THEBATTLEHONOURS

CHRISTMAS
HAMPER

Filledlo the brlm with our speciatAstive

season packages,designedto fit neatly
unc|er the tr€e. Numbers in brackets
d€notenumberof figurqs.

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PandPchargesior tl|e above| 0% UK
andBFPO,30%EuroDeandO'seas
(Sermail).
5 MoorsLane.Oreton.Nr.
Kiddeminste,Worcs.DYl4 8RH.Tet:
g7+432627.
USABattleHonoub America,17Ridg€
Rd.,Brdd LakeNJ07828.Tet:{ml) 691
24A.
 LIMBERING UP FOR CHRISTMAS
I{enq to fiI the lQnasstockingsrhismonrhwith 2l new S:UPERSETS, l0 newSUPmUNIISard l0 newBAIIAIJON
PACKS.Includedamongstthemwe havethe fiIst anillery liniber setconsistingof 6 dnught holses,drivels and lilribe!
qeated in the usuelimpeccable6tyleby AnthonyBarton.Fo! im we haveintodueed a PeninsulaOr.Can set
consistingoftwo oxen,cart erd drive! whichcanbe piled highwith dead,wouded o! plunde!.lots of new artillery
piecesandcrrewthis monthwith someaathernice Polesin crapskas.Fo! the Frenchl8I2 enthusiasts we offer a 6etbf
dead,dying and-otherwjseindisposedRussians. To leftesh your memotieswe'I list the cmplete SUPERSET range
with the new addition5.Remerhberall aiillery setscomeirith 4 6ew.
SS0l SpanishGuerilas ** NOWTVAILAELE **
SS02 CompanyBaggageTlain (3tnules,paclc and SSl3 FlenchHolseAnilery
lnlrletee!) SSl4 Rench HorseAnilery with HowiEe!
SS03 Blitish glb Carllon loadiry SSIS RussianStafiSet
SS03FBtidshglb camon Firing 5516 FrenchRevolutionary Anillery
SS04 British6lb camon Ioading SSIT FlenchRevolutionary &tilery with Howitzet
SS04FBdtish6lb CannonFtuing SSIS Ru6siahCasualtySet
!E99_$enq' qPgJlJlonLfa.dihs SSl9 Peninsulao)<Cart
Nlrct tlencn dtD uannon tll|tld SS20 FrenchlJitnberard Teeh
SS2l Polish6lb Artillery
SS06FFrenchlzlb CarmonFidni SS22 PoUshl21bArtilery
SS07 Rnssianl?ll' Ca on loadins SS23 PolishAtiuery with HowiEer
SS24 FrenchRevolutionaryAfiillery with lJightGlm
SS08 Russian2O1b Hovritzerl,oading SS25 French6lb Loading
SS08FRussian20lbHowitzerFirind SS25FFrench6lbFidng
SS09 BritishStafiSet 5526 late FrencvconledeEtion 61bArtillery
SSI0 FrenchStaffSet SS27 Iate FrencvconfedeEtion81bAttillery
SSII RoyalHolseArtilery SS28 Iate Prencvconfederationlzb -Ertillew
SSI2 FrenchHowitzerlJoading SS29 Iete FrencvoonfederationHooitzet
SSIzFFrcnchHowiEe!Filing SS30 FrenchGuardHorseAfiiIery
SS3l FrenchGuardHotseHowitzer
SS32 Austrian3lbGun
SS2,9, I0, 15 and 19 a.re9I.25, SS20is 92.25and the orhe6 are il.OO
NElr/ SITPERITNITS (20:l Scale) NEWBAIIAIIIONPACNS (S{y60:lScate)
St 54 AusttianGrenzBaftalion (9E 4.qg Bp?4Austriancrenz Battalioil (12) f1.44
Slr55ConfedelationBaveiienBattalion (90) t3.60 Bp?s ConfedelationBavarianBattalion al2i f1.44
Stt56FrcnchLineBattelion1812-1815 (30) C3.60 Bp?6FrcnchLineBattalionl8l2-tgl5 il2i f1.44
SUs?CoifederationBattalion (30) $.60 Bp??ConfederarionBattalion iIZ\ 9,t.44
SU58RevolutionaryFrenchLine UgI-? (27) $.24 Bp?8Revotutionary FrenchLihe I?9!? aIZi t1.44
SU59RevolutionaryFrcnchLine 1797-1804 (27) t3.24 BP?gRevolutionaryFlenchLjne I?9?-1804 alz) f1.44
SU80RevolulionaryFrcnchLiqht l?91-1804 (24) f2.88 Bp80Revolutionary FlenchLight U9l-fS04 iU) ff.44
qllql lolish-I4antry Batt4ion(czap6kas) (!q {!.qq BI,8l Polsh Infanry Banarion(Czapskas) arzi tt.+A
SU62FrenchCarabinierReqiment (25) t6.?5 BI,8Zftench CarabinierRegitiena (loi !2.?O
5{163Frenchlline LancerRegdment (24) t6.48 Bp83FrehchLineIencer R&dment iloi [2.?O
Pluswe now havethe FlenchFC26Ca.rabinierOficer, FCz?Trumpete!,FC29Linelancer Officer,FC3OUne
LancerTlumpeter,
you sofiethingto studyoveryollr lcnaspuddingand,if youhaveanyChrisftiasbonusleft we
Therethat s-hould_give
are now seling PTTERGI,DERSexcellentNapoleonicRules'IN THEGR-AND MANMR phce t3.9Sincludingp&p*.
!_y9_o_1:9d_q9!qF-9!gu completeFRENCH, BRrTrsH,AUSTRTAN, poRt'ucUESE,CoMEDEMI'ION, PRUSSIAN-,
RIJSSIAN,BAVARIAN,POLISH,ANCIEM, SUPERNIJMJI,RY, SUPERSETS,BATTAI,IONPACTS,8Utr,DiNGS OT
GEOHEX(phew!)thensendfo! ou.rillustated CATAIOGUEt2.S0inc. po6tage*.Meanwhile,havea goodChristhas.
Prices: hJantry - Cavalry l2p Ho6es lsp

P&P l5% of order value (min 25p) up to !20.00. 10%over S20.00

OverseasSurface30% (min ll)- Airmail 50% (min f2)
5 Moors Lane, Oreton, Nr. GleoburryMortimer,
Kidderminster, Worcs. DYl4 8RE
o74 632 62t
In North America contact: Tom De Voe, BATTLEHONOI'RSAMERICA.
U Ridge Road, Budd Lake, NJ 07828.Tel (20D 691 24Zg

When replying to adyerts please mention \[argames lllustrated.

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Unit12,Semington
Tumpike, Trowbridge,
Semington, Tel:0380870228
6LB,England.
wiltsBA14
When replying to adverts please mention \ffargames Illustrated.
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TABLEIOP ES
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all our prcducts ae .vailable trom
Arliane Miniarur€. P.O. Bd 2347,
D€s Moines, lowa 50310.

When replying to adverts please mention \ryargames Illustrated.

 MINIATURE FIGUBINES
'llscrahamRoad LIMITED
Telephone(Factory)
Southampton
SO2oAX (0rc3)220855
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FTJLICAIALOGUE PIOSTAGE
& PACKING
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f4.o0S.am.il HISTORICAL
MODELSFOB 15%uptof20.0o
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WARGAMER

15mm MID-LATE16thCENTURY RALPARTHA

INFANTBY
FANTASY
42XUnamourodPikem€n MAIIUFACTUREDU DENLICEXCE
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S23 lndian220BC'soAO S49 ArabEmpne660AD-909AD s76 PeBian15th-17thC
S24 Indian50ADOnwards s50 Tlbatan620-860Ao
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10

GAMtrS
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AVAILABLE a8ainin rbeU.K.: ARMORY painb
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44q9!.:4 Go.es) AIII(ETON 2a0i Vi.tdd (19.95)

U.S. Sp€cial Fores Pl2r@n

J,obit l5En ll2o.0o) Eseluegg4: N. M..iamese Resular Plal@n
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ACw Union Inl SuDDlenenr B.nnh lg43 Gcmar 1943
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SglgrEli ModemBntnh Rusian 1941 USA 1942
ModernUSA Rusian 1942 USA 1943
Mod.m Rusim R6ian 1943 USA 1944
Mod€ln hracli Rusian 1944 USA lC45
RNir 1915

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Viting

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Anbu.n (soro)(squid ops1914) r 20.75
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silv.rsbi (^mb. .r?) (Iuly) Tn.nFind Hou (u.K. 1c4o)
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an clv (H.liopr{warraE)
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Ea'wndFrzji,(Pa.irc{lrt oo 26 s5 r 1495
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suz 73(chines Fam) NaiohoidBq(r11)
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Diplomacy
Plcifi. war t94145 Lepld II (wG-sov Mod.Tad)
Pauram.eArrika(ftsn41.2) c 14.15 Ntrd.d war (ca,n Gd. ror Meglommis.lr) s 1l e5 wdriierod! !rdory (wdd@)
PzErco'U]md (E. Frcd re4r) r 1750 NEk'Eqardioi(MoreMeslommia! s l| e5
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PM'brjr(E. F6 r94r-45) r 15.30 A HoE Dilid.d (Ac1rf)
PMtuies (!. FDi rc4rr4) c 15 3{l Bh. & cEt (1aryMtd3n
P.(ds Bed (soro)(w FDd 4gs) BullRun(rer)
Rod ro rh. Rninc(w F-d45) c e.e5 Ailfoc(wwrr\r FrcnrAncom ) Gnr4dF(r36t
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Romelr wd (D*n rqe12) c la.e5 Bdren BE ing orr D Gmk fotrd) r tur Moy6$ud (shiohqm!.)
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R6ian Fbnt l94t-15 L(GRouidrq(r6)
sqmdr.add(sm mnop.) Flir rop (solonoos 1ea2) M6hE pr d.^ (5. o)
Gj.(s.L.sFndon) r 2530 FlyingMa.hines (l9ls Ai com.) PAsn'dnia(M)(cr@d)
snja.(Man to mn, allrronb) krshtsarrh. an(wr Ar con.) Reb.r&brs(lAcwcd.Ad,otr) B tr.e5
sniFlampatn (sniFr.xp.) Lufr*atre (h!4rghr bonb. l94r.15)
strioe4-4) B l1e5 AnSupenonrr(Mod. rercorbd) rcmd! s{6 srqdtcertrsbrd
s'aft,snd(E.Frcnile{rrt c D.15 Midv,y (r942A{o.n$al) Thecrdhv$!trrcdr anDl
srom ovcramhem 1944 Navzrwr (Amr R&c cardsame) v{br& iGbi rsa\.r0\) (M)
ranr tiad{ (E. Font re{rrt RAF (Soro)(Bd'I. of Brjraii rs40)
wd F6 rank kadtr 0e4e5) Bardco!.i Bd,ai ( re{o An)
rlliid Rcj.b (EmF rere45) Ri.h$oren (urxr air. bmk fomao
rorhewofsr:i(E.Prusia45) c 16s5 ru.h'notusws(wrAn lel7 13)
rn,lor$an4n(E.Fro 4145) c 26 e5 s€ond Free'(GruKnavrr 'odav) US RULES SETS
rrfisbrwa(tumhRdishn@) c 10.e5 snlh Fl.e! (Medi'emneD radry) tslatudozl(NaFkoNNasD
upFrc (Emdconbdddgm4 r 21 35 submriie (wwl & It sub.adiont
BaDi(UpFronrPai6cery) ropGDD(Modr.rconbat s c.mckEB sdi$ (Hoc &Mskd)
vicroa'nEurP€oeas5) o 14.e5
wrn s.a (Arh ic rere{) Emrnilrl(Na@hoii.).
o,w/S l4 75
woddw*Il(Emp. r93e{51 oo ?4 e5 vidoryin 'he Pacincoe{4t HiinrlM;d.inN^d,
Ror''r Nrq (wr & w\lr Na$r Bdrr*) B J0hndrRdb(ACw).
Yama'o(P3.ifrc$rxn N,ql gir'16)
Inftdibr. vnory (Mid{ar- rc42) sraBaidBau(Acwr .. ... .. . .
ASf,: advaned squd L€ad{ Ruls
asl:Beyondvarou(E.Fmrnod.) r r1.r0 p :
As!: PadmFr (Intro. mod.) T = tactical polirical
ASL: Sr..6of Fir(E.F mon.) B = battl€ S = strategic
AsL: Yanls(wdrFrc u.s.nad)
ASL: H.dgcd Hen C = campaign M = multi,player
O = th€atreof operations d.b. = double blind

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w2 4L (jut 1.5niles ftomMarbleArch.a fewninutesrron NoningHin
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 1l

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74

Brrcl.yc*d & Ac.6.s Ord€r3Wolcome Mail OrdeJaddre$:

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HINCHLIFFE 20mm WW2 U . S ,A G E N T

Sup€ft lt6th scal€white metatkits over50 mod€tsnow avaitabte
wlth many more in orsoar€tion.

RUSSIANBal0A/Car f3.95 RUSSIANGAz67Af 1.95 T s l :l a l 3 ) 4 4 3 3 4 2 2

RUSSIANBa6A/Car ThisistheRussian"j€ep"issuedfrcm1943
f3.95 AUSTRALIANAGENI
Theselarge 6 wheel armouredcars w€re onwardsandwasusedformanyyearsby Sovier AATTLEFIElD
well armed effective scoutino vehicles andotherSovietsuoDliednations-Th€model 50 Clis.oldP6r.d.,
usedthroughoutWW2. includesadriver. Camp.i.. N.S.W.A!.lr.li!.
RUSSIAN57mm AT GUN f2.95 GERMAN37mmFlaklSAAqun
issu€d early 19rX]this antitank weaDon
f2.95 POSTAGE& PAC(ING
U . K .1 O % o r d e r v a l u e
was standardinfantrysupporl throuqhto Thismodelcanb€groundorvehiclemount€d.
1945and b€vond. Thekitincludesthetowingcarriage, owr f9 posrl.e€
BFPO(Eu.ope)as above
BRITISHTRUCKS inAA gunf3.95
BR|T|SH3.T BFPO(OursideEurope)
Thisisa superbmodelmuchrequested by our
C.M.P. No.'13cab 1scwt incl. canvas customer3. Ourl6rgestand mostimprsssiveto
trrt f3.50 date.Thisgun isrh€equivalentoftheGerman u.s.A. )
C.M.P. No.13 cab 30cwt incl. canvas SSmmgunandcouldbsusedinAA anti-t6nkor
tart f3.95 lons Engegun s!pport missions.
C.M.P.No.13 cab 3 ton incl. canvas Th€mod€lcanbeconstructed infiringortowed
rilt f3.95 positions. WE ACCEPTBARCTAYCABO,
A C C E S SB, A N K A M E R I C A R D ,
Thesemodelsarethe first of a ranoeto fitl EUROCARO, VISA,CHAFGEX.
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troflts from 1942onwards. GC2GERMAN4 MANGUNCREW€1.00 ANDEXPIRYOATE
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THE MODERN SKIRMISH SCALE SKYTREX
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1/200scale: 9mm tigure height WEIIINGTON TEBNACE
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Thequality otthese modelshasbeenshown at exhibitions. LONDONW2
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-
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FIREFIGHT
20mm
r /200$ xoDEir{ xiciAFT
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flooEir{ Ruaant mRcES RUSSIAN
& ALLIES
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This white metal klt may be
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closedversionwith turret
M MruN fcw r.im k 2r BTR60 PK €5.95
oDen version with crew
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SKYTREXCLUB
|eFg32#3diql|6^rowTop rn. nM i. b.ins p.s.d !reund
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 PICTURE
REVIEWS

Holspur Miniatures do many inter€stingand (iD mainstream

warganingterms)unusualfiguresfor the 20th.Centuryin20mm-
Above areBritishtroopsfrom NorthernIreland.BelowareS.A.S.
in "party dress . (Forforeignembassyreceptions.)Other conflicrs
coveredincludeLebanon.Chad,andthe SpanishCivil war. Being
a fairly new firm Hotspur are doingthe roundsofthe convention
circuit,andthesefiguresmaybeseen'in the round" on theirstand.
(Look for the pointedyellow flag and the "we got up at 4am and More Medieval magnificencefrom the Bi[ B.€we. brush. The Rye
drov€ three hundrcd niles to get here' glazed,grinsunderneath Stamp& Hobby Sbopis now son€, but Bill is still in businessas
rt.) 'The Printed Soldi€.' paintingservice-At the moment he'sgot a
fair amountofwork in hand- so he'skeepinga low profilelThis
Englishstandardbearer,is, ofcou6e, an Ess€xMinbtu.6 25mm.

7!'V V V V V VVVVVVV!
In next month's picture reviewsther€'ll be an interestingvehicle
fron S.& S.Models; a Q.T. Modets cannon painted by Vista
Ent€.prises;someEchelonDesign25nm ACW; and whateverelse
''pushy manufactureB
and paintingser.i/icessendus!

.4, .4. .^, .^, .a, .a. ^a,.a, .a, .a, .a, .a, .a, .a. /
Below: Fronl Rank FigurinesACW Federals.painted by Chris Below: S!.aiagem Jacobitesof the Fifteen painted by Ch.is
Le€son.Thesearein 25mm.HavingfeaturedasimilarConfederale Leeson.(Ofcourserhey'ddo fortheFortyFive. too andmixquite
groupin issue#1we thoughtit only fair to let Abe Lincol. s side well with the Fronl Rank Jacobitesfeaturedin wI#2.)
16

REFLEEHONSON FIREPOWER
IN TIIE FRANCO.PRUSSIANWAR
Peter Dennis takesa pot-shot at some myths

Every wargamingmagazineI havepicked up lat€ly seemsto havehad stockdo"nwards: pttshitg in catidge aftet arlridge after cartidge
an article about the FPw in it. I welcome this; the FPW is a conflict npidly wih be n9ht: ud. without dtnng. 6fl9 awat in the
rich in possibilities for wargamers, and one in which figure Drcbabk direction oI ke eneny The ten ol Moulin a caJe'(the
manufaduer! aie taking a growing interest. However, like mo6t @tree ni ) wasinvented for this node of 6rinE.
periods,it comescompletewith a baggagetrain of mlths, legen& and Nthough one cannot assume that the d;sadvantagesof this
'facts'which aI the articles I've read recendyhavetrotted out without sedefesset'penditue of atuuition co ld rcnain @ncealed,still the
a s€condthougha. Irad habit was adhercd to tluouBhout the enLirempaign.
So what's the problem? The Chassepotrifle drdhave at leasttwic€ Th€ Duke goeson to giv€ evidencein suppoi of his claim that most
the range of the Dreyse, the Pnssian breechloading artilery d? French fre was of this q?€, and I s€e no reasonto doubt that he is
hrock sevenkinds of bnck{ust out of the French anillery, someof conect. What seemslike anathema to the Prussiansystem,with its
whom were stupidly armed with a priroitive nachine-g n lhey didn't enphasis on individuai ained 6re, does make some kind of sense
know how to use . . . thes€are FACTS, we c.ango aheadand ftame whenlooked at ftom the point ofview ofthe Frenchinfanfiynan. The
our wargamesrules, we rced look no tuiher. Duke is conect about the unpleasantnessof 6ring the Chass€potwith
wen. folks. t tbiDl we do need to look nrnhe.. the sliding backight at the top of the flip-up leaf, the top of the stock
l-et me say at this point rhat tbe redotr for the French defeat in dgles threateningly into the tendons framing the armpit. It feels
1870do not lie in the hardware or the way it was us€d.In this pi€ce I paintul enoughwithout fting a big nineteenthcentuiy cartridge. The
atrl goingtoconfnemyseftoweapo y and usagethough, and it you rarget, identified at a mile range, is nothing more thm a d&k snudge
want the full story you mNt look elsewhere.(Seenoteson sources.) on th€ landicape. dd that\ in good light. The ani e.y which
suppods thos€ distot G€rmans is probably dropping shels ever
Chals€pol rE Ihyse NeedlFgu n€arer to your positioDs. The temptation to.lrop on one tne€,
By b€ing the first nation to adopt the bolt-a6-tionbr€€ch loader, the p€rhapseven to goud the stock of youJ rifle dd egle the nuzzle
Prusialts paid the pdce we aI pay fo. being ai the forefiont of sk]eard! like a moiar, and spray the diredion of the foe with lead,
fashionable tecbnology: having got the kit. sonebody brings out when ordered to open tue at extreme range must have been geat.
sonething twice as good the year after. The Chsepot rifle w6 Once staned, like any massinfantry fire,dle of6@rs would have
sightedto 12m netres, twic€ the uletul Iange of the Dre]se, it was found it difficult to control, and Fobably imposible to stop. Thusthe
lighter and could fir€ ten shols a minute. althougb theoreticaliates of 90 rounds caried c{) d be expended in about l0 mitruies. This is a
fire are partiorla y mideading in any penod. The problem w6, you probl€m if. a! a wargamer, you are habituated like me to using 10
avemge,or evenabov€ average.French soldi€r wa! ldgely mtrained mrnuteume-segmenrs..,
'small book' of a Fie.ch soldier Anlvay. acording to our expen. the beaten zone was some
in m&knaNhip. For example, the
picked up on the field at Woerth, in 1870,showedthat in 1866dd '67, 12001800metres fion the firer. and the lead desnded in a lethal
he had fired 14and 20 roundsrespectively.It is les thd comJortingto shower. The nomal Prussian assault fomation was to have the
'68 and '69 Skimisher Zufs out in front skimishin8, and the r€mainder of the
b€ told that in both yean he ranked asa ftst ctassshot. ln
'company colums' about 5m pacesbehind them.
he wa! quanered in Algeria, md nevertued at a[ | The situation in the battalion h four
PrussianArmy wa! quite different. Troop6 were constandytmined in These collrtrInswere forty menwide and four trlen deep, and it wason
nusketry, eachmanfinng alms.t 130roundsper year. A third ofeach rheseunfoiunates that the buliet showerdescended.Even so, I hear
coinpany formed the 80 man 'skiinish€r' or 'marksman' Zu& nade you thinking, it can't have been very etredive, can it?
up of the bestshot5,and every nenber of the companyaspiredto join The arlswermustbe, in romal circunstances,no. But whenevents
that elite body. conspire to present the coffee-mill squal with a denser than usual
'Hard c"s€s
So, provided the Gemm cruld gei to slug-tnding rangewith th€ t&get, the result could be a huge Ceman butcher'sbill
French, they were confident that their superior training would make make bad law' they say, dd as a rule-naker I'm always bothered by
up for the shortcomingsof their weaponry. Their training suggBted thos€ times when hug€ casualtieswere caus€d,seeningly agaifft the
that 3m yardswas the sort of range at which they should be opening laws of probabfity. The Prussian Garde attack on St Privat is the
tue. The French doctrif,e wasthat the m?ssed6re of the battalion line clasic iistance in this war. Three brisad€sanacking on a 2,000pace
openingat extreme range,would k€ep the €n€my at bay, and makeit fiont weie assailedby frre at over 1,fi10 metres range and in 10
impossible for him to reach effective range with the Needl€-Gun. minuteslosi 6,0m men. I have read that the Frcnch were ananged in
Hardly had the smoke cleded norn the fint clashes,befor€ G€rman tiers on a hillside. blt photographsof the site showno suitableslope.
military anallsts were wandeing over the sites of Prussianattacks, and the Duke of wurttemberg visited the site soonaJterthe battle and
s€dching for clues as to how ihe two s'stems had perfomed. denies that this ws posible. However. several lines of infdtry
By 1871 an English translation w6 published of fte sr.s.en of hosingthe groud with l€ad, ground occupiedby troops at a depth of
Inhitty i' the Campajg of 187G71by Lie\r.
attack of the lb}.J.ssiai 10 to the pace could give u5 that figurc without resorting to
Field-Marshal winim, Duke of Wuntemberg. In this fascinating exaggeratedfire-effects at extreme range for the chassepot.
pamphlet tne Duke hasquite a lot to sayabout French musketry, and when fifing to legidat€ for French tu€ then. we must allow for a
I trust the reader wil forgive a lengrhy quote: kind of super-archery, with French troo!6, p€rhapE in complete
-fo
oreNheln hostile colunns at a.lhtate of ldn defts with cover, chewingup the gound a rnile in ftont of them, dd, I'm afraid.
Fojectiles, and thus to rcndet it inrytsibte fot then to apqoach a' mmuition nn€s are unavoidablel
oectpkd pondon within efiecdve frnng di'tarcr, waspnponded as After St Privat, as the Duke sa]s, 'The atiack in Line of Colwrrs
an axion by Frcnch tacticiats, with the tull assentof the amy. over opengromd was,in spite of the final successofthis one, marked
Ir ofier b attain &is long tutge, it becomesnecessaryto aim over as an inpossibility and a uselessloss of men, and definitively
the highestpoint oftl,e back sight, whnh entailsa down||ad $esturc rejected. Inst€ad. troops advarced in skirnish order, forming close
of the stock oI the ifle. to the en€my in somefold of the glomd, or any area of cover before
EvettMy knowEhow difrcltlt it h to take aim in thjs way: but no laun€hinethe final a5.sault.Thus the Germanswere able to avoid the
one ulill naintain that the Frcnchmatl tuds any pleasurc it giving worst etr;cts of the long-rangefire, and were able to exploit their
hinseff touble. Frivolity and establishedcuston, together vith the marksndship to ftI advantage.Even so, they were not willing to
rentenbtutce by the older soldjes of dE fomer nethod of 6ring attempt the final rush againsttroops who had not had the benefit of a
ftun the hip without aty calcuktion led very npidly to the bad habit steady pouding fron the famous Germar artillery.
of holditg the ifle in the teft hnd at att angle of nearly 45', vith the
 17

$ret Sorp8tE
,IVEYY - 15mm Metal Figwes - llEW
Roman& s Gauls
Moghuls
ThirtyYearsWar
English C i v iWl ar
SevenYearsWar
French& IndianWars
C l i v ei n l n d i a
AmericanWar of
Independence
Napoleonics
Xnpp sleel breechloadersvs brass muzle-load$ SeminoleWar
Why did the French stick to quaint old muzzle loadeE, when the U.S.A.dganE
Prussianshad soper modem breechloaden? Were they crazy?They
US-Mexican War uBlElnmns ln
were bound to loseI This is the drift of a good deal of comment about AmericanCivilWar lor I ta8
the anilery in thjs war. The facfihar the French did get the wo6t of it PlainW s ars (hcrnpoign
almost everyvhere is indisputable, but it wasnt the gunsthemselves M a x i m i l l i aEn x p e d i t i o n [.61820
whjch were at fault- If the French can be diticised for stickins to
dowr-the^poutarrilleD.rhensocouldthe British.dnda Boodm;) ItalianWarsot
other respectedarmi€sat the time. Muzzl€load€rs were more ftgged Independence
than the breechloadeB, and rates of fire were crnparable. ln any Austro-Prussian War
c6e, 6 dy gunnerwould tell you, it wan't how quickly you fired that
counted. In tbe daysbefore recoil mechanisms,it was skili in laing Franco-Prussian War
that made the difference. WORLDWIDE MAIL ORDERSERVICE
Cnticism ofihe French for giving the Mitrailleose to the anillery is
,lso, I feel, a linle unfair, I @ t think of any nation which had
S.A.E.lot ILLUSTRA|EDLISTS.
machine guns at this time which did not man then with gunn€rs, I FREIKORPS 15, 25 PrincetownRoad,Eangor,
meu, a black banel on sheels just wouldn't look righr with Co. Down BT2O3TA, Northern lreland.
infmtrymen around it would ir? To think of the Mitrailleuse in the
sametems as say a Maxim Gun would also be a mislake. Onc! the
weapon got inlo a firing cycle the target would be conpletely were liftle used. I need hardly say that the Prussian training was
obscuredby lmoke. and th€ effect aimed at would b€ more rhat of supenor. the ded old Prussiansof the 1870sassureusthat it was,pith
long{ang€ mister than the sweepingtue of a WW1 machine-gun. that appallingsmugnesswhich characterisesall their utterancesat that
The weapon did have quite a moraleffect, rhe cemar! hated it. time.If I @ stmd it, in my nen anicle I'll tell you what no less a
I think thar we should look at the Orde^ of Battle of the rwo sides p€rson than Kraft, Pnf,c€ of Hohenlohelnge$ngen, commanderof
for our 6rst clue asto why th€ Frenchanillery failed- Overall numben the Prusian Guard anilery in 1870hasto sayabout gunsand gunnery
of guns quoted for the armies do not suggesta grossimbalanc€ of in this prologu€ to World War One.
numbers, bul a closer examination shows an interestins difrerence.
wlile rhc ba'c \rrengrhsof the divisionswere sirnilar:rhe French
infanrry division commander had at his dnposal two light artillery The Frd@'German war produced ; massiveamount of print, some
balteties (6 suns) dd o.e battery of mitrailleuss, which, with a 8,0m volumes,it hasbeen said were Mitten during the nen 30 or so
range of some 1500 metres, cannot be us€d in an artillery duel. yeals- Litde enough is cuently in print, although wdgmes
Against this. the German division @mmander hastwo light, and two publishersare getting their act together, and at leastone major work,
1,eai7batteries.giving hin a tremendouslocal sup€riority of tu€. The David Ascoli's A Day ofBattie (Harnp) hasb€enpublishedin 1987.
French corp6migbt have three or even four divisions, and rhe corps Miiitary dalysts haveswarmedover lh€ actionsof lhis shon war. and
anillery would normally be t o light, two healy and four or so horse a wealth offiFt-rate material for our purposs€sis around sorreplrere,
bnttenes. The German corps were alwa's of rwo divisions, and the bur clos€ reading of booksellers' lists is nec€ssaryto pick it up. As
corpscommmder would nonnally havetwo heavy, two light and two interest in the wd increa!€s, so do bookselleN' pnces. My copy of
hone batteries. Thus, regardl€ssof any technical superionty, th€ Marnce's Ftub-GeM wt, publi'lhed by ArbD & Unwin 1899,
Gemans were able to deploy fd more artillery at a relatively low which is a monumental Battl€s md leaders'history st me back a
level on the chainof command.In our wdgames fought at corpslevel win@-mali.g I50. Mosr of the inforrnation he:e camefrom th€ Duke
the Gends invanably drive ofi the French artillery very early on- of Wurttemberg's pmpblei de&:ribedin th€ ten, and ftom Lt Col G
Bul. if overall numbeA de the same,where are the French guns?In F R Henderson s The Ba.rIe of SpichercD- a study in pncti.al tactis
an army reseNe, thafs where. Following th€ Napoleonictradition, a ard wa..ra,;r;g, publishedin 1909by Gale & Polden. Hendeson is a
large park of artillery wa: at the disposal of the army colmmd€r- filst rate delv€r into the military nitty-gitty which warganers 6nd so
When the battle is joined on a sevenmile ftont though, by the rine enlightening. His works should b€ snapped up, so rememb€r the
the commanderhaslocated the best place for his res€w€ to be used,
thal location willalready hnv€beendominat€d by rhe Prussianguns.
Apart fton a better thought-out dispositionin the commandchain. Moltke and his staff were wel aware of lh€ benefits of wdgming
the Gemm gunner had the tremendos technical advantage of asd inlt uctional tool, and thanks to Bill l-€€son,we are ableto play
supenor mmuoilion. The Germans had perfected the percussion- their gme. Bill publishes th€ contenporary rules of Von Tschis-
tuse. wbich meant that when a Prussianshell mived it went baf,s. chwitz for tbe Kriegsspi€]. wilh fantastic maps of huge dimensions,
scll. nine lmetr our or ren. The F ench ammuniuonconsi"led6l dd even lead blocks to play with. Detaiis hom Biil at 5 St Agnell's
commonshellwith a tine fue which wasavailablein only t$o ranges, Lane Cottages.Henel Hempstead,Herts, HP2 7HJ. Anyone
1.i00 and 2,800metres.At any other mnge it was supposedto interestedin this p€riod should tate this opportunity to examineand
explodeon conlact- but didn'i. A few shrapn€lshellswerecanied by play the game the Prussia officeE themselvesus€d.
IiEbt batleries. bur rhetr h@s were so notonously bad that the shells
 THE
AMERICAN
cwlt wAR
evcluclion
of wecpons
and tcclics
by SteveGrethe
Artwork by Dave Morris
6mm ACW action on P.E, Dennit's wat-
Came table. Figwe-s a,e Hercics & Ros;
.aihoad and fi.A defenc$ I esutat Minin-
turcs; tees K & M; buildings, notsutprising-
Iy, Ha Cover Daig6.

The Americatr Civil Vai is thought by many to b€ the first modem batdefield casualties?We can form an opinion by calo ating the
s,ar. Ir ehat would app€arto be a long line of'6rsts'- the appeararce folowing slatistiG:
of rifled smal arms and artillery, us€ of railroads, ts€nch warfarc, l. the total nunber of casualties in a single day of battle, as a
t€l€graphic communication - it is ofren quoted that thes€ factors perc€ntage of thoseinvolv€din action,
Iesdted in a revolution in strateg and tactics. The principle cau!€ of 2. the numberof roundsrequnedb caus€eachcr$alty,
this is said to be the introduction of dfled small ams. Taken to heart p€r reginent asa factorof time sp€ntin
3. the nunber of casualti€s
by many of the popular setsof rules, Ac1ff q/argaEirg atwaysseenN
to be a 'bloodbath' of najor proportions. I bope iE tnis s€rie,sof Table2gvesacomparison b€tw€€nbattlesofthe NapoleonicWaIs
anid€s to gi!€ evidenc€that perhapssomeofour conceptions,indeed sndthe AmencanCivil War. Althoughit wouldbediffrcultto reach
sooe ofthe things you Eay rega.d assacrosaftl, about the ACW are anyfirm conclusio$from suchan arbitmryselectionit wouldseem
bas€dor very shakyfoundations. I wil !y to excite and inforn othe$ that the Frcentage of crsualtiesis similar. The highest total
who at present ha!€ little interest in rhis p€riod and ins?ire them to throughouttheD"r for asingtedaywasAntietam,renarkablein tnat
ta.koup this mo6tfascinatingof corflicts. And to tho6€who arc about it was the mo6t 'Napoleonidof batdeswith over one haff of rlle
to pssson to the next anicle, I wil cover matry featuresthat overlap C-onfedeiate ArDy sirg smoothboremusketsandterrainrcflerting
otb€r periodsof wargaming. All you n€€d to start otr with is an open that of Eumpe(wewil look at thisbattlein closerdetailin a tuture
inind! article).lt would neveihelessbe safeto assuinethat anyrul€sfor
Before I begin may I say that I have us€d th€se ACW nnes as ACW shouldr€s'rltin up to 25%casualti€s in a singleday'sactioD.
exaEpl€sbas€don their popularity and I am not out to compaft theD Nextwehaveto estimatethe nub€I of roundsthatwerefiredfor
in any Y'ay, or intimate that one ser is prefeEed. My coml|jsions eachcasualty.Major4eneral B.P. Hugh€sin lirepor€r sugg€.tsa
concemall rul€s covering this (atrd other) periods and dy comdrcnts figur€of about20 roundsper hit, yet thiswoulds€emtoo low ftom
are mesnt as genenl inteDrEtations and nothing €lse. Wargaming battlefield€vidence.Resultsftom workdoneontheNaDoleonic Wa$
nust always b€ a comPlomise between futr and an attdpt at placesthe fgure betwetr 9 rourd! per hii at Maida; 1806,to 4t0
achievingrcalism. Any rol€s must be formulat€d so as to give a high rcundsat Vitoria in 1813.Stadslicslor theAC'Wareamilablemaidy
degr€€of acc|rlacyin that lhey shoutdreflect what may happenor the fiom the Union side.At Gett,sbug, Meade's90,0mtroopswde
feld of combat, yet not to be so cmbeFome as to be unworkable- irsuedwith 5,400,m0roundsgivingantio of60roundsp€rnan. Or y
This is a very fine dividing line and oft€n the nrl6 tbat you u!€ are aboutt*o-thiralsof th€s€were6red duringthe threedals of battl€,
b€s€d on very persorar Snoices and prefercnces and so strict i,e, 40 rouds per man. The total nunber of romds fred was
comparisoN betr€en s€tsofnnes b€4onesa rather me,ningle.. task. therefore3,6m,0m fron which the ConfederateArny sutrered
Howcve. some genenl conclusions nay be d.awn after w€ have 2o,omcasualties. Assdingthat arti erycau!€d10%of th€sedeaths,
Iooked at the facts. overthrce anda half million roundsresultsin 18,000dead,or one
First let us cotrsiderthe firearms cairied in the *ff. There had been esualty for every2m rounds6red.Evenso,thismaywel betoo low
a numberofimproveEerts to the Napol€onic nosket of 1&X11815.A afigue considering thehighdensit ofboth arni€sonthec€ttysburg
p€rcrssion crp rnethod of iition replaced the flindock giving battlefidd.
improved Fformance in wet weather, yet the najor advanceeas the WhatthismeaDtto individualregimentsinvolvedin batdecanbe
introductioo of rifling and the use of cylindro-conoidal Mini€ b' let. ass€ssed bylookingatthebatrleof SevenPin€s(orFair Oak) in 1862.
Tabb r giv€stbe nain nuskets and rifles u!€d in the war hon etich On the s€crndday, sone 40 regiment!wereinvolvedin a firefighr
tbree types nay be defned: lasting1%houn at relativ€lycloserangedueto the clos€lywooded
i) snoothbore, muzle loading, flindock or percrssion cap nuskels; ternin. FifteenUnion reginerts uder GeneralRichardsonlostjust
acqrrate up to about 1m 'ads, but effelti!€ at l€ss than 50 yards. ov€ronethousandnen, giving70menper reginentor onemanper
ii) older tp€s of dfled, nuzzle loadiry, perorssion nustet; with regim€nt per ninute. General Hooker's two divisions (s€ven
realonable acruacy up to 200 yarG, effective at lm rerds. reginents)lo6t 153in casualti€s; 2 per regiEentor one manpei
iii) Spdngfeld/Enfield iifl€s, althoueh stin muzzle loading, a much reginenteveryfour minutes.The Confederate lossamountedto 8m
improled weapon, acomte up to 5m yards, effective at 2m ydds. in 18rcgiments;42nen perregimentor onemanp€r rcgimentevery
How did this revolution in snall ams affelr the number of twomhutes.Th€sefigurescanalsobe us€dto calculatethareachhit
'Majo Telcgaph liae'scut,niltuad's cut, thesehetenJledmuskebain't got half themqe ttuy'rc supposedto hive, andthem Rebsa'e
comin' thnkel 'on ruccoo8 rcund.M applebaneMest Bit E boyi back b.hind the t.e line an nlly 'em onceagainl'
'By Eickory! You'rc ngtu, SergeaatChawplug- and !h.t tod us this was
Boingto be tlv fint nodem h'at!'
Tols: Minifus. I"Eld Uences: Mic,o-Scape.Soipt: Anontnotlr!

Trbh l. Mu!&ebusedin lte ACW. IahL2:IlElDgle&trrrrlh.oalhN.eoLoohWNardli ADdldCM

SnoothboreMuskets
Mctbod of
Model CrlibE lgtrftbl Not6 Ertd. Nmhs of lnooF Nmnr d P.iqr.g.
M1822 0.69 flirdGk inroh.d 6altl6 andth.
M1&r2 0.69 FltNio! €p over 50% of dre CodedeEl4 Amy Austedie n,zw ft. 9,0m 12
6 med with llis muskct uril 1863. 85,44An. n,ffi
Rt[d Mu*eis Eylu 75,m Fr. 25,m 33
M1841 0.54 p€tuion op in 1850,the calibrc *5 cb@ged to 76,m R 15,m m
0.54 to bke Mioie bu|iet. Fdedland 80,m Fr. 8,m 10
M18550.5E MaFaid Tap6 ignirion 3,sten ptuved usari{aclot 60,m R. m,w
priner sFd ed e4 rcplaed Ligny 80,m Fr. 11J0 t4
M1861 0.58 p.tlNio! €p kl(M a the Sprirgfield' ouslet, 84,0mPr. 25,m 30
€$@rialy the M1855 but with QuEe Br.! z,om Fr. 4,000 17
M1864 a F|fuion dp. 36,m At 4,0m 13
Enfeld 0.57 p€IlNioo 6p Bdtish'nadeandder tbe qun6
. of a oilio! bought.Pe.fomde wd TOIA! 32,0m Fr. 57,fl t7
slighdybcttd thd tte Springfeld. 341,,mAn. 91,m n
The co6t of these w€apoDsvaried considerably: the snoothbore,s GRANDTqIAL 673.ffi 148Jm 72
being $1-10,rifles $1G20compared with a soldier's nonthly pay of
$12. The Union was able to manufactuE close to 2 nilioD rifl6
during the we dd boudi a turther ninion, a large nunber (sone
estimateasmany as250,000)fell into the handsof the Confederat€s. 18,5@U. 2,yI t6
The Confederacy purchas€d probably over 3m,m0 rifl€s in
16,0mc. 2gn ll

Europe, nnging ftom the deadly 0.541Whitwonh target rifle to the

Gaind s Mil 40,mu. 6,8@ n
51J0 C. 9,000 77
luentable 0.70 Belgiar rifle. 48,000u. t\w 25
Key to Table 2
40,0mc. 10,0m E
tl3,omu. .12,m ll
75,0@C. 5J{X) :7
Fr. = French 35,0@ U. 42W 12
r7J@C. 3,4tn m
R. = Russian C. = Coofederat€
TqTAI ' 254,frU. 37,9m r
Infornation fion D.G. Chander Anpaig ls of Napoteon. ln,ffi c. EJn u
Officidl Records itr Arrtler ad leaders.
Greater percentagecasualtieswere inflicted in other battles of th€ GRANDTOIAL 4fi,5$ 6t,ffi 15
American Civil war, e.g. Geqsbug 28%, Chickmauga 26%, yet
thae batdes contitrued for more than one day.
m
resultedfton every 138Conf€deratercunds dd 350Federalrounds.
Obviously nothing as yet has been rnentioned about the range of
which these actions took place. How€ver it wodd apped from this
eviden@ that a casualty rate of somewherebetween one nd per
regimentevery 1 to 4 minutes; or one hit eve.y lm to 400roundsfired
would seemio be a rcalistic estimate.
This wo'nd seemto be a lalge anount of fting producing very little
effect and some reasonsfor this can be obtained with a look at the
principle tpe of infanty action. Th€ ACW was chdactens€d by the
infantry tuefight at clos€ range. A line of attacking inJantry would
invariably halt closeto the enemy to rctm tu€ rather than continue
topressfo a with abayonet charge.If battlesconsistedoflin6of
infanty blazing awayat eachother for gen€rally at l€astan hour, it n
amazinglhat tbese'nodem'weapo.s did not inflict casualti€son an
enormousscale.Then inetredivenes 6 be explained by a nunber

1. the sequenc€of abill movements reouired to load and tue one

round werc difficult to folow correctl). and involved virrually lhe
stune number of movements for eith€r t}?e of weapon; 18 for a
smoothbore musket, 17 for a p€rcussionrifled mtrlket.
2. as the v6t majority of combarantshad iNufficienr training using
live affnunition ed target practice, very few kDew how to aim lhe
mDlke/rifle properly.
3- asthe $quence to load and tue was so involved. faulty loading of
tbe musket was commonplac€by,
(a) multiple loadhg, as in the heat and din of banle ir wai often
impossibleto know whether your musket had dischdg€d or not. At
Gett),sburg, the Federal Army salvaged25,574 nuskeK of which
l2,tl00 (45%) had beenload€d at least twice! If the 1$,0m men had
aboul 150.0m muskets.thi! meansthat 8% of them were misloaded
at sme stagein the battle- We must alsumethat many of the muskets
had beendiscardedbecauseihey had becomeunusable,howeverwe
must alsotate accountof thosesalvagedby the C-onf€derates and so a
figue of betqeen 8 to 10% for ndoading is a reasonabl€estinate.
(b) simptemistakessuch6 not extracting the rarnrod. Major W. E is
of the 49th New York was shot through the arm and body with a
raruod during the fighringar Spor\ylvdia in lSoa.
(c) fting repeatedly resulted in overheating and detonation of the
charge before loading was conplete.
4. the rate of fire of theseweaponswas considerablylower than you
might erp€€t- With a rate of tue of 2 to 3 shor! p€r minute an
infantryman may carry 40 rounds into batde, enough for only 15
minutes continuous tue if this late was achieved. The Drolonsed
firefigh6ry?i€l of rtu\ conflictofrenconrinuedfor d ho; wilh;ul
resupply. A rate of 20 to 30 roundi every haf hou would be difficult
to maintain and would certainty drop tunher in the secondhalf hour
as fatigue set in.
The rifled musket sed in the ACW was ceiainlv suErior to irs
Napoleonicounterpan. the smoothbore.Howevei rheseweapons
were not obtained in sufficient nubeB until 186{ and ther€ was a
geat arllmurnon shodage throughout lhe wd. This meant that
sultained firing for long p€riods was not possible. hck of tdget
practice €xacerbatedthe p.oblem with many rifles b€ins nnbaded _
- 6-L4.1_ r' -
uder stressof combat. Taking all of this into account, it is doubrtul ---,\
that a revolution ir termsof infdtry firepower had occuned and thar <---,-r-.-tt
perfondce was only slightly improved over Napoleonic times.
Paddy Griffth in Battle in the Civ;l Wtu gyes the following
slatisticsfor a 'q?ical' firefight involving regimentsof 400 men- The
Confederateswould approach, be fired on at 150 yards rd8e, dd
advdc€ lo within 40 yardswhere they would halt and retum 6re. The
Federalsamed with rifl€d musket would inflict about 110 casualties
in 60 ninutes, a ratio of 181rcunds p€r hit or 1.8 hits per minute. Let
us now rc€nact this nrefight using some of the available rules.
Generaly the wargme .ules of this period use a tm of I to 1r,
minutes. A unit advocif,g from 150to within zl0yards to retum fire
takes 3 mov€s. Within this time the Federalscan cause272-2m hits
with "Circa 1863" rules, or 221-156 hits using "Newbury" rules.
Obviously from theseresults, it would appearthat we need to reduce
the casualties caused with th€ nles bv uD to one ha|f. Also a
dichotomy exists,for in 3 movescoveringi5minutesof movenent, we
have apparently (despile halving the number of hits) infli€r€d the
lossesnormally associatedwith one hour of fting. Does this actually
mafter? No, so long as we realise that although ro all intents and
purposeswe are dealing with about one minut€ of movement, the
casualtiesinflicted €ach tum rcpresent the result of 20 minutes of
 21

Fisure 1. The 17drill movementsto load and fire on€ round included:
1. 'handl€ cartridge' taking the Mini€ canridge (inset) frcm th€

2. tear cartndge - between the leeth. THOMASDAVIDSON

3. 'ch&ge cartridge'- pour the powder into th€ muzzle followed by
the bulet and the paper (inset), 'draw rmlner'- 'ratrl cartridge' & DAVID R CLEMMET
present
4. 'prifte'- harnmerpulled back to tust cock and placethe percussion
for the 7th Year
5.'shoulderarms' hammerpulledtotull cock,'ready''aim''fi re'.
DTODELS.WARGAMES dd
ftirg. This win be an imponant point to considerlater io relation to
the various other ajG and its influence on morale and command BOANDGAIIES't7
T.ble l. C@4lty Rd6
A regimentoI400 rerdd i.Idtry ftirg dfled nuskeisat a tdgei oroP€n at
order' stadonaryiddiry- The Corpontion Hall
Pdnce RegentStreet
8a"C" Csrld6 61!Iling Ndbd ot Rounds CNtlti6 SlocktorrorrTees
CErds) tm 20 minule fliog md.l5 6rd p€r hil F. ninute
50 50 6,000 120 2.5
26 30 6.000 vx 1.5
Saturday5th December,1987
Another way to evaluate wargamerules is to @Ntnct a €sualty
gaph of a set nunber of men tuing at a specifictdget over the range
10.00an - 4.30 p.rr
of the weaponinvolved. Figure 2 showsthe muimm ,nd minimum
number of hits inflicted by a reginent of 4m nen (regulan) firing
nfled musketsat a target of 2 ra.ks of'open order' stationaryinfantry ADI,lTSSION:
(one of the most likely targets encountered).The inportance of the Adolb - 50p
gmph is the general trend. At 50 yards range the rules give 9G100 CI ft|rar & O.A-P.s- 25P
casualtiesin one tum. If this is 20 ninutes of firing w€ obtain the
folowing assuming15 rouds per man, a total of 6,m0 rounds, 60
AII PROCEEDSTNAID OF THE DTSABI,ED
PERSONSCHA TY- MOBIUTY TNTERNATIONAL
munds per casualtyor 5 Gualties per ninute. At 200yardsrange,€O - CIET,EIAND GROIjP,
calualties in one tum, again 6,000 rounds, 100 rounds per hit or 3
c?sualtiesp€r minute. It would again seen appropriate to halve the
number of casualtiessustained, this would give the casualty rates
shown in table 3, figures that would be a great deal closer to our

Tbere is eviden@ to show that the

'average' rdge at which LAING
PETER
P'on*' sD*'ahn'115mm,oaevto prn" waQdninsfqu6.nd squ'pn.nl.
musketryfire took placegradually indeed duing the w'I fron 1m dff l mo ir.msiochodse.aroid mailod€l
yardsin 1861-62to 125yardsin 1863,dd reached14Oyardsfion 1864 Anci€nrs.
Eavori.ne, Asrynans,G'ers, Pereirm,Aonans.Cadhasinitnq
onwards. Obviously theserangesare sinilar to those of Napoleonic Galh6, stiirnnss FEuoals, Nomans. Satons, S6'een3, virinss:
MEDGVALSmcrudmoS'ee *adIe, Mololt SAMIJRAI,SENAIS5,ANCE.
times calling into question the mlth that long rang€ rifle tue was LandskoechB, Tu*i, Enal6h,Spao6h,Anec, Ecw, 'nctud'nsScob
decisivein the wd. In fact it was not until the FranccPrNian War MARLaURAN,AWl, NAPOLEONIC, B'ir'sF,FGnch Pru$ian,Eoyplian
that long ranges,sometimesover one kilometle (althoueh still fairly CamNE.. Cf,IMEAN. 8rn'qn,Fr.nch,I urks,Rus'ant FFANCO PRUSSI,a\
wAf,. Ac1/V& rNorANWARSCOLONIAL, B"r8h, D€dirh6, BeB, Zulus.
N.W.Fonti€r, Box€r Asbsltion.LATE VICTORIAN PARADE. WW1 1914_la
w6rem tbnr, Eastemloft, MiddleE*i Tanks.Rusian n@lln'on andcivil
w.r.ww2 intanlryadion.
Send 25o nEnp tovoEeds 2 h@MdEt a.pt couoorc' ro. tii tnd
tuD|.. Pl@.. 31abint.6t.

PETER
LAING
Minden,SuttonSt. Nicholas,Hete{ord,HRI 3BD
f e| &3-272518.
inaclurate), resulted in significant changeson the battlefield. The
b gradual ircres in rmge in the ACW was probably a result of a
conbination of factols:
f. inproving weaponry asthe amies replacedsnoothbor€ with rifled
musketsand later the turther inproved Springfields and Enfields.
2. disillusionment as war-weary soldieB prefeFed lorg rdge tue,
having lost th€n €dge for close alsault tacri6.
To sutunarise then. desDitethe imDrovemenBh rifled musketsthe
casualtiesinflicted remained similario the Napoleonic era, with the
rate being on averageone for every 100-4$ rounds fired or about one
nan per regiment per ninute of time in action. To reflect these
findings ACw rulesin geneml must approximatelyhalve the nuber
of hits inflicted and we must reals€ that althoush movenent is
corering btuely one minure ol tme. the buaftes cnusedare
r€presentativeof about 20 minutes firing.
bo 2.o 3oo OO 500 @O loo ln the next anicle w€ wil dilcuss frdher inDlicntions of these
Rqje Oeds) fif,dhgs and deternine other changesthat may rcsult from thn. In the
Figure2. MaximM andminimumnumberof casualties infhctedby a meantimeI sugg€styou look againat the rule! you you$er prefer and
reginenrof 400menftring rined musk€tsat a targetor 2 ranksof perfom some of the calculations for youllelf to s€e whether they
'openorder" stationaryinfetry. result in a casualtyrale that i! realistic.
22
:-rrliT-'' -

halian Wats action at the Waryames Holiday Cente. Connoissew Figurcs fton the co ections of Darid Thomas and Petd GiIdeL
Buildinssscrutch-buiLbr P.G.

I4]'q' - A RE]TIAISSATUCE
IUII]UI.CAIUIPAIGTU
by Brian
This is a multi-player diploma type gane nainly conductedon the You rvill noteiha! the mapis dividedinto ar€26whicbmakesfor an
accompanying mapwitb anyactionbeingdecided bytheumpjreorby easilyrun gameNith the minimumofcalculation.Althoughthe game
transfeningto the table-topandgettingout the figures.The settingis is only intended to run through one campaigningseasonthe areasand
Italy towardsthe stanof the renaissance penodandthe gamecovers citiescouldbe asi8nedrevenuevaluesandsoon. sothat the amount
the nvalrybetweenthe various]talianstatesandthe Grea!Powe6' of forcesa statecouldsupponthe followingyearcouldbecalculated-
of France.Spainmd The Holy Roman Empire. The actual rules of lhe game are exiemely simple: movement is
Eachplayerrepresnts a headofstate,e.g. rhe King of Franceor basicallyup to2 areasperperiodon land andfour per penodby sea.
the Pope or, in one case.the deposedruler of Florence.Tleir Fleetsde able to transport an army. which must be picked up from a
objectivesar€ laid out in the generalbriefing and rh€ individual player port (aking a tullperiod)butmaydbembarkatanycodtal area,also
bnefings(playersmustnot readeacbothels. so ifyou intendto play takjng one penod. Forcessbould be able to trace a line of supply back
refrdn from reading that s€ction). The route to achieling these to a ftiendlytoM. Forcesoperatingin coasialarea!may be supplied
objectiveswill involvea stronge]€nentof negotiatioD whichisjust ns by a fleel op€ratingin the adjncenrseaareawhichhasno enemyfleet
imponant as military action. The unpire (who requires a good bl@kadingits nearestfriendlypon. Cities.denotedby a solidblack
knowledgeofthe period)represnls all the othersmallNon-Plave. squar€.will needto be besiegedand for this an anill€ry train will
States(e.9.Genoa.Ferrara)and regulatestheprogress of the game. really be nec€ssnry;without one a siegecould Iait all season.Virtually
He maintainsa maslermapshowingrhelocationof all forc€swhichis allarnieswouldhavesone artillery.but the possession ofan anillery
for hiseyesonly!Playerswillobviouslyrecordtbeir mov€menrs. and train implies an organisedforce ofanillery which cd be moved fairly
thoseof othe! forcesof whichtheyare awar€.on thekosn map.As rapidlyand is suitablefor siegework as well 6 usein battle.
umpire you will need to photocopy the map and briefings ard Combatsbelweenfleetscan be resolvedon a die roll. Dossiblv
distributethemto eachplayerd appropriale(ir may makethe map addrngone lor \ enerianfleet..with a dilte'enc€of plusr$; torcin!
clearerifyou oudine in colourthe variousborders).The samehas the loserto retreatto an adjacentseaareaand a differ€nceof plus
nine roles. but you could managewith fewer plalers by leaving our three causinga retrear and giving the defeat€dfleet a minus two on
somerolessuchas the KinB of Naplesand Pierode Medici.
Each period (which represenBapproximatelylwo weekt the Ahhough I've found that mosl players keep their forces concen,
umpire asksfor the player iDte.tions and then announ@sdy Irdled.only leavingbehindgani,onswherenecesaq. u i,wi\e ro pul
contaclswhich hav€occuned. and grvesa generalsummaryof eve.ts a olmand and control limitation of splitting amies i.to ar the most
of whichplayerswouldbe aware.He alsoinfonnsindividualplayers threeseparate forces(exceptfor ganisons).Resolutionof combatwill
of the outcom€ of any special actions which rhey may have in manycases(otteninvolvingnon-playerstates)bestbe hmdled by
undenakensuchasbribesorsiegesinvolvingnon-playerstates.etc. the umpire using his judgementand knowledgeof the period,
 Dauphine

FRANCF
Tlml /
. - i Mrr_Arvt C"rinthia

l""rs€ill€s
TITE
HOLY
ROtlfr{N
EMPIRE
J*t'--.
{o{o: i
I r,iot

-..nnig- I
q Caj'iola

Bologna
,'*!'i . ta
FLORENCE RomaFa
F
Norrllem
-. \6
..o$Y (F^
:r: z
Northem Tyrhenian

r:uom i

Napbs :) capatanata
./

. NA"LES

Tyrh€nian

I crq
.L Port
--- Boundarybetween Ionian Sea
areawithin a state
 24

posibly rolling the odd dice for the impo.derables. This ..Free The Papacylacks a finn temporal basefor its spirituat power. Its
Iciegspiel" te.hnique is a very usetul one which can hetp keep tbe landsin ltaly havebeeneroded by the Lords of the Romagna(an area
galne roning and I've nev€I had dy real moansabour irs faimessor which comprisesBologf,a, Romagna, Urbino dd Ancona) exerting
otheryi\e. lf de5ireand time pemr. largeracnob Invotvings€\eral
players(parnculdlywhenseieraldub'o6 alliesdre on one sideand Spainis ruled by Feldinod of Aragon. whosemaniage to Isabella
the.e is some uncertainty about r€liability) can b€ resolved by of C-astileuited the country. He desires to restore the ttuone of
table-top action with figures. Note however thar I've given my Naples to his family and opposesstrongly th€ extension of French
estimtes of the resourcesof the various sratesin reat terms and the
nunb€n will need scaling dou ro fir most convef,tional wargme
rules (which ofren only represenr several thoudd men a side, PLAYER BRIEF'INGS
whereasmajor renaissanc!battles were usually ten thousand plus).
I ve adopredlhe easiersolutiondd wnnendier s hichhandlesiarle.
You are His Most Christian Majesty, Louis )<II, King of Franc€.You
actonstthe chorceb yoursl
have inherited fiom your lare brother, the previous King, claims 10
The most important aspeclof the game is the negotiation between
the Kingdom of Naples and a powerful amy. Under your brother th€
plavels.This is the ctu oflhe gameand rLreallyi\ a c.ase or d}1hing exp€dition to Naples in 1494was able to reach Naples dd defeat iis
goes.Inlhe courieof runmg thrsgameand irspredece\sor, Iaa4,al army with a iittle trouble. On the way back to France the combi.ed
the Sou$ lnndon warlo'ds. chesrnurLodgewaJgme!C'oup dd
forc€sof Milm and Venice w€re defeatedat Fomovo. Unfortunatety
wargameDevelopmenB.I\e hedd rhemo<toun aisou5lies.d;ubk
the Fr€nch 8dilon in Naples hasbeen defearedby a revoli aided by
dealing.benayalsandfeebleer(:NJ tor not afting ac{ordingto ple
the Speish dd all control has bee. lost. Spain has dval claims to
irnaginable. An very much in tie .enaissancesp;t, where;Ii;@s
Naples which ale unacceptable;Naples must come under Fref,ch
shifted rapidly and states could be enemiesde moment and find
themselvesallies the next. To esure rhe gane ms smoorhly the
As a desendent of the lasr Visconti priness you aho havea clain
mpire mustbe infomed of th€ resulrsof suchdeals(e.9. aliances) so
to the Duchy of Mila. Ttrat rule was usurpedby Frdcesco Sforra,
that he @ know wha. impact thes€may have on orher parts of the
whose brother now rules. Much as you wished to gain the Duchy
game. There will be no need for umpires ro spread rumours, erc. as
during the invasion in 1494you were unable to do so, as Mita was
running the gme in severalroons wirh ftee accessto all Dlaverswiu
allied to you brbther. No such obstacle now exist".
auromaticall)ciu* rumoursas ptdyeF,\pread rhe so;d that, tor
ddple. Franc€ and Spain have been notic€d talking quietty in the
comer. Playersshould also nor 'egard rhe umpire as an enem): The 0olri fo.cts av.il$le to you mel
'llmng an enjoyablegameis the challengelo the umprre.he i.n1 Gendarmes- 2,000
tbere tryDg to messup your plans. Swisspikemen - 10.0m
French infantry 15,000 (nainly crossbows,but including 1.000
Gf,NERAL BRTf,I'ING - COPY TO ALL PLAYERS
In 1499Italy consistedof a number of ind€pendent stat€sand cities, Stradiots 500
the most powerful of which were rhe Papal Stares,Milan. Ftorence, One anillery t'ain. One Reer. ba.eddr lvla.seiUe..
Veniceand Naples.lor severalhundredyeaa po$er $ruggleshad
beenwagedbe$een rhesr 6ve. Reali\ingthat nonesas poserful Spain
enoughlo dominate the others, th€ Tr€ary of lndi wa! signedin 1454 You are Ferdinand of Aragon. King of Spain. As Fedengo, the King
betweenFloren@, Milan and Naples. This ain€d at maitaining rh€ of Naples. is of ih€ bastardline of the House of Aragon you have a
balme of powerdd a ratherfiasde Deace. claim to the Kingdom. Louis of France also has a claim to Naples,
The Dlalion by Frde 'n l4o4 in'DuAUir ofChdrl€sVtU s ctaimto which he seemsr€ady lo pursue. If Louis should insde lraly French
Naple<hddbroughtlittle lonBlermchange.AtrhoughtheFrenchmel influene in the peninsulawill be erlended to an unacceptabledegree.
lhtle real oppoyrion and ocrupiedNaple\ rhe french 8ron In This must be prevent€d and your claim to Naplesesrablishedbeyond
Napleslatermadeirse[ unpopularby iri tooringand tanrg ud was dispute.You forcesare basedon Sicily.
defeatedby d uprishgtr txahsa. aidedby a Sdnish to'c€:FedenCo
o{ Naples lbrorher of rhe dead king, aeded ro the rtuone. In Ihe total forcri availabl€ are:
Florence the Dpopular Piero de Medici had be€n depos€d tud a H€a\Tqvalry 500
Republic cr€ated. It is knoM rhat Piero de Medici (cunently in InJantry - 10.000(3.000 arquebusieE md 7,000 pikenen)
Urbjno)would hke to regajn@nrrolor Florene dd plot\ to d; \o.
Suppoieis of the republic know rhe fate that awaiis them should h€ Afiilery train. One Fleet basedo. Palemo.

Federigoof Naplesis no Dore secureon his throne than his brother The Holy Romm Empire:
Ferante had been,both beingof the bastardline ofrhe royai famity of You are Maximillia., the Holy Roman Enperor. Your h{o nain
Aragon, i.e. the same as that of the ruler of Spain, F€rdinand. @ncemswith Italy are the Duchy of Milan and Venice- In rhe caseof
Ferdinand is eagdly awaiting the opponunity to restor€ his family to the fomer you claim that Mild is an Imperial fief and thur you have
the Nealopitanthrone and lnuis XII of Franc€hasinnerited the claim the right to appoint the Duke (or confirm the current one). In rhe case
of his brother Charles (lhe Dukes of Anjou had rut€d Naples in the of V€nice you have a border disputewhich arisesfrom the expdsion
fourl€enthenruryl. The Popeal.o clms Ndplesas a p;pat t-iet. of Venetian teritory on th€ mainland. The are6 of Bresciaand Fnuli
Milan is ruledbyDuke LudovicoSlorz.a. brorherofthemerenary are righttully, you think. pan of the Duchy of Ceinthia.
aptain. Franc€s@,who had asumed control on the death of the last You are also concemed with a possibleextension of French and
of the Visconti family. The Vis.onti claim to the rute of Milan has Spannhinflue.ce in Italy which couid disrupr lhe balanceof power.
been inh€nted by Luis of France (who is descendedfrom the lasr Acquisition of new territories by these two powers is undesirable.

Venice is ruled by the Council of T€n led by the Doge. This Your tolal fo.c6 .v.ilable arE:
powerful oligdchy has been wise enoush to disiribute rh; weatth H€aiy cavalry - 5m
gainedfrom itsexrensive l-andknechls - 15.m0 (2,U10arquebusiers.
13,000pikeme.)
rradrgempire. thuskeprngtaxesloq dnd
lrle populaton,trho realiserhebenetrsto lhe sraleroowelltodesire
a different constitution, contended. The Republic has extend€d irs
poss€ssions on the maidand and as a result has border disputeswilh Napl€s:
Mile. rhe Papacymd rhe Empire. Durina the F'ench r;rasionol You are Federigothe King of Naples.You gainedthe thrcne afler rhe
1494rr garnedconlrol of the Adriaric pon of Bari. Fr€.ch invasion of Italy in 1494.Your brother Ferdte and his son
The Holy Romdtmpire ilruledb] Manm ian whoclaimsMnan Ferantino were in tum deposed by the French. When the French
asan Imperial Fief. Someof ihe landi which Venic€ hascainedon the wereexp€Ied from Naplesby the Spanishyou were set on rhe throne.
mainland.FriuLiand Brescia.de al.o claimedro be pan of the As you are of the batard line of the House of Aragon (Ferdinand of
Empire. Spain is of the legitimate brdch) you are related to the Spanish
nneF, but they do not treat you as an equal. They nake it clee that
you are King ody by then grac!. This is an intolerable positior, but
litde b€tt€r than the situation in general. ADLER mlnature5
Th€ French are once again pursuing their claim to Naples (and
possibly M an) dd Naples is stil claimed as a PaPel Fiet Bari i!
oEupied by Venice at present (in the wake of the last French IlTIIJtr

You nain ain is to ensure that Naples ; doninated by neither

{oIr}rED@ilcRs !m
Franceor Spain.It is alsodesnableto regainBari ftom the Venetians. torE ttFFB &Evssrl{s !!E

rlDrfrols !o tE llsmuna cotrElG so(8.!EEEn cl'rt rnF a

Heary Cavalry 500 clTrlrt rl! lEIm tlrBm @.
Infantry 5.Cm (cro$bomen)
lv,tl!dsl,! loB cEBrsurs fir,i !c om firrJsor !|l(s(otR 440
One Fleet. Ix! Illcs ?!!s c!xs) dI.Y !LJt_!9-81:
Milu: for Lis(m 5 )ardsmoh,s€nd Stdoed SAE&
You are Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan. You havebecomeruler of
Milan on the death of you brother Fiances€o,who roseftom being a
merenary captaiDin the serviceof Milan to Duke on the death ofthe
Forc€savailrbk:
l6t the Visconti Duke. You position is, however, rather pre6iou!
HeaiT cavalry 5m
asbun of Fnnc€, who is a des€endantof the last Vis€onti princess,
Infartry 5,000(aosbownen)
clains the Duchy. It wil be difficult to resist the powerfu] French
army without atli€s or unless you can create distractions for Louis.
The Emperor also claim Mild as ar hpenal Fief. Venice is your
You are Niccolo Machiaveli, s€cretaryto the Ruling Council of the
nval for doninance in the north of Italy and is sureto try dd exploit
Republic of FloreDe. The Republic was created in 1494when the
vour difficulties. delpot, Piero de Medici, was deposedas a result of the anival of the
Genoa is presentlyunder your innu€nce,which givesyou control of
French amy. The de Medici have ruled Florence for everdr
geneiations, but under Piero their Iule had become qrdnnicar and
You have border disputes with Venice over the ar€asof Verona
unpopular. While the new Republic seemssecure it is knoM that
and Brescia. The last is also claimed by the Emp€ror.
Pi€ro schemesto regain pow€r. It also seemscenain thal Frd@ will
once again invade Italy in puGurt of its clains to Naples.
Total forces aYailabl€are:
Unfortunately Florence is directly on the Iikely invdion route. To
Cendmes 1,m0
dir€.tlv take Franc€t part however would make other enemi6 such
InJanbf - 10,tm (3,tm arquebusieN,7,000 crorsbowmen)
as Spiin. overal a ticky situation ifthe Republic i! to renain in
enstence.Those who haves€rvedit would 'ot fare wel in the hands
of a vengeful M€dici family. The Republic of Siema is under the
control of Florence, but is unhappy with the situation.

You are Augostin Barbaigo, Doge of Venic!. Venic€'s succ€sshas

causedjealousy among itr neighbous who are desirousof its lands Healy qvarry - 5m
md of orbing the Republic's power. Your main aim must be to Inldtry - 5,0m
maintain the Republic's present position; but fifiber expmion on
the nainland. if Donsible.would be desirable- Your main nval for Fleet
dominance in nonhem ltaly is Mild. You ffiently have border
d;Dutes with Milan over Brescia and VinceDza. dd Brescia and Piero de Medici:
Fn' i are clained by the Empe.or. You are Piero de Medici, former iuler of Florenc€. You lo6t power
Extension of your possessioEwil €us€ problem! wilh the Pope, when the French invaded in 1494 ed tne French arny oeupi€d
as the ody dnedion for expesioD is southwardstowards the lands Florence on the way to Napls. Thos€ elements who were
claimed by His Holiness. dis.ontented with you rule, particularly the zealousrnonk, Savooar-
You may also find that the Neapolitans may wish to regain Bdi. oia, tobk the opportunity to depos€you, claiming that you' rule had
They may be hindered in this by aftempts by Spain dd Frd@ to b€comet'rannical and extmvagant.This is dspite the fad that your
make good their claims to the Kingdotrr. The new rulen trtay wel famny have nned Floren@ for sveral generations in a wis€ and
desire the port of Bari however. splendid fashiotr. After a , one's court must r€flect the wealth and
power ofone's state!Your tdk is to regaincontrol ofFlorence, which
wil requne alies. You had best choosewjs€ly. Your only forces are
Gendmes 2,000 lm healT cavalry and 500 infantly. You are currendy resident in
InJdtry - 10,0m (2,m pikemen, 2,000 dquebusiers and 6,000 Urbino.

IIIE MILIIARY BALANCE I49

Anillery train. Two Fleets (based on Venice) (copy to all playe$)

The Pap6cy: F.anc€ 28,0m + artillery + Fleet

You are Alexander VI. His Holiness the PoDe.Wbat the ChNh Tbe EmpiE 15,0m + artillery
requies n a t€mporal bN for its spintual power. For sone yean you
havetded to bring the lands of the Romagnaunder your donination Vetric€ 12,0m + artilery + 2 Fleets
so asto ext€ndthe PapalSutes, but havenot succeeded.Your forces Spain11.000I arbllery . Fleet
are basicaly not strong enough, panicularly in anillery. The
expansionof Venetian tenitory on the mainland alsoendangeGyour llilan 11.0m + artillery (+ GenoeseFleet)
claims in the Romagna. Plp.cy 6,m0
Another problem facing you is the kingdom of Napl6. This is a
Papal fief but you have been unable to establish thi! claim. The Naples6.000 + Fl€€t
difEculty is caus€dby the rival claimsof Franceand Spain.Both these noftnct 6,CJ00
pow€is now s€emdeterminedto bring then armiesinto Italy againin
punuit of these claims. This would ext€nd their influences to an
 26

DAD'SARMY
A PUBLICPARTICIPATION GAME
by Alan Hamihon
As the time of the annual wargames extravaganzaof Scotland Mainwaring (pron. Monenng) who wasalsothe local bdk mmager.
Claymore87- apFoached, our thoughtstumed to what ro stage.Our He was a bombastic chdacter tull of his own imoondce. He was
smal group of friends nomally stage some forrn of audience assistedby his bank clerk, Sergeant Anhur Wilson- Arhu. w6 a
panicipation role-playing game- Fantasybeing favourite. The usual kndly, quiet son of chapwho lived asa lodgerwith Mn Pike.The
oganiser is John "Slim" Mumford, who is alsorhe author of our local rank struclure was completed (by the BBC) with Lanc€-Coryorat
FantasyRules which re usedonly by us asfar as t know. This year. Jones, the village butcber, a veteran of lhe Sudan Wars ahose
bowever, he was unableto orgdise the gme and soit fell upon me to characteristicwar cries were "Don1 Pmicl Don t Pdicl" and, whilst
brandishing his f,\ed bayonet, "They don't like it up eml" For this
The inspiraiion came hom a chdce remark to the assmbled scenanohe has b€en Dronoted io CorDoral. Other chmcters to be
Fiends that I had been resedchirg the Home cuard and ir was met later de Pike. Fr;er. Walker and Godfr€v ofthe Hom€ Cuard
decidedto stagea game.This was sueesstuland the idea of using md AR? Warden Hodses.
BBC TVs Home Guard at Walmington-on,Sea for the Claymo.e Player briefings are designatedby "PC** and the otheB de for
the Unpire and his tean only.
For a number of years I have been workins on a ser of skirnish
rulesfor Vietnnn gamesand bad usedthe nechanismsof Slim's THE DEF'ENDERS
Monal Eanh Fantasy Rules (with his permission). lr the.efore **PC**
seemedlogical to modE these rules for a ww2 role,playins same. l. Capt G. Mainearine.
Resemh wascanied out. The real Home Guard waseasyenoueh Things have been very quiet recently. and thal old interfering
rince I had aheady .oned oul mosr oI shal wd\ needed.The busybody Hodges haskept out of your hair for a chdge. Businesshas
been dack and you have had time to plan an dti invasion ex€rcise-
Walmington-on'Sea Home Guard was a different storyl Memories
wercIack€d.notesweremadeand a very inconpletepicturenade. Bngadehad two new weaponsdelivered to your commandpost at the
Then from my younger brother came a valuable "Pnmary Source , Church Halt. You had th€ driver deliver a.d setup the biggestone in
your garden.The smalleryou haveleft locked up in the :moued bus
the Dad's Army Annual 1974. This filled in moy of the gaps. (arolh€r recentacouisitionfor the ex€rcis€).
Now on totherules.Theseweretobethemodifi€dFanrasvserwith The booklets
that you sere given say that they ar€ a Nonhover
the rule( on movemenrand firepowerkepr simpleror lhi" t}?e ol BottleMortar
anda 28mmSpigotModar orBlackerBonbard. This
public panicipation gme so that the flow of the game was nor
latter weapon is a pre-production test example. The Nonhover is
intenupted. Slin\ Fetasy Role Playing rules are very usetulfor this barelyportable four
by men and the Bombardweighsover 3401b.
type of game and both they and the modified set for Vietnam were That\
over3ca1lNobodyis trainedto use!hem,but you'vereadthe
familiar to all Fho were to take a supervisoryrole in the game. This, bookletsand
they seemsimpleenough.
we f€lt, w€r€ also bighly important to the suces of the gameand the
It is Fnday aftemoon and as you complete your nol€s for the
enjoymentof allibe parricipmts-This ispanicularlytrue in a public
exercis th€ telephone rings- It is Cpl Jones Why did you pronote
panicipationgamewher€it is the hobbythar is on show.
hin? - he sa)s he hasseena twin eigined aircrafi dropping bombsand
As for tenain (ng.l) we opt€d for a very simple and readily
nachinegunningsomething out at sea.You tell him notto panic.but
availableterrain that a beginner would be able to consrrud without
decideto havea look. After all tbe location he gavecan be s€enftom
too much expenseor difficulty. The buildingsw€re either commercial
the golf course.You leavethe Branch in the capablehandsof Wilson.
kits or hone made. The hills w€r€ nade ftom polystyrenesrepsand
and as ]ou ldve you hand him the bmklet and your exercise
the woods ftom c'rmmercial sources. The small itens were
instruction.H€ is to call out the platoonfor a 7.30parade-
scratch-built or bought. Fonunately norhing of what we neededhad
You expecttheNzistoland at anytime and&e deterrnined to be
to be madefor the gamebecaus€we had everlthing in one or other of
ready. You know what is cor€ci and anyonewho disagreesis totally
Frong. If you wanl their opinionyou will give it to !hem.
Each of th€ principalcharacters has a card (fi8.2)giving,on the
fiont, the dala needed to "fight the ngure and on the back any 2. Sgt A. WileD **PC**
characterdetailsor other infomation- The infomation siven was
Another quiet Friday aftemoon spoiled by your mdager ceorge
ba.ic dnd dpphedonl) to thar figure.or group In rhe cdseol rhe
Mainwaring handing you some paper. You shuffle through them
nvo Army pamphletsand somehand written notes.You readthe
The figuresusedcamefrom variousAdantic. Airfix. Marchbox and
(plastic) Staddenranses with many conversions.The vehiclescame
ftom Airtr{ conlersions. Matchbox and other diecasrsand Zodiac 1 Paradetonightat 7-30p.m.
resin castings. A cbild's (Iny son s) toy box proved usetull Tbe 2. Patrokto be sentout to preventthe Nazisfrom landirgrear
vehicleswerc borowed on conditionrbar thev were retumedfultv Wdmington,on,Sea.
3. Normal staticDatrolsto be sentout to the road block and
Tbroughout the preparation stages it was felr that the public church tower observation post.
participation aspectand the encouragemeniof role playing wasto be 4. At leastone sectionis to be trainedo. the mortars.(What
paramount. The supervisors were to make their decisions mortars?)Sgt wilson to instruct.(Sigh!)
5- Transpon nobile reseNein Joness Truck andAmoured
Bus. (wlere did this comefrom?)
Background Ihfomtion 6. Brief the sectionsor Nazi techniquesand disguises.
It is Octob€r1942and the Allies are feelingrathergoodaboutthe R€member that they may disguisethemselvesas nuns.
war. (At leasttbeydonl leel sobadaboutit asrheydid lastyearl)Th€ policemenor civilians.SomemayevenwearBritishuniforms.
Home Cuard are still on the alen for ceman "Nui" DaratrooDers.
You lhen readover the pamphletsand discoverthat the monars
5pre5.agenlsandlhe Like.Tle rhrearot rnva.ionhdsdrmrnFhed, but are very hearT. The Nonhover being : four man load and the
the threat of sudden "commando" tlpe raids crnnor be ignor€d. Bombard 3cw1sand so neilher is very ponable. Th€r€ are 10 battle
Therefore,after work and a! weekends,the Walminsron-on-Sea
bombs for the Nonhover. and 2 x20lb bombs and 6 x 10lb bombs for
Home Gudd de read) to repelthe intader. the Bombard. You are not really clear asto which is fired by which.
The illustrious force was cornmanded by Captain ceorse
Just as you lock up Jonesrushesup to you. "Don t Panic he
shouri.'There'sabattleatseal Justwairtilltheyland!Theydo.'llile You have trained the boys we 6 couieE dd guenilla fighteB.
it up 'em!" In th€ distanceyou cln s€€d RAr phne dropping bombs You havehad them hide cachesof Molotov cocktailsat the entrances
onto somethingin the Channel. You reassurehim and wry on- It is a to the village and at strategic points inside.
beafiinn hazy evening. Quite bright for the time of year. You cannot standthe sight of that tubby litde excusefor an offic€r.
lf he croses you then you'll . . . you'L . - Words fail you!
3. CPI Jon€s. ++PC*+
You starl the game in your shop. The telephone rings, waking you DEFENDING FORCF,S
ftom your nap. It is Sgt Wilson to say that two of the platoon are on The Home Guard are in platoon srrenglhof about 24 all ranks. This is
their way to the shopto start a patrol. You are to pick up Pte Godfteyto represent the non-attendanceproblems that were faced at this
dd patrol the harbour first. lt is alreadydark. The two soldies dive period. They are, with some exceptions,dressedin nearly slandard
before you have time to changeinto uJrifom- British Arlny uniforms. The exact styl€ can be seenin MoIo (1973
and 1981)and Longmat€ (1974).They shouldbe armedwith rifles, an
occasionalTommy gun and the Section Automatic Weapons were
Unfortunaiely you work in the sane bank as "Uncle Arthu" and Browning Automatic Rifles- we used a single Bren (instead of the
havebeenput in chargeof the boring road block with two boring men BAR'S) for the entire platoon instead. The Home Gudd were well
to guardthe boring town from the boring Nazis on a bo:ing cold night. seryed both in the quantity and variery of genades.
So just before dark you take up your post.
JonesShop cpl Jones(rifle) and two riflenen
5. Pte Frazer. **PC*+ Godftey's Hoas€ Pte Godfrey
You havebeendis.lssin8 a seflic€ with the vicar and becausethis has Golf Club Capl Mainwaring(pistol)andcar
talen longer than expectedyou havegonednectly to tbe parade.You Road Block Pte P'ke (TommyGun) andtwo riflemen
de not in uniform. but nothing much happensdryay- If the Nazisdo ChurchHall SgtWilson,PteWalkerandrcstof platoon
land wele aI doomed! You make no bones about the €xp€d€d
outqrme of any invasion attempt. ARP Hodg€s is unamed dd lives in his house^hop. His initial
movement is controlled by a randon card.
6. fte W.tker. **PC**
You have reported for duty and ifltend to make the most ftom ey WALMINCTON.ON.SEA
situation. Partiolely if it meansa profit. If the enemy do @me you .L
will son them out for interrupting business.

7. ARP Warden Hods6.

You are responsiblefor the enfocment of the air raid precautions.
You rake this very seriously. It is a highly responsiblepost, much E minefieldsign 3$g drasona
reerh
more so than that pompous liftle Napoleon and his Dad's Army of .A
bo)6 and grandfath€rs. walh .h

E. Nathaniel Winslor. **PC** oes bushes L

You are the Headmasterdd Scoutmasterfor Walnington-on-Sea.
Mosi of the older bols are eirher in the forces or in that apolos/ of a rees
defenceforce the Home cuard.
That pompous little . . . Mainwanng was given @mmdd over /.'-\
pillbox €
you! You were the obvious choice. A man of your stdding dd
upbringing - you were a cadet sergeantat your Public School. barbedvire EI

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 8

The ScoutTloop &e in tleir Scout HQ. They are being insrrucr€d "Gentlemen, we de in a dangeroussituation. We 6
run for home
in their duties and th€ location of the Molotov C-ockrails.Each hal andifwe don't sinl on the way w€ will run ouroftuel. .. or we can
reported with a catapult and siones-Thesestonesare of rwo ry?es!for scuttlethe boat and sunender - . . ii You pauseto let yourwords sink
the catapult and for throwing by hand. They also have scour staffs, home. 'Or . . . ". They all look at you. amazedor shocked."We cin
sheath tniv€s, lmyalds and other Boy Scout g@dies- .aid Engdd md take what we need! We havemostof the €quipm€nt
The police station is mannedby one police constableat nighr. He is thai we would needon the boat. I ve looked at ou eouiDmenrand this
unarmed, but has accessto an armoury containing rifles and pistols.
The ammunition is held in a safeplaceand can only be rei€aled by his
superiol!. His initial novements are conrrolled by a nndom cafd. 5 Sub Machine Guns
However, he nust do his duty if sh@nng staris. 4 Rifles
Fred Howard is fishing ofi one of the quaysin the barbour- He will 7 Pistols
run to the police station to report dy invasion that he s€€s.He has 2 Grenades
s€n two iNzsions alreadv! 2 Rubber Life Raf6
All other figures are conirolled by the umpire's random€vent crrds I Torpedo trolley
or by the Unpne\ de.i.ion to add interest or mayhem. I Batterytroll€y
It: Dot id€dl, bul it\ all we have. So here's the plan . . . "
TIIf, OPFOSMON
A. F.egatEDxapitan Rleinhold yoo Dietle. **PC*r B. Kapitanl-€utret Kad Gisae **PiC**
Just before dusk tonight your U-Boat was forc€d to the surfaceby You are strongly tipped by your fri€nds on the staff at the Admiralty
depth chargesdropped by a Hudion of RAF CoastalCommand.The for conmand on your retum. The fact thar you de a member of th€
bomberthen sirafed you severaltimeswith machineguns.Unluckily it Nazi pany do€s help. You distrust the d€cnio$ made by your
wasthe planet last sEafng run that did tlle damag€.The pressurehull i:ommander. He belongs to a bygone age- You de detemined to
was holed and the tuel tank ruptured. r€tum to the Fatherland. Your chdces of promotion would be aided
The tuel leal will betray your position dd the holed hull meds if the captain met witb an accidentand did not retum. How€ver rh€
that you can ody run at a couple of knots on the surfac€.Each on its cfew do not like you much and some positively hare you.
own would nale a safe retum dangerous if not impossible, but
together they spel sicide. All of the crew are awde of rhe danAer C. Oh€rfeldwebelKtrn Grunlnam +*PC*+
You are a thorougl y professionals€aman.You &e devored to the
andrhartheymusrsuender In I hemoming The chans.howyou ; e
just ofithe coastby a toM called Walmington-on-Sea.A pld begins senice and have?mbi.ioN to move up to a d€sroyer. You trurt and
to formulate . . . a risky, a dangerousplan. A plan that calls for like the captain. He is your gpe of Officer and cendemo, not like
resourcefulnessand daring, for stealih and initiative. Th€ stuff of that nastypieceofwork Gysae-Nazis lik€ him should not be allowed
legend. You call your officeB ed petty oficen together. in the Nary! You needto securesomesheetsteeland welding gearto
Wbne you wait for them to assembleyou select your p€Mn.el. repair the boat. In addition you need tuel. a couple oflarge drums of
You immediatelydiscountthoseyou havero leaveto protect the boat. m&ine dieselto get the boat home.

l. You!.lf D. Ob€rmaai Heinich Kammhub€r **PC**

You come ftom an old naval fmily. Your fath€r conmeded a ln your career you havesred in the army aswell6 rhe oary- As a
cruiser if, the Kaiser's War. You de .ot enamour€dof the Nazis and resultyou are well ve6ed in smallarms. The Captain is relyi.g on you
what they havedone to Gemdy. You still hold true to the old values to be his weaponsman and advis€ron this land raiding party- You are
and gentlendly conductof the of6@r @rps. It wasonly to remain ar looking forward to it. It sounds exciting. The Kapitar eurnant is
sea that you accept€dcoinmand of this U-Boat. landing too. He is not popular, but you can work with anyone. He
doesknow a lot of the right p€ople dd so it is us€tul ro get on with
Ihpilanlxut ot Karl von cysae is your secondin command. He is hin. After all he mighr need an Oberfeldwebel som€rime.
the favourite of the Nzi elements on Admiral DoniE staff. He is
strongly tipped for a command next time out. He i! a competenr, if ATTACKING FORCFS
ruthiess.of6cer- hudl) surprisingcon.idenng hb background -rhe The Germanshavethe 16figur€s outlined above. They are deployed
son of a shopkeep€r cdnot be €xpected to become a gentlemd. 6 boatloads and the gme begins when they hit the shore.
What is the navycoming to? Not only that, he is a memberof the Nazi
Partyl The crew do not trusi him, nor do you. He is too anogant by UMPIR.E'S NOTES
hali But he is the only offic€r that you crn take wirh you (becauseyou
can't trusr him to be left behind). Each ctlaracter is briefed as to what he needs to know by his
commmding offcer. in addition to what is written on their cards.The
3, Ob€rfeldwehdKun crunnann is your chief ensineerand he reeds information on the .everse of the card should sive th€ charact€rt
viespoint or aims-
steelplating to make temporary repaiis to rh€ hull. He is a rhorough
and professionat seame of some 8 years sewice. A solid, if Play€n should be encouraeed ro act out their pans with
uimaginative bloke- appropriate acc€ntsand attitnd€s for as long as the umpiret nerves

4. Ob€@t Hcinrich Kannnhub€r is your Master-ar,Ams. Thb Eacb figure is given a nunenc value to move und€r tue (TMF).
strong fellow actualy enjoys gunsand things. He wd in the Army for This number or lessmust be rolled if the character is lo move whilst
a while when the Navy was reduced between the wm. He reveh in being fired at or is to crossground shich is swept by fire or which is
steelhelnets, gunsand black-paintedfaces!He normally @mmands tnown to be coveredby a sniper or whar€ver. It is ditrerent for each
the deck gun detachments.He even knows how to us€ a grenade. cheacter and refl€cts then moral fibre and not nec€ssarilytheir
training. Generally leadeB should have higher values rhd average.
5. MaIro6€Dslab6gefreiter The Umpire\ control map has rhe buildings numbered. The
W. Albr€cht is an expert on tuels ard says
he needs5m ftres of tuel about two ]arge drums. numbeB in this ca5erefer to our systemfor cataloguingfloorplans dd
details. These are u5€d for reference ro floorplans and aho in the
6. Matr6enhruptgeft€iter J. Schnidt is your ddage controll€r and
welder who needswelding gas to repair the boat. The launch (a bath toy modified od detailed) has no tu€l or
batteries aboard becauseof the tuel shortages.It smetlsof new painr
7.& E. Malro6engef.eite.V. Olenlcblag€r and C. H'gleralxr are borh and vamish. lt is of wooden construdion wirh di€selensines.It is in
runningo'de'.halng beenseU lookedafter.h woud n;t rale much
Io gel ner go'ng.
9-16. MatrodenrAble Sermen trined in the uie of firearms. The steamer (from th€ same source as the launch) has suffered
severe dmage from air attack. It is undergoing repair and took.
Onc€ lh€v have ass€mbled-vou addressthem: weldingg€d, etc- are stowedin lockerson board or near ar hdd
(Building13).
 29
Building 13 is a locked store It is usedby thosewho male reguiar SAMPLE CHARACTER CARDS
Dle of the harbour. At the monent it is fa y empty, containing oi y Kev:
the €quipment fiom the launch and the consumablestoresand tools TMF = To Mov€underFire
for the repan of the steamer. Rd = Speed on surfaced roads
The Warehouseis a padlGked buildirg. It is tull of empty packing CC = Cross country on firm ground
crates of assortedsizes. BCC = Bad Cross Country, on poor or soft ground
The rowing boat belongsto a local fishemd. It is upsidedown and WDS = Speed in woods
the oars de undemeath. Sw = Swin. if unencunbered by equipm€nt and weapons
Each vehicle and h€avy weapon also has a card Pen = Penetrationof targel'sprotection
The minefielG are dummies.There are no mines, but figu€s in the Str = Strikevalueof ammunitionor weapon
"ninefields" should dic€ as if there were. D = lGsideddie (0 counrsas l0)
Individual dlms dd stacksof drurns should be noted on the nap Fatigue = Tir€d,/Exhausted
with th* contents. Some @uld have walte oil, some diesel. some
engin€ oil, some rainwater and so on. Molt s€amenor thos€ with
vehicle skills shouldbe able to idendlf them. The location of welding
ged sho'td also be known and recorded. Move Rd5" CC{ BCC2" WDS2' SWl'
Crloued mdkers for calualties are helpnn. We used: Crenade l' ?+ BuN6' Pen0 Str -2 hits D6
blue wounded Rifle 10 5+ ?J 7+ 16 8+ Pen 3 Sr -2
red crippled Velee J rb"Juner ri I'Fr mund) P.r I S'r +
black dead
yelow failed TMF mU and ther€fore pinn€d doM. Dead 7 cnppled 5 {ounded -3
RANDOM EVENTSCARDS CDIJom (M.) Th. bul.her
(One or more drawn eachmoveto keep thingsgoing) veleranolrl.eSddJndnd'nrcr*lJ pdno'ic De'ermineJ'o
1. ARP Hodgesleaves041 to do his roundsby bike. ser ro handro-hdndcombartrlh ha bntoner A srubborn
(hcr,.rersho bos ro aurhonDasa g@d resimeltal..ldie'
2. PC leaves20 (PoliceStation)to checkon harbour.
3. Doctorand Nu6e enterat A in a car.Tiey areto proceedto 0ll-
4. Couple with dog leave shop 23 to stroll by the sea ftont.
5. Old man with dog leaves16 for a walk by the hdbour. At anychangein situarionrcll I Dlo a scoreof I or 2 freans
6. Two custom€rsleavepob and h€adfor 11. rhJrhe ru\he\drcdnd,houune Doni Pann Donl P"iicr"
l h h d . s a h e r l m o \ e . . d n e d e n e mdJ c r i o r or' h p , r i \ a lo f
7. Paperboy leavesshop12aftereveningroundsto go hometo 012. i.urrior I' aMa$ la{' ar lc.i I mor"
8. Vicar leaveschurch076for vicarage6.
9. Watchmanat warehouseleaves024 for patrol ft.2b
10-SouthAfrican airmanparachules behandpillbox2. Has a strong Hone Gusd Setiotr TMF.I
Movc Rd 6" CC 5' BCC -r' wDS l' SW l.5"
11-Farmercheckshispoultryon farm.He hashadtroublewirhfoxes Gienad€s 5" 6+ BuGt 6' Pen0 Srr -2 hnsD6
ed is armedwith a shotgun. Rioe l0' 6+ 2,1' 7+ 36 8+ .18 9+ Pe. 3
12-Farmer'sdaughterandher husba.dleave0.10for farn (walkins). 5' D-,r ld D-5 15" D 6 2(I D 7
sMc
i3- Watchmanai boat shedleaves13 for patol.
14. Two nunsleave137to go to vicarage.One is Dutch.
15.RAFarmouredcaron patrolentersatB.ls to collectbottledbeer
l:' D-6 2+ D 3 ]6 D r d/ D-6 Pcn,1
16.Two drunkensailorsleavepub for steamer-
LMC (hip)
17. Air Raid Alen Siren. D 5 24' D-8 Pen4
6' D-l la D-r I8'
18.Three golfersleave8 and headto the village.
19. Fishermanpacksup on harbourand goeshone past012. Melee -l (bayoner+2 fiRl round) Penl 5lr+l
20.Brewerylorryarriv€sat A tod€liveralpub.Il brokedom earlier.
21.MissJohnston. anelderlvspinsle.. reponsro thepoliceihat Huns Dead 6 Crippl€d-i Wounded 3 Fatigue 5/10
havelandedparatroopenin her backgarden(137).
22. Shop(036)oFner l@ks up and goeshome. Off tableby B.
23. Three peopleleavepub to go homeby B. Move Rd 24 CCll BCC.r'(bogsonaDl0rollotI l)
24- Guard at banier lhinks he hears a suspiciousnoise and Amour I Capachy:2+12
investigates after raisingthe alarm. The roise can be anythingthe weaponsr Crew WeaponsOnly:
umpiresthinksuitable. an escaped animal.adrunk blunderingabout. ,l rifl€ pons c.ch side
a player's party or an individual figure or whatever.
I riflc pon in each rear door
The umpnesshouldfeelfreetoignore.modi! or improviseasrhey Exits: SidedmE front only- I fig per nove
ReardeN 8 figsper nove.
The Umpireteamshouldbe sellbriefedin advance. havingtalked
HITS
throughthescenarioat larious stagesin thepreparation.Eachcould
havehisresponsibility
limitedtoapa.ticularareao.party.Thisallows Bodr Ftunr Body Rignr
them to keepthingsgoing. Body spore wheel Body trlt

E.gine Engre
Useful Sounes: Home Cua.d Engine Engre
Longmarei(1974):Ii?e real Dad\ Amy. Ano\|. Aody r.n lo{ l.ft Bodr_lo* leri
Mollo. M Gregor, Smith & Chappell: (1973)a wotld Amy Bodr rerr low qhr Body low iShr
Bodr relr bp lcfr Bodt rop lcfi
Urrforns; Bledford. Plate 48. Body ftar bp nghr Bodt bp righr
Mollo; (1981); Tlre Amed Forcesof World War II, Orbi.. pp6+67.
Tne .monr mns be exc€ededbl the ammunition.
Roll a Dlo and addor subtmctrhe Penvalueof the round.
Molloi (1981); Tne A.nedFor.es ofWorkl War IItOrbis. pp247-25n A buN arcr seamn lexcl HEAT) rclk a D6 = the nunber of hits
plates102.301.305.306. sre{i. For eachd nored suhracr one fron the D6. Fuel lank hits
destroythe vehicleifan ince.diaryronndwa nred.Noimalrounds
Enjoynent need8+to causein explosion. OrheNie rhevehicleisinmobilised.
?: (1914\ Dad s Amy Anrt a.i 197,/:world DistributoB.
30

Be6_use-of
W,u Sliniutarw
the gr€at reer'oneeto lart yea/s Ch slrllas Spe<ialwe havedecidedto rep.at this cp€.iat offei we gu.ranie€ io sendoff to
you (or Si]'ta) in tim€ to rca.hyou for the 25thtt€.ember1987any it.ms lined on theretwo pages.iun give is a @ttordrop usa tine
and ret the ball rcllingl
1tllM, l{0 RECEPAr{rEDARiflES- t34.00
qa ridian Nanor@ni.waB
lsrrM rAI{rED UNITS:N]{TOTIOMC
er, |:F HoprneGreer 20ira sdony ?o B,i,,hh;il.nrin6mmatu
rlla !.k .. 2o7b w.npiatirrb€.sers ,o sdanGlr.hrarny4ormin
20Prusdlheinlfl'y46nna1
llfa Al*.ndidn rhpdial 2o,rra8runskk 20 au*iantineinf.nty4.omman
16tu Ma.€doni.n Eany tu(esor 206f. D!t(h.8erq'a 0 srun$kr ine'ifailrydv@nn.
2o7ta fr€nd 20 Ponusdel'ne'd.ntyd@mm
21la Galatian 2o3fa Ruskn 2o Nisuine'danrryd.ommmd
22t. cahillan Roman 209r. pru$bn 20 BavadanI ie intuntry4 onman
2rta H.ll.nini. c'€ek 210fa Bay.rian
25ta rit€r Macedoniah 2tlfa wuftnbu,o - 20 wuftnbuqrin.int.nrydw..,mand
25ta Badrian 6reek 212fa sDankh
2rJla P6nuo.F
,rfa sam.r.n tr.i; Ai;;i,;
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32
"ilotes on the Prussian Arrny
intheSevenYearsWar'
Pan 2-lntantryll I
byM.Tomczak
This is the filst of two articl€s on the infutry. Particular attention is
paid to new methods innoduced and deveioped during the yeais
b€fore 1756,so as to provide as tu[ a frmework as possibleof the
system under which the infantry operated during lhe war and rhe
thinting behind it. It is hoped that this approach will assist a
wargamerin adopting the right approach ro problems he encounr€n
with his miniature Prusians on the tabl€ lop, and hetp him usethem
prop€rly.
The Mechadcs of Litl@ Tactics.
This period is sonetines refered to 6 the "Age of Linear Warfare",
the reasonbeingthe generatuseon tne battlefield of long, thin linesof
infantry. The infantry forned the largestsegmentin Europ€anamies
at this time, and their use dominated tactical thinking and
deployment. Th€ use of close-order Foops deployed in long lines
developed a a consequenceof the aming of the inlantry with
flintlock rnuskets(a pro@s conpleted by 17tJ0).The linited etrecrof
th€seweaponspromoted the us€of close{rder linear formations, the
intention being to maxim;e their eff€ct and at the sametime bring th€
legest numt'er of weapons to bear. Initially the most common Thb drawing by Menzel illustntes the kind ofscene\|hich night
fomatron was a four-deep lin€, this slowly changedto three-deep occutifoderandcontrclwerclostordis pted in an any at tbis
hnes (on some occasionsduring the SevenYears wd numerically- penqd. Here a vanery ofAustrian typescan be seenseekiDqsafety.
weak€nedPrusid battalions were deployed in two ra*s so as to Fnn F. KngIeL "Life ofFtedenck the Grca( (Irndon 1877).
extend then frontage). Molt European armi€s had adopted rhe
three-deep line by the tine of the Seven Yeals War. The linited All dpects for linear tactiG were coveredby rolesand set methods
effect of weapons generally at this period was d€monstrated at for doing thirgs- For example, each asped of a battalion\
Z.omdorf in 1758- at the eDdof the baftle in th€ eveninsthe Rulsians deploFnent had a term to de&:rib€it - the dnection il faced was the
*ere garheredin largemasseson rhe banlefieldand rhe Prussians 60rr, and the line it was marching on was the dnetabr, its sidesthe
stood on their line of withdrawal, despitethis ther€ wasnothing more ,ar*e,, dd its rear the gueue (French for'1ed"), a coftnander to
the Prussianscould do and both sideswithdrew soon afteNards. lh€ ftont and the front manofeach .o.le (file) wasrl,en.erd (leading),
The use of easily suF€trised close-o.der formations ws also and the line in which a unit stood in colnmon wirh its neishbourswas
promoled by the presenc€,in mct mies, of men who were liable to its argremenr.The lerm for a complelelne of Infantr];as reffen.
desen if given an opportuity, and in wanime desenion reached hence e.sfes tEtre, (first line), zwenes aetre,
Gecond line), each
appalliDgproponions. Frederick the Gr€at drew up lisls of measures .reffer being divided into a left and a right ,uegel (wing).
to be taken to mi mize desenion in the field, with only limir€d
succ€ss.The presenceof unreliable foreign elementsin the Prussian The ordd of pr€edence betwe€n regiments was decided by the
army was accepted as the pric€ for having a more prosp€rous rank and s€nionty of the Reginentsinhaber, in Ptussia EsEay a
economy, with large sctions of the population €xempted ftom Eenetal. Wen an oder of baule was .lmw up. in vhich each
military s€nice altoSether.Through tbeir unr€liabiliry, ed becaus€ reginent wasallocateda pfa@, thepoints ofhonou werc the e*rene
"superior" to the
then training aspan ofthe line madethem wsuitable material, such dngs, with the ngh'\!penor" to the leh, atd both
centrc. and the 6nt line '\DDenior" to the seco.d. Units were keen to
troops could not be used in skirmish order. and during this period
open order remained very mucb of, the fring€s of the main actions, gain their tuI rights under pr@edence,dd dgument codd ensue
and us€d in the opemtions of "der,tle-e *;eg" (petty war, whicb when a @mmander drew up an ord€r of battle and units ftom more
involved suchthings asambush€s,attackson convols dd magazines, tmn one coutry were pres€.t.
and reconnaisanc€.In the P.ussianserice the various liSht unirs set The useof long lines brought a f,umber ot problems with it. They
up were generaly look€d doM upof,, both for then general were especially mlnerable on the flanls, cotid edily fall into
behaviour and becausethey could not be used in the line. disorder, be broken, and had difficulty moving proprly on open
The us€ of long, unbroken lines of infetry l€d to a rendency to ground. let alone more difficult terrain. Colunns weie trFd on the
mN the evalry on the wings- althoughfiequently this approachwa! m&ch, or in the approachto and deployment on th€ battlefield, or
altered if temin conditions c"lled for or p€mitred something when pasing through a defile. Once the line was formed and
different - and asa part of a resewe. Und€r Fr€derick, the third line, advancing.it could be disrupted by the smallestobstacl€ a Prussian
when there was one, would consist entirely of cavahy. The cavalry's line would passa smallobstaclein sucha way that a.umber of files
ability to giv€ effective support to the infetry war oft€n r€d!@d by would drop out of the lire to the left and right behind the main lire,
"flow" dou.d the obstacle,with the displacedfiles
the distan@between the two arms ove. much of the banlefield. As and the line would
the lines of inJantry (:me closer together there was evenruallyonly then resuming their place. Obstacles suct! a! woods, villages and
spacebetweenthe baftatiors for the battalion guns. When Frederick defil€s had to be overcone with great @e sucheventualitieswere
cameto the throne in 17,mthe usualgap betweenPrussianbattalions often cover€dby Fecise rules- md cotmmdeB geDerallyaftempted
on the batdefield would b€ 30 pa@s.this was later reducedto 20, ed to avoid them both in their approach narch and during th€ aftack.
by 1756it w6 12 paces. DefendeB could rest their flanks on suchplacesor incorporate them
The us€ of lines cenainly ma\imiz€d rh€ €frect of weapons. On into their position, althoughtheir o*n ability to manoeu\re renained
occasion, a baftalion in line with its two camon could hold off the limited. In th€ory ai le6t, flat, open ground sas pr€ferred for batde,
heaviest cavalry attack, more often (if given tine) a banalion or but Frederick predict€d corecdy in 1755that in a tuture war with
regiment would foin a squtre which would be virtually imposible to Austria the eneny would be likely to make muchuseof higher gound
ride down. The danger of cavalry attack ofren existed only for 'n cnoosmgpos'nons.
battalions nearthe end of a line. The wlnerability of the flanks of th€ Manoeu\r€ in line was difficult and could only tate place slowly.
lines caus€dth€ Prussianslo deploy perhaf two battalions, often of Before 1756 the Prusim! work€d extensively at increasing their
grenadien, in the gap between the two lines at their endsftom 17lm flexibility and mdoeuvrability. and aitain€d a high level ofability and
preparedn€ss,which gave them an advantage on the battlefield
 33
during the war. Various wa]s were soughtof speedingthe novenent
of the line wilhout losing the cohesion.The Prussiansdemonstrated
that the finest method in the long m was to train ofEcen and Inen
coBtedy in elaborat€movementsin peac€time,which helped make
lh€ simpler battlefield manoeur€s that much easier in warrime.
ffi HEROES
MrNrAruREs
%y
Frederick held large{cale reviess and manoeuues each year in ffi W
peacetimeto give the officen at all levels exp€rienc€in @ntrolling
movemenlsby large bodies of troops over a variety of te(ain types. &1\ PLAcE 'ttffi
t wAvERr,EY
One method of sinplifying and sp€€ding up trrovemenr on the .&' woRKsoPN.o T r s Lv
badene|d, much practised by the Prussiansand us€d by them in s802sY
wartime, was to advance the battalions "en ecre.lor". bv which
method the battalons would advece in a staggeredLin;. each MAIL ORDER SPECIALISTS
perhaps50 pacesbehind its neighbour to righi or left. This requned a
high level of co-op€ration and undentanding b€tween battalion
cotrtlnandeB, but avoided the problen of keeping a line, rnany We stock the following products:
hundreds of ydds, long in order during an advance. 20mmm Elite forces,Skytrex, 1/?6th scalevehicles,
The succ€rstulnovenent of a line dep€nd€don the rointenmce of all Tabletop Gamesrules, Tabletop 15mm Laser-
order, and great imponance was attachedto this. Frederick himself burn Sci-fi, Asgard Redaissance,Tabletop Fantasy
wanted his offic€n to maintain dlzirr"in then unirs during battle. (formerly Asgard), Torture sets,Ttiton Napoleonic
This word coveredthe generalmaintenanceof order and @trEol. and
cons€quentlyof the uifs ability to function properly. The problems Ships.
that might result fiom the needto maintain order can be illust.ated by Heroes American Footballers Range, I{eroes
the events which occurred at Cmpo Sdto in Italy in 1743- rhe 25mm Laserburn Sci-fi raage, Asgard Space
Austro-Sa idds hit difficult gound whil€ manoeuvringagainstthe Marines, Starbeasts, Sci-fi Spacefighters, &
Spanishright. and in maintainingorder they took two hoN to covera
distde of 1.000yards- The line @uld be brought intact againstthe Ground Attack Vehicles, Super Hero figures, Doc-
eneny o.ly with precis€movements,ard without tullest order being t r Who Range by Fine Art Castings (25Dmm&
maintainedthe attempt to do this would either fail altogerheror ody 40mm only), Ro6s& Heroics WWII, Scotia Models
succeedpartially. Doubling was out ofthe question. and a chmge of Modern.
dnection by a line could only b€ crri€d our by highly,train€d rroops.
If th€ discipline holding a unit together w6 disrupted by outside
forces, the rcsult might be comp:ete dissotution, as for example Pleasesend S.A.E. for fiJl list
happened with the Prussianganison of Breslau in 1757 after the
Austrians took rhe fortress. The fact that rhe bond holdinp a unir
togethermighrJnaprather\uddenlymay help ro explainrie gear
etrect of a number cavalry anacksduring the SevenYears War - rhe
better quality of recruits in the cavalry ed the limited €ffecl of
infantry w€apoo! do not €xplain this on iheir own.
Once the line had be€nbrought up againstthe €nemy, the general
objectiv€ of both sideswas to decimate or d€stroy the enemy with
fte prior to driving them away with a bayo.et attack (Fredenck did
for a time until 1757- order his troops to attack without firing,
simply marching on the enemy and fallins on th€m with the
IN THE
bayonei). The range a.whichfire was openedvaried sometines ar CRANDIVIANNER
as much as600 paces,more usuaily at 200 or 300 paces.Musket tue BY 'ETCR GItDfC
wa5most effective at 75-1m paces.ln lhe Prussianarmy men armed
The pr@is Nopol.fiia w'gam Blles. dn bbfor aish..
with nintlocks did not hav€ any target practic€ in peacetime, and
theie was generally no practise aiming on the battlefield, panly
becauseof the nearnessof the €nemy in close-orderformations. the
13'95*"tr^..
ncw @d6red sftond ed{bn aEilahle dr&r lEm Eblishe6
prcsenceof dense clouds of powder smoke. and a reliece on the
effect of large numbers of proj€ctiles fired at massedtarg€ts. When sElIY OAK & DISTBICTSOCI€TYFORVIARGAMIIIG,
44. Mulbery Road. Bournvile. Bnringham. B3O ITA
the Prussian infantry did nount closjange bayonet attacks, the
enemygenerallyran awayb€forethe two linescme into conhct.
This was almost invariably what happened when on€ sid€ or the
othe. wenl in with the bayonet, with the norally weaker side giving
E-0
way. Frederickhimselfput the whole thing rather differently- he
wote that a baftle wa! decidedby winningterrain", du.ing this

The spint and dashof the Pnssian intanty are denonstrated in this
;ncident. n fi ich fi e An hah. Benbu rg Reg ment I no.J) at ocked
Ptussituintantryadvancneinto a haitof \hot and shellat Kolin the Austrian cdvalD wirh the bayonetat Lieqnu ( t 7dt. DrawinB
I t 757).Drawini b, Me@i. ftonKucter. by Me@|. fton KueleL
 34

processthe eneny would be driven from their positions, whether by

In view of the fact that the banl€ nighr proceed for some time
beforefre began to have a great effect, cavatry attacks on infadry
were defe[ed o@sions, the cotmddels haeins
waitedto! an appropnatemomenr.An intantry unir seakenedbt
fire and perhaps falling back slowly in less rhan good order. or
perhap. fallng back In some conturon rhrough the be being
broken. would be much les\ able to form a pioperly-orgmized
square or put up effective resistancethan a hesh, ord€red uir.
The lasksof choosingthe battleground,pinpointingthe enemy's
weak spot. recognition of the correct moment to attack and the
plaming of the attack fell to the commander, rhe r€st coutd only be
achievedgiven a suffici€nt level of training ,mong the officers atrd
men. (The Prussianability to carry out rapid manoeuvresdeclined
lomewhat in lhe late. slages of the Seven Years War after heary me Pnssiat intantty did Dot atuays have thi.gs theh own way.
Iossesof experiencedmen in 1757-9.).Once the connander had Here nen of the Garde are being cd dow by theAustian
issued his orders, ideally after the details of rhe terrail were tully Hessen-Dtunstadt Dragoons at Kolin (1757).Dnwing by Menzel,
known, and the amy advanced 10 th€ anack, therc was liftle he hon Kugle.
could do to influenc€ events turther (€xcept perhapson a localized
level).
The amy would deploy for the battle in a previously aroged nmbels of ueber*oDpleter. On the outbreak of war in 1756
order of banle, with each utrit in its allot€d place. The banalion howev€r,the gdison units in East PlNia dd Silesiawere allocar€d
commanders would arange their units in the line, and once the lO tunher uebetkonpletten for each of then grenadier companies,
advdc€ began they @uld do litlle more than ensure th€y were specifically GI, V, VI, \/Itr, X, )C.
advancingin th€ right direction. and contml the momenr when fire At the b€ginning of 1757 it war clear that "6re ed warer"
wasopened. A vital role was that of the offic€rs ar ptatoon (pe.ioror) (HaFburg and Bourbon) had combin€d againstPrussiaad a great
level, who were important in maintaining order and controlting tue. etrort would be required. On the 8th and 9th of January Frederick
Until Fredenck's penod, linear baul€s were generally ordered that all companieswere ro be incaeasedby 30 privat€s, an
pan elschlachten.in ehich the rwo emies deployed pdallel to and order imposible to carry out for regimenrswirhout canrons,and also
in tull view of each oth€r and then fought it out. Fred€nck rejected for s€veEl with less,populouscafltons (36, 46, 47, 49). This inoease
both this approach and the idea of mounting frontal attacks on brought 7,830 native Prussiansinto the rdks and went onto the
superior eneny on the grounds thar in a tuture war the prussians establishmenton the February lsr 1757.
were lik€ly to b€ inferior numerically and such methods woutd noi The result of these if,creaseswas that the infdrry wenr to war at
use his troops abilities to then tul advantage, and insread he thre€ levels of srrength th€ pre-1755 establishmenr with 1743
developedhis oblique order, in which on€ wing of his army would tie numbers of uebe.kompleller w6 known a! the alre ftss (..old
the enemydom by threateninghim, and th€ other,stronger,wing footing"), with double ueber*onpleher asthe drlere nlst (..niddle
would attack the enemy flank. He believed rhat this approachwould footing"), and with double ueberkorrp.iefer plus the 1757incr€as€as
enablehim to defeat far stronger enemy emies. He was also against the reue fijsr ("new footing").
the idea of fighting on flat, open tenain, where his smaller army The combinedbattalions of grenadiersrook the field with a variety
would be at a disadvantaEe. of strengths,dependingon the establishmentofth€ p&enr regiments.
We conclude this secdo; with an outline of a ..tvDicat..Prusie When companiesof ditrerent srrengthsconbined; the resuit was a
a(ack. Ir {ould beginwith an a empr to rdke rhe;nemy in fldnk melietet tuss (combined f@nng) for the banalion. Of the 29
with a mpid approach narch and rapid manoeuvring. Infantry and grenadier battalions. 16 rook the field on the new footing, with 754
anille4 trere ro drsruprrhe enemyat rhe cho*n pornl of dttack.a menincludins680privates- rn3, 4116, 5n0,7 f 0.9110,77174, r3l%,
rask made easierby employingan ,flague of sererat genadier nn4, Dt25, 2rt27, 241y, 2a82, 25131,3142, y An, 3A$. On rhe
battalions in advance of the mainline which would apply heavy middle f@ting with 5d) pnvateswere cVG) , cV/cX, GWGVIII
Pressureto its front and perhaps break the enemy line before the (these were all ganison grenadie$ with double uebe.konp.iene").
main Prussianbody hit it. If the advan@cme within 50 pa@sor so On the old Iootmgsere 45/4&GLXt2 @mpdie! ftom no.45.ctx
ot the enemy they generally withdrew. The overall decision would was a battalion-strength unit. and no.48 had a single company of
generally be brought about by a €ombination of facron - infantry gr€oadien after being elevated to Fusilier Regiment slatus fiom a
nre, well-placed anillery, cavalry actions, with the guaranree of garrison battarion in 1756), ed GIIVGIVNGR (rhe fiEt sdison
viclory being finaly provided by the cavalry eventually compelling w€re one baftalion each, ihe Neves Gamison reginent had two
d eremy withdrawalor rout. M€asuressuchas a rapid conceated companies),with 520 prival€s. On the combined footing, 35/36and
approach and ad\n ed en echelon could help considerably in 47|GVII had 540 privates, 12,49, r/18 dd 41/44had 600 pdvates,
Eai ng viclory. The Prusian infantry generally experienc€da moral dd ZGII and 8/46had 620privates. 3/6, with tbree companieson rhe
upsurge D advancing. new footing from the three,battalion Anlalt regimetrt(no.3) and one
on the oid footing ftom the Banalion crenadier-carde (no.6) had
The InIantrJ 640 privates.
Changesin OrgaDisatio. 175!57, It seemsthat the aboveincr€as€swerc madewithout anv additional
Each Pru$ian infantry baftalion at this time consisted of six oftet\or NCO. bensnecersary. The snen$h levels*h;chresLnred
companies,trve of muskete€Eor tusiliers, and one of genadiers. ln wer€ usedas th€ basisfor replacementof lossesthroughout the war.
wartime the grenadien of a regiment wodd ombine with thos€ftoln On at le6t one occasionhowever. lo6s€swer€ so severenar a ur
another to form a four-company grenadier baftation, a practice could only be maintained on a lower establishmenr- Infanterie-
known as scrr€&orrer. Under the infanrry Regtenera of U43 a R€gim€nt no.3 sutre.ed very heary loss and went onto the old
@mpany of infantry other than genadiers was to have 114privates, fooling in 1761, having originaly been on the new footing.
dd 8 supemumeraries(rebetkoknprerc) who marched without
musketsand acted as an imediate reseNe. A grenadier company
wasto have120privatesand 10 ueberloDpreaae.In the sping of 1755 cotTtiluEsilExTtotTH.
Fredenck ordered that in tutue all companies were to have 20
uebefiompletten, the men-all to be talen from rhe cantons (most
regiments had an area known as a canron allocated ro them fiom Well, Ladies & Gentlemen, I'm almost tempted to say 'This
which native Prussiais were recruited). This was nor possible for space could be seling for you' but I dont wanl to
thop r%imenls without mtons, sp€cificaly nunbeS 6, 15, 35, 39,
44, 45. 48, and the ganison regimenls, which retained the €arlier
 35

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When replying to adverts please mention \ryargames lllustrated.

36
'If I Aduance,
FollowMe;IfIRetreat,
KillMe;
IfI Die,AuengeMe'
A Wargamey'sGuideto the Vend6anWar,
1793-t796
Part 1
by GuyHalsall
Inhoduclion
torns - Ndiq, Arge6, Saumur, Thouars, Parthenay, Lu@D,
In 1793,with the French Revolution at its height, the country-folk in
Fontenayle-Comte and l-es Sablesd'Olome stood, like 'Republi-
the west of France rose up in arms against the Convenrion, their
can sentinels' around the 'lands of insMection'. The Convention
avowed aim to .estore the Mondchy and the C^athoticchurch. As a
refirsed to take the uprising s€riously and w3s distracted by other
result, Ia yend6-- and poniors of the neighbouring DQarrments
were subnerged in a tragic civil war which lasted, in vdious foins, eventsso the Royalistswere able by Apil to o4anie themselvesinto
a number of 'Artri€s' or 'Divisions'. When conbined. these forces
until 17% and was to be a thom in the side of rhe new Repubtic.
calledthemselvesI? Crrard€tum€e Catholhue et Royale andcoluld
Thougi $argm€rs will doublle\\ be awareof the estence of $r!
number up to 40,0m lllen. HalJ-heaned attempts to put down the
fascinating coDflict (if orny fron the Empne-s.nle Napoteonic
revolt were easilydefeat€d,and the Royalisb combinedfor6 to tale
board-gam€swhich force the Frcnch playe. to have a uit in the
the island of Noimoutier dd the towns of Bressune (3 May),
lvest), few, I suspecr,know very much about it. It is the aim of rhjs
Thouars (5 May), Fontenayle-Comte (at ihe s€cond attempt, 25
seriesof articles to arous€someinreresrin this obs€ue side-showto
May) and Saumur (9 June). The attack on Sauu saw the tutule
the faniliar goings-onin the Rlineldd, the Netherlands and Itaty,
mmhals Berthier and Augereauin action, the fomer @mingclos€to
and to give sone idea of its flavour.
losing his command, if no. his head, as a result of his failure. On 12
Jue the counteFrevolutionaries elected Jacqu€sCathelineau, an
A Hbtoricrl Oullim
arti$n cnmdding one of the Angevin contingents,ascomander-
The causes of the revolt and counter-revolurion are mdy and
inrhiet It was a wis€ choi@, fo. while being able, Cathelineauwas
complex.tl|e inlabitantsof li yerdCehadbeena5muchoDDo\ed ro bolh humane, calm and ulikely to caule Iriction between rhe
thecompr Ara?n Rejr;re a an' ard hadwelcomedrhe Revolurjon
generals.He was also not a mble, which encouragedunity berween
in 1789. Therc is stong €vidence that the fiscat policies of the
the peasantsand th€n badeE- On 19 Jure, Angen was taken but,
monarchy were widely resented in the area. WhaL s@ms !o lave
like the oth€r captured towns, was abardoned a f€w days later
sparked off the revolt was the triumph of rhe lacobiAs and rheir
through the inability to posr a garison. It was next decidedto attack
annrlencal policies. ln 1790 it was decreed ihar aI ct€r$' should
Nantes but though it cime very closeto success,the attempt on the
declarethen alegiance to dte Convention. Many clerglmen ref'Nd
zfth failed through lack of co-ordiDationdd, worse. Cathetineauwd
to do so. A quanel with the Pope beganwhich was only ended with
kll€d. An ex-soldier ciled D'Elb6e was electedas his reDlacement
Bor-?pane's con@rda| In the pious Vend6€ nosr of the clergti
but this causedsome resentmeDt.
refi$€d to swearthe oath and bel:me'non-jurors . The govemneDa\
h Augusf the G.ade ADie attacked LuQon, after two minor
attempts to for@ them to tat€ rhe oath or to r€ptac€ rhem with
'coDventional'pii€sts who sl'backs, on the 14th, but met with a heary defeat. This eas partly
iad done soresultedin spoiadic outbreaks avengedat Chantonnay on 5 Septemb€rbut time was now rurning
ofviolence. Th€ result of a1lthis wasth€ en$dce of two rival clergies
out for the rebels.Following the sunender of Mayenc€(Maiu) to tne
and the wholy unnec€ssarycreation of an enremely voiatile political
AusEids, its vete.an garison wasalowed to go fiee on lhe condition
situabonin the region.ln l7(t. a Royali,ruprisingatoundBiessuire
that it fought no more againstthe coalition. The rebels were not part
wasbrutallysuppressed by the Nationalcudd. of the coalition so these excellent troopc were s€nt to the Vend€e,
The sparksto ignite ihis powder keg wer€ rhe executionof the Kins
where they anived on 6 Septenber, under the comand of
i! Jduary 1791.which ourragedihe Venddear it did mosrot the
D'Aub€n-Dubayet ed Kl6ber. A major otrensivewasnow lauched
other moderateor Gfor.llsre provinces.and rhe I€v& er Mr$e, the into the Vend€e fiom severatdirections.
decisionto raisevalt citiz€n amies fiom all of Fran@bv a st stem of Thi! was defeatedin a nunber of batdq, notably Torfou (19 Sept.)
drawinglots. Ir wa al5oapptuentrhar{me ofrhe toczl'genirywere where Kl6ber was beaten. and the Royaliststook a @lossalbooty of
prepared to help in ey insurgenoJ.It h6 been suggestedrhat th€
51 cannon, 71 monds, 47 caisons. 26 arnbulances,32 waqoN ed
Vend€d War was shned by the nobles on the faiture of rhe Breton q00 horses.excludrg ax lfds ol other supplies. Misunde;randitrg
Marqlis de la Roueriet plot in u92-3 but this doesnot se€mentireiy
and jealousy Fevented the Royalist leaders from annihilating the
plausible.CharlesTiIy {2) argues p€nuajreh rhat underlyrg
Army of Mayenc! at Clisson- a fatal mistake. In Ociober a s€mnd
ecoDomceu!€s ol the revolrwerevery inpoddr. e\en rhouChnol detemined offensive began dd for everal reasom the Royalists
us€d as rallyinS cnes. were drivef, back and the various Republican 'amies' joined forces.
So, the revolt was essentialy a religious of,e, but wirh e@nonic The munteHevolutiondies combined aI their divisions fexceDrtbat
motives,md opposedto the l-evie e, Marse. As Rosssals, it be(:me
ofChar€fte.6ghtu8intbewesDddanacked Chol€t.A majdbatrle
Royalist out of r€cessity. 'Certainly, at th€ begiming of the &ard' ensued(17 Octob€r) which. though bloody and clos-foudr, iesulted
Guene de Vendee,rhere wasno questionof restoringthe monarchy, n a Republm lriumph. D'Elb6e and two other popular VeDd€d
nor of avengingthe d€ath of Louis XVI, nor of liberating the boy,king generals(Bonchamp and LEs.ure) were inonaly wounded.
lnuis X\aII' but 'if the restoration of the chuch was to b€ome a
Th€ flight from Cholet took the tugitives to the Irne at St.
rcality, it @uld only b€ achievedby a King ofFlan@_' (3) Throushout
Florent-le-Meil and acrossthe nver. This decilioo was sovemed bv
March 1793 peasantr thoughont It vendee, Deu Seweq Inire rhepdic of rhemasses andinfluencedb) rhePrine deTtmond, who
Ifi€neure ajd Maineat-Inire rose up. attacked the local National was co.vinc€d that Mayenne (Maine) wodd nF up and join the
Guards and Conventionals ard seizad their weaoons. Thev then rebels. r, he claim€d, a channel port was taken the EngIsh would
forcedvariousmembersof the SeDtr'ro be I heir leade's. Mosiof the
ldd a fore to help the Royalists. It would, no doubt, have been
latter were reluctant, seeing- fightly asit eventually tumed our thar
wisestto ahack Nartes again,ftom the nonh. re-crossthe bnq join
to opposethe Republic by force could o y haveone r€sult for them.
Charett€and fight on ftom the Vend€an hom€lands.This soundplan
Ironicaly, one of the few to take up ams wilingly, Charles d€
wasrejected- not leastbecaus€mo6tof the generalsdisliked Charette
Sapinaudde la Ranie. was alnosr the o y Vend6anl€aderro suFive - and it wrs decidedto march on lhe channelcoastvia Mayeme. Thus
LEEnr\eEzEjc Viree de Galeme. In Winter, the airiy, witn i! wives
The rebels won a number of ninor succeas€s and soon had under dd chndren, marchedthrough Mayenne and into Nomddy. There
their control a ldge area. kr]3wn asLa ve.dee Milibne.lyef-ta4et was no mas uprising only a few Breton Crouarr joined them.
 37
Henri de la Rochejaquelein,a dashing21-year-old,had beenelected
commander-in-chiefwhen the Inire was caoss€d.and at Entrammes
he heavily defeated the pursuing Republicans, including lhe
Mayenqais.Eventually it was decidedto attack Granvile, the clos€st
pon to Jers€y. The attack hiled - just - Irtaillly through the
insubordination of the army: in J€rsey, a British fleet was only kept
back by contnry winds. The attack on Granvile had comewithin an
ace of changingthe course of the war, but the rebels, riddl€d with
mutiny, demandedto go hoine and the long march back to the lrire
wasbegun. The Venddanswere staFing, their clotheswere in rags,it
wasfteezingcoid and the'Blues'had every caossing-pointof the Loire
gudded. Despite wiming several skimishes, the Royalists were
unableto crossand were bomc€d fiorn one bddging-point to another GAMERS IN EXILE
until they were eventualy caught, defeated and massacied at
Savenay. Of 80,000 Vendeans who fled across the Irire at St.
Florent'le-Vieil. only about 5,000saw their native land again. It is a
hean-breakiogslory which can only arouseintensepity, sonow and a
senseof the hopelessness of it all on the modem reader, who is also
El t-.ll=l
sFuck by the cold-blood€dn€.sof the Republicanswho, with certain
exeptions, slaughteredmen. womef, and children alike. TtE Gttud'
uuere prop€r was over.
Back n Ia Vend€e Militairc, the Republicans had decided to
ext€rminatethe inhabitantsofthe region ed had fomed a nunber of
Cotornes Infenates (Ifiemal Columns, or perhaps'Hellish colurnns'
would be a b€fter translation) whos€task was simply to wipe out the
rct€l comudties. These tegan work in 1794.though in later 1793
l:*'N LONDOI{N1 gNP
01€33 4971
T6leDhoner
c€rtain Republim for@s had caried out simila. policies. The net WARGAMES_ FANTASY GAI'ES
restrlt of this, apart from the mNcre of innoc€nts,wa! lhe iaising of ESSEX CITADEL
the revolt fiom the ashesand the defeat dd slaughterof the cnlws, DIXON T.S.R,
one by one, at the hands oI the Vend€m generals, Stofflet and FREIKORPS GA ES WOBKSHOP
Charette. These two kept a gueEitla w& Soing throughout the year PLATOON 20 AVALON HILL
with forces of a coupl€ of ihousand at most, and won some notable IRREGULAR STANDARD
H&R DAVCO
successes over the Republicrn armies.ln Spring 1794the foly of the
policy of crushing the revolt was realised and the blood-thinty PAN|ED FIGURESBOIIGI|T AND SOLD
Turreau was replaced as connander of the Convention's Foops in
the West, first by Alexandre Dumas aDd then by l-azare-lruis Operlrgi fron 1.0(H.15
Hoche. A policy of paciEcrtion began. Religious tolemtion and Tuls.t 10.0{H.15
fieedom ftom comcaiption w€re allowed and suppon for Char€tte
and Stoffl€r dwindled. ln early 1795both leaderssignedheati€s and
laid dom their arms. Soon afterwards, Hoche defeated an ainigr6
la.ding a Quiberon in Brittany. The area is, jointly wilh the area inldd from the south coast, the
Following the dest of one of Ia Rochejaquelein's aides in s€condhottest part of Frdce. In sul]mer the heat there can become
violation of the treaty, ard the news of the death of lauis XyII, unbearablein the open- In winter, nins nade the few roadsinpass€s
Charette and then Stofflet took up ams again. There was litrle and added to the difficulty of crossingthe rcgion.
support for them now that the Vend€e's main gdevanc€shad been Sociologically,late eighteenth@ntury Poitou and Anjou wasnot a
s€ttled. With fores of 3-500men the two leaden led EenelalsHoche land of great social divisioc. The nobiiity were better class€das
and TravoLn a wild goosechae. atlackrg a gd;n here.behg g€ntry and were Iitde rcmoved in wealth ftoln the peasants.Th€re
puisu€d there, o y to melt away and reappear somewhereelse. In were anisans in the towns who fiIed this smal gap betwe€n
1796 the inevitable happened. Stofflet was captured and shot in aristo@cy dd p€asantry.Thesefacton meant that in this region the
Febroary and Charette followed in March. The Vendean War wa! classslxugglenanifest in most of the rest of Francewa5minimalised.
AI classeslived in small cornmunities. Chotet, one of the ldgest
In the cotlrc of three yed a region nmbering 5m,0m soulshad tosns of the aJ€ahad only 25,m0 inhabitants. Though th€re was a
lost between 180.0m and 270.0m d€ad- nen. wonen md children. sprinkling of protestdts, maiity with Republican sympalhies. the
-
The Republic too, it has been estimated,lost amud 2m,0m in the Vend6e was predomindtly dd devoudy Catholic the local priests
conflicl. Small reason that the war has been calted U, Holocaurle exercisiflgconside.able influen@. Politicaly the departments which
m de W Ia Vend,ieMilitairc were initially Girordisre md later. as
we havese€n,Royatst out of necessity.within the region, ilt-feeling
G€ography,Clinate and Sociolog, betweenRoyalistssand 'Patriots'. though n €nsted, did not, by and
k Verdie is the uea of Frde below the hire, nonh of LuSonand large, lead to very much violen@ md strife within communities.
westof Saumur. In 1793it was a land of very difficult tenain. Most of largely beause the Colo,,er lrfemales slaughteredall alike. There
the region was b&age which, as wwII studentswill know, is v€ry were exceptions to this when feelings were t1nins high, but there
'White Tenor' in a" verdie. To the south. in I"a Plarre.
closecountry. The Bocage verdierre war a caiss-cross patchwork of \ras no
hedges.woods dd streams. The nmow sunken lanes or cre.rbs stmpathieswere mainly Republican, for this wasthe land of the great
cEu becam€muddy tracks, often flooded, in winter. Suchfields as monasteries later suppresed by the Crnvention, and as has been
said, 'where the monk is master,the people quickly becomescepti6'.
there were werc coveredwith tuz€ or gone ed studdedwith trees.
ln the c€ntre of the region are rhe Cn ines VendEennes- ^hix ttge Tlrere w6liftle support for l-2 Gftide Amie Cathouq\e et Royale
running NE-SW, which assumed great strategic imponance duing there. Nor was there in the towns listed above which ringed the
'Patriots'.
the war. To the south of the bocageis l-i P.la;e, the fla1,open lands insugent area. Here too the people were Idgely
around Lueon and Fonl€nayle-Comte, now covered by v6t The inhabitants of lh€ Vend€e are, it is ageed, not g€nerally a
sun-flower fields which stretch south towards h Rochelle- Between welike race. wllen it came to defendins then relgion they
the bocageand the seafay l.e Mamjs ar,dLe Paysde ReE. Le Mtais perfomed geat deeds,but it cannoabe sardthat the warrior instinct
trandat€sas'th€ marsh' and is an areaof flat ldd. r€claimedfiom the was a major pan of then make-up. Only the Meart azrs a.d
seain the s€vent€enthand eighteenthcenturis, crossedby a f,etwork PeldreEdisplayed any kind of blood-thinty spint. Thele codtal folk,
of drainage ditches which the iflhabitanB crosed by meds of long perhaps if,fluen@d by buccarcen and other iough mdinels,
qpecialy fiom Spain and Ponugal, were the mGt violent of the
 t{
*tuo , !,t

The
Vend6e
_)-
1793-1796
sAEtESDOLoNjlE--'

Bou anes- -
Departmental Limit of tory------
insugentr, brave but unforgiving, mdisciplined and evenmore liabl€ Bo@ge The close counay in the @ntre of the
to drink to excessthan the rest of the anv. The devout rebels of
Anjou and Poitou viewed them with disdain, norins their lack of lnhabitants of the Bocage.
pier' . AmongrheMzatlalrs ir ma) be I haI drec?Lr!€;f lhe king{ a The national C-onventionw6 the govem-
more mponant than that of the church. me.t of France in th€ €arly years of the
Hislo.iography
A virulent kind of civil wd like this could ollly leavelonglasting scars Galem€ Venddan slangfor the landsto the north of
and bitter memori€s, and this has been manifest in the histoncal the l-oire. It comesftom their slangfor the
*riting about the war. Histonds witn R€publicrn sFrpathies have prevalentW.N.W. wind.
s€en the Vendeans as ungratetul, ignorant brigandJ (the Englsh Gnondiste A moderatei. the Convention:a member
J.M. Thompson taking this view), whereas Royalist Mite6 have of ln Plaine(q.v.).
view€d the rebelsas'ang€ls'.AI this males writing a fair study of the Ar extremist in the Conventioni a member
war very dif6slt but it is, on the other hmd, perhaF eali€r for a of k Montagne(q.v.)
forcigner who can distancehimself ftom theselong-srandinghatreds. An inhabnanr of Le Marais.
Finaly, it should be strBsed that the V€ndean War was not, asyou Le Maraiss The Marsh. The coaslallandsto the westof
will seein eme books. especialy D Engtsh. pan of the Clouamene. the Bocage.
Mayensais (Pl. ) The Amy of Mayenc€(Mainz): Ging)
This latter wa! a different guenila war, in Brittany, which lasted
nuch longer and involved much smanerforces of rebels, and was in membe. of that amy.
Mo.iagnard Member of I? Montagne; €xtreme Repub-
many cas6 a simple exorsefor bnSedage mong variousdissatisfied
I-a Montagne The Mountain. The extreme pany in the

(l) javane. .uivez-moi: s Je recule. tuez-moi: si je meb.

vangez-moi k Paysde Retz (Pron. 'pyee drais'.) Coastalldds N. of l€
. Mdqus Henride la Rocheraqueleinro hi5followerion
beins forced to lead them inro revolt Marais, S. of th€ Loire.
(Pron. Paydraij) Inhabitant of l€ Paysde
Q) fue vendee. c',N]EsTiIy, Irndon, Edward Amold- 1964. Retz,
(3) TI'e Buaen of the Kine. Michael Ross. Lndon, l@ Cooper.
79t5. P.56. 1- The moderate party in the Convention.
2- Ttie flat, op€n ldds to the S. of th€
Glo6sary
Poit€vin Inhabitant of Poitou.
The folowing wordswill probably crop up frequendy in this seriessoI
hope this glossiry will be of use: See Gal€me. The Vend€an expedition
nonh of the Loire. As Rosssays,the !e.s€
Innabitartsof Anjou. of the phrase is the tuming of the wind'.
Blanc Royalist(white, ftom the white Boubon
flagandtheold whiteudformsofthe royal Nen month,the armiesand their tactics,dressand organisation.
armyl
Bleu Republican(blu€, ftom the blue uniforms A tun Bibliographywil appearat the €nd of the series.
institutedby the C-onvention).
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1 r i / ; , r ' r r i i r r r r r_1. , r .' r r r i r / ri , r , r r r ' ,r ' r r I l ' i , / , r r . r, , r r I r , r r i ' r L , , r ,i r r r l ' n , , i )i i i r r , f , , r i l | n r r l . r r r , r / , r , i

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40

Napalm,ClusterBombsandFuelAir
Explosivesin Vietnam
byJimwebster
As may be obvious by the catchy tide, I wdt to tale a look at rapidly from the point of explosion. This meds that to get dy real
c€rtain, specific, rather hi-tech, an-dropped weaponry, as u$d by radius of kills you are forced to havemdsive overlill in the ertre. It
the USAF and the airforces of America\ allies dunng the Vietnam is obviously much mo.e effective to have everal @ntres, thus
war. The main purpose is to try and provide a few ideas to enable reducingthe overkill dd cov€nngmorc gound, nor€ etrectively,for
Modem penod wargamen to fil these weapons within their rules, givenshellor bomb weight. However, one of th€ problemsis to get d
and not to get them too much out of proportion. evendistribution. Sone nethods usea dispenserwhich forcibly ejectr
the sub-munitionsin the proper pattem, somehavethe sub-munitions
Napaln fitted with a self-dispersal mechanism, some combine the two.
Napalm is petrol gelled, or thickened, by neans of additives. Initially Initialy the USAF concentrated on the REDM (Rear Ejection
this was basicallyaviation spirit gelled with a few per@rt of a special DisDenserMechanisms).These were an exterior mounted sheaf of
soap. However in the mid 60s Alectogel, or Napalm-B, w6 tuGs pointing backwards. Each tube, usually 70mm calibre, wa!
dev€loD€d.od ued in Vietnm fiom 1966 onw&ds- This w6 a loaded with several bombleb which were eject€d with a rearwa.rd
viscoui solution of 25% Beuene. 25% Gasoline ed 50% velocity rcughly the samear the forward velocity of the aircraft- They
Polstlrene. This Napaln B had an increaled buming tine which, wil then fal in a tight pattem along the fli8ht path. Th6e tended to be
with a greater aJeacoverage p€r Kno dropped, meant lhat il was fitted to low p€rformance ancraft. For high performance ancraft
betler againstmateriel t&gets, e.g. APC s- Now Napalm generaly DEDMS (Do\rnward Ejectins Dispenser Mechanisms) were
h6 a honific r€putation, dd was very popular for a wid€ vdiety of preferred. The advantage was the grealer choice of size of
tdgets. ln lndochina and Korea the French and uN Forceshad us€d sub-munition, either large onessuchar the CBU 33 and tbe CBU 38
it to break up enemy infantry formations, and it w?s alwaysthe most (the former anti-tank, the later anti-peFonnevanti'material) or
efi€ctive n€thod of dealing with w€apon emplacements.Recently smaller anti-personnelmines such a5the CBU-2887 Dragon tooth.
tanls have been rendered less ttlnenble 10Napaln, although the Th€s€DEDMS are the dned successorsof the devic€susedin the
improved Napalms may redress the balance. However, just how Second World war for dropping small i'e'diary bomts rrom
etrective is it? bonber ancraft. Over Indochina the B52 used the SUU 24 Hayes
Obviously those hit by Napalm have never f€lt inclined to device. The dispensersdropp€d large canilteF, which were simply
co'operate with those dropping it by producing d€tailed casualty boxes with no aerodynamic shaping, which weighed 1501b6and
figures. However, Vietnames€, East Germar, Czech and Sovi€t open€d some way above their target, s.attering their contents. The
authorities have produced figures of vietnamese casualties.They sub-munitions were normally. self-dispensing.sphe.ical bomblels
estimatedthat one in three of thosebumed died wirhin about haf an wiih vanes on the outer surface. A B52 can carry two Hayes
hour. One in three died later. However none of the authoriti€s disp€nsers, each holding ?2 canisten. Each canister m hold
actualy state how many of those within the target area would be hundreds of sub'munitions. (More than 500 in the ese of M,l0
struck. Now the Americans did meage to Napalm several of thei. anti-penonnel grenades.)
oM units, sven in all, between'68 and 69. Fifty peoplewere @ught Obviously, cluster mmitions, in@ndi&ies and napalm overlap. in
in the tuebal; forty-eight sutrered bums. Ther€ were no imediate that the clNter bomb unit (CBU n a disDensermechanismsuitable
deaths, but three died later, the frst after 7 days. Now whilst the for delivering both napalm ed inc€ndiaries, as the bomb live unit
Americans were almost cenain to hav€ better m€dical back uD. the (BLU). when dealingwith the jdgon itt asw€ll to r€menber that it
rhing which leally $oried the planners.(orhe' rhd qtucli prar is th€ BLU that actually doesthe damage,the CBU nerely delive$,
Napalned his own nen in rhe first placel) wasthat every single bum and could b€ the delivery sFten for several different BLUS.
victin renained cipable of doing whalever he had beendoing before Another ar€aofove aDcomeswith FAES. which canb€ d€livercd
the atLacktook place. Not only were they not killed, they were hardly usingcluster bonb units. FAE or Fuel Air Explosive is an attempt to
inconvenienced.As the idea of Napalm wai to have it as a close inoease the amount of "bang you get per kilo deliver€d.
supportweaponthat @uld disableenemytroops, Napalm is probably C.nventional explosives cany a lot of the oxygen they need to
on the way out. This probably explained dE su@sion of explode with them in the wdhead, chenicdly conbined in the
govemmentswho, since 1973,haveannounc€dthat they were giving explosive. This is potentially wast€ful. Why tue oxyg€n at a target
up Napalm tuebombs. However, as they say, when one door closes which is almost cenainly sitting in an atmospherecontainiog al least
20% oxygen anlvay? During the Second world wd most
Whilst procurement of Napalm fell off in the later yeais of the combatanrsdid work on tuel air explosives,and the Get]]lm were
Viellas wd (u!€ may or may not have followed thi! trend), there rumoured to bave had somesuccessin trials- The problen with FAE
w6 a l&ge increasein the pr@r€nent of In@ndiary, incredingly is getting the @rect mount of tuel mixed in with th€ air, too muchor
especialy dudng the later yean of the war. The initial tp€ of too little will not explode- Cral dust in mines, and grain dust in snos
nunition was the 7501b M36 Cluster. which contained 182 both have been knosn to explode without any outside interferenc€,
Magnesiun/Thermatestick bomblets, eachweighing4lb. Thesewere soyou do not needa recognisedoplosive to act asthe tuel. How€ver,
of Kored wd vintage and were suitableoDlyfor bombersor slower volatile liquid hydro6bo6 seemto be the €asiestto work with.
ground attack anaaft. When stocks were depleted they were In 1 7 word got out about a mysteriousnew weapon of the US
replaced in 1968 by then chosen successorthe CBU-52, \,hich Na!, caled FAX which could sh€ar the landing gear otr a parked
dispenses254 BLU-61 2.21bSphericals€lf-dispensingfiagnentation plane without eilh€r damaging the plane or caateringthe runway.
bonblets, which incorponte metallic ziromium as an incendiary Simultaneouslyrhe Marines began 10 use devices to cld ldding
agent- Powdersof zirconium and other highly reactivemetalssuchas zones of mines md booby traps. These were actualy ground
lithiun have also been under coGideranon for increasingthe heat irctioning erpenmental versions of rhe BLU-73 FAE, which was
flux in Napalm. As exceptionally potent incendidies they have been beingdevelopedfor the CBU 55 Cluster bomb. lD'68 the airforce atso
Ed on high explosive itr@ndiary Ir:mon shels for airaaft. These brought in trail versios, with no great su@ess,but by 1970the CBU
inc€ndiarieswere idtially developedascity kilels, but havecome to 55 was in fi scaleDroduction dd in '73 over 30.0m FAE Clusier
be regarded as u!€tul interdiction agenis, especially good against bonbs were proclred, nost by R\4,,1.
sotukin vehiclesand, with their lragmentation efrecr. infantry in the FAES are purely a blast weapon, widl no fiagnentation etr€cs,
other thd materials picked up ftom the enviroment by th€ blast-
This rather brings us onto clusterbombsgene.ally. The problem Swedishexperimentswith 30kg ethylene onde FAES talk of 50%
with a singleldge bomb or shell is that its d€strdive effectstail off monaliry amongstcasualries,which would probably ris€ to 85% for
 4l
dyone caughtby a clusterof thesebomblets. one sideeffect beingnot
merely bldt effecs, but asph,rdationdue to the buming up ofal the
orygen in the explosion. US observershavehoweverclaimedlhat the THB NATIONALS88
kil rate is no hiSherftm conventional explosives.Be that as it may
FAES are not really anti-p€rsomel weaponry alone. In mine THE I$A NATIONAL WARGA E CEAMPIONSHIPS
clearance they are unbeaten. US €xperinents hav€ shown that a q!:@l!!_i!_!!!E!!EB_tg
38.6kgwarhead.with propylene oxide tuel has a 100% nine clearing !! !!e
dea of 246 squaremetr€s for pressuretused nines, and 2110square PORTLAND IEISUNB CINTRE
metresfor pull tused lripwire mines. Also for giound clearance(for 144!9sss!_!cJeg9!s_]!!g$es
mating chopper LZ for inslance), they are also usetul. In one Your h6( "lub lhis ye0r h rle No'lirghs- worgeme\ c-ub
TrE follding periods sin be ldgnt
demonstranon a single FAE warhead denuded a 90 foot diameter
area of thick uderbush, trees and tactically ernplaced army
camouflagenetting. For naval buffs the USN is experimenting with
FAES on cruise misiles fo. anti-ship use. A near mjss on an elderly
destroyer almo6tsank it. (lt did subsequentlysink-) Whilst the blast
fiom a 15001bFAE is confidently exp€ctedto clear the masts,ECW
deuces, md on deck aircraft, fion any target in an fer of l0 to 15

So, having checkedover the "goodies" available, a few notes on

area of use. Napalm was pr€tty ubiquitous, but political
consideranonslimited its use in Cambodia and Laos, initialy to the
airtbrc€sof the local govemments.bur finally the USAF could useit hdi.stes that specili.list rin be p.ovided
in flak suppressionand asan aid to re@veringdowned pilots. Cluster ON SEPTEMBER
'Ih.1933
bombs were mainly used in Nonh Vi€tnm dd on Interdidion
missions along the Ho-Chi Minh trail, where, onc€ again, flak @
S6ic 13. JuiG !,
suppression was the main use, along with interdiction, and
ch.qE.nd llok to h. mad. p.yabl6 to lTEl NAIloN La $'
ninelayinS. FAES were rather late on the sceneand were probably
used nore for 'engineering" purposes. However the South
Vietnanese w€re suitably desperatetowards the end to useanlthing ElEie.I|d Equilie t r-
they could get their hdds on, dd FAES were usedat Xuan Loc in
April 1975.from where most information about effects h6 ome.

For those interestedTable I shows Droorement of various

NGl1 9D?
weaponry. Massivebombs and nines are merely conventional
weaponry,the otherclasses are self explaratory-Wh€n readingthe
l a b l e i r . h o u l d b e ' e m e m b e r e dt h a l p ' o r u r e m e n ra n o r u \ e .
considerablestockpilesof 'Massive bonbs" and macbinegun
No procurement
np means
ammunition existed. l€ft over from Korea and WW2. Table 2 sbows vn means
vinuallynonepro.ured,lessthan0.5%

TABLE l: Relative PeNentrge of total annual procurenent, by serAhaof Munitiom

importance of difieEDt
categoriesof ai. to gro6d Cat€gory of Weapon '64 '65 '6
nunitions, as iDdi@tedby Massivebonbs and mines 57.5 81.1 91.4 86.9 93.8 92.l 86.4 *2 9n.4 9r.6 q2
US AirforceProcuremenls Precisionguidedbombs np np n 0.3 0.1 0.4 1.0 2.5 2.6 0.8 0.8
during fiscalyears196473 Machinegun ammunitio. 2.6 3-9 2.8 2.8 i-2 1.0 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.4
2.75inch Rockels np 5.2 1.7 3.0 1.6 1.6 1.5 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.6
Source "Oualitative Clustermunitions 39.9 9.8 4.0 7.0 3.4 4.7 10.5 9.4 4.8 5.1 5.9
Trends in Conventional
Munition, the Vietnam Perce.tageof annual pMur€menl by Cosl of Muitions
War and After" by Julian MassiveBombsand mines 6.6 32.7 56.2 44.7 63.1 61.3 46.1 49.8 56.8 57.8 53.9
Perry Robinson in 77?e Precisionguidedbombs np np 0-1 3.9 3.0 4.0 5.9 12.3 11.3 6.6 5.1
Wotld Military Otde\ Machine gun amnunition 5.3 12.3 11.6 17.9 8.2 4.6 2.7 5.t 5.1 4.5 7.6
edited by Kaldor and Eide. 2.75inch Rockets np 12.2 6.5 7.7 6.5 6.8 5.1 3.6 5.6 7.5 6.5
Clustermunitions 88.1 42.9 2t.7 31.8 19.3 23.3 40.3 29.2 22.t 23.1 26.9

TLBLE 2l
Rough ednDatesof maxirmm effetive areis. banl€fieldnuclearweaponsobsolete,especially s they do not bave
the political or the ecological side effects.
Mudition Type Secondly, a note on the CBU 24. From dala gained in Vietnam il
BLU 1 7501bNapah Fncbomb 0_2 seemsthat a singleCBU-24 dropped in a lined pattem and detoraied
MllT 7501bGeneralpurpGeHE bonb 0.4 at 600ft dispersedits ftagnents so as to kill and woud people in an
Mk 64 20001bGederrtpurpGeHE bonb 1.1
CBU'72 area 1m0 netres bf' 300 melr€s. A single F4 Phantom could carry 8
5001bFAE clusErbonb 2.6
CBU24 750lbAnti-peenn€Uami-mai€riel 7.0 CBUS or with specialracks 15 to 20. Anerican exp€nsftnd to halve
Fngmentationclusterbomb the nguresand reckon on an area of effect of 500 x 150netres. This
SYY-24 Bodb bayDEDM CluneredAnti-p€M.nel 150 probably all boils down to what you consider a danger zone. For
FnsmentationBodblec (via B52) exampl€a rifle bullet cankill and wound at rangeswell abovethos€at
H)?othetical0.r Kibton AirbuN nuclearnsion 92 which the firer ce even hav€ a hop€ of hitting. Not only that, the
warbead Vietn3m€sehad a v€stedinterest in playing up the hoFendousnature
of Anerican weaponry, whilst the Americnns obviously wmted to
Not€son Table 2. Flstly the hlpothetical nuclearweaponwas put in prove that tbey were dropping things no mor€ ddgerous than
ro show one inrere"tingpoint Conrention weaponry ir now propagoda leaflets. The napalmissueedlier in the article is another
porentially capable of larg€r area effects than nuclear. cenainly the
snaller end. Obviously the big nuclearweaponis still paramount, but
on a baulefield scale conventional munitions may well render
 AN ECWDEFENCE
by kn Weekley of Battlements

A ganison commander at th€ time of the English Civil War had a

number of distinct problems if h€ was defendins m old town. The Pbqood was glued and tacked with small nails to the curved
chancesw€rethat the old city walls had beenneglectedfor mdy yean walk*ay. A ply bas€was addedand then rh€ doping earth ramp was
dd that some new building had taken place actually outside such
built up with firsi somepolystlrene and then a final tay€r of Tetrion
and paper pulp the mash' I have often ref€rr€d io in ny anicles.
lf nme penitted a circ]e of earthworks would be throM up well
Don't get the mi\ too wet otherwise it will take a couple of we€ksto
clearofth€ old tom establishing a new defensiv€ ftontline. Any old
walls or towe6 suwiving would then be tidied up io s€we asa second
The next day. before the mashhadbardened. I drove in the various
line of d€fence. The attackeB would also throw out their oM posls and glued on the wood :ails' to simulate the appearanceof
eanhworks dd gradually approach the town by digging a s€nesof woodrevetments holdingthe eanhin place.Stripsofassonedwidths
zgzag tr€oches 'saps in fact. (Hence 'Sappers and MineE" and
of thir wood were then laid !o form th€ 'barbette' on which cannon
later the Royal Engineec.) would stand. This was all left 10dry out again and later a thin rnix of
However, in this model we decidedthat we would showpan of the
Terrion was brushedover nost of the work. This s€aledall to!€ther
medieval wall and bastio. of an old town. somewhathudedlv Dut
and provideda goodevensurfacefo' painting.re(u'es and ao on.
into d srdreot delene.
The old walls were given a suitable surfaceby gluing on piecesof
Her€ nany loads of eit have been brought lo the ramparts level paperdd cdd \tone work' asI hav€often describedbefore- Someof
and consolidatedand revetedto supportone or two piecesof anillery- the old battlementswere shown missingand the walls in somedecay,
Tbe guns would hav€ been slowly winched up lhe slope into asfitted the period. When dry the model wa5simple €noughto paint,
positioo, standingon th€ hastily construct€dtimber 'barbette'. They
usinggrelsdd brownsformuchofthe work cellulosesprayca6 6
remain of courselulnerable to counter baftery fire even though they
usual.The gun pGition is designedto take its placein a larger $hem€
have some advantageof h€ight.
of related walling. either in straight or curved sectionsa5 required.
If time allowed, eanh placedin front of the old stonewalling would
go someway to absorb the shock of an opposingcannonade.For this
Sou.c6
model though we have assumedthe garrison had only a limited rime
befor€ being attacked. Siege Warlze by Christopher Dury, 1979
Earth-filled bakets (Gabions) provided somedefenc€fton enemy Etropean Weapoqs& tyarf e by Edward Wagner 1979
fire for the gadson\ gunneG Boing about their tasks.
Models
Gabions.GunsandGunnersby Hinchliffeand willie' Rgures
Medievalwall lor ECW Artillery (E. Suren).

WARRIOR
MINIATORES
l 14TvenonA!,,Glasgoc,
G329M(Scotland.
lor tullcat & price rist Ove.seas
wriie l.sr ior order detais ro stve rim€l
ASANAIDTO15mmwARGAMERSWE OFFEB"GET
STARTED"ARMIES
FOBON!Ye8.95+f1.30POST.
Barb€ne BRITISH NAoOLEONIC.... ............... .. ... 132D'e@s
FRE\CF ............... ..... 40o'eces la
B O M A N E M P I1AeEC . A D . . . .. . 1 5 0Ds c s s F=
E N G L l S d C l v l L W A B A o v a i e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 4 4 Do'-ecc e s
ENGLISH CIVILWAR Paniahenlarian...,....,...144or.c.s - 1 H
A M E R I C A N C I V T LUWn A i oRn . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1. .3. .6.e ' f t e s
-.rrr AME fiICAN CIV L WAF Cont.o.rar......... ........136 p'*6 E6
NEvt: IaIFCENTURY . ... . . . . . . . .t.4 2 o , e c e s
Nevrrevelad e€fth ramp 9 a
25mm NAPOLEON|CAA iES ONLY TI2.g5 + !1.75 0&! , : '
1" FRENCH, BBII]SH,AUSIFIAN,SUSSIAN, PBUSSIAN,SPANISHi
<-rt" ' E Plywood base
- GHEAT VALUE-
 l

I
T
,
I
II

'Red Devib' in the Ome bndEehead,Nomandy 1 .

THEBATTLEFORNORMANDY
by Anthony R. Tucker

Op€mrior 'OYERLORD' coasralbatteriesalongthe Normedy coastline.Th€irtaskhadto be

The preliminarystagesof O\4RLORD commencedlaie on 5 June completedby 21,00 houn D- l. in orderto clearthe areareadyfor the
1944,with the steady drone of aircraft making their wny acrossthe incomingvanguardairbomelroops.
English Channel towards the French co6t. The first formations w}len the bombershad finished.large fomations of Dakota
consistedof bombers, some 1.056 aircraft of Allied Bomber transpon aircraft and glid€rs beganto app.oachtwo areasjust behind
Command, ed they we.e dnected in panicular at the ten strongest the Normandy coasr.The Pathfinde6 had taken off Nith about 23.000
 0) Bftish Shennantan*JlEadhg fot enbarkation pints in so,tthem (3) Bedlord lonies awaitine embarkation to Notundy Note the
Enghd. (Potunouth Nees) banage bauoon' (Ponnouth News)

gliderbome and parachute troops, consistins of two US Divisions Unfortunately the Americanscameto grief due to the $,eatherand
whose job was to cut otr the Cherbourg Peninsola,and one British Gernan flak. As a result nany of them were scatteredfor miles. The
DMsion to s€curethe eastemflank south-eastof the coastaltown of 101st were to seclre the westem ed of lh€ causewavsov€r the
Ouistreham. Timing was essential,the 101stmd 82nd US Airbome flooded ground ne,ar Viervile, which was behind the Amerim
Divilions had to b€ dropp€d at the baseof the Cherboug Peninsulaat invasionbe-ach'UTAH', they were then to s€izeCarentan. The 82nd
0130od 0230houls respectivelyon D-Day. The 6th Bntish Airbome wereto land north-westof the 101st,to s€izeSte-Mere-Egliseand the
Division wasto land soudrcast of Ouistrehamat 0020hou6. to Fire bridgeheadsacrossthe River Merderet. Despile numerousprobl€ms
vital communication links to the crast and nedby Caen. the Am€ricin.par.aEoops enjoyed reasonablesu@s, eEi.g great
By June 1944the Gernan Wehmacht uder Field-Marshal von
Rundstedt Command€r-in-Chief West. had wen over half a million Rather surprisingly the Germans were not unftly almed by all
men gudding the Europ€an coastline, with about fifty-eight th; adivity. Most inconing infornation was to a l&ge enent
Divnions stationed in France and the Low Countries. Thev were ignored. Also many of then radm stations were blind. Alons the
drvidedinro t$o Army Groups.B (North) and G (Sou$);rh a coast, out of ninety'two radar stations only eighteen wele
Paizer Grcup of about ten Armoured and.Mechanized Divisions operational, and they were to be tunher misled by dunny invasion
stationed in Belgiu md France. Army croup B crnpnsed the fl€€ts, operations 'GLIMMER' and 'TAXABLE.
Fifteenth Anny consnting of twenty,five Divisions stationed in By now gatheredotr the Normandy coastwasthe largests€abome
Belgiuin and north-eastemFrance, and the SeventhAnny consisting invasion fl€€t in history, conprising; 1,213warships, 4,126 landing
of sixt€en Divisions stationed in nodh-westem Franc€. craft and 1.600other vess€ls.a1mo6t7.0m caaft.Due to the different
-Dredoninandv Nommdv. tide times and bombardmentlengtbsthe invasionbeaches,stretching
At 0020hoilr, D-Day 6 June 1944,the quietnessof the night was ftom La Madeleine in the west to Ouistreham in the east. were to
shattered by loud crashing sounds, as the gliden of th€ 6th Bntish have their assaultsstaggered.'LTTAH'and OMAHA'were to b€
Anbome Division came dosn by the Caen Cdal bndge at assaultedat 0630houls, 'GOLD' and 'SWORD' at 0?25hours md
Benouvile bd $e Ome River bddge near Rdville. The lastly 'IINO' at 0745hours. At about 0530hours on the nomins of 6
pamtroopers leapt Irom their glideN and after a short, sharp Jur€ a massivenaval and aerial bombardment op€ned up alons the
exchange with th€ stanled Gernan guards, both bridges were vdous mva$on pom6.
suc.e$tuIy secured.Other uib of the pdatroopc also succeededin
destroyingthe Mervile battery and seizd the four bridgesover the Uth
River Dives and its tributaries. The left fldk of the British invasion UTAH to the west, ceDtredroughly on La Madeleine. was assaulted
beach 'SWORD' was now secrred. by General Collins' US 7th Corp6, led by the 4th US hfantry
Division. Their job was to link up with the 82nd and 101stAnbome
Divisions, establishing a bridgehead over the River Vire and the
ne&by qnal ready to liDk up with OMAHA to the e?st.
Due to the tide the Aflerican Gh went ashore1,000yardssouth of
then lmding zone. Twenty-nine Sherman DD tanks (Duplex Drive
amphibious) spedheadedthe assaultand were launched5,0m yeds
from the shore. But ody a little resistance was encountered,
consistingnainly of sna -ams fire- By 0800houls Pouppevile was
a.tacked, and the 4th US Infantry Division managedto push fou
miles inland brushinE aside most of the resistanceftom the 91st
Geman Infantry Division. By the end of the day the Americans had
successtuIyput ashore23,0m men, 1.7m vehiclesdd 1,700tons of

The US 5th Corps led by the 1st US InJantry Division, wa! to attack
this beach, bordered by Vierville-sur-Mer dd Ste-Honorine. The
prelininary bombardm€nt lasted only forty mirutes md
consequendymey of the German defenceswere still intact. Also,
the shingle beach w6 bordered by maNhland a:d a high blutr,
making it an ideal fire zone.
Becaus€ of the rough seas dd enemy nre. out of thirty,two
vanguard DD tanks only five cleeed the beach. while out of the
fifty-one lanks landed "dry-shod" eidt were knocked out b€fore
even clearing the s€a. The Gls rd up the shingle b€ach into the
withering fire of the Gernans' 352nd Divilion, which jusl happ€ned
to be on manoeures in th€ area. and unirs of the 716th coastal
Defence Division. Under heary machin€,gun, nortar and arril€ry
(2) The RN loaditg Chulchin bnks and bicycles!onto LCTSpnor b fire the Americs were ot to piecesasthey staggeredfiom the s€ai
DDay- (Potunoufi News) denied amour suppon they were mable to clear the b€ach. The
 45

--...ll',.* -?,.--

@ Shemu DD (Duplex Dn\r'e) tank afloat, pot ibty in the Solqt.

No'c thesteeEM operating the tiller Tacticalsurprie wd achieved
on D Day be.al.jeit the watet they wetenot iMediateiy recDgtizable (6) Another 'Fu'ny' the Sheman Cnb Ma* I, llzilitE w h ia tuffet
3 tark. (RAC Tank Mwean) rcrEned. Maxinw speed*a only 1% nph. (RAC Tan* Mufun|

Americans had declined the offer of the Bntrsh 79th Amoured tso A\aREs. but it wa silened by a Crab and the lown eventually
Division's Funnies' Gpecialised AFVS) and German fire was so fell. By 2100hours Aromanches had fallen, but the drive on Bayeu
inrensethar out of the Engineers'sixteenbulldozeN put ashoreon the had stoppedshort. eventhoud it had beenlargely abandonedby the
right sid€of the beach,only two were sewicable.The wreckagebegan G€rmans. AIso the route west fiom Caen had been captured, but at
the end of the day a si{ mile gap existed b€nleen GOLD dd
To make matten wone the GIs were under obsered artillery fre OMAHA. About 25.m0 menwere Dut ashoie and 50th Division had
ftom the bluff. It seemedthe assaultwastbreatenedwitb disasterasit punchedsix milesinldd.
stalledon the shoreline.Mmy surivoE of the fiEt wavewerepinned
doM at the sea\ edge,somevainlyseekingshelterin the shingleor
surf. Then suddenlya group of elevendestroy€rsclosedon lhe codt JTINO
and begin to giv€ dnect 6re suppon. By 0900a few Americans had The assaultingfonation was the 3rd Canadid lnfantry Division
reached the top of the blutr and were beginning to move inlmd under the British lst Corys. JTINO beachwd ce.tred on Courseulles
to$ards the villases. The Gls suffered an appalling 2,500 casualiiesand Bemieres. The Cnnadianswere to seizethe two towns and dive
md hadonlr mdaged to gettwo milesinland.but by nightfall33,000 for Camiouet airfield west of Caen. In order to ensu€ tbe seacanied
m€n eere readv for the otrensive. the troops over the reefs, the assaultwastimed for 0745,bu! becaus€
of the rough sea the assault went in at about 08m hours. The tide
Gold caried the loding claft over the reefs and most of the beach
The Briiish and Canadianeastemtaik force was to go in on a broad obstacles, but the retum trips were buddously disasterous.Only
twenty-five mile front, b€tween Port-en'Bessin and Ouistreham. twenty nine DD ranks were launched, twenty-one reaching the
GOLD beachcentredon Le Hamel and La Riviere was assaultedby shore, the rest had to be landed dry'shod.
the Bntish 30th Corps led by the 50tb Infantry Division. Their task Arnvi.g before th€ir armour the Canadid infotry found many of
wastotakePon-en-Bessin in orderto link up with the US 5th Corps, the Germanpositionsintact. Undergallingsmall-mfirelheycould
thrustfor St Legeron the Caen'Baf'euxroad and seizeBayeux. not get off the beach md nany were mown down tryi.g to reach
At 0725assauhunils of the 79th Armoured Division. consislingof shelterbehind a defencewall at the rear of the beach.Lacking armour
Sheman Crabs (flail tanks) and churchill AVRES (Amoured supportthe Cuadian infantryfaltered,but o AVRE managedto
Vehicle Royal Engineen) went in. Once again due to the rough sea blow a hol€in the twelvefooi high seawall,andtheybeganto move
the DD tflks had to be landed dry{hod, also to increaseproblens
the tide rose thiry mioules edly. The AVRES were late and Le The French-Canadiansdrove through Bemjeres, but sere held up
Hmel proved to be heavilydefended.the sanatoriumhad b€en at Beny-suFMer. In rhe meantime a traffic jam developed on the
converted into a Cerman strongpoinl and Gema artilery was beach, turther slowing down the Ce:dian armour. Even so they
managedto punch sevenmiles ioland. halting only four miles ftom
Three Crabs driving for t€ Hamel were kncked out by mti-tank C'rprquer arfield. By rhe end ol rhe ddv 21.5m men had been
tue, but a fourtb spedinland allowing o infmtry battalion to reach lan.le.l /n.l rhe bedchlinked wrLhthe Bntish 50thDivisiondl La
Asnel€s south-eastof tf, Hamel. When the AVRES arrived thev Riviere.
proceeded!o clearthe beach,and then usingtheir 290mmPetdd
spigot monars shatteredthe l, Hamel sanatorium-By the anemoon
Port-en-Bessin had beentaten. SWORD beach centredon Lion4urMer. was assaultedby the
At k Riviere a Cerman strongpoint succeededin knocking out British 1stCorps. led by the British 3rd Infantry Division. Their main

- -,- - -5.].645-
i "i'u-* lot"tt* d.'ro" 1d6,.i I I I
(5) AshemanDD th thecanv8 fl@t ereen folded, Iikethit n easa O) Anencai kndi'e craft heading for the
fituy opentional tuite tdk. (RAC Tdnk Musellm)
 (2) Gemm PatzeWenadie^ di\nouting
curier, Nonatdy 1944.

obj€.tive was to s€izeCaen. th€ Gennans' regional HQ, dd link up What of the Geman respons€?So far it had been painfuly slow
with the bridgeheadover the River Ome. H-Hou was0725,Md the due to command probleins and conmunication dela's. Hitler in the
spedhad DD tarls we.e launched5,000yardsftom the shore,out of 'Wolfs lair' at Rastenburg in East Prussia, was convinced
that
fiirty-fou successfully launched ooiy tkee were lost. Despite Nomandy was not ihe nain Allied invasion, He wd aided in this
German resistanc€,by 0930houls Hermanville one and a haiJ niles delnsion by Allied dec€ption plans, the bonbing of Glais and the
inland had been @Dtued. but el€menti of the German 21st Parer disruption of the northem French rail system. Lieutenant,ceneral
Division halted tht adve@ at PeneE. Patton in mllhem Englmd had convinced the Gemds rhar he was
By 1330hours a SpecialSenice Bngade had push€dinland to li'r* going to land nodr of the Seine- As a result nurnerous cerman
up with the exhausted paratroops, who had beaten off r€p€ared Divisions, esp€ciallyArnoured, remained north of ihe Seinefor up
counter-attack by Cermd Panzer Crenadiers. Fonunately for fi€ to a week aJter D-Day.
paratroopdmost of the Germd armour had been divert€d nonh of The Gemds' position nust not be understimated. Duing May
Caen. Nornandy had b€en .einforced with the 91st, 3A and 352nd
MajoFceneral Feuchtinger, commander of the 21st PMer Divisions. Arny Group B under Field,Manhal Roinmel could
Division, had beenieduc€d to nin€ty tanksout of an original 124,and musteran extra three Infantry Divisiors, with d availableten Panzer
did not start noving northwdd! uril l6m hour!. His counter-a$ack Divisions, although only tbe 21stwas in action on D'Day. ft was nol
towardsBievile failed and bi! troops were driven eastwards.By the until7 ed 9 June that the 12rh SS Panzer DMsion dd the Pa@r
end of the day Feuchting€r'smour was tunher reduc€dio sevenry l€hr Division had been successtullybrcught into action. But due to
the Gemds' logistical and comnand problems they had only eight
The British in tum were halted at Lebiseya mere two milesf,onh of Divisions engaged during the first six weeks of the Nornandy
Caen. In the nedtime by 1400the German mobile r€s€rve,the 12th campaign.The Alli€s had anticipatedthey would b€ fighting hlenryl
SS Panzer Division dd the Pder khr Division had at last been None the lessit still took until 12June just to li* up the b€achesin a
releas€dfor action. The 12th SSheadedfor Caen, but was subjected continuousfifty mile long ftont.
to continual Allied air strikes. By rh€ €vening29,m0 nen were ashore Momentum could not be sustained during the build up. The
in the SWORD area- weather began to deteriorate ard on 19 June a stom halted all
At the endof D-Day about150,000 menhadbeenpul ashore.and shipping in the Channel for th€ next tbree days. The two Mulberry
the Allies had occupied a front of some thirty miles. There were artitrcial barbourswer€ beginningto disintegrateby 21 June.The one
though, despite all this suc.ess, grounds for concem. Tbe gains off OMAHA was sritten off and used ro repair the British one al
outlin€din the O\ERLORD planfor D-Day hadnorbeenachieved. Arromanches.The build up vinually ground to a halt, delaying20,000
The thr€e nain bridg€headswere not linked; OMAHA was only a vehicl€sand 140,000tons of stores.A breathing spacewasgraDtedto
dangerouslysmall to€hold and ;t wass€paraledby about ten miles of the Germans,who were able lo reorganiseand move *ithout Allied
coastfrom UTAH. The SecondBritish Army wasseparatedfrom rh€ air interdiction. It would have been an ideal time to launch a
First US Army by about s€venniles, and there was a severedanger counter'attack, but the opportunity was lost.
that the 2lst Panzer Division would drive a wedge into this gap. The Alli€s had seizedthe initiative and if they could rnaintainitlh€y
Casualtyfig'rres for the day tend to vary, but roughly the Americans $otrld have rne key to the entne campaign. ceneral Montgomery
lost about 4,104 men, th€ B.itish and Canadians2.796 (Allied declar€dhe would hold the German Panzen occupiedon the edtem
Airbome lossesaccountedfor another 3,149 men). while thc flank in the Caen-Caumontsector. and wear them doM in a seriesof
Germanslosl between4,m0 and 9,000men. offensives that would look like an attempted break-out. In fie
meantime the Amedcars would secure the Cherbouc Penirsula
ready for lhe r€al bieal-out. PLAY-BY-MAIL
Opentid EIEon
The British plamed to pivot at Rauay dd swing over the River
Odon, driving south+ast in an attempt to isolate Caen.The otrensive
G A ME S
beganon 25 June, 8th Corys managedto s€€1rea bridge ftar Baron
dd by 30 June they had a bndgeheadtwo and a har miles wide and
one nile deep. But tough resistanc€wascoming ftom elen€nts ofthe
FROMMITREGAMES
1st SS, 2nd SS and 10th SS Panzer Divisions.
More md more German units were being draqn into the area, by GLOBALSUPREMACY
the end of Jue there were almost eidt PMer Divisions on a twenty
nile ftont, facing the S€.ond British Army betwen Caen and
Caumont. The 12th SS, znd and zlst Panzei Divisiotrs, rle Paser
Irhr Division and the 716th Infantry Division $,ere aI tied up in tne
Caen ea. In the British sectorthere were 725 Gernan tank, white
in the Ameritu sectorthere were only 140;Caenhad becomethe key
to the whole batde. The desperately n€eded cerrnan Infantry
Divisions were stitt f,orth of the Seine.
Meanwbile the US 7th Corps fought its way up the Cherbourg
Peninsulaand attackedthe city on 22 June. Aiter four da's of fiercs
fighnng the Cherboug ganison. about 21,0m men (the rennants of
fou Divisiors), sunendered on % June. By 1 July the Pedtrula had
b€€nmoppedup, but the port was not servi@ableuntil mid-Augllsr.
A major problen wd that the Normandy coutryside wasideal for
in depth Germandefen@.Consistingof snal fields borderedby high
eanh banls topp€d by thick hedgerows.this feature wasofcoule rhe
now famous Noimandy bocrAe. The main danger occlrred when
Alied tank drove over the banLs, exposing rheir thiDly arnoured
undemeaths.A SergeantCun; C. Cutlin, of the US 79th Division,
solvedthe problem. He developedthe CuliD Prong or Rtu;ro. Meral
fork or tuskswerewelded ro the ftont ofthe tants'hul, the tank th€n
sinply uprooted the bdk and hedgeinstead of driving over it. This
invennon was to greatly id the break-out.
By the secondweek of July Cerman DivisioDsfton rhe Calaisarea
were diving in Nornandy. In order to ke€p then in the Caensector
and to avoid then gainingDy son of initiative that coutd distodgethe
Bridsh dd Canadians, the Second Bdtish Army was to attack
nonhem Caen. On 7 July, 460 bombersflatten€d the Ciry in d dea
4,0m yardslong by 1,500yardsdeep wirh 2,560tons of bomb6.TheD
at 0420hours the following day three Divisions rhrust into northem
Caen, but the GemaIls held on in the south dd south-eastof the
City. From 10-15 July the Britisb launched a seriesof atrack! both
west and eastof Caenin order to k€€p the Germanstied doM. By 15
July the nmber of Gernan ta*s in the American sector had o.ly

Jn the
ffilltky,1fJt"*.*'facinstheBritishandcanadianshad aftermath of World
'".i,H1f"Tsili&".iffi's3Jif'fi"llli1lilHi
taten Sr to and ! eacbedrheSr tn. Periers' oad, havirs adv;cd ody
war rrr, wilt you leadyour
s€ven
ml€ ins€venteen
day."t tt'"*"t orao,om
E*,rt"i. ar,.', countfy to dominatiOn, 111. tO
the b'eak-outould not be launchedbetore20 Julv b€caus€of rhe
Dec€ssary
bulduporsuppries. AfmageddOn ?

Continuednext month Intheaftermath of WorldWarlll,ourplanetis devastaled.

Alllhenations oftheworldarethrownbackonthei.most
basiccapacilies yettheurgetoendure,
tosurvive... toslrive
lorconquest, Youchoosethe
stillthrives. nation,rebuild
ils
HALES civilisation,
staluseconomy
miitarycapabilities
marshal
andtechnologies...
anddevelopitscombatpowerin
its
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&e Auir rlruag{loal lJteftoFolrl.aic
en.
INFANTRY 9!e-9€r
ACS 1 MOUNTEOCOTOIIEL
Acw2oFF|cEFXEflwm|siwoRD
Aclil3ff'|cERxE,|w|rHREvoLv€R

HIGHPORIE I

30/E 2 hC|( Of 10FOLIEDBUNETS 500

K ". ':-;*',-' -
-j ,"."'
NEW! *, THEDUEL
MIO-13IhC€NTIIAYPOFInAII GFOUPO{ A

25l3Omm
sdJlPT(,REDBAsEI MORE
OTII,ARIIIT'{
Ch.qu6 ond PO! inSr.iins otrry- EUA0Pe
45p
FriF Aru
Mr|'r-oir rjfi
P.yable ro ECHELO DESIGI Pr..'.
MAILOFDEBONLY

ABBOTTS KEEP
WARGAMING
Pauland TeresaBailey
MINIATURES
proudly present
The Keep
Le MarchantBarracks.LondonRoad,
Devizes,Wiltshire,SN102ER,UK
Tel {0380)4558
their new and with GAMESINNOVATION
extensive range of We sh.ll be & rhetollowinsshowsin ih6 nearfuture:
25mm ZuIu War ligures 23lhNov AMSS,Brislol
TheWatershed
ZI'LU FIGI'RES 2alh/291hNov Wa4amesConvention, Poole
ZWt HenryHdrbinSchool
hdM ZW6 Unikhthnghae
ZWz Inauutdsre ZW? hsotMakh@ sth D€c Marchar'37,Sh.€wsbury
ZW3 l5ansqu ZW8 lldddlo TelePostClubHall
ZW4 Unlab.&enDi ZWg UnbdAnbi Fig!E
zw$ uthul@ zwto ltncijo MiniaturaFigurin.s All Ismm andmGr 25mmEng*, BalPanh,GHO
Ralm Miniaru@s - 25mm 6nge imponedlom C6nada,histori€t &
BRIIISE INf.ENTRY
ECI O6q (sLdinq) Heroi6& AosFjgures & Roundway Minialures-alltgureEngesOixon
Bq? PliFle ftins EC4 Prihte Adhcins Miniat!.es- All 15mm& 25mm6nses (noiiud Samur6ir)
Nawar & N.lsmith- s6l€d€dEng€s.
T1EE ril b6 ffie reledes sldtiy. Aook & Rul6
We inldd to @vd aI 6oop types dentuatly. Wargan6 Research Goup; B6lrnPublic.iions;EmpneG6nes P@ss;
MODG.m.s; Tabl€lopGam6s;N€wburyRules;OspEyM€n al Arms,
AI fr{@s 30p each. pii,t l0% p&p, (MininM p&p 3qt. vanguadi plusselecred ltls f
Iton? e calteE, uil older dly. Ter.in A Mod€l Bulldl.gs
InleqElTerain;K&MT6es; Ahketon(stonftast);Hov€ls{Gsin);Mainly
An cl.q!6 d lprtal olti.a Dir.br. lo: Military(Esinli Hard@ve.Designlca.d,.
For tull delailsof our mail order sewi@sendan s.a,€,lo the above
S.M, Garlard
Abbotts Miniatues
Shopop€nTu@S.t (10.00am-6.00pm1.
53 Xarvey Road"
Ilford, Es6ex IGI 2I{J vlsA and AccEss A@epted

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 $outtpeatflflo]ek
35 HIGHLAND
ROAD
SOUTHSEA
PORTSMOUTH
HANTSPO49DA
ENGLANDO705-73320a
* NEW* NEW* NEW* NEW*
FBANCO-PRUSStAN WAB 1870-1871

* BlueandGrey-AC.W
* WanderersandWarriors
* Reptiliads
+Many More Ranges
FOROUR COMPLETELIST OF
FIGURES,
SENDSA-E.TO:

zaz[tti!:^
MINIFIGS PortageH'liigl,"
"",""' workshops
@ imi;I"#l)ff31,."
Lrt3streleases,always,qurcktyavaitabtebvpost
M I N I F I G SC A T A L O G U E
N O WI N S T O C K
f3.5O - U.K. f5.OO - Ovsrc€a6inc. Dosr.
-wortdwde.

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AYRSHIRE
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Dept.Wl, I34 Dickson
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Scotland.
KAl29HD
PAINTING SERVICES
weofh l5edN..hng.oledo'&w"'gcne so.{'ene,vI'ne960"(ot
PROFESSIONALt'qureiEntrno:9UPERd&
E\PERT.
Conpl.t.d{a'r;.02 5mneTdFo 2.nmlmotea.eavaabtee
endinqachequeorPostalOrderlorf
2 00lousarrhe;b@eaddrcs
BOXEDARMIES
NOWAVAItABLE! A 6nge ol @r 100 15MM <ate bo€d ani6.
PATI{IID: lhe pd'nledan'6 e6' .o' t99 50 edcf nilaoaolrroeottj
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50 \ CroydonIndoorMarket
ol E7 Porlbvatu6a.dnuhbe o naLd.do'€are
d"nric|lo rheolBpond rS Unpa'nreda'nytclr any.ore(w.t- c jzeabt.
nu'dy u,4nT .a$ and rLrqd e deparch.d rovor by fimddr'15uFd pct
\ Park St. CroydonSurrey
U I P A I m E D :t q . u n p a . e d a r e s s n 1 o r l t 3 a r d r ' e a l t ' d e o L d t y p l . " o
o&P \.ha gedor!l r0 pcr d myroa nar muh ol !a 50 fa.hamy(ore) Fot: Tel:01 7600078
corprere , a+Ldr 0an - bor Poirvaluaand lrrb€' oloK6are sH l5mm,20mm,25mm & l:300fisures
from ancientGreeksto modernlsraelis.
000le.edsFnRhll34rins,2249eg.2lm plus equipment.buildings,-ships,_
FKrT car. r270Fib 255oifrs f2500 alrcrarr,scenlcs,palnts,rutesand
boardgames.
Stockistsof:
Ahketon,Avalon Hill, Bellona,TTG.
Campaign,Corvus,Dixon, Hinchliffe,
Hovels,H & R, GDW,Irresutar.SPI
Micro-scape,Navwar.Princl Aueust.
Skytrex,Siandard,Tin Soldieran-dTSR
and of courseour own
lp ah.ft ,.e @t a tew ar au. fL|

SPECAI OFER!
BAVARIANamy of the FRANCoPRUssANWAR by PTONEER MtNtATlRtS.
f1750 Unp.inred.f3750 Painred Solh pices inctusiveoi p&p
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.5 GAMEOFSTRATEGIC
AIROPERATIONS

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52

BRITAITTIA TITIATUNES
AIDumelow 3t sT flanYs nD, HAtTotf vrLr.AGE,
CHESHIRE WA' 287
25mm XlpOLeOlrcS 25rt
FCI Cui6sier Charqng BC1&nrshDraooonCha,rrno
-
BC2BnrEhDaq@nOffct
FC3Cuirassi€r
Trump€ler BC3BdlishD€goonTrumpeler
FC4 Canbr er Charcho
Over 3O,OOOunpainted FC6 Carablnier
Trump€lgr
wargames figures in FCs Guad Laner Trumpeter
FCs Guad L.ncerOfiief
26mm,2omm, 15mm Fcrr Husd Trumieier
25mm:Ancients, l\iledievals,
Renaissance,
Samurai, Fol3cuilassi€r Slandad
ThirtyYears
War,EnglishCivilWar, Years
Seven War, (80p)
FC14Carabinier
Slandard
American Warof Independence, Napoleonic, B€arcr(eop)
FS1 NapoleonMounr€d (80p
Fantasy.
Colonials, FS2 Malsh8l Soult Mounled
20mm:Napoleonic, WorldWarTwo. ttoE)
r,encr,
Lte"".u","r"o
65p
lSmmrAncient, lVedieval,
Renaissance,
English
CivilWar,SevenYears War,Napoleonic,
Colonial. Also availabler
ScolsGreys,FrcnchArlillery,Colonials,
Pony Wars, Ancients elc
Most manutactu.ersrepresentedr Hinchclifle,Minifigs, Send SAE + 30p in stanps fu lull lists and sanple foot figurc.
Citadel,Garrison,
Essex,Lamming, RalPartha,TableTop Poslage:UK, AFPO 12%% ode6 over !15 post tree,
Games,MikesModels,Asgard,Jacobite Ovelseas: Su.face - 33% ol o.de.
Sae for lisls. Airmail 5070oi order
MOBENAPOLEONICS DUE IN 1988
7O Ferry Street , Stapenhil,l-,
Burton-on-Tren! .
Telephone (0283) 30556

Sussex Wilflnflatures CEREHOflIATCOTOUB

HeYoaoJd to
2 CIRCUSPARADE hrgcr pteml$t
NEWENGLAND ROAD t:
BRIGHTON, E. SUSSEX 3rd FLOOR
Telephone:10273,25759
BERROWS HOUSE
Formerlythe PARADE GROUND we now manufac- BATHSTREET,
HEREFORD
ture the old Corv|lsrange under the name of Tel.phonc:
SUSSEX MINIATURES. ()1?2-2747o,0
THETIN SOLDIER rangewill retainits name.We .JUST ARRIVED'
alsostockthe SKYWARRIOR rangeof 1/300white An Erclllng R.ng. ot Al.ilrlH.ll[r Ph.tlc Kll.
metal planes and other figure ranges, board- aL30 EXCLUSTVE 70 U3 - - .
games,rules,paints,brushesand other wargam- A 9uFrb e.ng. of Flgur.. D..lgn.d For U.
FFOU OiatY 3!.at
Ing rrems. P.lnr.d.nd 4...d 15mm A.mL. - Ct,.to
In the near future we hope to be manulacturing '.?|.*P.d'6inrh'F|.d
o.,'hd.n.sF.b'oulcts&l.h.'
our own Fantasy figuresin 25mm.

Sendlarge s.A.E.for listingsor comeand see us. hcfu'-.c@.d^llrcdn'

We are open from 10amto spm Mondayto
Saturday.

We will be attending all the majorshows thisyear.

Tradeenquiries
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and TIN
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 5J

PN@NtrERMINIATURtr8 THE f,GE OF EMPINES

Over lhe pdsl lcw rcds, Iere ol PIONIEB w€ hdveb6en e!'obir[i!q o 'epulohooos tL€ sp€cElrs in rhe recold hdI ot the lglh ce.hs W€
slded wtl the FrocrPruEei@ Wd dd ou mdy cu!lomeG Dowhdv€ dF choiceot;ve, dl linele detoJed lsbn 6@6s
We LNe i.c€ltly ddd€d ou AE€ric@ Civil Wd rdse in lvlicL you will6!d Nnero$ "didtioft oI eocL lqsic p€€. Orh6! d€ds inchde rLe
AulrePtus.i@ W6 oI lE66 @d te Rs3eTuliEh Wd ot 187718
&rlo49t!n9ou e&!! Lqve been corcertrqted on producDq d eerie lor oc oI tle ls rhc€ntuds b.si loora rhous]rn&L neslecle4 codlict' -
TIIE CRTMEAN WAR The toIoffiq tiqued or cmeDdv @d,robt€
BRINSTI INfANTAT'
cwml Line cr reqdy cwm6 Dnmer
CWm2 l,i,t6 KreelnE CWmT $@dard B6G.t
CWms Oticer CWmB Highldder ot @ody
CWB@ EisLldderKneelrLs CWBI4 Eighldd Stdddd Beder
cwBl2 cwBls Rio€d@ Iidnq
cwBl3 Piper CWBIS nirl.i olffccr
Codtinuins ou Mndl p+y tlere de vo.idtiom on bdsic iildnky trpes. TLe Bndlh Guor& dnd Cdolry de to be rcleased iErtlently dlonq v L
witl tLe RussidDsdnd frencL

A lew of lhe names Lon ou AUSTRO-PRUSSUIN pgriod de dekned belos:

AUSTRTANS
A5
M
A3 AA
A5 49
ACI Drdqoon
ACs Hu$@ A-A5 arrl€,Y cr6@q! Gpolq€)
aAl 8rb c(lno! (MLRB) ASI
AA3 &tillery Oficer AS2
PRICES: &ld,l'y - i.lp CdvdLr 23p Gdr-tl5p Sto$-4'p
We c@ a1t6 otrer a r@se ol boxed dtuies dt Qq.W
P & P VK - 10% (E L Up) ol46eds - 30% (n;z f] ) Ai, Mdit - 50% (E L e2)
For ad&ti@dl itl@dti@ oa dll av prodrtt .ad d SAE td

PIONEER MINATURES, ls Mol,Jriple"sonr,Blierley HiU west Midrcmds,DyS 2yy.

35 Clough Road u.s.A.

GosbertRisegate TheArmory
Spalding 4145AmosAvenue
Lin6. PE114JW Menlolndust.Park
Min.l8p10%P&P Baltimore,
MD21215
rrar-tnr-rr-!t tn l--tr-\nc'\ sAEfor details
| \rvr \r\l\J\-/\-/t\rt tD
1smmFIGURES BFINSH AB Y 'lsmmEOUIPfTENT OTHEBRANGESAVAILABLE
N.W.FRONNER
Zulu
F1 Hp"""tl- *.
a 5 c;6,idcs;As@i' . .. ... . .d EnolishCivilWar
ucru Tib6fti. dor 6. firb JEd t, 18lhCent,Amencan
Frontier
ftddFs4lb,sbfu9p
rcrv ritu
rcr35 ribsu,
dr d
ldiq
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dJuJ
gJgth -'R
rrc 16 Mt!tu hirtu kErr irr
mtslifufteft'de$do |l('hd|ftitY06i'!lid
xct{ Iib6M tudf,M
rc r ribenr stii.,i adt

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2Mwrylhbuld) 500
?wher.dwM0rdbac!$.. .. .. . 5e
Mc ! ftki oii6-d-hde r w l ' * o F w 4 3 5 '
'
rrci17 turri:nidrE
E?5BdH6.@i.F€/dGd....... ........i"6
rcia sb ffidim d;mm E,6 '3$cdFffioF6l@ '''' ' a'
ci50 8.Ertri. a7Yssd60d'Fllldcm...''''...'''''jB,
E4^lgMsbdd,,',','',,',,'',',','90
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rcls rtuIikdmlidm
cr51 r'd$ ^lirorins *h Bnru

F l g o E , , , , 1 0 pH o | @ , , , . 1 5 F
-
ricrr Guidrri'!.dtofi6
AVAILABLE
AT CONVENIIONS
FROMSTBATAGEI

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54

PLAYABLE NAPOLEONIC WARGAIWES

A New Book by Borry Edwords
Put the FUN back into
your Wargaming
.o*-E$Jff^*"*'
unsolicited quoles hom sdiisfied reode$

Boclgroundi Bqsic WcrgqElng; Tdctlcdl nulesi The

Game Played ( ith step by step photos & explqnq-
tion)i lhe Cqlapaiqmi P€niDsrilqr Cqmpoign Rul6s
Srrraradryi The Weather, TelIdiD; Fomations & MoE-
oeuEesi Th€ Spqnishi figlres & Sources
52pr,- lls/.!' x 8y1' 8pp tuI colour lllusirdlioDs.
Send t4.50 + 45p p&p to:
Thls ts NOT Jr,6tthe Dsuq) bldck qnct wilte dd,dterlJ
prcalucUon of a le sel, The ldtge lormqt conldtls 8 57, Pclners Drlve, Gssys,
pdges ol nigh qudlity colou photogfdphs as weA as EssexnMlT 5AR
d two Itdge colout centre hex mdp lot q Penir6utdr
cdbpdigA in Sppqaaaaiac,AcIPorhtgdl Very suitdble tor
beqlnnert daaaa,:d
e4)edenceal gdmeti Trdd€ Enqulrles Wel@me

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RECRUITAT WEST LONDON'S

LEADINGGAMESSHOP

MINIFIGS(15mm)
TTG GHQ RALPARTHA
DIXON GRENADIERCITADEL
FALCON AHKETON, PLUS
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BOARDGAMES. RPGs
& SOFTWARE

129 KING STREET,HAMMERSMITH,

LONDON,W6 gJG. PHONE01-7414467
NeaJestTube Hamm€rsftilh. Late Opening Thursday Until 8pm
* NOW!* BATTntE -IN-

In answerto all your requests!

We proudly pres€nt a R)LL rdnge of superb

t
*
*
NEO-ASSYRIANS featunng:
Multi-posed
AccuGte chariots
Bendable metal - for painless customising
INFR49,. HOWARDWHITEHOUSE
* Conect iroop typer for a varieiy oI teigns
* Unsurpassed quality in 15mm FIELD
* Sensible prices: foo! 9p; cavalry, 18p; BOOKS
4 horse. 4 crew chariot. €1.25 Baflbnr Atica is a uniquelyvivid analysisor
+ NOT TO MENTION: Over 15 other chariot @lonialcampaiqni.g in Ihe lal+v@loian and
Edwardianeras.HNard Whitehousequides lhe
armies, Tibetans, forlifications, siege equipment. readersyslemalcal yrhrougheachslageol an
AlricanCmpaon, tom lheIomublon ol
Sae for lists & sample to: sraEoyrolheclasholspearandbayonel He
d$ofiersa ono-de.due@moaralNe

@bsriotfitinintures
25 BROADMEAD,
aporoach,whichdescibes lhe Be gian,
Geman and lialianexoeriencesas wel as th,"
beterknown Frenchand Bilish . . and he
civFsa aree-ohas slo lepeceoxonsolrrFz U
A r i c a r ' e n e m yl l J 5 r r a . ol ' o u g n o u . o y P e r a D e r rn,. ! r ' r n g
LUTON,BEDS,LU3 IRX.
Thisis trresecondin rhe Ban e serieslrom Fieldb@ks,and @ are
Tel: 579602 conlidenlthalcoloniallans willlindthisbek asi.dispensableasaow
watgameshave Bat e in the cMlfvarn@ in ils s@ond pr nt ng.
U.S. Stockists: aafteh ahlct andEattle lnthe civl wrrcost c4.s5, includinq
Slone Mountain Miniature, oosrzoerllhe-K ata'edr'dbbelro_F" dbooks,Fipdfead The
7130 West 117th Avenue, P:i( M..rle d Nons NGIA2AT
Unlt D3, PO. Box 594,
Broomffeld, Colondo 80020

Range
TheCOMVOISSEUR
Atbng lastNapleon andhissblthavearivedtotalG@nnaN ofAle'AnN Aanee".rhefrlst POS|AGE& PACKING 10%
ofa supeb HUp of r€'soltdiliesk al wl.Igrae thevatgafitesot @IlecloElable.w4lhlhen @mo
nE nd ol uE Dudl- Eetgtuntunps theBn aindet@ningnad nonth. UK BFPAM|4 P&P3Op
FotkeC;atoniallal @ haveha.lntWt backke rcteaseofdteSudafigu6to alowtheDutdl @tE dq t15 P6l ti@
toappear,hopelullylheywinbeenba*hgtot can nennnk.

BrunswickNapol€onic SuAt 30% nin 21-00

BFO AdvantGuad rdvsncing ,t.25 Alm@l@% nin t2@
BR7 AdvantGuad JagerFidng PE2Ney !1.25
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PEsSoull !1.25 t u O f. . - . . . - . . . -. .-. . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 p
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c4v4LRY......................
tlo RsE..................._.._... 4q
DB2Unacharyaru
DB3 Uneoffc€r
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DA5 Flankerrdvancing Forhe @t otou Nstone€inNonhtuwia:
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DBIC CsabinierTrcoper cantuwseNicewurcounem$E.
OB2C Ca.a!|nierOrficer

Ftgures
Connobsewr
EnchantedCoftage,Folkton,Scarborough,N Yotks,YOl1 3UH. Tel: (0723)891062
Sendtl for samplefiguresand lists(UK only)

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56

25 + 15mm CATALOGUE
f1.00 including postage and IRREGUTAR 6mm CATALOGUE
50p including postage and
samplefigure
(Pleasestale a prefer€d range for th€
MINIATURES
LTD.
sampre
sampEl
DEPT.W14 4 PARKROAD,NORION,
MALION, N. YORKSYO179E4
lsmm ASI,ANBANGE D€ign€r l6n Kay TELEPHONE: (0653)697693
POSTAGE
AND PACKNG12X IMiNiMUM
2fuI
th6 chn*nsd,6o,a non 'h€ suns Fnodand !c
6mm FANTASYRANGE- DESIGNERIAN KAY
This new rang€givesyou the chanceto besiegeMinasTirith, or to levy the
6lksri'!doddrytdntdi'lhh!dhd cheapestand nastiestfantasyarmy in the wargamingworld,
,tnldw]|xsftry|Dfrnibsh@ddbo*
- The drawingsbelow are to 6mm sc6ls.Why not send for a list and sampte.
,sr |rd$rMn diryH,ftirr r\@d bo* ,rir
N k's.rish*rilrhr4rih'bgdbor 1!
NkqdoiidtfrE'iEta'|ihghndi5
l ! . M d $ ] f t r y f u ' d b d l l | '
N|I4!dd*I4e|dh.ds]n*bhE'b*,d$i!d
a9ior,b{d ab+4ftIyhdFdd c***id rt
A9r?r(ldld lbqn:iBhft rydra m,thebl h
^51]fllqdxEtrd[rofftrd
ael! rutd&r,'idedlihhd &e

419 rii@rnhodry|i6irwrin
4 5 ? 0 o ' ' E | i ! | r t r r y h d ' E i 1 A o

l5B OriEi,fr,ry#nM rbd4dis4Bidd r&

fs,5 or Eiri-rynls sd 4 6
a6 6iHi4idiarihwdoidr
rsa.iiEid-bbd'Jb!*' |,i

r Tmr HC C a IdNi, rC 6 ':e& !C

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cofiprald!F]fi94o'iEffiY
f n, ! tt, srL 'rf, 1? u Grn, h.dB!'d

76ParkAvenue

&- Connanr Skegnss, Lina.

PE zIF

\sq
Y E waEGnmES
Foflmmw
IUIINIATURES
21Vrul€hsFOAD.WOODIIIOSPE,
itOmnGHA ' NG54F6 5-25m Paindns S€wte

A
COMPETITIVELYPATCED
B6dt madep.htetUorp.lnted aml€, e.g.

\:s # VrxING 25|u l2O lnl- 194

E.C.W.25|m 59 Inf, 27 dv, I gu + @ - 196
15'u Wd ol Ro€ 120 t{. 30 €v. I bomb.td + @- l74

{{il N
$ffi
Abde pd6 tn€lud. palndng, v.Er.hiig, b@lng + p&p
PLUSMANYMOAEANMIES

UT W
!u
At&: .adtdhand ngrlE for..l€, Atfi,& Tlbpo erc.
V.rloa 5.25m mera!n$ft3
S.A"E,fo! lt6t!, d fl lo! lbL ad p.lnaed .eple

|nfantyandidE|easeolcava|'ynMEdy'
qo|ll|l6[ruk&l|6Pb'F
fu235fr'd6.efu| *[;E ,.",RED PNNMIIG
TRANGTE SERVICE
edbllldcdvnrj4Ei6r&tudn.d Fsd3&lrff
lor excellent slondords ol pqinting
& bdsing. we paint histodcol, ion-
.dcolirn3! rsh-r'turydtdkryAshedo* 135ri@. tdsy & science tictioD in l/200,
|.6r Fd/i,EaJc h'inrFr at|rhb44 NdE{&d
gFNl! rjtqlqq ^*effidbluriF32! Hou.6
iE€F
6ou tumie lsmm, 20Dm & 25mm: lorger
c.^l6c ^h r6m,acl

Send 93 tor somple tignrre & ccdologrue lo RED

hnffimmd|cfui4||4or
TRIANGLE

or lelephone (most evenings) 34 lDpericrl Clescent

0302 724564 (Stuo ) Town Moo!, Doncdsler
0302 745756 (Andew) S. Yorkshte DNz sBU

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 57

HOVEI-,S"- MODELS

E.d[MPJIIGN
Start A Revolutlon
firrerlcan tbYolutton 15mm

snd a tuqe ta.e pr$ ck a@ dEffia 4 t Rca fri au 6da9@ ta

HOVI|S r{rt la d.6. r.:d, seino. cdti6!y. sdtrr xci!.Rrd.. D[tr 2xr.

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Ads should l* accompaniedby a ch€quenade payableto ShalageD rA00 SCI-FI ITEMS, partiolarly Q.T. models, v€hicles and
PublicationsLld.. 18 t vels llne. Nerark. Notts. NG24 rHZ. 'Starhound'fighlersand any Americanitems.
Painted./unpainred,
any condition.Tel: (047333)471.
Rale: l5p per word. Minimum ch.rye 12.00 (Dor't forget 10 add
15% YATD. BOOKS BOUGEI FOR CASH. Top prices paid for books on all
military, naval, aviation and transport subjects.Keegan'sBookshop,
MerchanfsPlace,Reading,RG1 1DT, Tel: (0734)587253.
FOR SALf,
SI]RI'ICES
500+ NApOLEOMC 25mnrIGURIS plus$e6ery.Asalotor
will split.Pinnerarea.Tel: 01-868
208. PAINTING SER\.ICI| Wargamers or collectoB standard, both
15|m PRUSSO-SAXONS rE06.732foot, 184mtd, 20 guns.Well exeptionally good painting. Any number of figures. Ring cary:
painted.First{330-S.a.e.lbtings.Tilson,17Saddleworth Close. 925'72
m36.
Hull. HU7 5Bw. Tel: 0482838098. WARGAMF5 I'IGURES PAINIED 10 collector\ standards.Send
25mn NAFOLEOMCFR.DNCH MNIrIGS basedandpaintedas s.a.e.or two IRC\ for pricelistto: D. Seagrove,
The LastDetail,196
Italims.400foot, 162cavalryand4 mountedstafi.AIsoupainted 16 ParlauntRoad, Langley,Slough,Berkshire,SL3 8AZ.
Frenchcffabinien and 20 Polishline infantry. 1250o.n.o. Also Al PAINIINC SERYICE.New U.K. pnc€ [st. Foot 15mm= 43p,
painted25nm Japanes€ Sanurai,22 cav?lryand 173foot. ti50 25mm = 54p. Cavalry 15tm = 54p. 25mm = 73p. 35 M3me$
o.n.o.For detailsT€lr0634575259 (after7 p.m.). Road. Baldertolt.Newark.Notts. NG24 3HU. Tel: 0636701125.
lsnnn MINAGS BRJTISHNAPOLEOMCS360foot.72mounted. UNMADE PLASTIC KrTS and nilirary, mval dd aeiation books
6 guns.Allpainted fl00. Tel: Philip(tD78)262957. bought and sold. Good pricespaid; e.g. Osprey's12 each.S.a.e. list:
BANDAI,LIiDBERC 1/48thA.F.V.'S,inc. crew.ammo,spare M.L. Rolling,37 ShrewsburyFields,Shifnal,ShroF6hire.
decals.25 + vehicles.
1/35maxkit Mint.unopened1100.Ring:
Don 0215208572- MERCENARY PAINIING SER\'{CE up to 25rnln. AI stan,
'LA HAYESAINTD'fafm dardscalered for. All penods including Fantasy. Most competi,
(handmade)also'Airnx'spscials!
French tive prices, best quality dd fast d€livery. S.a.e. for details.
carabiniers!Prussiancuirassi€rswagons& carts!PlusAirtu Esci M€rcenary Figures, 136 Brompton Pdk, Belfalt 14.
- Matchbox Atlantic Figures AIV'S Aircraft & Bellona
scenery!'Best-in-West'.Tel:027177757-A. Peddle, Sunoymead, 4
trlCDRT Mn%TUne FIGUREPAINTINGSERVICE.Anv st le:
BrauntonRoad.Bamstaple, N. Devon.D(]l lrY. make; colour sch€mesconsidered.All figurespaint€dby Silver
Award Winner in 'Cames workshop' Fint National Cham-
5/r5MM NA?OLEOMCSpai ed to high standardat reasonable pionships.For details pleasesend s.a.e. to: Richard Kemick,
91,TownStreet.Amley LS123AE. 'Rowanside'.Wre@leshm.Famham.cU10 4PS.
pnces.Send75pfor samples.
58

SECONDCHANCEGAMES
tta Oraterspecialistsin board wargaming,
SPENCER MINIAf,
SMITH TJRES
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@lastic 30mm scale ground to eye level)
Specialbts In old and out of prlnl games .nd mega- Raagesinclude: aAmericanCivil War
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G.D.W, H|slorical Conceols, Hobbv JaDan, Omeoa aoddemogame: (270foor.66cavalry,4 guns)
Games,OSG,PanlherGam€s,Peoplea Warbames, Ou;r- f23.45 UK or f,35.45overseas postpaid.
terdeck.SimulalonsCanada,SPl, TasKo-rce,Vrctorv.
Weslend,WWW.Yaquinto. O AmericanVar of Independence/Seven YearsWar
S&T suhscription 114.00 3 lssues or €26.75 6 k3ues. O Napoleonics
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Mers€yslde.Tel: 051-638-3535 LondonNW6 3JQ,U.ited Khgdon

FORTHCOMINC EVENIS
VIETNAM TEq.CH-IN: a residential weekend ar P€ndreU Hall
CLTJBS
College (near wolverhmpton) 5th-7th February 1988,to €xamine
WARRINGTON MILITIAMEN r€quire new menbe6. Meet every the US experience of th€ Second Indochina War. l-ectures,
Friday dght at 7-0c12.m. Church Hall. Chapel Road, Penk€th, discussions.wargames.role'plays. Cost around !,E for tull board &
Waningron. All p€nods covered. lodging. Book by sending!r5 depositto PaddyGriffith, 47 Owlsmoor
BASINGSI1OKE WARGAMES CLIJB meels everv Wednesdav Road, Camberley,Suney GU15 4SW.
tu8ht ?.30p.m. ar lhe MooseCenrre in Basingsrok;.Allp€riod; TTJNBRIDGDWDLI,S WARGAMES SOCIETY OPf,N DAY I!}EA
played. For tunher inJomation contactTin of, (Bas) 475528or Ron will take placeon ihe 28thFebruary,1988,at St Gregory'sSchool,
on {Bas)2517. ReynoldsLane, Southborough,Kent. Ther€ will be ten paintinSsand
TIIE LEEDS WARGAMIIS CLIJB have moved to a new venue-the modelling cl6ss including large $ale figures, vehiclesand dioranas
Alexandra Club, on Thomhill Road, Wortley, Leeds 12. We are as well as wdgames units and equipnent. Enquiriesshould be
looking for new nembeB to help fill the large hall we play in. We addres*d to C. D. Mcleodar 25 RoyalAvenue,Tonbridge.Kent.
play most p€nods in a nmber of scales.We also run an annual REVEILLE'88. Date: Saturdayand Sunday5rh & 6th March 1988.
conv€ntion'F.I.A.S.C.O.' in l-eeds.We haveno clubf€€s.The club Venue: StudentsUnion. QueensRoad, Bristol-
meets each Wednesdayfiom 7.00 and one Saturday each nonth. THE WI,ST MIDLAND MILITARY MODELLING SHOW. Now in
Come along dd visit or contact the secretary, John Snith, 27 its 9th y€ar.next yean showwill takeplaceon Sunday.March l3th.
Amley Groge Mt, keds, lJ12 3QB, West Yorks. 1988.at the AlumwellCommunityCentre.PrimleyAvenue.wahall.
WORCISIER WAR GAMFS CLLIB m€ets every Saturday fiom West Midlands (5 minutesftom M6 Junction l0). The shos includes-
10.30 m to 5.30 pm at YMCA, Henwick Road, St Johns, WARGAMES - displayand padicipationgames.MODELLING
Wore'ler. AII period5and \cale5welcome.for informadonconracr displays and competilion. UNIFORMED SOCIETIES- Food and
Mr R. Stilvock (S€cretary) on Bromsgrove 70213. bar {acililies will be available lhrougttout rbe day.
TIIE MIDSOMERSET WARGAMDRS are seeking n€w reauits TIIE SOUTH BEDS IMMORTALS are hotdins the 7th lsmm
(must b€ 18+). we meet every Thursday eveningat The Globe Im, Nationalsat Roll Call88 in Dunstable,finalsto be heldon Sarurday,
Priest Row. Wells. Somelset. Most oeriods and scalescolered and 7th May 1988.with Play-OffsbetweenJanuaryand Apnl 1988.
new oneswelcome. Contact Colin Maby on Nailsea(0272) 856347. Individualand team entriesar€ now invited for all the following
periodsto be competedin l5mm scale.3 Ancients.Medieval.l
WARGAMERS AND ROLE PLAYERS IN THE HER.ETORD
AREA, Come and join Th€ wy€ warriors. Tel: Tin, Hereford Renaissarce. 18thCentury,Napoleonic.ACw Land. Colonial,and
26679 for details. WWI l-and- Aho featuring 1/l200lh ACW and WWI Naval. a6d a
25mm Fantasy tabletop figure competition. Competition details
WARGAMERS IN THE STE\aENAGE AREA: StevenaseBattle- availableby s€ndin8an SAE to Pet€rFost€r,12Gnnge Road,Tring.
group meelson Thur\ddysand Sunday\.Inreresred:P6ne: 0402 Hens HP235JP.
892&). BRJDGEHEAD'88. Saturday.May 21st.BeverleyAmy Transpon
Museum.N.E. Regionals.
OPPONENTSWANIED TIIE MILTON KEYNES WARGAMES SOCIETY is proud to
CARTERTON ARf,A seekslocal oDDonents.Ancients or Renais announcethat our annualconventionCampaignis onceagainbeing
anc€. Contact: John Smith, 24 Fauider Avenue. Catenon, Oxon. heldat theWoughtonCenrr€in Milton Keyneson theweekendof the
4th & 5tb June. 1988.The evenl is onceagainplayinghosl to the
WARGAMERS WANTED begimers and expenencedalik€. Alan southem playoffsof the OspreyWorld Championships.We intend to
Redhill 240953. maintainthe shndardof the numerousdemonstration andDaniciDa-
rion games.which alone with numberscompetingin rhe World
NEW SHOP OPENING Championship6 go ro makethis an excellenttwo day evedt.
DMRSIONS TI'E NEW SHOP FOR WARGAMERS, RPGers. & BLITZ'88 willbe heldon 25 June, 1988at CentralHall. warwick
conputer games.Grand opening day Saturday,5lh Decemberat 13 Road, Coventry.There wiU be trade stands,clubsand societies.
South Street, Exmouth, EX8 2SX, Tel: (0395) 26m4. In comp€litions. raffles. refreshmenls etc. If anyone wishes to come
conjunction with Vandrad painting & wargame service., Vddrad along and book a table enquiries to Angela Hewitt, 33 Du6more
lists & tull details of shop opening send 3 x 13p stamps,catalogue Avenue.CoventryCV3 3AG.
(inc. col. i[us., sc€narios,reviews,etc.) 11.50fron: Vandrad,7 'a8
SOI"TH EAST SCOTLAND WARGAMES CLUB. Claymore
N{arpool Hill, Emoutn, East D€von, EX8 2LI. Saturday, 6th August 1988at Adam House, Edinburgh.
SABRE '88. The Annual Nonhem wargameN Convention at Old
LOSE A COIJPLE OF BOOKS AT DERBY? SwanHolel.Harrogateon Sunday.3lstJuly.Tradeslands.Raffles,
Bing & Buy, Panicipation gam€s,reft€shn€nts & bar. ContactJ. R-
Organiser John Grant has the missing volumes (value Elwen, Vine Crttage. Main StreetWakon, Nr Wetherby,West
120+)- Contact him on Derbv 46107. Yorks lS237DJ.
 59

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