The
Figure’s Gesture, the Ar0st’s Hand
Drawing From Life
Third Edi(on
Clint Brown and Cheryl McLean
pp. 20‐23
Kinesthesia is a term that refers to our ability to perceive and empathize with a
body’s posi(on, presence, and movement. When doing a quickly executed gesture
drawing, the ar(st has no (me for lengthy analysis or for dwelling on details.
Responding intui(vely and through the kinesthe(c act of drawing, the ar(st
internalizes the pose and transcribes its movement and presence into lines. These
lines not only follow along with the body’s movement but capture and hold that
movement in (me. As Ma(sse once said, “Drawing is like making an expressive
gesture with the advantage of permanence.”
As is oOen the case with gesture drawing, the ar(st’s eye looks at the subject
rather than at the surface of the drawing. The hand moves blindly over the drawing
surface, following the movement of the ar(st’s eyes as they scan the pose, and in
the process creates what is oOen referred to as a blind gesture sketch.
Auguste Rodin oOen made blind gesture sketches of his models, encouraging
them to move about the studio. Describing his process, he once said, “What is a
drawing? Not once in describing the shape of that mass did I shiO my eyes from the
model. Why? Because I wanted to be sure that nothing evaded my grasp of it. . . .
My objec(ve is to test to what extent my hands already feel what my eyes see.”
With this statement, Rodin points out the kinesthe(c and intui(ve nature of his
sketching method. Rodin’s sketches are to a great extent an aTempt to be guided
by a subconscious knowing rather than an analy(c thought process.
Auguste Rodin
Reclining female Nude, Arms folded over her Head
1910
graphite on wove paper
303 x 199 mm
Descrip(on en hommage à Madame Daisy Turner
Ashmolean Museum
The same approach is evident in both
Rodin’s Woman Dancing and John Singer
Sargent’s dancer. Both sketches serve as
memory aids that the ar(sts can refer to
later to trigger the imagina(on and inspire
further crea(vity.
Gesture sketches – quick sketches or ac<on drawings, whatever the term – are
concerned with expressing the dynamics of the body’s life forces and capturing the
gestural ac(on implied in the body’s visual presenta(on. These drawings respond to
the body’s kine(c energy and the dynamics of the pose. its physical force, whether the
body is at rest or in mo(on.
The mobility of thought and hand collaborate to give gesture sketches their
characteris(c vitality. These sketches, oOen described as ac(on drawings, are said to
possess a lot of movement and energy. This is certainly conveyed in Sargent’s sketch of
a dancer, which was made on site and became the genesis for one of his major
canvases. There is nothing sta(c about the flamenco dancer, and the sketch serves as a
facsimile of the dance, capturing its spirit of energy and movement. His line moves
with the dancer’s body rather than around its edge. Typical of gesture sketches, the
drawing becomes a record of both the dynamics of the subject’s ac(on and the ar(st’s
lively mark making during the drawing process.
John Singer Sargent, American,
1856 ‐ 1925
Study for The Spanish Dancer
Drawing and Watercolor
Date 1882
Sargent, John Singer, 1856‐1925.
El jaleo
Oil on canvas
1882.
7 feet 7 1/2 x 11 feet 8 inches.
In large measure, gesture drawing is as tac(le as it is visual. The ar(st traces the
flow of form through the body’s gesture – as the eye quickly scans the model’s pose,
the ar(st’s hand moves over the surface of the drawing paper. This rhythmic,
flowing movement of the hand gave much of Oriental art its calligraphic line quality.
In Ichiyusai Kuniyoshi’s work, we see that the mark making that created this drawing
was flee(ng, the ink that documents the ac(on gives it permanence,. Kuniyoshi’s
gestural line sweeps over the page as a record of movement, tracing the body
seemingly unchecked by any inhibi(ng desire to present a detailed representa(on,
which would inevitably halt or diminish the spontaneous fluidity of line.
Similarly, in Raphael’s sketch of a woman, line records the energe(c choreography
of Raphael’s drawing ac(on. The mul(ple layers of line seem to suggest not only the
movement of the body but, once again, the ar(st’s search for the most expressive
sense of the form. No(ce that the hand once held a book, and that the book itself has
changed size. These changes, or pen<men<, are not mistakes but very much a part of
the natural drawing process, the image‐conjuring process. A drawing can never be the
subject it represents; it must always be something new that has to be invented and
constructed as a graphic metaphor. Metaphor literally means “to carry over.” The
ar(st searches for the line, the movement, the form with which to capture, hold, and
carry over the visual representa(on of an image.
When doing a gesture sketch, the ar(st aTempts to see the body as a whole, seeing
the gestalt rather than its isolated units. An ini(al overview is essen(al, enabling the
ar(st to see the body’s larger rela(onships, thereby crea(ng a stronger founda(on
and cohesiveness for the finished work. Gesture sketches respond quickly and
intui(vely to the impetus of a pose as a whole; they describe how the figure’s energy
and ac(on move through the interior of the form. Line is not relegated to the edge
of the figure but oOen flows over and through the form.
Honore Daumier was a master at exploi(ng the sugges(ve power of the sketch. He
would let his hand move freely, conjuring the figure as he scribbled. His drawing
evolved naturally from evoca(ve impulses into more concrete and discernible forms,
yet they always retained the sense of energy and movement found in his gestural
sketches. In A Study of Female Dancers, you can see this progressive development,
taken in two different direc(ons. To draw the right‐hand figure, Daumier used a
strong singular line that overrides lighter ones and confirms and encloses the body’s
edges. Daumier recasts and intensifies the original lines of the leO figure through
repe((on to build value that seems to fill out the body from within. A third figure,
barely visible in the center of the drawing, suggest how Daumier began, using light
marks to coax his figures into being. As the figures evolve, they become increasingly
volumetric.
Honoré Daumier
(French draOsman, 1808‐1879)
Study of female dancers
black chalk and conte crayon on
paperheight: 338 mmwidth: 274 mm