udagy REX T H E . Book Store CONTEMPORARY WORLD Prince Kennex Reguyal AldamaContents CHAPTER 1: DEFINING GLOBALIZATION Introduction ... The Task of Defining Globalization... Metaphors of Globalization... Solid and Liquid . Flows. Globalization Theories Dynamics of Local and Global Culture. The Globalization of Religion... Globalization and Regionalization... Origins and History of Globalization ... Hardwired .... Cycles ... Epoch Events... Broader, More Recent Changes. Global Demography -- Global Migration.CHAPTER 2: THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Introduction ... Economic Globalization and Global Trade .. Economic Globalization and Sustainable Development. Environmental Degradation... Food Security... Economic Globalization, Poverty, and Inequality...... Global Income Inequality .... The Third World and the Global South... The Global City Theories of Global Stratification... Modemization Theory. Walt Rostow’s Four Stages of Modernization... Dependency Theory and the Latin American Experience The Modern World-System .. CHAPTER 3: MARKET INTEGRATION Introduction ... International Financial Institutions .... The Bretton Woods System... ‘The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (Wr0) The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and the European Union (EU) ...North American Free Trade Agreement ( nt (NAFTA) wistor¥ of Global Market. Integration, Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. The Agi Revol ial I utio Capitalism and Socialism The Information Revolutio: Global Corporations... CHAPTER 4: THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM Introduction .. Global Governance in the Twenty-First Century. Effects of Globalization to Governments. Traditional Challenges Challenges from National/identity Movements. Global Economics Global Social Movements... The Relevance of the State amid Globalizatiot ternational Relations .. ces: The UN and NATO... Institutions That Govern Int Peace Treaties and Military Allian mnmental Organizations (NGOS) sociations: The WTO and NAFTA. Non-Govel Globat Economic As: Globalization and Globalism Informationalism: Global citizenship. Appendix References .. Index.Preface Itis with great enthusiasm and privilege to write the first edition of The Contemporary world. The K to 12 program of the Department of Education (DepEd) shows that globalization is a thriving topic today. Writing the book made me feel that students needed to know how globalization can help us understand ourselves, our experiences, our communities, our country, and our culture. | believe that students understand the material y through a number of realistic and applicable examples. My hope is that students will learn the basic knowledge of and appreciation for globalization from reading this textbook. | also believe that students should be provided with a text that relates globalization directly to their lives. In this textbook, | make a concerted effort to achieve the following objectives: best when it is explained in a clear, direct way s and central ideas of important Familiarize students with the principle: iter in the social science wat they are likely to encoun globalization theories th discipline. Demystify the concept of globalization and help students see the application of global structures and processes in their everyday activities. Help students become more systematic and thoughtful critical thinkers. _ provide students with an overview an intellectual topic is developing. any theorist or scholar studying globalization; my goal fe thelr ideas with practical examples and applications ding globalization becomes accessible for students. d brief history of how globalization as an Ido not presume to speak for is to frame their words and illustrat so that their explication of understant The instructor in globalization course may face several challenges that are not shared by other courses. Because many students think of globalization structures and processes as distant, abstract, and obscure, teachers must overcome these potentially negative connotations. Negative feelings toward the subject can be magnified in classrooms where students represent a variety of ages and socioeconomic, ethnic, cultural, and linguistic backgrounds. The Contemporary world addresses this challenge by offering a readable and t with examples, capturing the essence and elegance Practical guide that integrates conten : this textbook takes an incremental Of theory in a straightforward manner. In addition, approach in learning about globalization, resulting in a thoughtful and appropriate learning Pace, BiED A second challenge associated with teaching and learning globalization Telates to preconceived notions of scholarship: Students may view scholarship as difficult or remote. This textbook demonstrates to students that they already possess many of the characteristics of a scholar, such as curiosity and ambition. Students will be pleasantly surprised to know that they operate according to many personal encounters with globalization every day. Once students b scholarship, society, and Blobalization, concepts, and theories contained in thi egin to revise their misconceptions about they are in a position to understand the principles, Is book. A third challenge of teaching and learning globalization is capturing the complexity fe ee . an approachable Way without oversimplifying the theories and ideas. To address this problem, instructors Could use th iviti : eet activities and gui it then fil in the missing pieces with Personal materials, By ee eee aad : 5 'Y Providing a variety of engagin examples and applications reflecting a wide range of cla ssroom dem, ‘OF engaging iy World facilitates such an approach, graphics, The Contemp:eee CHAPTER 1 — DEFINING GLOBALIZATION Introduction Much has changed since time immemorial, Human beings have encountered many changes over the last century especially in their social relationships and social structures. Of these changes, one can say that globalization is a very important change, if not, the “mostimportant” (Bauman, 2003). The reality and omnipresence of globalization makes us see ourselves as part of what we refer to as the “global age” (Albrow, 1996). The Internet, for example, allows a person from the Philippines to know what is happening to the rest of the world simply by browsing Google. The mass media also allows for connections among people, communities, and countries all over the globe. So what is globalization? This question is probably an easy one to answer. However, many scholars gave and tried to formulate its definitions. This resulted in different, sometimes contradicting views about the concept. It cannot be contained within a specific time frame, all people, and all situations (Al-Rhodan, 2006). Aside from this, globalization encompasses a multitude of processes that involves the economy, political systems, and culture. Social structures, therefore, are directly affected by globalization. Over the years, globalization has gained many connotations pertaining to progress, \d integration. On the one hand, some view globalization as a positive swedish journalist Thomas Larsson (2001) saw globalization a8 “the process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer. It Pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact, tomutual benefit with somebody on the other side of the world: (p. 9). On the other hand, some see it as occurring through and with ee, colonialism, and destabilization. In the mid-1g90s, Martin Khor, the former president of Third World Network (TWN) in Malaysia, once regarded globalization 25 colonization. development, an Phenomenon. For instance, definitions of globalization will be discussed. The task of riety of perspectives. To understand further the concept, ed, These metaphors will also allow an appreciation of he present globalized world. The final lesson in In this chapter, different conceptualizing it reveals a val different metaphors will be use ri €arlier epochs before globalization an Chapter 1: Defining Globalization rE\ evoted to a yeneral discussion of globalization theork I highlight the different views scholars have toward this chapter will be di The following, section w/ globalization. The Task of Defining Globalization Since its first appearance In the Webster's Dictionary In 1961, many opinions about pobalization have flourished, The literature on the definitions of sobalization revealed that definitions could be classified as either (1) broad and inclusive or (2) narrow and exclusive. The one offered by Ohmae in 1992 stated, 4,,, globalization means the onset of the borderless world...” (p. 14). This Is an example of a broad and inclusive type of definition, If one uses such, It can Include 1 varlety of sues that deal with overcoming, traditional boundaries. However, It does not shed light on the Implications of globalization due to Its vagueness, Narrow and exclusive definitions are better justified but can be limiting, in the sense that their application adhere to only particular definitions, Robert Cox's definition suits best In this type: “the characteristics of the globalization trend include the internationalizing of production, the new International division of labor, new migratory movements from South to North, the new competitive environment that accelerates these processes, and the internationalizing of the state... making states Into agencles of the globalizing, world” (as clted In RAWOO Netherlands Development Assistance Research Council, 2000, p. 14). Other definitions of globalization are shown In chronological order In the Appendix. Each could fall to elther one of the two types of definitions, No matter how one classifies a definition of globalization, the concept Is complex and multifaceted as the definitions deal with elther economic, political, or soclal dimensions, In fact, In a comprehensive study of 114 definitions by the Geneva Center for Security Policy (GCSP) In 2006, 67 of them refer to economic dimension. These definitions include polltical and social dimensions as well. ‘the sheer number and complexity of definitions do not mean that there Is 4 remarkable Improvement In every definition given by scholars, Kumar (2003) took ona different argument about the Issue. To him, the debate about what can be done about globalization and what It Is are similar, This Is In relation to what some academics have claimed about defining globalization—1t Is a uselass task. A more recent definition was given by Ritzer (2015), “globalization Is a transplanetary process or a set of processes Involving Increasing liquidity and the growing multidirectional flows of people, objects, places, and Information as wall as the structures they encounter and create that are barrlars to, or expedite, He Contemporary Worldthose flows ...””(p. 2). Generally, this definition assumes that globalization could bring either or both integration and/or fragmentation. Although things flow easily in a global world, hindrances or structural blocks are also present. These blocks could slow down one’s activity in another country or could even limit the places a person can visit. If so, why are we going to spend time studying this concept? How can we appreciate these definitions? How can these help us understand globalization? First, the perspective of the person who defines globalization shapes its definition. The overview of definitions implies that globalization is many things tomany different people. In 1996, Arjun Appadurai said, “globalization isa‘world of things’ that have ‘different speeds, axes, points of origin and termination, and varied relationships to institutional structures in different regions, nations, or societies’ ” (as citedin Chowdhury, 2006, p.137).Inamorerecent study, Al-Rhodan (2006) wrote that definitions suggest the perspective of the author on the origins and the geopolitical implications of globalization. It is a starting point that will guide the rest of any discussions. In effect, one’s definition and perspective could determine concrete steps in addressing the issues of globalization. For example, if one sees globalization as positive, the person can say that it is a unifying force. On the other hand, ifitis deemed as creating greater inequalities among nations, globalization is negatively treated. second, to paraphrase the sociologist Cesare Poppi: Globalization is the debate and the debate is globalization. One became part and parcel of the other. ‘As Poppi(1997) wrote: “The literature stemming from the debate on globalization has grown in the last decade beyond any individual's capability of extracting a workable definition of the concept. In a sense, the meaning of the concept is self- evident, in another, itis vague and obscure as its reaches are wide and constantly more than any other concept, globalization is the debate about shifting. Perhaps, it” (as cited in Kumar, 2003, P- 95). Third, globalization is 2 reality. It is changing as human society develops. It has happened before andis still happening today. We should expect it to continue to happen in the future. The future of globalization is more difficult to predict. What we could expect in the coming years is what has happened over the past 50 years and that is the fluidity and complexity of globalization as a concept, which made more debates, discussions, and definitions than agreements on it. overall, globalization is a concept that is not easy to define because in reality, globalization has a shifting nature. It is complex, multifaceted, and can be influenced by the people who define it. Moreover, the issues and concerns Chapter 1: Defining Globalization Bhave a wide range—from the individual to society, from small communities to nations and states, and from the benefits we can gain from it to the costs it could carry. In his article, “The Globalization of Nothing,” Ritzer (2003) said, “attitudes toward globalization depend, among other things, on whether one gains or loses from it” (p. 190). Nevertheless, the task of defining globalization should stimulate more discussions about it. More importantly, the fact that we experience globalization should give one the interest of engaging in involving globalization the study of it. Metaphors of Globalization In order for us to better understand the concept of globalization, we will utilize metaphors. Metaphors make use of one term to help us better understand another term. In our case, the states of matter—solid and liquid—will be used. In addition, other related concepts that are included in the definition such as structures and flows will be elaborated. Solid and Liquid The epochs that preceded today’s globalization paved way for people, things, information, and places to harden over time. Consequently, they have limited mobility (Ritzer, 2015). The social relationships and objects remained where they were created. Solidity also refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of things. Furthermore, solids can either be natural orman- made. Examples of natural solids are landforms and bodies of water. Man-made barriers include the Great Wall of China and the Berlin Wall. An imaginary line such as the nine-dash line used by the People’s Republic of China in their claim to the South China Sea is an example of modern man-made solid. This creates limited access of Filipino fishers to the South China Sea. Obviously, these examples still exist. However, they have the tendency to melt. This should not be taken literally, like an iceberg melting. Instead, this process involves how we can describe what is happening in today's global world. its becoming increasingly liquid. Liquid, asa state of matter, takes the shape of its container. Moreover, liquids are not fixed. Liquidity, therefore, refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in the contemporary world. Zygmunt Bauman’s ideas were the ones that have much to say about the characteristic of liquidity. First, today’s liquid phenomena change quickly and their aspects, spatial and temporal, are in continuous fluctuation. This means that space and time are crucial elements of globalization. In global finance, for instance, {GJ The Contemporary Worldeee are a matter of seconds. Another characteristic of imitate eir Movement is difficult to stop. For example, videos Sern ‘acebook are unstoppable once they become viral. The See tions become famous not only in their homeland but also orld. Finally, the forces (the liquid ones) made political boundaries more permeable to the flow of people and things (Cartier, 2001). This brings us to a Ritzer (2015, p. 6) regarded as the most important characteristic of liquid: it “tends to melt whatever stands in its path (especially solids).” The clearest example is the decline, if not death, of the nation-state. tiqui ity and solidity are in constant interaction. However, liquidity is the one increasing and proliferating today. Therefore, the metaphor that could best describe globalization is liquidity. Liquids do flow and this idea of flow (Appadurai, 1996; Rey and Ritzer, 2010) will be the focus of the next discussion. Also, it should be expected that this concept will appe 37 | CHAPTER 2 THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Introduction The United Nations (UN) tried to address the different problems in the world. The efforts were guided by the eight Millennium Development Goals, which they created in the 1990s. Among these eight goals, the eradication of extreme Poverty and hunger ranked as the first. The other seven goals include: achieving universal primary education, Promoting gender equality and women empowerment, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, combating diseases like HIV/AIDS and malaria, ensuring environmental sustainability, and having a global Partnership for development (United Nations, 2015), The UN tried to achieve them by the year 2015, Since there are different standards of living around the world, we can expect different meanings attached to it. In the Philippines, a person is officially living in Poverty if he makes less than 100,534 pesos a year, around 275 pesos a day. This is called the poverty line or Poverty threshold. But we are Boing to focus on extreme Poverty which, according to the UN (2015), is a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and information. The UN defines extreme or absolute Poverty as living on less than $1.25 a day. The organization aims to eliminate extreme poverty for all People by 2030. Itwas three years ago and the results were in, The UN people still live in extreme Poverty but that is down from 1. least a lot of progress. The World Bank predicted in extreme poverty could drop to less than 400 million. of will keep improving as it has been, However, climate chat is a threat to these improvements in global poverty, Most people who have been lifted out of extre A ‘Me poverty are poor comes with serious problems, from disease to lack of rampant and one in seven people still ive without ele. (2015) reported that 836 million 9 billion, so there is success orat that by 2030 the number of People living Course that assumes everything Nge has to be considered since it Still poor and being f water, Income inequality is tricity, So why is extreme poverty falling? The answer to this j : is really com factors like better access to education, humanitarian aid, Plicated. A set of » and the policie S Of international 2a ‘The Contemporary World