Unit 4: TOURISM TYPES
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4.1 Reading
a) Enumerate every type/concept of tourism that comes to your mind.
Discuss it with the student sitting next to you and put down some of the characteristics of
each type.
Which type/concept is mostly discussed nowadays? Why?
b) You are about to read a text on tourism. Read the first paragraph and decide which
concept is being discussed here.
c) Can you name any other similar concept of tourism?
d) After skimming the article come up with a definition of sustainable tourism:
______________________________________________________________________________
Loving them to death? Sustainable tourism in funds for conservation directly from tourism and
Europe’s Nature and National Parks. Federation of from local and national authorities.
Nature and National Parks of Europe, 1993. Conservation aims must be accompanied by social
and economic aims, to maximise the benefits for
Guidelines for developing sustainable tourism local communities and the tourism sector.
Fortunately, there is growing interest in holidays
Sustainable tourism benefits protected areas in that help to conserve the environment or that have
several ways: a low impact on it. The accent is on individual or
• Visitors, and those involved in providing small group holidays based on natural or cultural
services, become more aware of conservation. aspects and emphasising an area's special
• Buildings are restored for new tourism uses and character. Such holidays use locally-owned and
customs and crafts revived. simple accommodation, such as bed-and-breakfast
• The benefits to the local and national economy or gite, and the holidaymakers eat local
help to underpin the need for conservation of specialities. Examples include nature activities like
national and nature parks, bringing additional
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walking, birdwatching or photography, as well as available data on the effects, or likely effects, of
cultural and educational tourism. tourism on the environment. Making such profes-
Sustainable tourism of this type also benefits the sional judgements is an important role for
tourism sector and local communities. Compared managers of protected areas.
with larger scale traditional tourism developments, • Environmental quality standards must be set
it requires relatively low investment. Operating and all developments should remain within the
costs are lower and there can be a good return on carrying capacity to ensure that these standards are
investment. maintained.
Tourism that is sustainable in environmental terms • A 'product based' rather than a 'market led’
is economically sustainable too. The development approach should be taken in developing new
of locally owned and run sustainable tourism tourism activities and services. Tourism should
facilities and services should be encouraged. This be based on wildlife and culture and on educational
ensures that a greater proportion of income from activities - activities that use the particular qualities
tourism is retained locally, that local employment and character of the area and that have a low
is provided and that tourism benefits are more impact on the environment.
widely spread. A healthy local economy is much • An environmental impact assessment
more able to support conservation than a depressed should be carried out for any tourism activities
one. proposed.
Sustainable Tourism Action Plans should be • The use of visitor management techniques,
developed for each protected area as part of an such as zoning and channelling linked to education
integrated management plan. The fifteen-point and interpretation, is central to successful
guidelines for developing conservation in all types of protected areas.
sustainable tourism in and around protected areas, • Large-scale tourism developments, including
summarised below, provide a framework for infrastructure for downhill skiing and other
action. The plan should be drawn up in a major winter sports events, should not be
partnership between the managers of protected located in and around protected areas.
areas, the tourism sector and local communities. Motorised activities should be excluded from most
• Clear conservation aims are needed. parts of Category II National Parks and sensitive
• An inventory of natural and cultural features parts of protected landscape areas.
and tourism use should be drawn up. • Policies to promote the use of public transport
• The image and values of the protected area on for travel to and within a protected area should
which tourism will be based should be be developed and implemented.
identified. The guidelines also include the need for market
• Carrying capacities of different parts of the research, for the development of new 'products' and
protected area should be assessed. Managers the importance of a communications and
should make their assessment, using their promotional strategy.
professional experience, and on the basis of
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Explain the following expressions from the text.
- conservation
- to bring additional funds
- a low impact on the environment
- a bed and breakfast, and gite
- economically sustainable
- a healthy local economy
- carrying capacity
- large-scale tourism developments
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4.2 Speaking
Discuss these questions with your neighbour
(you have a minute for each of them):
- What are the negative impacts of
tourism?
- What are possible negative
consequences of mass tourism?
- Try to guess what UNDERTOURISM is?
Timeline of overtourism projects
VIDEO CNN
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3ke
o2T5Joc
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4.3 Word formation
Write a definition of dark tourism:
Which of the dark tourism sites around the world you recognize? What happened/is
happening there?:
- Auschwitz - Eyjafjallajökull - Vietnam
- Ground zero - Hiroshima - Oradour-sur-Glane
- Alcatraz - Fukushima - Belchite, Spain
- Prypiat - Hastings - Okpo Land
- Costa Concordia - Mumbai Slum - Pompeii
- New Orleans tours
What kind of tourists visit those places? How would you define a dark tourist?
Vacationing under the shadow of death: The rising trend of dark tourism
DAILY SABAH , ISTANBUL, Published March 27, 2018
Article fully available at: https://www.dailysabah.com/travel/2018/03/28/vacationing-under-the-shadow-of-
death-the-rising-trend-of-dark-tourism
The tourism industry is always on top of ___________(rise) trends, and as it turns out, the latest is visiting
sites ____________(haunt) by sorrow and horror
In Auschwitz, Nazis killed about 1.5 million
people, mostly Jews, during the course of
World War II. In other eras, thousands were
massacred in the Colosseum and more than
2,000 people were killed on 9/11. Now,
these spots have become tourist attractions
drawing millions from around the world
every year.Usually, when people want to go
somewhere for ___________ (tourism)
purposes, their mainly look to relax, learn
new things and _____________(ultimate)
be happy. However, modern
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__________________(consume) has finally Professor Tony Seaton in 1999, a
consumed the dictionary definition of destination has to bear at least one of five
tourism as well. specific features to be considered as a dark
tourism spot:
The mass tourism that began in the first half
of the 20th century is now dying, and - Places that witnessed mass murders
tourist managers around the world are or executions
looking for alternatives to keep the sector - Settings of historically important
alive. We are accustomed to hearing the wars or mausoleums
phrases health tourism or belief tourism but - The death setting of an important
the term dark tourism is something new person
and a growing segment of the multi-billion - Places with tools or remains
dollar industry. representing death
- Sites carrying religious
What is dark tourism? _______________(significant)
Dark tourism, which diverges from resting,
having fun and having a good time, is filled
with grief and sorrow. In general, dark
tourism involves traveling to sites that are
in some way connected to death or
disaster. However, dark tourism comes in a
very wide variety of forms. The connection
with death and disaster can be very direct,
as in the mausoleums of great communist
leaders whose actual ______________ (die)
bodies are on public display or it can be
quite indirect, such as sites of volcanic
_________________ (destroy) which may
Moreover, sites that are hit by natural
not have involved any actual deaths at all.
disasters or man-made disasters can also be
listed as dark tourism sites.
In fact, there has been a long tradition of Although these features seem horrific,
visiting ancient sites of disasters and death, spots bearing these features are actually
such as Pompeii or the Colosseum; some of the most visited sites in the world.
however, the term dark tourism is relatively
Apart from the historic sites, thousands of
new, coined in 1996 by professors John
people are traveling to active war zones and
Lennon and Malcolm Foley, faculty
refugee camps to feel what it means to be
members at Glasgow Caledonian University.
at war. In fact, tourist groups went to Iraq
What defines a dark tourism spot? during the _____________(heat) times with
the U.S., and people still go on vacation in
According to an article published by Syria and Somalia just to peek at tragedy
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and relax. beyond simple parameters is all be futile.
There are no dark tourists to dark tourism
Although this sounds like a far-fetched idea sites - only individuals who are interested in
for an adventure, going to war zones as the social reality of their own life-world."
___________________(spectate) is not
something new. During the American Civil Where do ethics stand?
War, spectators gathered to watch the first
battle of Bull Run and ended up retreating Yes, people are drawn to places with dark,
with the Union army back to Washington. ____________________________(gloom)
histories. So, is it ethical to visit such
Why dark places? places? Actually, there is nothing wrong
with going to spots
Philip Stone is the executive director of the _________________(flag) as dark tourism
Institute for Dark Tourism Research, an sites, but when people start to profit from it
_______________________(international) and take _____________________(self)
recognized center of excellence for dark with big smiles on their faces is when
tourism scholarship based in the University everything goes wrong.
of Central Lancashire, U.K. Stone said
people throughout history have always With the influence of social media and
traveled to sites of death, and that it is not people's desire to constantly announce
a new concept. their _____________________(where), it
seems like the world revolves around selfie
He said in an interview with the Sun: "By sticks. Visiting places that witnessed
implication of the term 'dark,' there is an massacres or disasters that cost thousands
obvious and inherent suggestion that of lives requires respect for the lost souls.
tourists who visit sites of death, disaster or However, today, it is easy to see selfies of
the ___________________(seem) macabre people smiling in Auschwitz, in the house of
are somehow disturbed or ghoulish by their Anne Frank or even in Chernobyl, whose
act of _______________________(visit). effects are still reminiscent of the horror
There has already been an attempt within that people of the region suffered.
the literature to create a 'Dark Tourist
Spectrum,' but I am afraid it falls well short The question is why are we traveling? Is it
of a because we want to
_______________________(comprehend) ____________________(high) our
visitor ______________________(type). In understanding of the historical facts or just
short, I would argue that there can never be to show off to others on social media?
a so-called 'dark tourist' because
motivations to visit particular sites will be In the end, it is always good to keep in mind
so varied and visitor experiences will be that not every location is a good place for
laden with varying levels of emotional happy selfies and shenanigans with friends.
intensity, that to try and categories visitors
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4.3 Mixed tenses
Read the article and put the verbs in brackets in the most suitable form.
Conde Nast Traveller, January 2007
Researchers at odds over personality types
Stanley Plog (may, be) ________________________________ the first to explore the influence
of personality on travel preferences, but many others (follow)
________________________________ his lead. In 2001, for instance, Mervyn Jackson and
Gerard White, sociologists at Melbourne's RMIT University, (identify)
________________________________ four types of traveler: the Explorer, the Adventurer, the
Guided, and the Groupie. In the most basic terms, their study (determine)
________________________________ that Adventurers and Groupies are extroverts and enjoy
the social aspects of travel, while Explorers and Guideds are introverted and (prefer)
________________________________ to travel independently or in small groups. Guided and
Groupie types favor familiar destinations, while Explorers and Adventurers seek out the exotic.
A decade earlier, two sociologists at the University of Connecticut, Heather Gibson and Andrew
Yianinakis, (develop) ________________________________ profiles of 15 types of traveler,
(include) ________________________________ the Drifter, the Escapist, the Action Seeker,
the High-class Tourist, and the Educational Tourist.
In a field of rapidly developing theories, it's not surprising that other experts (take)
________________________________ issue with Plog's work. Robyn McGuiggan, a sociologist
at the Sydney Graduate School of Management, says that Plog's personality types are simplistic
and unsubstantiated. Mervyn Jackson (criticize) ________________________________ Plog's
test as too short to be accurate, but he nonetheless incorporates some of Plog's findings into
his own. These researchers (also, note) ________________________________ that social and
economic factors - not measured by Plog - play key roles in influencing travel choices. All of the
scientists, however, maintain that personality is an important influence in determining where
and how we travel.
-Summar Ghias
https://www.psychologies.co.uk/tests/15923.html
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4.4. Vocabulary
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Find out
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