→INNER CIRCULAR; OUTER / EXTERN
LONGITUDINAL

85 86

85 86

 MUSCULARIS EXTERNA → 3 LAPISAN

→SEBELAH DALAM TERSUSUN OBLIQUE /
SERONG MIRING

→SEBELAH TENGAH → MELINGKAR

→SEBELAH LUAR → MEMANJANG → curvatura

major & curvatura minor

PADA PERBATASAN PYLORUS & DUODENUM →

LAPISAN OTOT MIRING & MELINGKAR/SIRKULER
MENEBAL → sphincter pylorica
Histological features of gastric walls
87 88

87 88

Macam-macam kelenjar lambung :

KELENJAR CARDIA
BENTUK TUBULER BERCABANG
 KELENJAR CARDIA SEDERHANA/MAJEMUK
EPITEL→ SEL MUCUS/KELENJAR
 KELENJAR FUNDUS (INTI PIPIH,BASAL)→MENGHASILKAN
MUCUS,KADANG - KADANG ENZIM
EPITEL MEMBENTUK PENDALAMAN →
 KELENJAR PYLORUS KE LAPISAN LAMINA PROPRIA →
FAVEOLA GASTRICA / GASTRIC PIT
(SUMUR-SUMUR)

89 90

89 90

15
 09/10/2020

STOMACH→Fundus
KELENJAR FUNDUS / FUNDICA

BENTUK TUBULER BERCABANG

SEDERHANA→UJUNG AGAK
BERGELUNG→PANJANG DARI GASTRIC PIT = 1/3
x PANJANG KELENJAR

TERDAPAT MACAM-2 SEL PENYUSUN :

91 92

91 92

1/3 ATAS (PERMUKAAN) SEL MUCUS ISTHMUS : 1/3 BAWAH / BASAL :

-CHIEF CELLS / ZYMOGEN; SEL KECIL; DG PENGECATAN HE TERCAT VIOLET
TDP PD BAG ATAS KELENJAR, PD PERALIHAN LEHER & GASTRIC PIT
-HASIL SEKRESI ENZIM PEPSIN
→MENSEKRESI MUCUS NETRAL
-SEL PARIETAL
FUNGSI→PROTECT PERMUKAAN DARI ASAM →MEMBANGUN SEBAGIAN BESAR (CHIEF CELLS) KELENJAR→TDP BUTIR-2
-SEL EPITEL PERMUKAAN BENTUK KOLUMNER PROENZIM, PEPSINOGEN, RENIN & LYPASE (PD SITOPLASMA)
-SEL Parietal : sel besar, bentuk bulat/segitiga dg HE SITOPLASMA MERAH;
HASIL SEKRESI HCl
SEL PARIETAL (SEL OKSINTIK)→BENTUK MEMBULAT, INTI CENTRIS→1 –
2 BUAH; MENGHASILKAN ASAM HCl (DIDUGA); PD SITOPLASMA TDP
1/3 TENGAH / MUCUS NECK CELLS : CANALICULI→SEKRETORI
FUNGSI→MENGALIRKAN SEKRET

-TDP → DI DAERAH LEHER KELENJAR (INTI PIPIH)→DG PEWARNA

KHUSUS PAS POSITIF UNGU, MENGHASILKAN MUCUS;DG AgNO3 SEL ARGENTAFFIN→SEL ENTERO ENDOKRIN LEBIH BANYAK
COKLAT – HITAM DIDAPAT DI FUNDUS→DI ANTARA SEL ZYMOGEN
-SEL PARIETAL PEWARNA : GARAM PERAK → HITAM GARAM CHROM → COKLAT
FUNGSI→UNKNOWN
SEL-SEL LAINNYA : SEL ENTEROKHROMAFIN; ARGYROPHYL; SEL al
LAMBUNG/APUD; GLUCAGON; GASTRIN

93 94

93 94

STOMACH → Chief and parietal cells

Some names associated with the digestive system

follow: von Ebner was a nineteenth-century Vienna
histologist; Paneth, a nineteenth-century German
physician; Lieberkühn, an eighteenth -century
German anatomist; Brunner, a seventeen th-cen
tury Swiss anatomist; Meissner, a nineteenth-
century German anatomist, Auerbach, a
nineteenth-century German anatomist; Glisson, a
seventeenth -century English anatomist; von
Kupffer, a nineteenth-century German anatomist;
Schiff, a twentieth-century German chemist
working in Florence, and Zenker, a nineteenth-
century German pathologist.

95 96

95 96

16
 09/10/2020

Argentaffin Cells
K Jejunum, ileum Gastrin, inhibitory peptide Inhibits gastric acid secretion
Cell Location Product Function

L Jejunum, ileum, colon Glucagon-like Hepatic glycogenolysis substances

D Stomach, jejunum, ileum, colon Somatostatin Inhibition of other endocrine glands

Mo Jejunum, ileum Motilin Increases gut motility

D1 Stomach, jejunum, ileum, colon Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide Increases intestinal motility, ion, and water
secretion
N Ileum Neurotensin Myenteric plexus transmitter

EC Stomach, jejunum, appendix Serotonin, substance P Increased intestinal activity

P Stomach, jejunum Unknown Unknown

ECL Stomach Histamine Vasodilator, gastric secretion PP Stomach, colon Pancreatic polypeptide Pancreatic exocrine secretion

G Stomach, duodenum Gastrin Stimulates gastric secretion, S Jejunum, ilium Secretin Pancreatic and bile secretion
neurotransmitter

TG Jejunum C-terminal Neurotransmitter

GRP GI System Gastrin-releasing peptide Releases gastrin
gastrin
immunoreactivity

I Jejunum, ileum Cholecystokinin Pancreatic exocrine secretion, gallbladder X Stomach Unknown Unknown
contraction

97 98

97 98

INTESTINUM TENUE
KELENJAR PYLORUS USUS HALUS

BENTUK TUBULER BERCABANG SEDERHANA

PERCABANGAN LEBIH KOMPLEKS DRPD
KELENJAR FUNDUS→BAGIAN TUBULUS
BERGELUNG
DIBANGUN O/ SEL-2 MUCUS, DIDAPATKAN
BBRP SEL ARGENTAFFIN
SEKRESI : MUKUS, ENZIM DAN HCl
Pd. Manusia terbentuk enzim melalui tiga tingkat produksi :
FASE SEFALIK→diproduksi begitu mata melihat makanan
FASE GASTRIK→ -IDEM- mkn. Sampai di lambung
FASE INTESTINAL→-IDEM-mkn. Sampai di intestinum

99 100

99 100

DUODENUM AND JEJUNUM → Cross section

INTESTINUM TENUE
USUS HALUS

 DUODENUM → VILI BENTUK SPT DAUN, PANJANG

25 – 30 CM, BTK MAKRO SPT.TAPAL KUDA, DI TENGAHNYA
TDP CAPUT PANKREAS

 JEJUNUM → VILI BENTUK SPT JARI; 2/5 DARI

PANJANG KESELURUHAN INTESTINUM TENUE

 ILEUM → VILI BENTUK SPT GADA; ½ DARI PANJANG

KESELURUHAN
Human, 40% formalin, H. & E., 50 x.
101 102

101 102

17
 09/10/2020

DUODENUM → villus DUODENUM → Villi

Helly's fluid, Mallory's stain, 162 x.

103 104

103 104

LAMINA PROPRIA → Duodenum

DUODENUM

105 106

105 106

DUODENUM → Intestinal gland lamina propria

VASCULARISASI PADA VILLI

Human, 10% formalin-Zenker fixation, H. & E., 612 x.

107 108

107 108

18
 09/10/2020

JEJUNUM → Cross section JEJUNUM

Human, 10% formalin, H. & E., 612 x.

109 110

109 110

DUODENUM AND JEJUNUM

Submucosa Lapisan penyusun usus halus
MUCOSA → MEMBENTUK VILLUS (MRPK PENONJOLAN KE
ARAH LUMEN) → TDD EPITEL B.T.SILINDRIS
→ LAMINA PROPRIA→JAR.IKAT LONGGAR
**EPITEL :→ SEL BER “STRIATED BORDER”
→ SEL GOBLET
→ SEL ARGENTAFFIN
 **LAMINA PROPRIA→
• KAPILER DARAH & LIMFE
• CENTRAL LACTEAL (KAPILER LYMFE YG MELEBAR)
• OTOT POLOS → PERCABANGAN MUSCULARIS MUCOSA
• NODULI LIMFATICUS→BESAR→MENEMBUS SUB MUCOSA PD
ILEUM→PEYER’S PATCH (NODULUS LIMFATICUS
GROUP)→20 –30 KELOMPOK
•CRYPT of LIEBERKUHN→PENDALAMAN EPITEL KE SUB
MUCOSA MEMBENTUK KELENJAR
Human, 10% formalin, H. & E., 162 x.
111 112

111 112

JEJUNUM
Muscularis mucosae submucosal
plexus of Meissner

Cat, 10% formalin, H. & E., 612 x

113 114

113 114

19
 09/10/2020

MUCOSA → Surface view

Human, 10% formalin, A., B., C., carmine stain, D., unstained, 10 x.
115 116

115 116

ILEUM → Peyer's patches

 SEL-SEL CRYPT :
- SEL BER STRIATED BORDER
- SEL GOBLET
- SEL ARGENTAFFIN→ mensekresi serotonin
- SEL PANETH

ENZIM PD CRYPT :
- EREPSIN → MEMECAH PROTEIN → ASAM AMINO
- ENTEROKINASE TRYPSINOGEN → TRYPSIN
- LIPASE→MEMECAH LEMAK→GLYSEROL(AS.LEMAK)
-NUCLEASE→PD. AS.NUCLEAT DR. NUCLEOPROTEIN
-LAKTASE,MALTASE,INVERTASE→MEMECAH KARBOHIDRAT→GULA
SEDERHANA

Human, 10% formalin, H. & E., 20 x.

117 118

117 118

MUSCULARIS MUCOSA→2 LAPISAN OTOT POLOS TIPIS

SUB MUCOSA →
-SUB MUCOSA & MUCOSA MEMBENTUK PLICAE CIRCULARIS /
VALVE of KERCKRING / VALVULA COMMINENTES (LIPATAN-2 YG
ARAHNYA MIRING & MELINGKAR→ SEJAJAR SATU SAMA LAIN FUNGSI INTESTINUM TENUE
MENJADI LIPATAN PERMANEN.
•MENGALIRKAN MAKANAN
-TDP. KELENJAR SUBMUCOSAL BRUNERRI→KHAS HANYA •MENERUSKAN PENCERNAAN
TDP.PD.DUODENUM→SEGERASETELAHLAMBUNG→MENGHASIL
KAN MUCUS→TUBULER BERCABANG MAJEMUK •ABSORBSI → YG SUDAH DICERNA

MUSCULARIS →STRATUM MUSCULARIS CIRCULARE

INTERNA
→STRATUM MUSCULARIS LONGITUDINALE EXTERNA

SEROSA / ADVENTITIA → JAR IKAT + MESOTHEL (SEL

PIPIH SELAPIS)

119 120

119 120

20
 09/10/2020

USUS KASAR LAPISAN PENYUSUN

INTESTINUM CRASSUM MUCOSA
→ EPITEL.B.T. SILINDRIS
 CAECUM →LAMINA PROPRIA
→BANYAK CRYPT of LIEBERKUHN (SEL STRISTED BORDER; SEL GOBLET; SEL
 APPENDIX ARGENTAFFIN; SEL PANETH)
→NODULI LYMPHATICUS BANYAK JUMLAHNYA & BESAR
 COLON UKURANNYA→DAPAT MENEMBUS SAMPAI MUSCULARIS
→MUCOSA→MASUK SUB MUCOSA
 RECTUM →MUSCULARIS MUCOSA MRPK LAPISAN DISKONTINYU

**PADA USUS KASAR→MULAI CAECUM S/D

(TERPUTUS-PUTUS)

RECTUM→VILLI SUDAH TIDAK

SUB MUCOSA → MRPK LAPISAN LEBAR (PD APPENDIX)
DIJUMPAI →CRYPT of LIEBERKUHN
MASIH ADA MUSCULARIS EXTERNA → LAPISAN TIPIS
SEROSA → DARI JAR. IKAT & MESOTHEL (NOT OBVIOUS

121 122

121 122

CAECUM & COLON

MUCOSA
 EPITEL B.T.SILINDRIS (GOBLET & STRIATED)
CRYPT of LIEBERKUHN→DIHUNI SEL-2 GOBLET
 LAMINA PROPRIA→LAPISAN TIPIS→DI ANTARA CRYPT of
LIEBERKUHN YG RAPAT-2
→ NODULI LYMPHATICUS→SOLITER→TEMBUS SUB MUCOSA

→ muscularis mucosa (muscularis)→tidak kontinyu

→ SUB MUCOSA→ JAR. IKAT KENDUR
→ MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
→→SIRKULER (SEBELAH DALAM)→ membentuk Sphincter ani yg seb.
Luarnya dibentuk o/ musculus Levator ani
→→LONGITUDINAL (TERSUSUN 3 KELOMPOK→ TENDINAE COLLI

→S E R O S A → JAR IKAT KENDUR (DILIPUTI MESOTHEL)

→ PD LAPISAN SEROSA COLON→TDP LAPISAN JARINGAN LEMAK
YG BERKELOMPOK-KELOMPOK→APPENDICES EPIPLOICAE

123 124

123 124

COLON APPENDIX

Human, 10% formalin, H. & E., 50 x.

Human, 10% formalin, H. & E., 162 x.
125 126

125 126

21
 09/10/2020

VERMIFORM APPENDIX RECTUM

MUCOSA
→ EPITEL B.T. SILINDRIS→SEBAGIAN BESAR SEL GOBLET→TRTM PD
CRYPT of LIEBERKUHN DIHUNI SEL-2 GOBLET
→ CRYPT of LIEBERKUHN MAKIN KE ARAH ANUS→MAIN PENDEK
MEMBENTUK LIPATAN-2 MELINGKAR→PLICAE
TRANSVERSAL DI DAERAH DEKAT ANUS→MEMBENTUK
LIPATAN MEMANJANG→RECTAL COLUMN of MORGAGNI

MUSCULARIS MUCOSA
→HANYA TDP PD rectal column of Morgani → PD 2 CM SEBELAH
ANUS→EPITEL B.T.SILINDRIS→BERUBAH→EPITEL.B.B.PIPIH

PD ANUS TERDAPAT : * KELENJAR KERINGAT

*KELENJAR MINYAK
*KELENJAR CIRCUMANAL
(MODIFIKASI DR KELENJAR KERINGAT

Human, 10% formalin, H. & E., 107 x.

127 128

127 128

RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL

FUNGSI USUS KASAR

•ABSORBSI AIR
•MENGHASILKAN MUCUS (BUKAN ENZIM)→DGNK SBG
PENYEMIR / LUBRIKASI DR DINDING USUS
•PEMBUANGAN SISA MAKANAN (FAECES)

129 130

129 130

22