FNP
01/24/20
Monday, January 27, 2020 7:04 AM
NURSING CONCEPTS
Examples of Nursing Propositions in the Nursing Paradigm:
• Person-environment interactions are the focus of nursing care
• Health and illness behavior, is a product of person- environment interactions
• The focus of intervention is the patient’s environment
• Environment is a composite of energy fields
NURSING
• “Nutrix” (to nourish)
• Florence Nightingale - “an act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in
his recovery”
• Virginia Henderson - “...assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those
activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would
perform unaided if he had the necessary strength...”
• Dorothea Orem - “ A helping or assisting service to persons who are wholly or partly
dependent,.....(directly provide the necessary needs of patient)”
• (ANA,2003)
* Nursing is the “ The protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities,
prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of
human response, and advocacy in the care of individual, families, communities and
populations”
• Nursing is an art and a science.
• “ART” - care is delivered artfully through skills requiring proficiency and dexterity with
compassion, caring, and respect for the client’s dignity and personhood
• “SCIENCE” - Nursing is based on body of knowledge that is changing with new discoveries
and innovations
• Nursing is:
• caring
• Art
• Science
• Holistic
• Helping profession
• Adaptive
• Concerned with health promotion, health maintenance and health restoration
Recipients of Nursing:
• Consumer
• Patient
• Client
Scope of Nursing
1. Promoting Health and Wellness
• engages activities and behaviors that enhances quality of life
• E.g. Lifestyle, mis-use of drugs and medicines, restricting smoking
1. Preventing Illness
• Maintain optimal health by preventing diseases
• E.g. immunization, prenatal and infant care, prevention if STD
1. Restoring Health
• Focuses on the ill clients and extends from early detection of disease by helping client d
during recovery period
• E.g. Providing direct care, Performing diagnostic and assessment procedure, Consultation,
Health Education, Rehabilitation
1. Caring for the Dying
• Comforting and caring for people of all ages
• E.g. Helping clients live comfortably as possible until death, Support person cope with
death
Concepts of Nursing in the PAST and in PRESENT
PAST
1. Taking care of ill patients
2. Focused on the physical aspect of care and environmental cleanliness (task-oriented)
3. Focused on the curative aspect of care
4. Is a dependent function
5. Focused on primarily on the disease condition, not on the patient
6. Hospital-centered
PRESENT
1. Includes the sick and healthy
2. Considers the holistic nature of the individual
3. Client-centered
4. Focus on the preventive and promotive aspects of care
5. With expanding and changing role in the society
6. Performs more highly specialized task
7. Takes increasing responsibilities from the physician
8. Involves close personal contact with the recipient of care
9. Conducts research to improve nursing practice
PROFESSION
• Is an occupation, a calling in which its members profess to have acquired special
knowledge and skills, by training or experience or both, so that they may guide or advice
or serve others in that special field
Primary Characteristics of a Profession
1. Requires basic liberal foundation and extended education of its members.
2. Has a theoretical body of knowledge leading to defined skills, abilities, and norms
3. Provides specific service
4. Members have autonomy in decision making and practice
5. Has a code of ethics for practice
PROFESSIONAL NURSING
○ Is an art and a science, dominated by an ideal of service in which certain principles
are applied in the skillful care of the well and ill and through relationships with
client/patient, significant others, and other members of the health team
Professional Nurse
• a licensed nurse who possesses a body of nursing knowledge and skill through formal
education and who utilizes sound judgement and critical thinking and research when
giving care to her clients
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING
HISTORY OF NURSING IN OTHER LANDS
A. Intuitive Period - Beliefs and Practices of Pre-historic Man
• “The best for the most”
• Law of self-preservation
• Nursing- women
• Illness- evil spirit (black magic/voodoo)
• Healing- Shaman/witch doctor (white magical/trephining)
Nursing in the Near East
• From a nomadic style to an agrarian society to an urban community life
• Developed a means of communication
• Astrology and numerology were used in medical practice
• Religious ideologies:
• Judaism
• Christianity
• Islam
• Babylonia
• Code of Hammurabi - provided laws
• Egypt
• art of embalming; 250 recognized diseases; slaves and patient’s families nursed the sick
(contribution is embalming)
• Israel
• Moses, “Father of Sanitation”
• Practice of hospitality and acts of charity
• Ritual circumcision of the male child
• Referred nurses as midwives, wet nurses or child’s nurses
Nursing in the Far East
China
• strongly believed in spirits and demons
• Practiced ancestor worship
• Knowledge of materia medica
• Care of the sick was done by female members
India
• men of medicine built hospitals
• Intuitive form of asepsis
• Sushurutu - list of function and qualifications of nurses
Ancient Greece
• Nursing - task of untrained slave
• Introduced caduceus
• Hippocrates, “Father of Scientific Medicine”
Rome
• Transition from pagan to Christian philosophy
• Care of the ill was left to the slaves or Greek physicians
• Fabiola - her home was the first hospital in the Christian world
B. Apprentice Period
• founding if religious orders
• Pastor Fieldner and his wife established Kaiserwerth institute for the training of
Deaconesses
The Rise of the Secular Orders
• Rise of Religious Nursing Orders for Women;
• St. Claire - founder of the Second Order of St.Francis of Assist
• St. Elizabeth of Hungary - Patron Saint of Nurses
• St. Catherine of Siena - “1st lady with a lamp”
C. The Dark Period of Nursing
• Sairy Gamp and Betsy Prog - nursing characters in Charles Dickens novel
Nursing in America
• Mdme. Jeanne Mance - first laywoman who worked as nurse in North America
• Mrs. Elizabeth Seaton - founded by the Sisters of Charity
• Dorothea Lynde Dix - established the Nurse Corps of the United States of Army
• Clara Barton - Founder of American Red Cross
D. Educative Period
Florence Nightingale
• Mother of Modern Nursing
• “The Lady with the Lamp”
• First nurse - Epidemiologist
• Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy
• Published 2 books: Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Ia Not, Note on Hospitals
• Nightingale Training School for Nurses at St. Thomas Hospital in London - School founded
by Florence Nightingale
Specialization in nursing started
• Private Duty Nursing
• MCN
• School Nursing
Linda Richards
• 1st graduate nurse in the US
Caroline Hampton Robb
• 1st nurse to wear rubber gloves in the OR
Isabel Hampton Robb
• 1st principal of the John Hopkins Hospital school of Nursing
Clara Louise Maas
• engaged in medical research on yellow fever
Edith Cavall
E. Contemporary Period
• Started after WWII
• WHO was established by the Un;;
• Health became a fundamental human right;
• Advances in science and technology:
• Atomic/Nuclear Energy
• Space Medicine
• Rules of the nurse expanded and were developed
• Community Health Nursing established
• Utilization of computers
• Use of sophisticated equipment for dx and therapy
• Development of disposable supplies and equipment
History of Nursing in the Philippines
Pre-Spanish Regime
• beliefs about causation of disease:
• Evil Spirits
• Enemy or witch
• Misconceptions
• Word doctors/ “Herbolarios”
1st Colleges of Nursing
• University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing (1946)
• Sor Taciana Trinanes, 1st directress
• Manila Central University College of Nursing (1947)
• Ms. Consuelo Gimeno, 1st principal
• University of the Philippines College of Nursing (1948)
• Ms. Julita Sotejo, 1st dean
Spanish Regime
• Hospital Real de Manila (1577)
• founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande
• San Lazaro Hospital (1578)
• founded by Bro. Juan Clemente
• Hospital de Indio (1586)
• established by the Franciscan Order
• Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590)
• founded by Bro. j. bautista
• San Juan de Dios Hispotal (1596)
• fiunded by the brotherhood of Miseracordia
American Regime
• Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo
• organized by the Filipino Red Cross
• Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo
• President of the Filipino Red Cross in Batangas
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