COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AND NATURAL RESOURCES

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS

2/F Gregorio Zamuco Hall, Makiling St., UP Los Banos, College, Laguna 4031 Philippines
+63 49 536 2266 |cfnrlibrary.uplb@up.edu.ph

COLLEGE LIBRARY

MS Thesis and Dissertations

Institute of Renewable Natural Resources

Title: Biomass and carbon sequestration prediction models for Acacia

manguim Willd plantation in Tain Nguyen Province, Viet Nam
Tulod, Adrian

Author: Nguyen, Hung Tuan

Adviser: Villanueva, Teodoro R.

Co-adviser: Carandang, Wilfredo M.; Pulhin, Juan M.;
Carandang, Myra G.

Program: Doctor of Philosophy with Specialization in Forestry:

Forest Resources Management

Year: 2018

Abstract/Executive Summary: The study developed a model to estimate current biomass and
carbon stocks as well as predict future biomass and carbon
sequestration potential for forest plantations of Acacia mangium
Willd in Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam. Specifically, the study: 1)
characterized the Acacia mangium Willd plantation in Thai Nguyen
Province, Vietnam 2) estimated the current biomass and carbon
stocks of tree and stand for Acacia mangium Willd plantations 3)
developed a biomass and carbon models for tree of Acacia mangium
Willd 4) determined the future conditions of plantation based on the
programs and policies of the government and 5) recommended
appropriate management strategies to improve the forest plantation
development and management. A total of 126 plots representing
various ages of plantations were established at the bottom, hillside,
and hilltop of the plantation. Data collected from each plot included
age of plantation, spacing, density, diameter, total height, basal area,
and volume. Estimates of the various plantation characteristics
showed significantly higher values in the bottom compared with
those in the other parts of the plantations sampled. The data for
biomass and carbon estimation and development of prediction
models came from 54 destructive sampled trees of different diameter
classes (big, medium, and small) of the different ages. Six candidate
non-linear regression equations using variables as diameter, total
height, and age of plantation were tested and assessed for statistical
validity and accuracy in biomass and carbon prediction. Data
analysis was carried out in Excel and STATA 14 PM software. The

Please visit http://ilib.uplb.edu.ph for more details about the thesis/practicum report titles.
 COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS
2/F Gregorio Zamuco Hall, Makiling St., UP Los Banos, College, Laguna 4031 Philippines
+63 49 536 2266 |cfnrlibrary.uplb@up.edu.ph

COLLEGE LIBRARY

study showed that the major biomass and carbon of trees are boles,
followed by branches and leaves. Biomass and carbon models were
tested for separated ages (each age class was tested by the model), as
well as all age levels from ages 2 to 7 Acacia mangium Willd
plantation (all age classes from 2 to 7 were tested by the model). In
terms of separated ages, the model with one variable as diameter (D)
showed better values than variable height (H) and two variables (D,
H) combined due to the high correlation efficiency (R'), small
standard error (SE), and higher F values. As for the models tested
for all age levels combined with the addition of the variable age (A),
there was no significant difference observed between single
predictor and combined predictors. The accuracy of the values was
tested by chi-square and residual analysis to compare between
observed and predicted biomass and carbon. The prediction
equations were used to assess future biomass and carbon
sequestration in the province. Scenarios of biomass and carbon
change were assessed based on the programs and policy of the
government.

Please visit http://ilib.uplb.edu.ph for more details about the thesis/practicum report titles.
 Title: Sustainability of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) -based
agroforestry system in Atok, Benguet Province, Philippines

Author: Bao-Idang, Conrado

Adviser: Visco, Roberto G.

Program: Doctor of Philosophy with Specialization in Forestry:

Silviculture and Forest Influences

Year: 2015

Abstract/Executive Summary: The study assesses the sustainability of the Arabica coffee-based
agroforestry systems in Atok, Benguet, Philippines. Specifically, it
aimed to: a) determine the ecological and socio-economic factors,
and cultural plantation practices that affect the Arabica coffee-
based agroforestry systems and b) to analyze the sustainability of
Arabica coffee-based agroforestry systems using the socio-
economic, ecological and cultural plantation practices or
sustainability indication. The study was established in a split-split
plot design with two elevation ranges as main plots, two nurse trees
as subplots, and three coffee age ranges as sub-subplots. Interview
and ocular survey were also included to obtain data on socio-
economic and cultural plantation practices of farmers. The
sustainability indicators and corresponding sub-indicators under
each were given a corresponding value weight and rated based on
established threshold level and using likert scale. The ecological
factors considered are temperature, rainfall, biodiversity, litterfall
production and NPK contents, decomposition rate, soil properties
(N,P,K, OM, pH and BD), and sheet erosion rate. These factors
were assessed as moderately to highly sustainable with an overall
rating of moderately sustainable and average weighted means
(AWM) of 2.28. Socio-economic sustainability based on
respondents’ economic factors: gross income, coffee farm net
income, coffee farm initial investment, coffee yield, coffee buyers,
management risks and external support services was rated and
social factors: Respondents’ quality of life, membership in
organizations, and peace and order situation of the community was
rated moderately sustainable with AWM of 2.17. The respondents
Arabica coffee silvicultural practices also obtained an overall
moderately sustainable based on combined ecological and socio-
economic characteristics, and silvicultural practices with an overall
AWM of 2.29. Promotion of the coffee-based agroforestry system
for expansion, and sustained external support and further studies to
improve its sustainability are strongly recommended.

2
 Title: Effects of pruning, thinning and intercropping on the biomass,
yield and soil properties of jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) based
agroforestry system

Author: Totaan, Darwin Elizaga

Adviser: Castillo, Arturo, SA

Program: Doctor of Philosophy with Specialization in Forestry:

Silviculture and Forest Influences

Year: 2011

Abstract/Executive Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of pruning, thinning and
intercropping on the biomass, yield and soil properties of Jatropha-
based agroforestry system. The study made use of Randomized
Complete Block Design with the following treatments: JCI-pure
agronomic crop (bush sitao/corn) JC2-pure Jatropha (with no
pruning and thinning on Jatropha JC5-application of pruning with
intercropping on Jatropha and JC6-application of pruning and
thinning with intercropping on Jatropha. The findings revealed that
the average number of branches, diameter of branch and basal
diameter of a three-year-old Jatropha were significantly increased
with the application of pruning, thinning and intercropping (JC6)
having 25,75.28 mm and 136.39mm, respectively. However, no
significant result was observed on the length of Jatropha applied
with various cultural practices. On per plant basis, yield
components of Jatropha increased significantly with the
applications of the treatment JC6 particularly on the total number
and weight of fruit having 59 and 0.608 kg plant-1, respectively
Furthermore, seed yield was improved with 0.160kg plant-1.
However, JC6 was lower in terms of seed yield with 199.40 kg ha-1
compared to JC5 with 280.42 kg ha-1. The decrease of seed yield in
JC6 was attributed to the reduction of plant density due to the
application of thinning. The above-ground biomass, dry matter
yield and number of pod of bush sitao did not reveal any significant
results except for the pod yield wherein JC6 obtained the highest
yield on per plant basis with 0.146 kg plant-1. No significant result
was observed on the above-ground biomass and corn ear yield in all
the cultural practices applied on per plant analysis. Nevertheless,
above-ground biomass, dry matter yield, ear yield of corn was
comparatively higher in monocropping than intercropping. Nutrient
contents of Jatropha were not affected by the cultural practices. On
the other hand a significant increase in calcium and magnesium
contents of bush sitao during the dry cropping as well as for the
potassium content of corn during the wet cropping. The applied
cultural practices have no significant effect on the depth and
amount of soil erosion at each portion of the 15% slope study site
(downslope, midslope and upslope). The different cultural practices
did not cause significant effect on the temporal variation of soil
fertility status of the area during the dry and wet cropping seasons.
In terms of the profitability analysis on the cultural practices, JC6
obtained the highest positive annual net income (P333, 769.13), the
return of investment (315.86%) and benefit-cost ratio (3.159).

3
 Title: Supply and demand models for falcata (Paraserianthes
falcataria L. Nielsen) and yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.)
sawlogs in Caraga and Cagayan Valley Regions, Philippines

Author: Cortiguerra, Emelynne Cuaresma

Adviser: Cruz, Cerenilla A.

Program: Doctor of Philosophy with Specialization in Forestry:

Forest Resource Management

Year: 2011

Abstract/Executive Summary: This study was undertaken to develop supply and demand
models for falcata and yemane sawlogs in Caraga and Cagayan
Valley Regions. Specifically, the study aimed to: (1) describe the
sawlog production systems for facalta and yemane sawlogs in
Caraga and Cagayan Valley Regions (2) identify factors affecting
demand for and supply and yemane sawlogs in Caraga and
Cagayan Valley Regions (3) determine demand and supply
elasticities of the two species in the Caraga and Cagayan Valley
Regions and (4) compare the supply and demand models for facalta
and yemane sawlogs in Caraga and Cagayan Valley Regions.
Cross-section data were used in the model construction. Five
structural equations were developed: (1) supply of falcata sawlog in
Caraga Region (2) demand for falcata sawlog in Caraga Region (3)
supply of yemane sawlog in Caraga Region and (4) supply of
yemane sawlog in Cagayan Valley Region and (5) demand for
yemane sawlog in Cagayan Valley Region. In Caraga Region, the
supply of falcata sawlogs was influenced by investment cost
(INVEST), price of falcata pulpwood lagged one year (PFPW-1,),
price of falcata sawlog lagged one year (PFSW-1), the price of
labor (Plabor), and profit margin (PM). Meanwhile, the demand for
falcata sawlog was influenced by plant capacity (CAP), price of
falcata sawlogs (PFL), and the price of labor (Plabor). Equilibrium
quantity for falcata sawlogs is 422.058 cu m per year and
equilibrium price is P2, 870.50 per cum. Supply of yemane sawlogs
in Caraga Region was influenced by the price of Yemane sawlogs
lagged one year (PYSW-1), price of yemane pulpwood current year
(PYPW), and cost of delivery (CDEL). On the other hand, supply
of yemane sawlogs in Cagayan Valley Region was influenced by
investment cost (INV) and loans (LOAN). The degree of
responsiveness of supply/demand to its factors was measured using
elasticity. Comparison of falcata sawlog and supply of yemane
sawlogs in Caraga Region was done with both models being
influenced by price of sawlogs lagged one year. PFSW-1 negatively
influenced the supply of falcata sawlogs while PYSW-1 positively
influenced the supply of yemane sawlogs. The regression of PFSW-
1 was not significantly different from zero. On the other hand,
PYSW-1 is significantly different from zero. Likewise, a
comparison on demand for falcata sawlogs in Caraga Region and
demand for yemane sawlogs in Cagayan Valley was done;
however, there were no common variables as point comparison.

4
 Title: A management system for watersheds dominated by spiked
pepper (Piper aduncum L.) in Southern Mindanao, Philippines

Author: Cardente, Thomas Labra , II

Adviser: Villanueva, Teodoro R.

Program: Doctor of Philosophy with Specialization in Forestry:

Forest Resource Management

Year: 2011

Abstract/Executive Summary: This study explored ways of harnessing the potentials of the
spiked pepper tree (Piper aduncum) for the management of
watersheds where it has proliferated. With Upper Buayan
Watershed in Sarangani Province as study area, the methods
employed were: (1) biophysical characterization using GIS, (2)
determination of farmers' knowledge and perceptions on spiked
pepper, (3) carbon stock assessment, (4) determination of soil
chemical properties, (5) floral diversity assessment, (6) economic
valuation of spiked pepper, and (7) cost-benefit analysis. Spiked
pepper was found to have many ecological and economic benefits,
far outweighing its supposed disadvantages as a species considered
to be bio-invasive. Aside from its acceptability among farmers, it
was found to have strong potentials for carbon sequestration, for
improving soil nutrients after a short period, and for livelihood
generation when its poles are sold as firewood or as tomato and
asparagus pegs. Biodiversity-wise, spiked pepper stands to nurture
a big number of endemic wildlings. Its bright prospects also came
out for improving the cover of hilly lands susceptible to erosion
during rains and to wildfires during dry months suppressing cogon
and other weeds in grasslands and shortening the fallow period of
upland cropping systems. Cost-benefit analysis of ten management
system options arrived at, revealed that the most profitable is
Agroforestry (NPV=Php33.8 trillion), followed by Rubber
Plantation (Php 270.56 million). The least profitable is Grazing
(NPV=Php 6 million). Spiked pepper's robust growth performance
in grasslands and marginal areas makes it a highly potent species
for restoration of denuded uplands, rehabilitation of erosion-
impacted watershed, provision of alternative livelihood for upland
dwellers, and deflecting small-wood gatherers that would otherwise
turn to natural forest and to more valuable indigenous species. Its
use can serve to propel the National Greening Program and help the
country face its rural poverty, food security, and climate change
problems. Gray areas in the other economic and ecological
potentials of spiked pepper still exist. Thus, a number of
recommendations are made to fill research gaps, address policy
requirements, and fine-tune management systems.

5
 Title: Assessment of seed distribution, dissemination and diffusion
pathways of priority tree plantation species in the Philippines

Author: Siladan, Marcelino U.

Adviser: Tolentino, Enriques L., Jr.

Program: Doctor of Philosophy with Specialization in Forestry:

Silviculture and Forest Influences

Year: 2010

Abstract/Executive Summary: The study was conducted to understand and document the state
of the country's seeds sources, the origins of the priority forest tree
seeds, the systems of seed distribution, dissemination and diffusion
of priority tree plantation in the Philippines. It also tried to
characterize and analyze the major forest tree seed sources, seed
producers and dealers of priority plantation species and their system
of seed collection/acquisition system, processing, handling, storage
and distribution practices. In the process, the seed quality and
quantity supplied by the seeds sources were evaluated as well as the
phenotypic characteristics of the seed trees where the seeds were
collected. Based on the results, a modification of the guideline for
plus tree selection was proposed. Data were collected using
document reviews, field surveys and interviews. The study also
revealed that a considerable number of seed sources surveyed are
distributed in the three major islands of the country, located mostly
in Mindanao. While there are seed sources that are easy to access, a
limited number can be considered phenotypically good quality due
to absence of roguing. The study also revealed 5 major categories
of the tree seed producers, distributors and suppliers' and four (4)
major seed pathway linkages from the origins and primary seeds
sources to the various end-users. Likewise, the study also revealed
five industrial tree plantation (ITP) species with the most number of
seed sources surveyed, namely: yemane (Gmelina arborea Roxb.)
mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) mangium (Acacia
mangium Willd.) bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta Blume.) and narra
(Pterocarpus indicus Willd.). The origins and movement pathways
of seeds of these species provided to be difficult to trace due to
poor documentation or complete absence of records of trees planted
many years ago. Evaluation done on the seed trees of seeds stands
revealed a mixture of straight, semi-straight and crooked trees.
Pollen from bad trees continues to contaminate the good trees thus
seed collected from the plus trees are not 100% of good phenotype.
On this basis, a revision to the existing plus trees selection
guideline is put forward. Results of the seed collection, processing
and storage and testing practices of the seed sources revealed the
need of improvements in the area of tools and equipment, which
affects seed quality. Results and recommendations of the study will
serve as among the basis for addressing concerns on seed quality to
support forestation and future tree improvement initiatives in the
country.

6
 Title: Participatory land use allocation in Besitang Watershed,
Langkat, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Author: Rahmawaty

Adviser: Villanueva Teodoro, R.

Program: Doctor of Philosophy with Specialization in Forestry:

Forest Resource Management

Year: 2009

Abstract/Executive Summary: This study was conducted to develop a framework for

participatory and improved land use decision-making in Besitang
Watershed, Langkat, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Specifically, it
aimed to: assess land use changes, estimate oil erosion under
different land uses, analyze the actual and potential suitability of
the lands for several annual, estate and silvicultural crops, and
determine the current and potential land use suitability with
stakeholder participation, and develop a spatial participatory land
use allocation based on integrated approach to ensure sustainability.
Socio-economic information and physical data were derived from
interviews and field surveys. Collective opinion was derived from
the workshop with stakeholders. Geographic Information System
(GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used for land
use allocation. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was used
to determine soil erosion in each land system. Remarkable land use
changes occurred from 1990 to 2006. Large portions of primary
forest (82%) were converted to secondary forest, followed by
conversion of mangrove forest into fish pond (30%). The mean soil
erosion is classified as Class 2 and large areas are under suitable
land uses based on erosion index. Land capability of Besitang
Watershed ranges from Class II to VI. The majority of land is under
the land capability Class III. Land systems with very steep slopes
were not suitable for several annual and estate crops and
silvicultural species. In general both annual and estate crops as well
as silvicultural species are not suitable (N) in the lower stream of
the watershed, due to drainage and flooding hazard. Alternative for
Forestry in Besitang Watershed based on integrated approach has
very high suitability (63%). Agriculture use has high (63%) to very
high (37%) suitability. Settlement Area has low (23%) to moderate
(77%) suitability. Fishery use has low (47%), moderate (18%), and
high (35%) suitability. Industry has very low suitability in all
decision zones (100%). Based on allocation for multiple-use
Besitang Watershed hs very high potential suitability for forestry
(63%) and agriculture (37%) land uses. The most significant
contributions of integrated approach using GIS and AHP in
facilitating land use decision-making were: as a tool for land use
allocation and policy formulation, as well as for scientific
investigations. This approach provides participatory involvement of
stakeholders in land use allocation. This approach is efficient and
reliable land use allocation for watershed management since it
involves the physical components as well as participation of
stakeholders to ensure sustainability.

7
 Title: A GIS-based forest resources management system for Gibbon
protected area in Trung Khanh Nature Reserve, Cao Bang
Province, Vietnam

Author: Tran, Quo Hung

Adviser: Racelis, Diomedes A.

Program: Doctor of Philosophy with Specialization in Forestry:

Forest Resource Management

Year: 2008

Abstract/Executive Summary: This study was conducted to develop a GIS-based forest

resource management system for the Gibbon Protected Area in
Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang Province, Vietnam. The study
gathered primary vegetation data from 34 sample plots in the Cao
Vit Gibbon Protected Area. Primary socio-economic data are also
gathered through interviews with 74 households of the nearby
villages. SPSS Regression is used to analyze the correlation
between socio-economic factors and Gibbon habitat. GAME model
is used to develop a database system of forest resource management
in the study area using ArcView software. Analysis shows that
there are a total of 131 trees, shrub, vine and herb species from 59
families found in the research area. Floristic composition analysis
shows that the research area is dominated by some species such as
Cephalomappa sinensis, Dendrocnide urentissima, Radermachera
sinica, Acer tonkinensis Lecomte, and Excentro dendron hsienmu.
This study shows that local people rely on agricultural production,
animal husbandry, forest products, gardening, fishery and wage
labor for their income. Forest products rank third as main source of
income in the nearby villages. However, firewood collection,
timber cutting and livestock grazing pose a big threat to Cao Vit
Gibbon Protected Area. This is also reflected and affirmed through
the correlation analysis. The study site has a generally sleep
topography with an elevation range of 500 - 1000msl and
interrupted by lowland depressions. The analysis shows that human
activities are mostly carried out in areas near the villages, at lower
altitude, and less steep slopes where accessibility is much easier.
Databases for forest resource management system are created
through the GAME Model. The area and location of the suitable
gibbon habitat are identified by GPA - FRMS. The study confirms
that limited habitat and degraded vegetation, especially food plant
species for gibbon, are reasons for a larger number of Cao Vit
gibbon in group (5 - 7 individuals). The potential Gibbon habitat is
also assessed by using the GPA - FRMS, and own assumption in
lieu of very few studies on gibbons. The study is really useful not
only for forest resources management in the Gibbon Protected Area
but also for other protected areas in Vietnam.

8
 Title: Survival and growth responses of three tree species to
mycorrhiza and fertilizers in the bioremediation of a mine
waste dump

Author: Parao, Marissa Reyes

Adviser: dela Cruz, Loretto U.

Program: Doctor of Philosophy with Specialization in Forestry:

Silviculture and Forest Influences

Year: 2008

Abstract/Executive Summary: The sub-marginal condition and the cost of rehabilitation deter
most of the mine spoil rehabilitation efforts. As an alternative,
bioremediation has been resorted to. This study evaluated the
potentials of mycorrhiza, fertilizers and the use of tolerant species
in the bioremediation of a mine waste dump of Antamok, Itogon,
Benguet. Seedlings of Casuarina equisetifolia Forst., Alnus
maritima Marsh Nutt. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. were
raised in the nursery and subjected to mycorrhizal inoculation
treatments. These seedlings were planted in the mine spoil and were
further subjected to four fertilizer treatments: 120g compost, 0g
NPK, 5g NPK and 20g NPK. Two months after treatment
application, height and diameter increments were measured every
month. Other parameters measured include survival, biomass,
N,P,K, Cd, Cr, Mn, and Fe uptake eight months after field planting.
Results showed that, except for Alnus, seedlings planted in mine
spoil responded positively to mycorrhiza. Likewise, Agoho and
eucalyptus responded positively to application of 20g NPK. Both
nutrient uptake and heavy metal uptake indicate the positive role of
mycorrhiza and fertilizers in increasing plant tolerance to
nutritional imbalance and heavy metal toxicity.

Title: Root growth potential and early field performance of Gmelina

arborea intercropped with Zea mays

Author: Corpuz, Onofre S.

Adviser: Carandang, Wilfredo M.

Program: Doctor of Philosophy with Specialization in Forestry:

Silviculture and Forest Influences

Year: 2008

Abstract/Executive Summary: Three continuous studies were undertaken to characterize root

growth potential (RGP) of Gmelina arborea based on provenance
and to evaluate RGP's suitability as a measure of seedling quality
through field trials as affected by distance of planting and
provenance. Carbon storage of the farming system was estimated
through field measurements. The nursery experiment showed
significant variations in all morphological characteristics of

9
 seedlings of Gmelina by provenance. Seeds from Candelaria,
Quezon and Kabacan, Cotabato were significantly different in all
morphological traits measured compared with the seeds from
Davao del Sur, and Arakan, Cotabato. The RGP in terms of first
order lateral roots (FOLR) was found to be positively correlated
with root collar diameter, primary root length, stem height, and
rootshoot ratio. The frequency distribution of FOLR on the other
hand was found to be normally distributed. Seedlings with 18
FOLR counted the most from a range of 3 to 35. There were three
natural FOLR groupings established: R1 (0-10) R2 (11-20) and R3
(21-30+). The field trials revealed significant differences in the
growth of Gmelina after one year. Strong genetic control over
height, basal area, and biomass were observed. Seeds from Quezon
were significantly different in terms of merchantable and total
heights compared to those from Cotabato and Davao del Sur. While
in terms of basal area and biomass, Quezon and Cotabato seeds did
not differ significantly. On the other hand, the three provenance did
not vary significantly in terms of DBH, tree volume and survival.
Distance of planting also significantly affects height, diameter
growth and survival of the tree. However, basal area, tree volume
and biomass varied significantly. Root classes affected tree
diameter, total height, percent survival, and volume significantly.
All factors did not show any significant variation on basal area, and
merchantable height. Root classes were found to be positively and
significantly correlated with DBH, basal area, and root biomass.
The performance of the intercropped Zea mays varied significantly
in all agronomic and morphological characters as affected by tree
spacing but not by RGP classes. The monocropped corn
significantly performed better in all traits compared to those
interplanted with the Gmelina.

Title: Multiple-use tradeoffs in Kaliwa Watershed, Luzon,

Philippines

Author: Tomas, Wilma Gaor

Adviser: Carandang, Myrna G.

Program: Doctor of Philosophy with Specialization in Forestry:

Forest Resource Management

Year: 2006

Abstract/Executive Summary: The constraint method of the multiobjective linear programming

(MOLP) Model used to allocate four production land uses that
would maximize yield. The production land uses were agriculture,
agroforestry, pasture, and fuelwood. The noninferior set estimation
(NISE) algorithm in a MOLP Model determined the tradeoffs
between the pasture and multi storey agroforestry. The selected
tradeoff solutions in brushland and grassland increased the yield of
multi storey agroforestry to 90 tons at the expense of 38 a.u.
livestock. Likewise, the area of the multistorey agroforestry
increased from 31.6 ha to 108.8 ha, while that of a pasture
decreased from 325.9 ha to 248.7 ha. A total area of 26,863.8 ha

10
 was allocated to different land uses in the watershed. The
natural/permanent and protection forests covered 63 (17,435.5 ha)
of the total watershed area while the production land uses had a
total area of 639.9 ha. The results of the study indicate that MOLP
is an effective tool in making decisions. Although it allocated only
a small portion of brushland and grassland to agriculture,
agroforestry, pasture, and fuelwood land uses, these are already
sufficient to satisfy the demand of the existing population within
the watershed. The NISE algorithm, on the other hand, provided
explicit tradeoffs between the pasture and multistorey agroforestry.
The method encourages more flexible planning because it
generated a range of possible solutions, which the watershed users
could choose.

Title: Bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta Blume) and maize (Zea mays L.)
above ground interactions in alley cropping system at Claveria,
Misamis Oriental, Mindanao, Philippines

Author: Abas, Esmael Lidasan

Adviser: Visco, Roberto G.

Program: Doctor of Philosophy with Specialization in Forestry:

Silviculture and Forest Influences

Year: 2006

Abstract/Executive Summary: The study was conducted to examine the above-ground

interactions of 7-year old bagras (Eucalyptus deglupta Blume) and
maize (Zea mays L.) in an alley cropping system. A randomized
complete block design (RCBD) was followed replicated twice. The
experimental treatments include a sole maize control and as
intercrop under 1x3m and 1x9m hedgerow spacing. The results
showed that height and diameter breast height (DBH) increment of
bagras were not significantly different in the 9 m and 3 m hedgerow
spacing. Trees under 9m spacing had wider canopy extension
although the relative canopy density (RCD) was lower. Canopy
openness was not significantly different between the two hedgerow
treatments. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) availability
was significantly lower under the hedgerow treatments compared to
the control. Moreover, the hedgerow alley was observed to have
consistently lower PAR near the hedges compared to the center of
the alley. Maize agronomic performance (height, number of leaves,
leaf area(LA), leaf area index (LAI), dry biomass, and grain yield)
across cropping season was consistently lower under hedgerow
system than in the sole maize treatment. Variability in maize yield
across the alley was also observed under the hedgerow treatments
which followed a dome-shape pattern. Maize performance was
significantly poor in the lower row (LR) and upper row (UR) near
the hedged. This was attributed to the imbalance in the distribution
of PAR across the alley due to the bagras hedgerow.

11
 Title: Comparative assessment of eucalyptus species and provenances
at BFI, Bukidnon, Northern Mindanao, Philippines

Author: Pollisco, Mitzi, T

Adviser: Umali, Mercedes Garcia

Program: Doctor of Philosophy with Specialization in Forestry:

Silviculture and Forest Influences

Year: 2005

Abstract/Executive Summary: Seventh (7) year quantitative and qualitative traits of four (4)
Eucalyptus species and provenances of the Bukidnon Forests, Inc.
(BFI) were evaluated at Siloo, Dalirig, Manolo Fortich Bukidnon,
were evaluated. The experimental materials were open- pollinated
families of E. grandis, E. pellita, and E. urophylla, and a hybrid, E
deglupta x E pellita. The traits evaluated were stem diameter,
height, volume, specific gravity, fiber length, stem straightness,
forking, circularity, crown health, branch angle, branch diameter
and branch pruning characteristics. The experiment was laid out in
Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three (3) blocks
and the 15 seed lots were assigned in rows. Blocks I and III were
located on a south-facing slope while Block II was located on a
north-facing slope. The study revealed that the growing
environment had a strong influence on growth and other traits of
eucalypts. Significant to highly significant differences were found
among all seedlots on the traits evaluated. Low to high heritabilities
were observed on the traits of the open-pollinated species. Results
of the phenotypic analyses would show a highly significant, strong
and positive relationship between diameter and height of the open-
pollinated species. The other traits had varied relationships.
Genotypic correlation ranged from zero to 0.99, depending on traits
correlated.

Title: Phytoremediation potential of three agroforestry species in

copper contaminated soils in Marinduque, Philippines

Author: Tulod, Adrian

Adviser: Castillo, Arturo, SA

Program: Master of Science in Silviculture and Forest Influences

Year: 2011

Abstract/Executive Summary: Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of soil are two of

the most important parameters to consider in evaluating the effect
of soil in landslide susceptibility assessments. This study examined
the geochemistry and mineralogy of soils from areas with and
without landslide occurrences along the stations 11 to 17 of the
Mariang Makiling trail, Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve in Laguna,
Philippines. The mineralogical and major element compositions

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 were carried out using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray
Fluorescence (XRF) techniques. Soil colloid analysis revealed that
most of the soil samples are non-expansive types of clay. This is
further confirmed by the XRD data, whereas soil samples taken
from areas with and without landslides are made up of inactive
(non-expansive) types of clays such as kaolinite/chlorite and illite.
The computed weathering indices values such as the chemical
index of alteration (CIA), chemical index the weathering (CIW)
and plagioclase index of alteration (PIA) ranges from (59.72 to
94.81%), (63.13 to 96.43%) and (60.90 to 96.37%), respectively.
These values indicate moderate to advanced weathering of
plagioclase to kaolinite for both areas with and without landslides.
The results of the study will hopefully provide a means of
evaluating the influence of mineralogical and geochemical
properties of soil in the landslide occurrences in the areas with
volcanic lithologies.

Title: Analysis of effectiveness of protection strategies in Barobbob

watershed, Nueva Vizcaya and La Mesa watershed, Quezon
City, Philippines

Author: Perez, Maricon Reyes

Adviser: Cruz, Rex Victor O.

Program: Master of Science in Forest Resource Management

Year: 2008

Abstract/Executive Summary: The study was conducted to determine the factors that influence
the effectiveness of protection strategies applied to Barobbob
watershed in Nueva Vizcaya and La Mesa watershed in Quezon
City, Philippines. The gathered date were water analysis on pH and
total suspended solid (TSS), field visits/observation, socio-
economic survey using prepared questionnaires, focus group
discussions with key informants, personal interviews and through
GIS. Result of the study revelaed that multi-agency management
approach was applied in managing and protecting the watershed
resources that primary focus on the maintenance of water quality
for domestic purposes. Likewise, La Mesa watershed management
implemented a centralized mangement system and regulatory
protection startegies, whereas, Barobbob watershed demonstrated a
co-management system and developmental protection strategy. The
performance of the 3 determining factors namely, factors I
(Physical/Site factors), II (Sociio-economic facotrs) and II
(Institutional factors) were considered in the ex-post analysis of
protectionStrategies implemented in the study sites. The
improvement of the effectiveness protection startegy for a
watershed was based on the individual factor performance. It
required enhancement of associated measures under a factor with
the lowest rating of accomoplishment by the mangement and
simustaneously satisfying the desire of stakeholder to focus on
identified factor with the highest rating. Results revelaed that for
Borobbob watershed, Facor II has the highest importance based on

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 stakeholder's perpective while Factor I with the least importance as
per accomplishment rating by the management. In the case of La
Mesa watershed, Factor I had the highest importance as per
stakeholders' perspective but accomplishement rating by the
management showed Factor II with the least importance. Hence,
enablingand constraining factors that influenced the effectiveness
of protection strategies therefore vary from one waterhsed to
another, situational and are location specific.

Title: Carbon determination using field techniques and modeling of

smallholder tree farms in Leyte Island, Philippines

Author: Sales, Renezita F.

Program: Master of Science in Silviculture and Forest Influences

Year: 2005

Abstract/Executive Summary: The role of terrestrial ecosystem in mitigating the effects of

climate change entails the assessment of carbon stock in various
pools. This study predicted the carbon storage and sequestration
potential of common tree farm species in Leyte Island, Philippines
using models that were parameterized to smallholder farm
conditions. Data gathered from field measurements was used to fit
the Chapman-Richchards growth function to predict the volume
and biomass increment of Gmelina arborea and Swietenia
macrophylla tree farms until they reached their respective rotation
ages. Predicated values, secondary sources and default values
served as inputs to the CO2 Fix model to stimulate the carbon
stocks and fluxes in the above-ground biomass, soil and products
for three rotation periods. Results showed that biomass and carbon
density values varied with age, type of species, site conditions and
silvicultural treatments applied in the stand. Although farm age and
no relation with its soil carbon storage, this pool had greater storage
capacity than the above-ground biomass and roots. By fitting the
Chapman-Richards funtions, results showed that the average
maximum growth was attained after 10 years for G. arborea and 13
years for S. macrophylla. Volume growth started to slow down
when the tree species reached almost half its rotation age. The same
trend was observed from the biomass and carbon density of each
farm. The maximum mean annual increment of bith farms was
attained before the expected manimum growth year. Growth
increment decreased as the species reached its rotation age. The
total C storage capacity of a 15-year-old G. arborea tree farm was
estimated of 64 MgC ha -1 while a 25-yearlold S. macrophylla was
estimated at 159 MgC ha-1. The use of S. macrophylla as tree farm
species was found to effectively store and sequester more carbon in
the atmosphere, above-ground, soil and products as compared to
farms planted with G. arborea.

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