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Chapter 27 - The Fishes: Vertebrate Success in Water

1. Members of the vertebrate class ______ include the hagfishes.
a. Myxini
b. Cephalaspidomorphi
c. Placodermi
d. Chondrichthyes

2. All of the following are synapomorphic characters that distinguish members of the
superclasses Agnatha and Gnathostomata EXCEPT one. Select the exception.
a. paired appendages
b. vertebrae present
c. jaws
d. three semicircular canals

3. Members of the vertebrate class ______ include the sharks, skates, and rays.
a. Myxini
b. Cephalaspidomorphi
c. Placodermi
d. Chondrichthyes

4. The class ______ is made of two subclasses: Actinopterygii (the ray-finned fishes) and
Sarcopterygii (the lobe-finned fishes).
a. Myxini
b. Cephalaspidomorphi
c. Chondrichthyes
d. Osteichthyes

5. Ammocoete larvae would be found ______.

a. as planktonic inhabitants of the open ocean
b. partially buried, filter feeding in coastal waters
c. partially buried, filter feeding in a freshwater stream or river
d. attached to a host fish

6. Adult members of the class Myxini _____.

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a. are predators of fish

b. are scavengers, feeding on dead and dying fish
c. feed on algae attached to rocks and other substrates
d. are filter feeders

7. Members of which of the following vertebrate subclasses is believed to have given rise to
ancient amphibians?
a. Actinopterygii
b. Sarcopterygii
c. Elasmobranchii
d. Holocephali

8. A vascular network that allows gases to move from the blood stream into a fish's swim bladder
is called the ______.
a. pneumatic duct
b. ovale
c. rete mirabile
d. glomerulus

9. Gases are reabsorbed into the blood stream from a swim bladder at the ______.
a. pneumatic duct
b. ovale
c. rete mirabile
d. glomerulus

10. The lateral line system may function in all of the following EXCEPT one. Select the
exception.
a. detecting water currents
b. detecting predators or prey that may be causing water movements
c. buoyancy regulation
d. detecting low-frequency sounds

11. Blood flows from the conus ateriosus of the heart of a fish toward the ______.
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a. gills
b. ventricle
c. kidneys
d. tail

12. All of the following are adaptations of freshwater fish for osmoregulation EXCEPT one.
Select the exception.
a. excreting a hypotonic urine
b. actively transporting salts out of the blood at the gills
c. not drinking water
d. nephrons with large glomeruli and short tubule systems

13. Most fishes excrete ______ as the primary nitrogenous byproduct of protein metabolism.
a. ammonia
b. urea
c. uric acid
d. creatine

14. Diadromous fishes _____.

a. live in murky environments and often rely on electroreception to detect objects in
their environment
b. possess both lungs and gills
c. are open ocean fishes that force water over their gills through ram ventilation
d. migrate between freshwater and marine environments

15. ______ are thought to be a part of the evolutionary lineage leading to terrestrial vertebrates.
a. Rhipidistian fishes
b. Lungfishes
c. Elasmobranchii
d. Actinopterygii

16. Blood and water move in opposite directions on either side of a gill lamellar epithelium. This
movement provides very efficient gas exchange between blood and water and is called a
countercurrent exchange mechanism.
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True
FalseThe correct answer is True.

17. Members of the superclass Agnatha are entirely extinct.

TrueThe correct answer is False.
False

18. Sharks, skates, and rays regulate buoyancy using a swim bladder with a pneumatic duct
connected to the esophagus.
TrueThe correct answer is False.
False

19. All members of the class Chondrichthyes possess placoid scales and lack an operculum.
TrueThe correct answer is False.
False

20. Lungfishes are probably the closest living fish relative of terrestrial vertebrates.
TrueThe correct answer is False.
False

21. Blood flows through the heart of a fish in the following sequence: conus arteriosus, ventricle,
atrium, sinus venosus, ventral aorta.
TrueThe correct answer is False.
False

22. All fishes have a heart with a single, undivided ventricle and a single, undivided atrium.
TrueThe correct answer is False.
False

23. Some elasmobranchs and open ocean fishes force water over their gills by holding their
mouth open while swimming. This method of gill ventilation is called ram ventilation.
True
FalseThe correct answer is True.

24. Most zoologists believe that swim bladders, like those found in modern bony fishes, were the
forerunner of lungs.
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TrueThe correct answer is False.

False

25. The tissues of a shark are isosmotic with seawater because of the accumulation of urea in
body tissues.
True
FalseThe correct answer is True

Chapter 28 - Amphibians: The First Terrestrial Vertebrates

1. All of the following are members of the amniote lineage EXCEPT one. Select the exception.
a. amphibians
b. reptiles
c. birds
d. mammals

2. Salamanders are members of the order _____.

a. Caudata
b. Anura
c. Gymnophiona
d. Temnospondyli

3. Caecilians are members of the order _____.

a. Caudata
b. Anura
c. Gymnophiona
d. Temnospondyli

4. Members of the order _____ are wormlike burrowers.

a. Caudata
b. Anura
c. Gymnophiona
d. Temnospondyli

5. Members of the order ______ have caudal vertebrae fused into a urostyle.
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a. Caudata
b. Anura
c. Gymnophiona
d. Temnospondyli

6. The major component of the diet of most amphibians is ______.

a. plant matter
b. other vertebrates
c. decaying animal flesh
d. arthropods

7. Members of which of the following groups are most closely related to the salamanders?
a. amniotes
b. Anura
c. Temnospondyli
d. Gymnophiona

8. Which of the following regions of the skeleton of an amphibian is the point of attachment of
the hind limbs to the vertebral column?
a. cervical
b. thoracic
c. sacral
d. cauda

9. ______ are processes on trunk vertebrae of amphibians. They provide support when an
amphibian is out of the water and prevent twisting of the vertebral column.
a. urostyles
b. zygapophyses
c. neural spines
d. transverse processes

10. All of the following are true of the heart of amphibians EXCEPT one. Select the exception.
a. It consists of a sinus venosus, two atria, a ventricle, and a conus arteriosus.
b. The atria are completely separated from each other.
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c. Blood entering the right side of the heart is often as well oxygenated as blood
leaving the heart.
d. There is complete separation of oxygenated and less oxygenated blood throughout
the heart.

11. The ______ of the heart directs blood away from the pulmonary circulation when a frog is
burrowed into the mud at the bottom of a pond.
a. spiral valve
b. conus arteriosus
c. sinus venosus
d. atrioventricular valve

12. A portion of the gas exchange in amphibians occurs across the moist surfaces of the mouth
and pharynx. This process is called ______.
a. buccopharyngeal respiration
b. buccal pumping
c. cutaneous respiration
d. mouth-to-blood exchange

13. Unlike fishes, the amphibian ear includes a/an ______.

a. inner ear
b. outer ear
c. middle ear and tympanic membrane
d. group of three middle ear ossicles

14. Low frequency warning sounds are transmitted to the inner ear of amphibians through the
______.
a. stapes
b. columella
c. operculum
d. incus

15. All but one of the following are used by some adult amphibians when they are on land to
conserve water or replace lost water. Select the exception.
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a. nocturnal activity patterns

b. absorption of water through the skin
c. formation of parchment-like cocoons
d. intentional drinking

16. The nonamniote lineage is mostly extinct; however, the reptiles, birds, and mammals are
modern-day representatives of this lineage.
True
False

17. Members of the order Anura possess a tongue that is attached at the anterior margin of the
jaw and have glands on the tongue that exude sticky secretions. Their tongue is used in a flip-
and-grab feeding mechanism.
True
False

18. Most salamanders have internal fertilization. A male deposits a spermatophore, which is
picked up and stored by a female. Eggs are fertilized as they are deposited by the female.
True
False

19. Dendrobatid (poison arrow) frogs are unusual amphibians because they alone possess
noxious secretions in the skin that help ward off potential predators.
True
False

20. In adult amphibians, embryonic aortic arch VI becomes pulmonary arteries.

True
False

21. Vision is a very important sense for most amphibians because they are primarily sight
feeders.
True
False

22. The upper eyelid of an amphibian forms a transparent membrane that cleans and protects the
eye. This membrane is called the nictitating membrane.
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True
False

23. Metamorphosis of amphibians is solely controlled by the pituitary gland.

True
False

24. At higher environmental temperatures, most gas exchange occurs across the skin of
amphibians.
True
False

25. Amphibians were the first vertebrates to possess a cervical vertebra. This vertebra increases
the flexibility of the vertebral column.
True
False

Chapter 29 - Reptiles: The First Amniotes

1. The major synapomorphy that distinguishes reptiles, birds, and mammals from other tetrapods
is ______.
a. the amniotic egg
b. epidermal scales
c. anapsid skull
d. endothermy

2. The closest living reptilian relatives of the dinosaurs are the _____.
a. Testudines
b. Crocodilia
c. Rhynchocephalia
d. Squamata

3. A synapsid skull was characteristic of a group of reptiles called therapsids. This group gave
rise to ______.
a. modern reptiles
b. birds
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c. mammals
d. no other group of animals

4. Cladistic analysis of the amniote lineage indicates that the class Reptilia should probably be
abandoned because of the close relationship between the birds and the _____.
a. anapsid lineage (including modern turtles)
b. Archosauria (a diapsid lineage including modern crocodiles and dinosaurs)
c. Lepidosauria (a diapsid lineage including lizards and the Sphenodon)
d. synapsid lineage (including mammal-like reptiles and modern mammals)

5. The lizards and snakes belong to the order ______.

a. Testudines
b. Crocodilia
c. Rhynchocephalia
d. Squamata

6. The turtles belong to the order ______.

a. Testudines
b. Crocodilia
c. Rhynchocephalia
d. Squamata

7. The dorsal portion of the shell of a turtle is the _____.

a. plastron
b. carapace
c. fenestra
d. diaphysis

8. A kind of bone that makes up long bones of a vertebrate and has a cartilaginous stage in
development is called _____.
a. epidermal bone
b. dermal bone
c. endochondral bone
d. embryonic bone
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9. Three of the following are true of scales of a fish. One of the following is true of scales of a
reptile. Select the statement that is true of reptilian scales.
a. They form in the epidermis of the skin.
b. They are composed, in part of bone.
c. They are covered by enamel.
d. They contain dentine.

10. The evolution of this group has resulted in the reduction or loss of the left lung and
displacement of the gallbladder, the right kidney and often the gonads.
a. turtles
b. lizards
c. snakes
d. crocodiles

11. The ______ allows an alligator to breath when the mouth is full of water or food.
a. secondary palate
b. Jacobson's organs
c. pit organs
d. plastron

12. All of the following statements regarding reptile hearts are true EXCEPT one. Select the
exception.
a. The ventricle is partially divided in reptiles other than the crocodiles.
b. The conus arteriosus leads to the ventral aorta.
c. The sinus venosus is a functional chamber only in the turtles.
d. Two atria are present.

13. Most reptiles excrete ______ as their primary nitrogenous waste product.
a. ammonia
b. urea
c. uric acid
d. creatine
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14. _____ of a vipers' skull allows these snakes to strike at any size prey, even those much larger
than their mouth opening.
a. Loosely joined bones
b. Moveable bones of the upper jaw
c. Fangs near the back of the jaw
d. Hinged maxillary bones

15. The archosaur lineage of reptiles is shared with members of the class ______.
a. Mammalia
b. Aves
c. Amphibia
d. Osteichthyes

16. The crocodiles, birds, snakes, and lizards are all members of the diapsid lineage.
True
False

17. Members of the subclass Anapsida lack openings in the temporal region of the skull and
include the mammal-like reptiles and the mammals.
True
False

18. The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary is marked by an evolutionary explosion that resulted in the
adaptive radiation of reptiles.
True
False

19. A secondary palate, first seen in reptiles, is a plate of bone that separates the nasal passages
from the mouth cavity.
True
False

20. Loosely joined the upper and lower jaws, loosely joined skull bones, a moveable upper jaw,
and a glottis that is positioned near the front of the mouth are all adaptations of snakes for
swallowing prey.
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True
False

21. Olfactory receptors located in pouches that open through the secondary palate of many
reptiles are called pit organs.
True
False

22. Snakes possess a well developed middle ear cavity, auditory tube, and tympanic membrane.
All of these structures give snakes a sensitive apparatus for detecting air-borne vibrations.
True
False

23. Many reptiles store water in lymphatic spaces under the skin and in the urinary bladder.
Many lizards possess salt glands below the eyes for ridding the body of excess salt.
True
False

24. Most reptiles use internal heat sources for temperature regulation and are, therefore,
endotherms.
True
False

25. The median (parietal) eye of reptiles is an outgrowth of the forebrain. When it is present, it is
used as a third, image-forming sensory receptor.
True
False

Chapter 30 - Birds: Feathers, Flight, and Endothermy

1. All of the following are characteristics of members of the class Aves EXCEPT one. Select the
exception.
a. ectothermy
b. vertebral column modified for flight
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c. bones lightened by numerous air spaces

d. feathers

2. Fossils of this ancient bird indicate that slow, hovering, and highly maneuverable flight
evolved at least 115 million years ago.
a. Archaeopteryx
b. Sinoris
c. Eoalulavis
d. Sterna

3. 150 million year old fossils of this ancient bird have been found in Germany. They show a
clavicle for the attachment of wing muscles, but other sites for flight muscle attachment were
less developed. These observations indicate that this bird was capable of gliding, but not long
distance, flight.
a. Archaeopteryx
b. Sinoris
c. Eoalulavis
d. Sterna

4. Feathers develop from the ______ of the skin.

a. epidermis
b. dermis
c. hypodermis
d. basement membrane

5. Feathers of a bird that cover the body, wings, and tail are called ______ feathers.
a. down
b. filoplume
c. contour
d. dermal

6. Feathers of a bird that have sensory functions are called ______ feathers.
a. down
b. filoplume
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c. contour
d. dermal

7. Hamuli branch from the ______ of a contour feather and keep these feathers firm and smooth.
a. quill
b. shaft
c. barb
d. barbule

8. The fusion of posterior thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae into a ______ helps a bird
maintain proper flight posture.
a. pygostyle
b. ucinate process
c. synsacrum
d. furcula

9. The fusion of posterior caudal vertebrae into a ______ supports tail feathers that are important
in steering during flight.
a. pygostyle
b. ucinate process
c. synsacrum
d. furcula

10. The alula is a group of small feathers on the wing that ______.
a. helps decrease the angle of attack of the wing
b. is elevated during fast flapping flight
c. is elevated to reduce turbulence along the upper surface of the wing during
hovering, takeoff, and landing
d. generates the propulsive force of flight.

11. The portion of the digestive tract of a pigeon that produces "pigeon's milk" used in feeding
young is the ______.
a. esophagus
b. gizzard
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c. crop
d. proventriculus

12. A portion of the digestive tract of a bird that is a modification of the stomach and secretes
gastric juices that initiate digestion is the ______.
a. crop
b. gizzard
c. proventriculus
d. pylorus

13. All of the following statements regarding lung ventilation and gas exchange are true
EXCEPT one. Select the exception.
a. Gas exchange occurs in blind-ending sacs called alveoli.
b. Abdominal and thoracic air sacs are compressed by body muscles to move air
through the respiratory system.
c. Two respiratory cycles are required to move a volume of air through the
respiratory system.
d. Birds have a greater rate of oxygen consumption than any other vertebrate.

14. In some birds, for example spotted sandpipers, males establish nest sites. A female will mate
with more than one male and lay a clutch of eggs in each male's nest. The males then care for the
eggs. This reproductive process is called ______.
a. monogamy
b. polygyny
c. polyandry
d. ovovivipary

15. A reproductive process called ______ is common among birds when resources are widely
and evenly distributed. One parent often incubates and protects the eggs or chicks while the other
parent searches for food.
a. monogamy
b. polygyny
c. polyandry
d. ovovivipary

16. The anterior margin of a bird's wing is thicker than the posterior margin. The upper surface
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of the wing is slightly convex. As air passes over the wing, a low pressure area is created under
the wing and creates lift needed for flight.
True
False

17. Birds dissipate excess heat through perspiration from sweat glands.
True
False

18. In vertebrate evolution, the sinus venosus has decreased in size. In the birds, the sinus
venosus is reduced to a patch of pacemaker tissue in the right atrium of the heart.
True
False

19. Ucinate processes on the ribs of birds strengthen the rib cage. They are unique to members of
the class Aves.
True
False

20. The crop is a diverticulum of the stomach of a bird and is used to store and abrade food. It
allows birds to feed on abundant resources quickly and then retreat to a safe location for
digestion.
True
False

21. A volume of air is inspired by a bird. After the next inspiration the first volume of air would
be in the thoracic air sacs of the bird.
True
False

22. A volume of air is inspired by a bird. After the next expiration the volume of air would be in
the abdominal air sacs of the bird.
True
False

23. Birds have two foveae per eye. The search fovea gives birds good monocular vision. The
pursuit fovea gives birds binocular vision and depth perception.
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True
False

24. The major center for integration of sensory information in the brain of a bird is a region of
gray matter in the midbrain called the optic lobes.
True
False

25. Altricial chicks, like those of kildeer, are alert and lively shortly after hatching.
True
Fals

Chapter 31 - Mammals: Specialized Teeth, Endothermy, Hair, and

Viviparity
1. All of the following are characteristics of members of the class Mammalia EXCEPT one.
Select the exception.
a. mammary glands
b. hair
c. homodont teeth
d. sweat, sebaceous, and scent glands

2. Members of the order Chiroptera include the ______.

a. rats and mice
b. rabbits
c. bats
d. armadillos

3. Members of the order Cetacea include the ______.

a. elephants
b. manatees
c. beavers and porcupines
d. whales

4. Members of the order Perissodactyla include the ______.

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a. elephants
b. deer and cattle
c. horses and zebras
d. dogs and cats

5. The echidna and the duck-billed platypus are members of the infraclass ______.
a. Prototheria
b. Ornithodelphia
c. Metatheria
d. Eutheria

6. Members of the infraclass Ornithodelphia are characterized by ______.

a. a chorioallantoic placenta
b. ovoviviparous development
c. a marsupium
d. oviparous development and a cloaca

7. Which of the following glands are associated with hair follicles and function to lubricate and
waterproof the skin?
a. sudoriferous glands
b. sebaceous glands
c. mammary glands
d. musk glands

8. Which of the following kinds of mammal teeth are usually modified for gnawing or nipping?
a. incisors
b. canines
c. premolars
d. molars

9. A dental formula of 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3 indicates that this mammal has ___ molars.
a. 0
b. 1
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c. 2
d. 3

10. All of the following statements are true of horns EXCEPT one. One is true of antlers. Select
the statement that is true of antlers.
a. They have a outer layer of keratin.
b. They are primarily defensive structures.
c. They are made of rapidly growing bone and are shed and regrown each year.
d. They are always present in both sexes.

11. In the fetal circulation, blood in the ______ is most highly oxygenated.
a. pulmonary vein
b. pulmonary artery
c. aorta
d. umbilical vein

12. In the adult circulation, blood in the ______ is most highly oxygenated.
a. pulmonary artery
b. pulmonary vein
c. anterior vena cava
d. posterior vena cava

13. A diaphragm is present in ______.

a. birds and mammals
b. reptiles, birds, and mammals
c. mammals only
d. birds and reptiles

14. The ability of the mammalian kidney to produce urine that is more concentrated with urea
and salts than the blood is a result of the function of the ______.
a. glomerulus
b. glomerular capsule
c. loop of the nephron
d. collecting duct
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15. The ______ is a time during which the female is behaviorally and physiologically receptive
to the male.
a. menstrual cycle
b. ovarian cycle
c. estrus cycle
d. uterine cycle

16. One source of evidence that the mammals evolved in the archosaur branch of the amniote
lineage is the fact that crocodilians and mammals both possess a secondary palate.
True
False

17. Another source of evidence that the mammals evolved in the archosaur branch of the amniote
lineage is the fact that both birds and mammals have four, completely separated, heart chambers.
True
False

18. The presence of a secondary palate in crocodiles and mammals and completely separated
heart chambers in birds and mammals are examples of convergent evolution.
True
False

19. Small size, well developed olfactory and auditory senses, and lack of color vision in most
mammals suggests that early mammals were nocturnal.
True
False

20. Sudoriferous glands are found around the face, feet, or anus of many mammals. They secrete
pheromones involved with defense, species and sex recognition, and territorial behavior.
True
False

21. A cecum is found in horses, rabbits, and many rodents. It is a fermentation pouch at the
junction of the large and small intestines where microorganisms aid in cellulose digestion.
True
False
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22. Hibernation is a period of winter inactivity in which the hypothalamus of the brain slows the
metabolic, heart, and respiratory rates. It is common in rodents, bats, and bears.
True
False

23. Color vision is more common in reptiles and birds than it is in the mammals.
True
False

24. Embryonic diapause occurs in bats. Coitus occurs in the autumn, but fertilization is delayed
until spring. Females store viable sperm for about two months.
True
False

25. All mammals have a placenta through which young are nourished for at least a portion of
their development. The maternal bloodstream, not yolk, supplies nutrients.
True
False

Chapter 32- Protection, Support, Movement

1. The integument of most multicellular invertebrates consists of a

a. multilayer of cells.
b. layer called the skin.
c. number of derivatives such as glands, hair, and nails.
d. single layer of cells.

2. Animals have three types of skeletons. Which of the following is not one of the three types?
a. fluid hydrostatic
b. rigid exoskeleton
c. fluid exoskeleton
d. rigid endoskeleton

3. The supportive tissue in the vertebrate skeleton consists of

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a. cartilage
b. bone
c. muscle
d. both a and b

4. The outer protein coat of a protozoan is called the

a. tegument.
b. pellicle.
c. epidermis.
d. dermis

5. The outer layer of flukes and tapeworms is the __________.

a. tegument
b. pellicle
c. epidermis
d. shell

6. __________ is the vertebrate integument.

a. Dermis
b. Epidermis
c. Skin
d. Hypodermis

7. Where would you find skin that is multilayered and contains mucous and sensory cells, and
placoid scales called denticles.
a. In the skin of body fishes.
b. In the skin of cartilaginous fishes.
c. In the skin of jawless fishes.
d. In the skin of birds.

8. The notable features of mammalian skin are

a. hair.
b. a greater variety of epidermal glands than in any other vertebrate class.
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c. a highly stratified, cornified epidermis.

d. all of the above (a-c)

9. Modifications of the epidermis include

a. nails.
b. hair.
c. horns
d. all of the above (a-c)

10. What type of skeleton would you find in earthworms and sea anemones?
a. fluid hydrostatic
b. rigid exoskeleton
c. rigid endoskeleton
d. all of the above (a-c)

11. What type of skeleton would you find in an arthropod?

a. fluid hydrostatic
b. rigid exoskeleton
c. rigid endoskeleton
d. all of the above (a-c)

12. Cartilage is a major supportive tissue. It makes up the major skeletal component in all of the
following except
a. gastropods.
b. jawless fishes.
c. humans.
d. sharks.

13. With the exception of the __________, locomotor cilia and flagella occur in every animal
phyla.
a. protozoa
b. molluscs
c. arthropods
d. aschelminths
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14. The predominant muscle type in many invertebrates is __________

a. skeletal
b. smooth
c. cardiac
d. both a and b

15. Flatworms, some cnidarians, and the gastropod molluscs move by means of waves of activity
in the muscular system that are applied to the substrate. This type of movement is called
__________.
a. pedal locomotion
b. looping movement
c. water-vascular movement
d. walking

16. As a zoologist, you would look for looping movement in __________.

a. earthworms
b. polychaetes
c. echinoderms
d. leeches

17. The functional unit in a skeletal muscle is called a __________.

a. Z-line.
b. sarcomere
c. actin filament
d. myosin filament

18. Nerves control skeletal muscle contraction.

True
False

19. The power behind muscular movements in both invertebrates and vertebrates is connective
tissue.
True
False
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20. Amoeboid movement does not involve muscles.

True
False

21. The most familiar endoskeletons, both cartilaginous and bony, first appeared in the
vertebrates.
True
False

22. The endoskeletons of sponges consist of mineral spicules.

True
False

23. Animals have three types of skeletons: hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons, and
endoskeletons.
True
False

24. The tegument is the external covering of an animal.

True
False

25. Skin is the vertebrate integument.

True
False

Chapter 33- Communication I: Nerves

1. All of the following are functions of the nervous system except __________.
a. communication
b. integration
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c. coordination
d. movement

2. The evolution of the nervous system in invertebrates has led to elaboration of organized nerve
cords and centralization of responses in the __________ portion of the animal.
a. posterior
b. lateral
c. ventral
d. anterior

3. Which of the following parts of a neuron contains a nucleus?

a. axon
b. dendrite
c. cell body
d. neurofibril node

4. The concentration of ions on the two sides of a nerve membrane is due primary to
a. the sodium-potassium ATPase pump.
b. gated channels.
c. open channels for ions.
d. sodium pump.

5. A stimulus that is strong enough to initiate a nerve impulse is called the

a. all-or-none law.
b. threshold stimulus.
c. refractory period.
d. action potential.

6. Conduction of an action potential along myelinated nerve fibers is known as __________.

a. saltatory conduction
b. all-or-none law
c. depolarization
d. repolarization
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7. A neurotransmitter changes the _________ in the plasma membrane of the receptive segment
of the postsynaptic cell, creating an action potential in that cell.
a. depolarization potential
b. resting potential
c. refractory period
d. threshold potential

8. Which of the following does not have the simplest form of nervous system organization?
a. protozoa
b. hydras
c. jellyfishes
d. sea anemones

9. Which of the following characterize the evolution of the vertebrate nervous system?
a. bilateral symmetry
b. a notocord
c. a tubular nerve cord
d. all of the above (a-c)

10. The notocord first appeared in __________.

a. marine chordates
b. tunicates
c. amphioxus
d. vertebrates

11. Which of the following is not part of the forebrain in a vertebrate?

a. cerebrum
b. thalamus
c. pineal gland
d. pons

12. Which of the following is not part of the vertebrate hindbrain?

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a. pons
b. cerebellum
c. optic tectum
d. medulla oblongata

13. How many pairs of cranial nerves are found in reptiles, birds, and mammals?
a. 8
b. 10
c. 12
d. 14

14. Which of the following is responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response?

a. The parasympathetic nervous system
b. The motor nervous system.
c. The sympathetic nervous system.
d. All of the above (a-c).

15. The functional unit of the nervous system is the __________.

a. nerve
b. brain
c. spinal cord
d. neuron

16. The language (signal) of the neuron is the __________.

a. nerve impulse
b. action potential
c. neurotransmitter
d. both a and b

17. Which of the following is not a sensory nerve?

a. olfactory
b. hypoglossal
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c. optic
d. vestibulocochlear

18. Neurons have two important properties: excitability and conductivity.

True
False

19. Neuronal activity is transmitted between cells at the synapse.

True
False

20. The vertebrate nervous system has two main divisions.

True
False

21. The number of spinal nerves in an animal is not directly related too the number of segments
in the trunk or tail of a vertebrate.
True
False

22. The autonomic nervous system of vertebrates consists of three antagonistic parts.
True
False

23. The midbrain is the thickened region of gray matter that integrates visual and auditory
signals.
True
False

24. In mammals, the outermost part of the cerebrum, called the cerebral cortex, progressively
decreased in size and complexity from lampreys to birds and mammals.
True
False

25. Nervous systems evolved through the gradual layering of additional nervous tissue over
reflex pathways of more ancient origin.
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True
False

Chapter 34- Communication II: Senses

1. Any form of energy an animal can detect with its receptors is called a __________.
a. receptor potential
b. stimulus
c. transducer
d. generator potential

2. Which of the following receptors detects a change in pressure?

a. hygroreceptors
b. georeceptors
c. baroreceptors
d. chemoreceptors

3. Statocysts, as found in various gastropods, cephalopods, and crustaceans, are a good example
of a __________.
a. hygroreceptor
b. georeceptor
c. baroreceptor
d. chemoreceptor

4. True phonoreceptors that respond to sound have been demonstrated only in __________.
a. insects, arachnids, and centipedes
b. protozoa, hydra, and molluscs
c. molluscs, tunicates, and arthropods
d. vertebrates

5. Certain flagellated protozoa (e.g., Euglena) contain bright red photoreceptor granules called
the __________.
a. ocellus
b. compound eye
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c. stigma
d. ommatidium

6. Squid and octopuses have __________.

a. compound eyes
b. ocelli
c. complex camera eyes
d. all of the above (a-c)

7. Web-building spiders have __________ that can sense struggling prey in webs through
vibrations of the web threads.
a. proprioceptors
b. tactile receptors
c. georeceptors
d. thermoreceptors

8. Which of the following evolved from the lateral line system of fishes?
a. organs for equilibrium
b. organs for gravity detection
c. organs for audition
d. all of the above (a-c)

9. A mechanoreceptor would respond to all of the following except:

a. sight.
b. sound.
c. touch.
d. muscular contractions.

10. The tympanium first evolved in

a. molluscs.
b. amphibians.
c. fishes.
d. vertebrates.
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11. How many divisions are present in the human ear?

a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four

12. Pain receptors are also called __________.

a. vomeronasal organs
b. organs of Ruffini
c. Pacinian corpuscles
d. nociceptors

13. Jacobson's organs function in the

a. detection of sound.
b. detection of pressure.
c. detection of odors.
d. detection of electrical currents.

14. The process of focusing light rays precisely on the retina is called __________.
a. processing.
b. fixation.
c. accommodation.
d. all of the above (a-c)

15. Which of the following pigments is involved in the production of a generator potential with
respect to light?
a. hemoglobulin
b. hemirhodopsin
c. rhodopsin

16. Taste buds are found on the skin in __________ and __________.
a. fishes and amphibians
b. mammals and amphibians
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c. birds and reptiles

d. reptiles and fishes

17. Which of the following is the primary sense that vertebrates use?
a. touch
b. taste
c. vision
d. hearing

18. The sense of smell is due to olfactory neurons in the roof of the vertebrate nasal cavity.
True
False

19. The receptors for taste (gustation) are chemoreceptors on the body surface of an animal or in
the mouth and throat.
True
False

20. Bats, shrews, whales, and fishes can determine distance and depth by sonar.
True
False

21. Most reptiles have heat-sensitive pit organs on each side of the face.
True
False

22. The lateral-line system for electrical sensing is in the head area of most fishes, some
amphibians, and the platypus.
True
False

23. Invertebrate and vertebrate sensory receptors (organs) have evolved in ways that relate to the
environment in which they must function.
True
False
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24. A stimulus is any form of energy an animal can detect with its receptors.
True
False

25. Receptors transduce energy from one form to another.

True
False

Chapter 35- Communication III: The Endocrine System and

Chemical Messengers
1. Chemical messengers are involved in
a. communication.
b. in maintaining homeostasis in an animal's body.
c. the body's response to various stimuli.
d. all of the above (a-c)

2. Which of the following is not a major endocrine gland in vertebrates?

a. hypothalamus
b. pituitary
c. thyroid
d. placenta

3. Those chemicals that are released to the exterior of one animal and affect the behavior of
another animal are called
a. neurotransmitters.
b. local chemical messengers.
c. pheromones.
d. hormones.
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4. Which of the following is not a category of hormone?

a. carbohydrates
b. polypeptides
c. amines
d. steroids

5. The fixed-membrane receptor mechanism for hormone action involves

a. proteins and amines.
b. carbohydrates and steroids
c. steroids and polypeptides
d. carbohydrates and polypeptides

6. The mobile-receptor mechanism for hormone action involves

a. steroids
b. carbohydrates
c. polypeptides
d. amines

7. True hormones were first identified in

a. cnidarians.
b. Platyhelminthes.
c. nematodes.
d. molluscs.

8. With respect to invertebrates, which of the following has the most advanced endocrine
system?
a. echinoderms
b. arthropods
c. annelids
d. molluscs

9. Frog metamorphosis is regulated by __________ hormones.

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a. prolactin
b. thyroid
c. adrenal
d. pineal

10. In vertebrates, chromaffin tissue is associated with the

a. brain.
b. adrenal glands.
c. reproductive system.
d. digestive system.

11. Which of the following is not produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
a. STH
b. ACTH
c. FSH
d. MSH

12. Which of the following is not produced by the hypothalamus?

a. TSH
b. CRH
c. PIF
d. calcitonin

13. Epinephrine or adrenaline is produced by the __________ gland(s).

a. adrenal
b. pituitary
c. thyroid
d. parathyroid

14. Which of the following glands diminishes in size as a vertebrate ages?

a. pituitary
b. pineal
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c. hypothalamus
d. thymus

15. All of the following are hormones of the digestive tract except __________.
a. CCK
b. gastrin
c. secretin
d. atriopeptin

16. In vertebrates, the endocrine control center is found in the

a. hypothalamus.
b. pituitary.
c. both hypothalamus and pituitary.
d. neither hypothalamus nor pituitary.

17. The kidneys produce the hormone __________.

a. erythropoietin
b. gastrin
c. secretin
d. hCG

18. Hormones modify the biochemical activity of a target cell or tissue.

True
False

19. A hormone is a specialized chemical messenger that an endocrine gland or tissue produces
and secretes.
True
False

20. The pancreas produces several hormones that hep regulate reproductive functions.
True
False

21. The adrenal medulla is under endocrine control.

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True
False

22. Zoologist know more about the endocrine system of invertebrates that of any other animal
group.
True
False

23. Jawed fishes and primitive tetrapods have ulimobranchial glands.

True
False

24. In insects, hormones play a major role in growth, maturation, and reproduction.
True
False

25. Classical endocrine glands have been identified in nematodes.

True
False

Chapter 36- Circulation, Immunity, and Gas Exchange

1. The transport system found in protozoa that moves gases is

a. simple diffusion.
b. a gastrovascular cavity.
c. hemolymph.
d. an open circulatory system.

2. Coelomic fluid is used to transport gases in

a. rotifers.
b. gastrotrichs.
c. nematodes.
d. all of the above (a-c)
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3. The annelids, such as the earthworm, have an __________ circulatory system.

a. closed
b. open
c. coelomic
d. hemolymph

4. All of the following are granulocytes except

a. eosinophils.
b. basophils.
c. neutrophils.
d. monocytes.

5. Which of the following is not a lymphocyte?

a. monocyte
b. B cell
c. T cell
d. plasma cell

6. A bony fish has a __________ chambered heart.

a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four

7. A four chambered heart is first seen in

a. bony fishes.
b. amphibians.
c. reptiles.
d. crocodilians.

8. The pacemaker of a mammalian heart is the

a. AV node.
b. SA node.
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c. Bundle of His.
d. Purkinje fibers.

9. All of the following are nonspecific defenses except

a. biological barriers.
b. chemical barriers.
c. acquired immunity.
d. physical barriers.

10. The type of immunity produced by antibodies acquired from immunization with a vaccine is
termed
a. artificial active immunity.
b. artificial passive immunity.
c. natural immunity.
d. passive immunity.

11. The reason why tissue and organ transplants are rejected in birds and mammals is due to
a. the action of NK cells.
b. natural immunity.
c. the action of plasma cells.
d. the action of antibodies.

12. Most aquatic invertebrates carry out gas exchange

a. by diffusion.
b. with lungs.
c. by gills.
d. with tracheal systems.

13. Arachnids possess

a. trachea.
b. books lungs.
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b
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14. Land snails breath by way of

a. trachea.
b. book lungs.
c. pulmonate lungs.
d. all of the above (a-c)

15. Amphibians and some reptiles breath by

a. cutaneous body surface exchange.
b. external filamentous gills.
c. internal lamellar gills.
d. all of the above.

16. The type of breathing that allows an organism to exchange gases simultaneously with both
air and water is termed
a. cutaneous exchange.
b. bimodal breathing.
c. gill exchange.
d. lung exchange.

17. Which of the following has the greatest rate of oxygen consumption?
a. frogs
b. humans
c. pulmonates
d. birds

18. Chlorocruorin is green when associated with low oxygen concentrations and bright red when
associated with high oxygen concentrations.
True
False

19. Hemoglobulin is the most commonly occurring respiratory pigment in molluscs and certain
crustaceans.
True
False
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20. Oxygen and carbon dioxide always diffuse from areas of low concentration to areas of high
concentration
True
False

21. Animals that respire anaerobically need a constant supply of oxygen.

True
False

22. Acquired immunity can be either active or passive.

True
False

23. The lymphatic system consists of one-way vessels that help return fluids and proteins
through a closed system of vessels.
True
False

24. Open circulatory systems generally circulate blood and closed systems circulate hemolymph.
True
False

25. As animals became larger and acquired higher metabolic rates, simple diffusion became
increasingly inadequate as a means of delivering oxygen to the tissues.
True
False

Chapter 37- Nutrition and Digestion

1. The nutrition of an animal includes

a. the process of taking in food.
b. the process of digesting food.
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c. the processes of absorbing and storing food.

d. all of the above (a-c)

2. Most higher invertebrates (e.g., insects) utilize __________ that allows them to exploit
different food sources.
a. intracellular digestion
b. both intracellular and extracellular digestion
c. variations in extracellular digestion
d. just extracellular digestion

3. The development of an anus and complete digestive tract first occurred in the
a. sponges
b. aschelminths
c. molluscs
d. cnidarians

4. Bats, that eat primarily arthropods, are called

a. autrotrophs.
b. heterotrophs.
c. carnivores.
d. insectivores.

5. A vertebrate, such as yourself, can extract approximately __________ calories per gram of
carbohydrate.
a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8

6. In animals, which of the following would be categorized as a trace mineral?

a. copper
b. calcium
c. chlorine
d. sodium
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7. Which of the following is not a fat soluble vitamin?

a. A
b. B12
c. D
d. K

8. Deposit feeding occurs in

a. earthworms.
b. some snails.
c. sea urchins.
d. all of the above (a-c)

9. Which of the following spends the most time eating?

a. herbivores
b. carnivores
c. suspension feeders
d. discontinuous feeders

10. Digestion involves

a. feeding.
b. extracellular digestion.
c. intracellular digestion.
d. all of the above (a-c)

11. Salivary glands are found in all of the following except

a. fishes.
b. snakes.
c. birds.
d. fishes and birds.

12. Gizzards are found in all of the following except

a. crocodilians.
b. birds.
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c. some fishes.
d. mammals.

13. All of the following are ruminant animals except

a. cows.
b. sheep.
c. deer.
d. elephants.

14. In mammals, HCl is secreted by __________ cells.

a. chief
b. parietal
c. zymogen
d. HCL

15. All of the following are functions of the vertebrate stomach except
a. stores and mixes the food bolus received from the esophagus.
b. secretes substances (enzymes, mucus, HCL) that starts the digestion of proteins.
c. begins carbohydrate digestion.
d. helps control the rate food moves into the small intestine.

16. The stomach contains __________ glands.

a. gastric
b. mucous
c. intestinal
d. both gastric and mucous

17. Which of the following is necessary for the emulsification of fats?

a. bile
b. pancreatic juice
c. intestinal juice
d. all of the above (a-c)
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18. Digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller particles that the
individual cells of an animal can absorb.
True
False

19. Losses of biosynthetic abilities have marked much of animal evolution.

True
False

20. Only a few protists and animals can absorb nutrients directly from their external
environment.
True
False

21. The evolution and structure of the digestive system in various invertebrates and vertebrates
reflects their eating habits, their rate of metabolism, and their body size.
True
False

22. Most digestion occurs in the ileal portion of the small intestine.
True
False

23. The large intestine has a lot of digestive and absorptive activities.
True
False

24. The appendix represents the evolutionary remains of a large intestine.

True
False

25. A rabbit has a very small cecum.

True
False

Chapter 38- Temperature and Body Fluid Regulation

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1. __________ is the loss of heat from a surface as water molecules escape in the form of a gas.
a. Conduction
b. Convection
c. Evaporation
d. Radiation

2. Animals cope with temperature fluctuations by

a. occupying a place in the environment where the temperature remains constant and
compatible with their physiological processes.
b. adapting their physiological processes to the range of temperatures in which the
animals are capable of living.
c. Generating heat and trapping heat internally to maintain a constant body
temperature despite fluctuations in the external environment temperature.
d. all of the above (a-c)

3. In general, reptiles, fishes, and amphibians are __________.

a. endotherms
b. ectotherms
c. homeotherms
d. all of the above (a-c)

4. At night, hummingbirds enter a sleep like state called __________.

a. estivation
b. hibernation
c. daily torpor
d. sleep depravation

5. In order to lose heat, birds

a. pant.
b. utilize gular flutter.
c. sleep.
d. both a and b

6. The hormonal triggering of heat production is called __________.

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a. nonshivering thermogenesis
b. shivering thermogenesis
c. gular flutter
d. panting

7. A specialized type of fat found in newborn mammals, in mammals that live in cold climates,
and in mammals that hibernate, is called __________ fat.
a. red
b. brown
c. yellow
d. green

8. Badgers, bears, and opossums __________ during winter months.

a. hibernate
b. estivate
c. enter prolonged sleep
d. enter torpor

9. If the osmotic concentration of the body fluids of an animal equals that of the medium in
which an animal is living, the animals is termed an __________.
a. osmoregulator
b. osmoconformer
c. osmotolerant
d. osmoresistant

10. Contractile vacuoles would be found in

a. protozoa and sponges.
b. metazoan invertebrates.
c. vertebrates.
d. all of the above (a-c)

11. Metanephridia
a. open to the outside of an animal.
b. open internally to the body fluids.
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c. are multicellular.
d. all of the above (a-c)

12. Antennal or green glands are found in __________.

a. crayfish and crabs
b. malocostraceans
c. insects
d. molluscs

13. Where would you look for coxal glands.

a. In spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites.
b. In crayfish and crabs.
c. In vertebrates.
d. In sponges.

14. The __________ appears only briefly in many vertebrate embryos.

a. pronephros
b. mesonephros
c. metanephros
d. kidney

15. Most teleost fishes have __________ kidneys.

a. pronephric
b. mesonephric
c. metanephric
d. polynephric

16. Reptiles, birds, and mammals all possess _________ kidneys.

a. pronephric
b. mesonephric
c. metanephric
d. polynephric

17. The functional unit of the metanephric kidney is the __________.

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a. countercurrent exchange mechanism

b. nephron
c. glomerulus
d. loop of the nephron

18. Ectotherms generally obtain heat from their environment.

True
False

19. Heterotherms have a relatively constant body temperature.

True
False

20. Thermogenesis involves mainly shivering, enzymatic activity, brown fat, and high cellular
metabolism.
True
False

21. Freshwater animals tend to gain ions and lose water.

True
False

22. Marine animals tend to take in ions from the seawater and to lose water.
True
False

23. Desert and marine reptiles and birds have salt glands to remove and secrete excess salt
(NaCl).
True
False

24. The loop of the nephron and the collecting duct are in the kidney cortex.
True
False
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25. Sharks and their relatives (skates and rays) have mesonephric kidneys.
True
False

Chapter 39- Reproduction and Development

1. Hydra and many species of sponges reproduce by __________.

a. parthenogenesis
b. fragmentation
c. budding
d. fission

2. Certain flatworms, rotifers, roundworms, insects, lobsters, some lizards, and some fishes can
reproduce without sperm and normal fertilization. This type of asexual reproduction is termed
__________.
a. fission
b. budding
c. fragmentation
d. parthenogenesis

3. __________ occurs when an animal has both functional male and female reproductive
systems.
a. sequential hermaphroditism
b. hermaphroditism
c. dioecious reproduction
d. protandrous reproduction

4. When eggs are deposited outside the body of the female, this is termed __________
reproduction.
a. oviparous
b. ovoviviparous
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c. viparous
d. broadcast spawning

5. The first group of vertebrates to completely abandon the aquatic habitat and began
reproducing on land were the __________.
a. fishes
b. amphibians
c. reptiles
d. birds

6. Which of the following mammals lays eggs?

a. duckbilled platypus
b. spiny anteater
c. opossums
d. both a and b

7. Water, fructose, vitamin C, and prostaglandins are secreted by the __________ in mammals.
a. prostate gland
b. seminal vesicles
c. bulbourethral glands
d. all of the above (a-c)

8. Which of the following hormones aids sperm maturation and increases testosterone
production.
a. GnRH
b. LH
c. FSH
d. TSH

9. In a female mammal, which of the following hormones induce the mammary glands to secrete
and eject milk after birth?
a. prolactin
b. oxytocin
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c. hCG
d. both a and b

10. Which of the following is not part of the menstrual cycle?

a. follicular phase
b. ovulation
c. luteal phase
d. blastocyst formation

11. During the first few days of birth, a baby receives __________ from the mother's mammary
glands.
a. milk
b. colostrum
c. neither of the above
d. both of the above

12. The baby participates in the birth process by secreting __________.

a. catecholamines
b. prolactin
c. oxytocin
d. FSH

13. In mammalian reproduction, which of the following implants in the endometrial lining of the
uterus?
a. zygote
b. morula
c. blastocyst
d. embryo

14. In female mammals, which of the following hormones stimulates thickening of the uterine
wall?
a. oxytocin
b. LH
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c. progesterone
d. hCG

15. In human females, which of the following hormones controls pituitary secretion?
a. oxytocin
b. progesterone
c. GnRH
d. FSH

16. Which of the following human female hormones inhibits FSH secretion and increases LH
secretion?
a. estrogen
b. progesterone
c. prolactin
d. hCG

17. The female uterus is divided into __________ layers.

a. two
b. three
c. four
d. five

18. Lactation includes just milk secretion (production) by the mammary glands.
True
False

19. The development of a human may be divided into prenatal and postnatal periods.
True
False

20. The human female is fertile for about a week each month.
True
False

21. Asexual reproduction relies on the fusion of haploid cells.

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True
False

22. Sexual reproductive strategies and structures in the invertebrates are numerous and varied.
True
False

23. Sexual reproduction first evolved in land animals.

True
False

24. The reproductive roles of the human female are more complex than those of the human male.
True
False

25. Pregnancy is humans is arbitrarily divided into 3-month periods called trimesters.
True
False