Department Of Orthodontics

1)All of the following are considered functional appliances EXCEPT, which one is not a functional
appliance?

A. Frankel
B. Clark's twin block
C. Herbst
D. Activator
E. Quad-helix

2) A headgear appliance is used for:

A. Anchorage
B. Traction
C. Both anchorage and traction
D. Neither anchorage or traction

3) Headgear is an orthopedic appliance that allows orthodontists to:

A. Control growth of facial structures

B. Use various designs (cervical pull, straight pull, high pull, and reverse pull)
C. Use with growing patients
D. All of the above

4) The 4 basic components of fixed appliance include bands, brackets, arch wires, and auxiliaries.

A. True
B. False

5) Indication/s for removable appliances:

A. Retention after comprehensive treatment

B. Limited tipping movements
C. Growth modification during the mixed dentition
D. All of the above

6) An active finger spring of a removable appliance usually touches the tooth with a point contact.
What is the most likely type of tooth movement produced in this situation?

A. Tipping
B. Extrusion
C. Intrusion
D. Translation

7) The mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar falls approximately between the mandibular first
molar and the second premolar, which type of angel’s classification is it?

pg. 1 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
 A. Class I
B. Class III
C. Class II

8) A concave profile is associated with a Class Ill occlusion.

It is also termed as a retrognathic profile

A. Both statements are true

B. Both statements are false
C. The first statement is true, the second is false
D. The first statement is false, the second is true

9) A bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion means that in both jaws the teeth are protruded.

A. True
B. False

10) Which of the following terms can be used to describe a Class II malocclusion?

A. Retrognathism only
B. Overbite only
C. Underbite only
D. Overbite or retrognathism
E. Underbite or prognathism

11) The existence of a forward shift of the mandible during closure to avoid incisor interference is
found in:

A. True" class Ill malocclusions

B. "Pseudo" class Ill malocclusions
C. "Sunday bite"
D. All of the above

12) The most common cause of Class I malocclusion is:

A. An abnormal frenum
B. Uneven growth of the arches
C. Mandibular incisor crowding
D. Discrepancy between tooth size and supporting bone

13) Pathologic occlusion it is an occlusion that adapts to the stress of function and can be maintained
indefinitely.

A. True
B. False

14) All of the following are generalized causes of failure of tooth eruption or delayed tooth eruption
EXCEPT, which one is the exception?

A. Hereditary gingival fibromatosis

pg. 2 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
 B. Down syndrome
C. Rickets
D. Hyperparathyroidism

15) The localized causes of failure of eruption or the delayed eruption of the teeth include:

A. Congenital absence
B. Lack of space in the arch (crowding)
C. Supernumerary teeth
D. Dilacerated roots
E. All of the above

16) A sucking habit that is stopped prior to mixed dentition has not been shown to lead to
malocclusion.

A. True
B. False

17) The negative pressure created within the mouth during sucking is the causes of the maxillary
constriction. It is not the force from the buccinator muscles that does.

A. True
B. False

18) Overbite is the vertical overlapping of the maxillary anterior teeth over the mandibular anterior
teeth.

Overjet is the horizontal projection of the maxillary anterior teeth beyond the mandibular anterior
teeth.

A. Both statements are true

B. Both statements are false
C. The first statement is true, the second is false
D. The first statement is false, the second is true

19) Functional Appliances are classified into tissue born and tooth born, which of the following is the
only tissue born functional appliances?

A. Bionator
B. Clark's twin block
C. Herbst
D. None of the above

20) Major components of a removable appliance includes:

A. Retentive component
B. Acrylic base plate
C. Active component
D. Anchorage component
E. All of the following

pg. 3 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
21) An example of a maxillary permanent central incisor in crossbite is shown. In order to treat this
condition properly, the dentist should do what?

A. Do nothing until all permanent teeth have erupted

B. Surgically reposition the central incisor
C. Correct the condition immediately with a simple
appliance
D. Place a maxillary expander

22) Class II elastics (intermaxillary):

A. Used tor traction between teeth and groups of teeth within the same arch.
B. Usually are worn from a tooth in the anterior part of the maxilla (i.e., the permanent canine) to
a tooth located in the posterior part of the mandible
C. Usually are worn from a tooth in the posterior part of the maxilla (i.e., the permanent first
molar) to a tooth located in the anterior part of the mandible
D. Are worn from the lingual of one or more maxillary teeth to the buccal of one or more teeth in
the mandible to help correct crossbites.

23) Class III elastics Used to improve the overjet in an edge-to-edge or anterior crossbite situation.

A. True
B. False

24) Cervical-pull headgear are used for:

A. Class II, Division 1 malocclusions

B. Class II malocclusions with deep bite.
C. Class Ill malocclusions
D. Class II malocclusions, with increased vertical dimension and minimal overbite.

25) The leeway space is:

A. More in maxilla than mandible

B. More in mandible than maxilla
C. Equal in maxilla and mandible
D. None of the above

26)” Adenoid facies” is associated with:

A. Thumb sucking
B. Tongue thrusting
C. Mouth breathing
D. Is a congenital anomaly

27)Supernumerary teeth may give rise to:

A. Delayed eruption of the teeth

B. Malocclusion
C. Dentigerous cyst

pg. 4 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
 D. All of the above

28) The cause of pseudo class III malocclusion is:

A. Developmental deficiency
B. Increased mandibular growth
C. Functional shift
D. Hormonal disturbances

29) Ugly duckling stage effects:

A. Maxillary anterior teeth

B. Mandibular anterior teeth
C. Both mandibular and maxillary teeth
D. Cause decrease in vertical height

30) Malocclusion characterized by retroclined central and proclined lateral incisors:

A. Class II division II
B. Class II division I
C. Class III
D. Class I

31) Cells responsible for bone resorption during orthodontic movement of the teeth are:

A. Osteoblasts
B. Odontoclasts
C. Osteoclasts
D. None of the above

32)” Chin cup” are helpful in treatment of:

A. Class I malocclusion
B. Class III malocclusion
C. Reverse crossbites
D. Class II division II malocclusion

33) During orthodontic movement of maxillary central incisor, center of rotation is present at apex it
shows:

A. Controlled tipping
B. Uncontrolled tipping
C. Translation
D. Intrusion

34) An expansion appliance made with an expansion screw is an example:

A. Simple anchorage
B. Reciprocal anchorage
C. Multiple anchorage
D. Reinforced anchorage

pg. 5 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
35) Anchorage obtained from the shape of the neck represents:

A. Occipital anchorage
B. Cervical anchorage
C. Facial anchorage
D. Parietal anchorage

36) The simplest form of orthodontic movement is:

A. Tipping
B. Rotation
C. Bodily movement
D. Intrusion
E. Extrusion

37) The most effective retention for removable appliance:

A. Adam clasp
B. Finger spring
C. Pin-head clasp
D. Labial bow

38) As age advances the human profile generally

A. Remain the same

B. Increases in convexity
C. Decreases in convexity
D. Decreases in concavity

39) The term overjet in orthodontics refers to:

A. Horizontal relationship between maxillary and mandibular incisors (about 2mm)

B. Vertical overlap of maxillary and mandibular incisors (about 3-4 mm)
C. Horizontal relationship between maxillary and mandibular incisors (about 8.5 mm)
D. Vertical overlap labially of maxillary incisors over mandibular incisors (normally about 33% )

40) Pseudo-anodontia is a term used to describe:

A. Peg-shaped teeth
B. Total absence of teeth
C. Teeth present but do not erupt
D. Partial absence of teeth

41) Thumb sucking in children over 4 years of age my lead to

A. Open bite
B. Open bite with retruded mandible
C. Open bite with protrusion of maxillary teeth
D. All of the above

pg. 6 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
42) Malocclusion may lead to:

A. Dental decay
B. Periodontal problem
C. TMJ disfunction
D. All of the above

43)The methods of separating of posterior teeth in orthodontics is:

A. Use of brass wire

B. Separating spring
C. Elastomeric
D. All of the above

44) The following is not a component of fixed appliance:

A. Bands
B. Brackets
C. Adams clasp
D. Open hellicle

45) Cephalometry was introduced in 1934 by:

A. Hofrath in Germany
B. Broadbend in USA
C. Both of above introduced it simultaneously
D. None of the above

46) type of force used in a patient activated appliance is?

A. Interrupted
B. Intermittent
C. Continuous Interrupted
D. Continuous Intermittent

47) 11 year old girl showed at your privet practice with flared upper incisors, after thorough clinical
examination, findings were severe crowding, narrow maxilla and horizontally impacted canines, your
treatment option will be:

A. Maxillary expansion, creating space for canines followed by orthodontic extrusion.

B. surgical extraction of canines followed by fixed orthodontic treatment
C. Applying slow maxillary expansion, with surgical extrusion of both canines.
D. Extraction of 4s and surgical exposure with fixed orthodontic traction of both canines

48) The most common malocclusion is:

A. Class I malocclusion.
B. Class II malocclusion.
C. Class III malocclusion.
D. Open Bite malocclusion.

pg. 7 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
49) Children with primary dentition most often present with:

A. Increased overbite.
B. Reduced overbite.
C. Open bite.
D. Ideal overbite

50) A patient with the maxillary 1st permanent molar mesiobuccal cusp sitting distal to the buccal
groove of the Mandibular 1st molar has which type of malocclusion?

A. Class I.
B. Class II division I
C. Class II division II
D. Class III

51) An adult patient with a class II molar relationship and a cephalometric ANB angle of 2 degree has
which type of malocclusion?

A- Class II dental malocclusion.

B- Class II skeletal malocclusion.
C- Class I dental malocclusion.
D- Class I skeletal malocclusion.

52) Class II elastics are used by stretching an elastic between which of the following points:

A. from posterior to the anterior within the maxillary arch.

B. From posterior to the anterior within the Mandibular arch.
C. From posterior of the maxillary arch to the anterior of the Mandibular arch.
D. From the posterior of the Mandibular arch to the anterior of the maxillary arch

53) When Class III elastic are used, the maxillary 1st molars will:

A. Move distally and intrude.

B. Move mesially and extrude.
C. Move mesially and intrude.
D. Move only mesially , there will be no movement in vertical direction.

54) When using a cervical-pull headgear, the forces generated on the maxillary 1 st molar cause this
tooth to move in which of the following ways:

A. Mesially and to extrude.

B. Distally and to extrude.
C. Mesially and to intrude.
D. Distally and to intrude.

55) The displacement of tooth from the socket in the direction of eruption is referred to as:

A. Tipping.
B. Translation.
C. Extrusion.

pg. 8 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
 D. Intrusion.

56) All of the following are fixed orthodontic appliance except:

A. Lingual arch wire.

B. Edgewise mechanism.
C. Rapid palatal expander.
D. Frankel’s appliance

pg. 9 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
Q1) E

Quad-helix

***The quad-helix is a fixed appliance that consists of 4 helices (2 anterior and 2 posterior). Essentially,
this appliance is used for posterior cross-bite cases with a digital-sucking habit.

Functional appliances arc by definition ones that change the posture of the mandible, holding it open or
open and forward. Stretch of the muscles and soft tissues creates pressures transmitted to the dental
and skeletal structures, moving teeth and modifYing growth. They are used to treat Class II
malocclusions.

Functional Appliances (in brief) - Classified as:

• Tissue borne: The Frankel fimctional appliance is the only tissue borne functional appliance, which
serves to expand the arch by "padding" against the pressure of the lips and cheeks on the teeth and
postures the mandible forward and downward.

• Tooth borne:

• Activator: advances the mandible to an edge-to-edge position to induce mandibular growth for the
correction of Class II malocclusion. The maxillary teeth are prevented from erupting by the acrylic shelf
while mandibular posterior teeth are free to empt. This improves the deep bite seen in Class II cases.

• Bionator: similar to the activator in function but its design is a trimmed-down version of the activator
to make it more comfortable to wear.

• Herbst appliance: it can be fixed or partially removable. A metal rod and a tube-telescopic apparatus is
attached bilaterally to the maxillary first molars and mandibular first premolars. This helps to posture
the mandible forward and induce growth. Jasper modified the appliance by replacing the telescopic
apparatus with a flexible plastic open coil spring.

• Twin block appliance: the two-piece acrylic appliance postures the mandible forward with help of
occlusally inclined guiding planes and bite blocks. The vertical separation ofthe jaws is also configured by
the height of the bite blocks. It postures the mandible forward to induce growth for correction of Class II
malocclusions.

pg. 10 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
Q2) C

Both anchorage and traction

*** Anchorage is used to maintain space. Traction is used to create space.

Headgear is used to modify growth of the maxilla, to distalize (retract) or protract maxillary teeth, or to
reinforce anchorage.

Headgear is an orthopedic appliance that allows orthodontists to:

• Control growth of facial structures

• Use various designs (cervical pull, straight pull, high pull, and reverse pull)

• Use with growing patients

Headgear components:

• Force applied to first molars that are banded via a facebow with a headcap or a necks trap for
anchorage

• Facebow: Outer bow - different lengths Inner bow - sized, connects to the maxillary molars

• Headstraps: Cervical and high pull

Optimal usage of headgear:

• Worn regularly for I 0-12 hours per day, minimum is 8 hours per day

• Normally, orthodontists suggest 14 hours/day

• Growth hormone released in the early evening

• Ideal to place headgear after dinner not before bedtime

Magnitude of Force:

• Ideal amount of force for orthopedic changes is 250-450 gm per side

• Ideal amount offorcc for teeth movement is 100-200 gm per side

• Most movement through intermittent forces

• Hyalinized bone around molars

• Mobility of molars is normal

pg. 11 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
Q3) D

All of the above

Q4) A

True

Fixed orthodontic appliances offer controlled tooth movement in all 3 planes of space. Examples include:
lingual archwire, fixed space maintainers, palate-separating devices, the edgewise mechanism, light-wire
appliances as well as other fixed appliances (i.e., twin-wire appliance, universal appliance).

Important: Removable orthodontic appliances are generally restricted to tipping teeth. Examples include:

• Attached removable appliances

1. Active appliances

• Extra-oral traction devices: head gears, face masks, chin cups • Lip bumpers • Active plates: Schwartz
appliance, anterior spring aligners

• Vacuum formed appliances

2. Passive appliances

• Bite planes, occlusal splints, retainers

• Loose removable appliances: functional appliances, functional jaw orthopedic appliances

1. For an orthodontic appliance to be effective in translating the roots of teeth, it must be capable of
exerting a torque.

2. Remember: The 4 basic components of fixed appliance include: bands, brackets, archwires, and
auxiliaries (elastics or ligatures to hold the archwire in brackets).

3. Whip-spring appliances are used to de-rotate one or two teeth.

4. One of the easiest movements to accomplish is tipping incisors mesially.

Q5) D

All of the above

Major components of a removable appliance:

I. Retentive component: retains the appliance in function: consist of various clasps. The best example is
Adam's crib.

2. A framework or baseplate: usually acrylic. This provides anchorage.

3. Tooth-moving elements: typically, either springs or screws.

pg. 12 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
4. Anchorage component: resists force of active components (e.g., Acrylic base-plate). 5. Active
components or tooth moving components: springs, screws or elastics.

Indications for removable appliances:

• Retention after comprehensive treatment

• Limited tipping movements

• Growth modification during the mixed dentition

Q6) A

Tipping

The best method for tipping maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth is with finger springs. These finger
springs are attached to a removable appliance. The most common problems associated with these
simple removable appliances are lack of patient cooperation, poor design leading to lack of retention,
and improper activation. An undesirable common side effect of a finger spring is the tendency for the
root apex to move in the direction opposite from the crown.

Z-springs can also be used but they deliver excessively heavy forces and lack range of motion.

Important: Maxillary incisor rotation is not commonly treated during the stage of mixed dentition. It is
best treated after all permanent teeth have erupted (early permanent dentition). This is usually
accomplished with a simple removable appliance. However, if the incisor is in cross-bite, it should be
corrected as soon as possible (while it is erupting).

Q7) B

Class III

Class I: Neutrocclusion Here the molar relationship of the occlusion is normal or as described for the
maxillary first molar, but the other teeth have problems like spacing, crowding, over or under eruption.

class II: Distocclusion (retrognathism, overjet, overbite) In this situation, the mesiobuccal cusp of the
upper first molar is not aligned with the mesiobuccal groove of the lower first molar. Instead it is
anterior to it. Usually the mesiobuccal cusp rests in between the first mandibular molars and second
premolars. There are two subtypes:

Class II Division 1: The molar relationships are like that of Class II and the anterior teeth are protruded.

Class II Division 2: The molar relationships are Class II but the central are retroclined and the lateral
teeth are seen overlapping the centrals.

Class III: Mesiocclusion (prognathism, Anterior crossbite, negative overjet, underbite) In this case the
upper molars are placed not in the mesiobuccal groove but posteriorly to it. The mesiobuccal cusp of the
maxillary first molar lies posteriorly to the mesiobuccal groove of the mandibular first molar. Usually

pg. 13 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
seen as when the lower front teeth are more prominent than the upper front teeth. In this case the
patient very often has a large mandible or a short maxillary bone.

Q8) C

The first statement is true, the second is false

A concave profile is also termed prognathic. Although the maxilla can be termed prognathic and/or
retrognathic, when no clarification is given these terms refer to the mandible.

1. An orthognathic profile is one in which the nose, lips and chin are harmoniously related. This
relationship is usually accompanied by a Class I dental occlusion.

2. A prognathic profile is one in which the mandible is markedly forward of the maxilla giving a concave
midfacial appearance. This is often indicative of a Class III malocclusion. The maxillary incisors will most
likely be tipped lingually.

3. A retrognathic profile is one in which there is a protruding upper lip or the appearance of a recessive
mandible and chin, or convex profile. The convexity is due to the relative prominence of the maxilla
compared to the mandible. The mandibular incisors will most likely be tipped forward. This relationship
is usually accompanied by a Class II malocclusion.

4. As children mature their profiles become less convex.

5. Speech is affected in severe malocclusions along with other oral functions (i.e., swallowing and
mastication). For example, patients with a skeletal Class III malocclusion sometimes have difficulty
pronouncing "f' and "v" sounds.

Q9) A

True

Q10) D

Overbite or retrognathism

Q11) B

"Pseudo" class Ill malocclusions

Mesio-occlusion (Class Ill malocclusion) is an anteroposterior dentoalveolar relationship characterized by

a more anterior position of the mandibular dentition compared to the maxillary dentition. Clinically, there
are two types of mesio-occlusion.

The first type is considered to be a positional form, as a result of a mesial displacement of the mandible
into an anterior position and has been named in a different ways (pseudo, functional or apparent).

pg. 14 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
 The other form of mesio-occlusion is a true skeletal Class III. The characteristics of this malocclusion result
from a combination of skeletal and dentoalveolar features

The "Sunday bite" is a term given to the forward postural position of the mandible which is adopted by
people with Class II profiles in an effort to improve their esthetics.

Q12) D

Discrepancy between tooth size and supporting bone

The most common cause of Class I malocclusion is a discrepancy between tooth structure and the
amount of supporting bone (length). Perhaps the most prevalent characteristic of Class I malocclusion is
crowding (i.e., insufficient alveolar arch length to accommodate all teeth in ideal alignment and in a
good sagittal position).

When a diagnosis is made that crowding does exist and this crowding exceeds 4 mm in the mandibular
arch, extractions are often required to attain an excellent, stable result. However, the decision whether
to extract teeth depends greatly on a space analysis performed on the mandible. The patient should be
referred to the orthodontist for this analysis.

In general:

• When the space lacking is less than 4 mm, in most cases it can be obtained by carefully stripping some
interproximal enamel from each of the anterior teeth

• A space deficiency exceeding 4 mm usually indicates extraction for correction of the malocclusion

Q13) B

False

I. Physiologic occlusion: although not necessarily an ideal or Class I occlusion, it is an occlusion that
adapts to the stress of function and can be maintained indefinitely.

2. Pathologic occlusion: cannot function without contributing to it's own destruction. It may manifest
itself by any combination of: excessive wear of the teeth without sufficient compensatory
mechanisms,TMJ problems, pulpal changes ranging from pulpitis to necrosis and periodontal changes.

3. Tooth movement caused by pathologic conditions is termed pathologic tooth movement.

Q14) D

Hyperparathyroidism

Q15) E

All of the above

pg. 15 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
The generalized eruption failure or "primary failure of eruption" is caused by the failure of the eruption
mechanism itself. Bone resorption proceeds normally, but involved teeth simply do not follow the path
that has been cleared. The involved teeth do not erupt spontaneously and are not amenable to any
orthodontic recourse. This condition is rare.

The localized causes of failure of eruption or the delayed eruption of the teeth include:

• Congenital absence

• Abnormal position of the crypt

• Lack of space in the arch (crowding)

• Supernumerary teeth

• Dilacerated roots

Q16) A

True

Q17) B

False

1. A sucking habit that is stopped prior to mixed dentition has not been shown Notes to lead to
malocclusion.

2. The negative pressure created within the mouth during sucking is not what causes the maxillary
constriction. It is the force from the buccinator muscles that does.

pg. 16 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
Q18) A

Both statements are true

This is a common layperson mistake. Overjet is in the anterior-posterior dimension, whereas overbite is
in the vertical direction.

Overbite is the vertical overlapping of the maxillary anterior teeth over the mandibular anterior teeth.
Overbite is generally in the range of 10% to 20%
but can vary up to 50%.

Overbite {deep bite)

Overjet is the horizontal projection of the maxillary anterior teeth beyond the mandibular anterior teeth
(labial axial inclination of the ma.;r:illary incisors).
Normal overjet is 23mm.

Overjet

Q19) D

None of the above

Q20) E

All of the following

Major components of a removable appliance:

I. Retentive component: retains the appliance in function: consist of various clasps. The best example is
Adam's crib.

2. A framework or baseplate: usually acrylic. This provides anchorage.

3. Tooth-moving elements: typically either springs or screws.

pg. 17 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
4. Anchorage component: resists force of active components (e.g., Acrylic base-plate).

5. Active components or tooth moving components: springs, screws or elastics.

Q21) C

Correct the condition immediately with a simple appliance

Ideally, this anterior erossbite should be corrected before it reached the occlusal plane (while it was
erupting). The most probable etiologic factor for this happening is prolonged retention of the primary
maxillary incisors.

Cross-elastics from the maxillary lingual to the mandibular labial can be used to cotTect a single-tooth
crossbite. A maxillaty removable appliance can also be used. When elastics are used to move teeth they
should be attached directly to the appliance components.

Anterior crossbite, particularly cross bite of the incisors, is rarely found in children who do not have a
skeletal Class Ill jaw relationship. A crossbite relationship of one or two anterior teeth, however, may
develop in a child who has good facial proportions. The maxillary lateral incisors tend to erupt to the
lingual and may become trapped in that location, especially in the presence of severe crowding. In this
situation, extracting the adjacent primary canines usually leads to spontaneous correction of the
crossbite. It is important to evaluate the space siruation before attempting to correct any anterior
crossbite. If enough space is available to accomplish the movement, a maxillary removable appliance is
usually the best mechanism to correct a simple anterior cross

Q22) B

Usually are worn from a tooth in the anterior part of the maxilla (i.e., the permanent canine) to a
tooth located in the posterior part of the mandible.

Elastics are available as rubber bands, elastic thread, and formed shapes for specific purposes. They are
used to move teeth, to ligate arch wires to brackets, for intermaxillary traction, and for separation.
Elastics are always attached to brackets and arch wires, never around a naked tooth.

Class I elastics (intramaxillary): used tor traction between teeth and groups of teeth within the same
arch.

• Class II elastics (intermaxillary): usually are worn from a tooth in the anterior part of the maxilla (i.e.,
the permanent canine) to a tooth located in the posterior part of the mandible (i.e., first permanent
maim). Used to correct Class II malocclusion.

• Class III elastics (intermaxillary): usually are worn from a tooth in the posterior part of the maxilla (i.e.,
the permanent first molar) to a tooth located in the anterior part of the mandible (i.e., permanent
canine ). Used to improve the overjet in an edge-to-edge or anterior crossbite situation.

• Cross bite elastics: are worn from the lingual of one or more maxillary teeth to the buccal of one or
more teeth in the mandible to help correct crossbites.

pg. 18 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
Q23) A

True

Q24) B

Class II malocclusions with deep bite.

Cervical-pull headgear consists of a cervical neck strap (as anchorage) and a standard facebow inserting
into the headgear tubes of the maxillary first molar attachments. The objectives of treatment with these
types of headgear arc to restrict anterior growth of the maxilla and to distalize and erupt maxillary
molars. A major disadvantage of treatment using cervical headgear is possible extrusion of the maxillary
molars. Likely results include: opening the bite, first molars will move distally and forward growth of the
maxilla will decrease. Indications: Class II malocclusions with deep bite.

Q25) B

More in mandible than maxilla

Important:

l. The primary anterior teeth (incisors and canines) are narrower than their permanent successors
mesiodistally.

2. The primary molars are wider than their permanent successors mesiodistally.

*** This size difference has clinical significance. The difference is called the leeway space.

The mandibular leeway space averages about 2.5 mm on each side while the maxillary leeway space
averages about 1.5 mm on each side. The important factor is that some space will be available in the
posterior part of the mouth. This leeway space serves to at least accommodate the permanent canines,
which are generally larger than the primary canines.

During the canine-premolar transition period, the permanent first molars generally move mesially into
the leeway space after the primary second molars are shed, thus causing a loss in arch length. Note: This
is referred to as "the late mesial shift of a permanent first molar."

Q26) C

Mouth breathing

"adenoids" which lead to mouth breathing, cannot be indicted with certainty as an etiologic agent of a
long-face pattern of malocclusion because studies show that the majority of the long-face population
have no nasal obstructio

pg. 19 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
Q27) D

All of the above

Q28) C

Functional shift

Different etiological factors have been suggested in pseudo-Class Ill malocclusion:

Dental factors:

• Ectopic eruption of maxillary central incisors

• Premature loss of deciduous molars

Functional factors:

• Anomalies in tongue position

• Neuromuscular features

• Naso-respiratory or airway problems

Skeletal factors:

• Minor transverse maxillary discrepancy

Q29) A

Maxillary anterior teeth

On occasion, the permanent incisors "spread out" due to spacing. This is referred to as the "ugly
duckling stage" of development. With the eruption of the permanent canines, the spaces often will
close. As a general guideline, a maxillary central diastema of 2 mm or less will probably close
spontaneously, while total closure of a diastema initially greater than 2 mm is unlikely.

Q30) A

Class II division II

Q31) C

Osteoclasts

pg. 20 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
Q32) B

Class III malocclusion

Chin cup (chin cap): are devices to utilize extra-oral traction to restrain or alter mandibular growth.
Indications: Class III malocclusions (due to excessive mandibular growth).

Q33) A

Controlled tipping

Q34) B

Reciprocal anchorage

Q35) B

Cervical anchorage

Cervical-pull headgear consists of a cervical neck strap (as anchorage) and a standard facebow inserting
into the headgear tubes of the maxillary first molar attachments. The objectives of treatment with these
types of headgear arc to restrict anterior growth of the maxilla and to distalize and erupt maxillary molars.
A major disadvantage of treatment using cervical headgear is possible extrusion of the maxillary molars.
Likely results include: opening the bite, first molars will move distally and forward growth of the maxilla
will decrease. Indications: Class II malocclusions with deep bite.

Q36) A

Tipping

Q37) A

Adam clasp

Q38) C

Decreases in convexity

Q39) A

Horizontal relationship between maxillary and mandibular incisors (about 2mm)

pg. 21 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
Q40) C

Teeth present but do not erupt

Q41) D

All of the above

Q42) D

All of the above

Q43) D

All of the above

Q44) C

Adams clasp

Q45) C

Both of above introduced it simultaneously

Q46) B

Intermittent

Q47) A

Maxillary expansion, creating space for canines followed by orthodontic extrusion.

Q48) A

Class I malocclusion.

Q49) B

Reduced overbite.

pg. 22 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi
Q50) D

Class III

Q51) A

Class II dental malocclusion.

Q52 D

From the posterior of the Mandibular arch to the anterior of the maxillary arch)

Q53) B

Move mesially and extrude.

Q54) B

Distally and to extrude.

Q55) C

Extrusion.

Q56) D

Frankel’s appliance

Q57)

pg. 23 Department Of Orthodontics

By Dr.yaser Elkareimi