CHAPTER 5: NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF
SELECTED DISEASE CONDITION
A. DIET AND WEIGHT CONTROL- The basic recommended guidelines
patients who reduce caloric for a healthy diet and good
consumption in their diet slowly nutrition for weight loss include
but consistently are usually the the following:
most successful in maintaining
-Reducing the number of calories in
their weight loss. Steady,
the daily diet.
controlled progress during a diet
and weight loss program is -Eating smaller portions as part of the
generally more effective than diet.
sporadic and inconsistent changes
in caloric intake and portion sizes. -Learning methods of food preparation
for a healthy diet.
-Choosing nutritious meals that are
lower in fat.
PROPER HYDRATION AND WEIGHT
LOSS commonly recommended that
patients drink at least 8 large cups of
water throughout each day. Drinking
enough water is essential for a
healthy back, as water transports
nutrients and eliminates wastes in
the body.
- The discs are comprised mostly of
water and need to stay hydrated so
that nutrients and fluids can be
properly exchanged within the spinal
structures. For patients undergoing
exercise and dieting for weight loss,
drinking adequate amounts of water
helps the body metabolize fat and
avoid water retention.
EFFECT OF BEHAVIORAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL WHEN WEIGHT LOSS IS UNHEALTHY
FACTORS ON DIET AND WEIGHT LOSS
- Dieting programs should take into account
-Although weight loss with the use of a
behavioural and environmental factors that can influence healthy diet and exercise program may
a patient’s eating habits. e.g. stress, boredom, sadness, alleviate back pain and improve overall
and anger can all have an effect on a patient’s diet in fitness, there are several warning signs
terms of the quantities and types of food the patient indicating that weight loss is unhealthy.
consumes.
-Behavioural factors, such as feelings and mood -Patients should pay close attention if
changes throughout the day, can induce patients to eat at they experience any unexplained weight loss,
times when they are not hungry or to eat unhealthy foods. loss of appetite, pain and neurological
- Environmental triggers such as feelings and mood problems, depression, malnutrition, some
changes throughout the day, can induce patients to eat at prescription drugs, and infections may also
times when they are not hungry or to eat unhealthy foods. cause unintentional weight loss.
- In order to stay motivated and on-track with a - If the patients weight has been steady
weight loss and diet program, patients can reward
themselves for positive behaviours, develop a support for a long duration of time and then his or her
network of friends and family and use additional weight drops unexpectedly or the patient
motivational techniques to maintain steady progress. experiences a loss of appetite, it may be an
indication of a serious medical condition such
as cancer.
DIET AND DIABETES MELLITUS
DIET. A diet high in fat, calories, and cholesterol
increases your risk of diabetes. A poor diet can lead
to obesity and other health problems. A healthy diet
is high in fibres, low in fat, cholesterol, salt and
sugar.
WHAT IS DIABETES MELLITUS
- A person with diabetes doesn’t produce enough of
the hormone insulin. It causes too much blood
glucose( sugar) to build up in the blood.
Two Types of Diabetes
1. Type 1 diabetes – occurs when your body doesn’t
produce any insulin. It is also called juvenile
diabetes because it’s usually discovered in children
and teenagers, but it may appear in adults, too.
- No one exactly knows why this happens, but
some experts believe a virus or an autoimmune
response, in which the body attacks its own
pancreatic cells, is responsible. People with this type
of diabetes must take insulin for life.
HORMONE INSULIN is an essential hormone produced Common Side Effects
by the pancreas. Its main role is to control glucose
levels in our bodies. - initial weight gain as the cells start to take
in glucose.
HOW DOES THE HORMONE INSULIN WORK?
- The process that turns the food into energy. The -Blood sugar drops too low, or hypoglycemia
pancreas makes insulin and releases into the bloodstream.
-Rashes, bumps, or swelling at an injection
Insulin helps the body use sugar for the energy it needs,
and then store the rest. site.
-Insulin allows the cells in the muscles, fat and liver to
absorb glucose that is in the blood. The glucose serves as
energy to these cells or it can be converted into fat when
needed.
-Insulin also affects other metabolic processes, such as
the breakdown of fat or protein.
Type 2 Diabetes develops from insulin resistance. HOW VITAMINS AND MINERALS CAN HELP
The pancreas secretes plenty of insulin, but the
body cells don’t respond to it. Obesity plays a - The B vitamins help produce enzymes that
major role in most cases of type 2 diabetes. convert glucose to energy and may also aid in
Genetic factors, however, can contribute to the preventing diabetic nerve damage. Look for a B-
onset of both types. 100 complex with 100 mcg vitamin B12 and
Biotin; 400 mcg Folic acid; and 100mg all other B
DIABETES MELLITUS SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS vitamins.
- Frequent urination - The mineral chromium is effective in lowering
blood glucose and reducing cholesterol levels in
-Excessive people with diabetes. 200 mcg 3 times a day
with meals. It may alter insulin requirements so
-Unexplained weight loss consult your doctor.
- Extreme hunger - Essential Fatty Acids protect against nerve
-Sudden vision changes damage and keep arteries supple. It may raise
“good” HDL cholesterol, reducing the risk of
-Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet. heart disease.
-Feeling very tired much of the time - Antioxidants prevent damage to the nerves,
eyes, and heart as well. Vitamin E may block the
-Very dry skin build up of plaque; alpha lipoic acid improves
glucose metabolism.
Many people with diabetes have low level of zinc, which Latest Findings: poor control of glucose levels
helps the body use insulin and promotes wound healing ( can deplete the body’s store of antioxidant
a function impaired by high glucose levels). Long term
use of zinc may require extra copper.
nutrients, according to study from Duke
University Medical center. Taking supplements
The herb bilberry extract helps prevents diabetic eye such as vitamin C and Vitamin E protect the body
damage, and the amino acid taurine aids in the release of cells against damage from free radicals (
insulin and can prevent abnormal blood clotting, a factor
unstable oxygen molecules) and may reduce the
in heart disease.
risk of some serious complications of diabetes.
A new studies suggest magnesium may play a role in
diabetes as well. One in three people with diabetes may be
deficient in magnesium, say researchers at
People with diabetes may find it beneficial to add soy
Columbia University, and low magnesium levels
foods to their diet. These products- include tofu, soy
protein, soy milk, and soy flour- may improve glucose may contribute to heart disease. Some experts
control, protect heart disease, and lessen the stress on recommend at least 250 mg of magnesium twice
the kidneys. a day for people with diabetes. However, people
with signs of kidney damage should not take
The herb ginko biloba is useful for two common side
effects of diabetes: nerve damage and poor circulation in magnesium supplements.
the extremities. Take at a dose of 40 mg three times a
day.
WHAT ELSE YOU CAN DO
1. Exercise regularly. Those who burn more than
3,500 calories a week through exercise are half likely
to develop type 2 diabetes as those burning less than
500. People with type 1 can benefit from exercise
too.
2. Lose weight. Being overweight is a major risk
factor for type 2 diabetes.
3. eat whole grains, fruits, and vegetables to keep
blood sugar in check.
