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Tdesoder Pemod: Raloa

Digital communications can be summarized in 3 sentences: 1) Digital signals are encoded at the source and modulated for transmission over a channel. 2) The signals are demodulated and decoded at the receiver to recover the original information. 3) Source encoding, channel encoding, and error correction techniques add redundancy to help overcome noise and interference during transmission.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
81 views23 pages

Tdesoder Pemod: Raloa

Digital communications can be summarized in 3 sentences: 1) Digital signals are encoded at the source and modulated for transmission over a channel. 2) The signals are demodulated and decoded at the receiver to recover the original information. 3) Source encoding, channel encoding, and error correction techniques add redundancy to help overcome noise and interference during transmission.

Uploaded by

DHANYASRI BOLLA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital CommuniCations

Soutce
Coder NUX channe Diqtal R Sul
Coder
Mod syre

SOurLe channd Digt


deoder Tdesoder Pemod

Sourre oding: ophim2y h e


The
opimz
na.
comprnio
ma
ode

Mull plexer hd
ond
pa
pos
itn

Sqnod
a k is to mutiplea m a
t
clasnnel
one
channed der
i job
eror detertio
comat eror
d e t o h r
is wed to
Channel

Copin heory: tme -

dis c r e t e
Amplitud.
dis Uete
convert
raloa
Analag.
to

nalog to dgital.
Caert&

Camparq Quantizaton

2qton
annon't Cotanty

C B o ,CItSNR)
1T th stgnal whih is oriqin
Baie Bard cigna
uch e at l o frey-Cmeiage S'qa

Sig: Maulated sqyals are ue Bdpatt


Eandpo
Shal
-ronmistion) - Ycte ptionsYctem

traum stter
tronmi sion medun

) receivey

InfonatHon
Courte ad input transduter:

tn-formaahon can be nalg C") digitol.


Sourte o
T digtal comunicttb), the stiqmal conciste o ' sa
need Source encoler.
we
o' For

e SourLe encoder:
muni catton, we convert the siqnal tror
T digital com
metioned. The ePtuency
Source ioto dig ita siqnal a

Tetr in ttle
e nepreentation Source ouutfut

Seauen
ce inas digi
) no Yedundancy thir
Cea n e n c e
.

i called inPowmation

Souru encooin9 d o t a comMprertion:

o aftiucntty convetq he
h e otput ck
The proce
Source nto a seauente o otnay
aralog Co digi td
digit is cale as Sour c e encudinga
Channet encodcr
Tne 'nformation Seamence iPagec through the channel

ot channe) encoder ic to intoduce,


encoder The PApose
Some Yedundancy èntheina
in Contrv|led manner
information) Sea-encethat Can be used at the

an

eCever to overcome
&u CPfettt of moi e

inFer ferente enuountered in tranamissiór) on the cigra

tro tne channel

bi infomakion cepence a d mp tttK


etake
un ique n
att seqcne ole cde word.
lortc
ic mcauredbu e ) n
The amount t Rechncancy Coole rte
Digital malulation:

The procet d todirg a digital informadtion Spal ntot


othe trancnitted siqnd.
amplitude, phasc CD)-req
procend aPfect Hebandusidth # sanas
Snas
The entoedèdg
roausthet to Cannel impair-nens.
and i

RF Subsrte FOuwerto
ALS
Sterm Bplues
Rodiorequncy
The
o m i e r o a v e .

in the for)
clnannel comphed tranamh
Digdal Demodulator;
r o ceLey
and d o t a ceD
Temoves w a v e - f o r m

Yectutes the
and
www-form
sAAc numben.
Channel Deuodkr;

he orñgna ignal.
btncts

Thas
Soure Decodcr; ppron epicoa
formthe ppr
algoritb, th
Uring entoding
traimit1ed cn) oñgnsin

Outpt transodluA

Ftnal opt om
01-08-264

Iofomation he
ory and Cbung,

Infosmation meauute
fArq infomation S oined be rivg a set d

8t eent
Meaqe, Ocurente

Selt tormatfGon;

Messoqe Saurce X -*,--*}


d having prior probabilihy Plzi) =

PCxi)

-to Pu) Baye -6b=2,bih


deonds). 6-è, nak.

we ve 1,) ,
C ) =
1 o)+ IO)

Ped

tWe e len compledy


opetieA

T p t ) < Plzj) +hen I (xi) > IC;)

T4) o i , PC;) =1
POi)et
3 I C )2 o be Caue OL

Tn. a teuerce b2 messoaeS, ; and we


(
independentty-Fron fhe Some
SoLYLe,
ore 2nevoted
PCi) and PCy)

I -Log (Pt )

ee Binar
Binary source;o's OcccAY 3 +ymc a d ten a 1's
Find %e Tofomatidn. comlained in 1's and a's, Bt 2

Nat

31+ -

o 34
Io) =
+tog, 3u
Co, B) = o-uIc 6it.
2bt
-b-28 7 Nat
=
o2a s ) L o . 4 ) = 0-693

EntroP
to -Fg ofomation.
IF refert

i P(x:) i ,,3,-- L
HCX = E PCX)I

S PCxi) Cog PCxi) units otmbol


TF enhrv icgiven, sumbol sade i« en

Sqmbol yate sumolsee

R itsm x R

itr
sel

HCX) -PCo) Leg Plo) ple) lag Plt


- 0 . 1 S xoqIr - o-29 X2

0 SI bit Bgmbos1

dota rale o souree I6o00 Sume

O-81 x Go0d Sy.


12960 i t sec.

isCrete Memory-let
IF a sourre prdua a CeaeKes messov

and every mca independert tun t memao


ewer
-le saurnes. CE gi Distete T it is D-ML-s

Siati ona
-6prior Prob. d Mgnot chongee t h eateh oulsut thn

is clerttonar
Etrop a celf introduction

X = 2
Tall car orth
P PP Pn Ceol Pro L.

R P P -Pp
L
)
P:LoP: Lo (L)
L

Lo LSP

Log LC ). -teq

HCK) log
Souree

TP take cloino
O

PC)= PCX o)
P P(X 1 ) - - P(x -

hen en
ee HOX) -[PCa)a,P{*) +P(x,) tP)
t0-p)
- P ) Lo,Pl) +(l-PC))

H(x)

proo(P)
iF (s
diccrete dta produùng mugt. ard

sed a,23,u? P "a P 4, -s


farvducexd Prn ,

ind ertropy inSt a 8 Hary. ind flCc)


6 s (s
won alu are e a prob
41C)

t7 t.
H)eipreb. lt= = 2bit o 26 hartlea
Jeint and condiHonal entropy

2R-V. X and
ad q=9:
eh P(;) P(4,) X =Xi

HCx,4) -joint eop


m

Pixi,)

X ad indeperdert
P i ,) = PMi) Ply:)

HX,) ei)u;) P) Rly)


- HCX)HEY)

oint ertrop H CX,1) HHCx) + HCY) ie x al


ana idepedh

ae e prob.

HCX )-H(X) =H)


Nou, Conlitiona evrttoPY

HEx) (*l4), HC/)

Avg. ntormati on for RVX afler obscving


outcome for

P( y) P(xi E)
P(y:
t (4) Pa,4) Lo

Nole HCX) H(X/4)


o H(X/4) HOX)

e 2 distret V and 9 Loe biany uttomes o

9,04 =I. Th joint Prob are

Py=0
PCA.) "lu PCa)-"ly
Fid HCr) ad +L) a H() a H[X/M)

PCM) P (y) +Pl-,4)-"


P P + P73,) - }a. PO)- Yy

HO o tL =6t laymbol

P(1) PC*9
PCi)
PC4.) PC-
PCly.)
Mu
.

PC
.1

xIS+or
68ubit.

Mctua information
x= i, Y-
Te IC,) ,
omount d infomation hat ii'ootain-d\ okout- X-
at ter obtervdna = Yi

Coq P(il4)
PC
andA Creave statically ind e pendent,
PCi ly:) - P(Li)

fAvq. mutu al nformeion x ad

TC) E POM,) LePC*il4i)


PCi)
EE P( i ) q P(,9)
J=
Pl;)Plx)

HX) Pi$) P,)


M

PC)P|zi)

Pi)eliai)omp:tpush
Pxi)

HCx)HCx) + H(9(x)

j= PCxi)
n

P ) p(ri) j
T(X)H (r) -

4{x/yDI
I(x,1) HC4)-H(R)
Properties d mttal nformatiorn.
TX4) -I(1;X)
T(K1) 2o
T O ) = tIH) -HCY|X)

I (X) H(x) - H(¥/v)


5) T(X1)D -H(x)+H(1) -1(xM)
6 I(X1) =
H Cx1- Hy) (For nuice Tree channel)
7) I(X1) = o (Fr a noicy Ca) loy chamel

Statis tis o clCrte

DC
PCI)
ran sithoh

PCx)
PC,1 Pl
PClz) t P(Y-/a,) -I

PC,)+ PCl1) -1
T PlyJ)=P P(a)zP
P(,)=l-P Plta) -1-P
t-P Transition Pro.

Biay symmetril
'cnnel
(-P

P(x) , -p
BSC

PCYlx) - | PCHL) P(1«) PCn1)


Discrett
memou-tes ) P() -

channe

P it
) 1 for ai
PCX)-P) PO)P(,) PCx)

P (3,) P(»,)Pl). HYn)

PCx) P()-
P) P(
PCy,)
P )
PCu) PL3,)

HCR)-L: *0

channel mdels
lP, olP ard set o tranution

PL4 Cond. pro

ie i=j
GNo error

eo

EPCila:) =ISi-,l,-7{.
J
ehanne MOdtI
Tancitiv)
(,x) PG|x) - - Pun Probatilty
Po mactnx.

-Pl|x«)
Pca) PCA,B)
P(a)
P) P(4)-P(xi)

2PCt,4i) - P(y:) for Fined J=


PC4 )= P(y, /«i) P(i)
Join Prob matin:

PC9 /i). Pxi)


PCy,) P(x)- PCox)P(«,)

eC4mn) Plxn) -. PCym/) Plxn)J

eca9,) P(m

Pup Joint p mabrix.


t) Sum o all eletnent of t Colunn of JPM

eCy) =P ) for otput


Pi) PCl4)etai)
J-

Pot)S P(i ) for nput

i, Sum o au pi) wil alwayt bt .


*

-
T

-|

e
special channel

watri oill have.


noise-le channel The eanne

one
and ony one Mon-zerd etcrentin every totu

Sum ot all etemenk


s un
unrY. In

b 2 bu bs
PCba)

Lost o
iforrehon =O.
mouut d
ICA,B) = H{a) -BH(Als)

ILA, D) -H{a)|

C Ma(TEA,B)) xg3ateof siqrol qen

C ma(He) « C channel capaity


Deferministiu Canned-wu hare

one aand
non-2ero elenent in voud.

u sum o al elements unty in xdW:

Cto)
alwas, a 6

H CBA) =o fr elcminit

TA,0)= HCB) -ti (B|a)

TCe.E)H CE)
C ax e,8)).
C ma [H(L)

Chiform stmmetric channe:


roD Conteinsthe Same etenet
ard Seubseauen

athat of r D o (orter may e dferent),

PLA)- PP e

P P

Properties

ePCbi lai) =t

p a ) -PC°ilai) Pai)
S

HCB/) Pa,bi) Loq rPCla)


H(bl) P(bi la) Ploi). (
j=
Plbjla

pa)P(ilo) a,Plbila)
fron prop
=

let h
T(A,8) H(B)- HCBIn)

TCA,8)- HB) -h |

C Max (ILA,B))-91s

C Max (HB)-K).

C (H(B)-h).1 Man H()

C Loq,S -h

EMample
For the Channel matrii
lo b
eCla)

Find channe capaut


C Max(wmaxTlA,0)) .

max (HC6) -n) .9


H
ma

H }Pj a, 3 +2
G

C- S
-u)

,
ts9 bits kumbol.

C
ogSh
g -1.GS9 F1y -lsymse.
0.12S8 Lit (ee.

inar&ymmetric channel:

b P

PCDla) =a

C oas-h
J

h -PLoq( *po

Tn tk S-l.only

(BcC, PC)ls P()-I3


3
y3ly]
ind
H(x), H(M)
c
and redundan
efei ciencu

HCx)
P() t

= 0 389 + 0s7

0 4 bitr ot
HC)
PC)- PCx) P{Y[x) +Pla) P(|l,)
P) PC) Pl) P[1,1)

H) 12 S

Lg7l4 *Log 2-4


o . 1 9 Sts m o
C t-h

O1857 ee

-T(X) HY)- Hxl) HCY14)-H(*1)


c
efficiency C
-HY)
HX)- H(x)+ H(V)

O.916 O 9799 H(,1)


O.1881

R 1 M
Redund.anca

PCXM) 2

SJ.
eras re channel (BEC)
Binary ye

be R PP
br

To Pind t(Ab

uola)-h a
P Cog, P
let pa) u ad w+ =

be 6
PA,B) P(ai, b,) .e wp

P P
eaB) P (at ,6s)
o

HCAB) S

J
P(a,b) og.

P o ote
HCA) wl

C
a H(A) -HCANB)} 1

-H(a) Cr-p)
A P.g
Cascaded chanel:

X
channelT ctahnel 2

TCx)H(1) - H(Y|*)
ICx,z) -

H(a) -u(-lx)
0.9
e O8

o.2
.
22

-P(Xa)0:S

TCx, Z) LI (X,V

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