OVERVIEW

Hi PathFit 1 students!
Did you know that more than 7 billion bodies currently reside on the earth? While
each is individually unique, all have the same basic design and structure. We’re all aware
that people look different on the outside, but did you also know that people can vary
internally as well? Some people are born with only one kidney, others have an extra bone in
their feet, and many more.
In this module, you will gain information about the structure of the human body, and
some anatomical terms necessary to our future lessons and activities.Once you learn the
structure of a specific part of the body, you’ll naturally know how it works. Let’s learn all
these things in this module.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, you are expected to;
1. analyze the structure of the human body, especially the different types of body;
anatomical terms, postural deviation;
2. execute the anatomical terms;
3. improve your body posture, and
4. describe the importance of homeostasis.

LET US EXPLORE
Activity 2.1: Organization of the Body
Direction: Look at the pictures below and try to arrange the organization of the body by
writing on the small box the number one (1) being the first, and eight (8) being the last.

Cells Oragnelles

Molecules Organs Tissues

PATHFIT 1: Movement Enhancement Page 1

 Atoms

The structure of the body, which is also termed as anatomy, is closely interrelated with how
it functions, which on the other hand is termed as physiology. Learning normal anatomy
and physiology will also help you grasp the changes and symptoms that occur with certain
disease process. The study of the processes that disturb normal function is called
pathophysiology, whereas patho means suffering or disease; therefore, pathophysiology
refers to diseased functioning.
Example: The lungs consist of a series of tubes, called bronchi, and that the smallest
of these bronchi end in tiny sacs, called alveoli. This is a very basic description of the
structure, or anatomy, of the lung.From this, you will learn that oxygen is absorbed
into the bloodstream through the alveoli, that’s where physiology plays its role.
Learning this, you can now understand why a person becomes short of breath if the
bronchi become narrowed, such as during an asthmatic attack, or blocked caused by
a tumor.

1.1. Organization of the Body

The human body is organized in a hierarchy, ranging from the very simple - a
microscopic atom, to the very complex - a human being.

A. Atoms - link together to form molecules.

B. Molecules - the molecules are organized into various structures, including
organelles.
C. Organelles - the metabolic units within a cell that perform a specific function
necessary to the life of the cell. Examples include: mitochondria - the powerhouses
that furnish the cells energy - and the cell’s nucleus. Organelles are contained within
organ.
D. Cells - the smallest living units that make up the body’s structure. Cells group
together to form organ systems.
E. Tissues - which are specialized groups of cells with similar structure and function.
Tissues come together to form organs.
The body contains four types of tissues:
1. Epithelial tissue - covers or lines body surfaces; examples include the outer
layer
F. Organs - which are structures of two or more tissue types working together to
carry out a particular function. Examples include the heart, stomach, and kidney.
Organs then form cells.

G. Organ Systems - which are groups ism - organs that all contribute to a particular
function. All of the organ systems together form a human organism.
The human body consists of 11 organ systems. The organs of each system
contribute to a particular function. However, some organs belong to more
than one system. Specifically, the pharynx is part of both the respiratory and
the digestive systems, and the male urethra belongs to both reproductive and
urinary systems.
1. Integumentary system - consists of skin, hair, and nails.
2. Skeletal system - consists of bones,cartilage, and ligaments.
3. Muscular system - consists primarily of skeletal muscles.

PATHFIT 1: Movement Enhancement Page 2

 4. Lymphatic system - consists of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph
thymus, spleen, and tonsils.
5. Respiratory system - consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
and lungs.
6. Urinary system - consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and
urethra.
7. Nervous system - consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense
organs.
8. Endocrine system - consists of the pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas,
thyroid, parathyroids, and other organs.
9. Circulatory system - consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
10. Digestive system - consists of the stomach, small and large intestines,
esophagus, liver, mouth, and pancreas.
11. 1. Male reproductive system - consists of the testes, vas deferens,
prostate, seminal vesicles, and penis.
11.2. Female reproductive system - consists of ovaries, fallopian tubes,
uterus, vagina, and breasts.
H. Human Organism - forms one complete individual.

1.2. Anatomical Terms

Terms are very important when describing things or location, likewise in navigating your way
around the human body. Besides being used to identify the location of various body parts,
the use of proper terms ensures accurate communication between health-care providers.
Since the body is three-dimensional, a number of different terms are needed. These include
directional terms as well as terms for body planes.

All terms are based on the body being in the anatomical position, which is standing erect,
arms at the sides, with face, palms, and feet facing forward.

A. Directional Terms
Directional terms are generally grouped in pairs of opposite.
1. Medial - toward the body’s midline.
2. Lateral - away from the body’s midline.
3. Distal - farthest from the point of origin.
4. Proximal - closest to the point of origin.
5. Superior - above
6. Inferior - below
7. Anterior (ventral) - toward the front of the
body.
8. Posterior (dorsal) - toward the back of the
body.
Figure 1
9. Superficial - at or near the body’s surface.
10. Deep - away from the body’s surface.

B. Body planes
Body planes divide the body, or an organ, into sections.
1. Saggital plane - divides the body lengthwise into right and left sides. It’s
called midsaggital plane if the section is made exactly at midline. It is often
used in illustrations to reveal the organs in the head or pelvic cavity.
2. Transverse plane - It divides the body horizontally into upper (superior)
and lower (inferior) portions. It is also called a horizontal plane, and it’s used
by CT scanners to reveal internal organs.

PATHFIT 1: Movement Enhancement Page 3

 3. Frontal plane - it divides the body lengthwise into anterior and posterior
portions. It is also called a coronal plane. It is often used in illustrations to
show the contents of the abdominal and thoracic cavities.

C. Anatomical Terms of Movements

Movement terms are used to describe the actions of muscles on the skeleton.
Muscles contract to produce movement at joints, and the subsequent movements
can be precisely described using the anatomical terms below:
1. Flexion and Extension
Flexion and extension are movements that occur in the saggital plane.
Flexion refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body
parts. While extension refers to a movement that increases the angle
between two body parts.
Example: When you raise your hand while holding a dumbbell to do
arm curl, that is flexion of the elbow, and when you put it back to its
starting position, that is called extension of the elbow.

2. Abduction and Adduction

Abduction is a term that describes movement away from the midline. While
adduction is a movement towards the midline.
Example: When you raise your arm out to touch the shoulder of the
person besides you with one meter distance, that is called abduction.
When you squeeze your legs together that is adduction.

3. Medial and Lateral Rotation

Medial rotation refers to a rotation movement towards the midline, and is also
referred to as internal rotation. While lateral rotation is a rotating movement
away from the midline.
Example: With your straight leg, rotate it to the point that the toes go
inward. This is called medial rotation of the hip. The opposite action is
called lateral rotation.

4. Elevation and Depression

Elevation refers to movement in a superior direction, while depression refers
to movement in an inferior direction.
Example: When you shrug your shoulder if you’re not sure or don’t
know what to say to someone. Depression is when you do the
opposite.
5. Pronation and Supination
These actions are sometimes confused with medial and lateral rotation, but
they are two different terms. Supination and pronation are movements of the
forearm.
Example: The upper limb is held next to the body with the palm facing
the ceiling,is called supine position. When the palm faces the ground,
the forearm is in prone position.

6. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

These are terms used to describe movements at the ankle. They refer to the
two surfaces of the foot; the dorsum (superior surface) and the plantar
surface (the sole). Dorsiflexion refers to flexion of the ankle, while
plantarflexion is the extension at the ankle.
Example: When you point something superiorly using your foot, that is
called dorsiflexion. When you point something inferiorly that is called
plantarflexion.

PATHFIT 1: Movement Enhancement Page 4

 7. Circumduction
Circumduction is the movement of a body region in a circular manner, in
which one end of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary
while the end forms a circle. It is the sequential combination of flexion,
adduction, extension, and abduction at a joint.

8. Rotation
Circumduction and rotation are two different movements. Rotation can occur
within the vertebral column, at a pivot joint, or at ball-and-socket joint.
Rotation is produced by the summation of small rotational movements
available between adjacent vertebrae.

1.3. Body Types

The Waist to Hip Ratio looks at where a person carries their weight and the health risks
associated with the weight.
1. Ectomorph - Ecto’s have a light build with small joints and lean muscle. Usually
ectomorph’s have long thin limbs with stringy muscles. Shoulders tend to be thin with
little width.
2. Mesomorph - Muscular body-build characterized by predominance of structures
(bone and muscle and connective tissue).
3. Endomorph - is solid and generally soft. They gain fat very easily. Endo’s are
usually of a shorter build with thick arms and legs.-Muscles are strong, especially the
upper legs. Endomorphs find they are naturally strong in
leg exercises like the squat.

Figure 2: Ectomorph Figure 3: Mesomorph Figure 4: Endomorph

Activity 2.1. Know your Body Type!

Let us know your body type, and see how likely you’ll have a disease based on your risk
category. You’ll need tape measure for this activity. Follow the instructions below:
1. Measure your waist at the narrowest part of the torso.
2. Measure your hip at the level of the maximum extension of the buttocks.
3. To calculate the waist-to-hip ratio, divide the waist circumference (in cm.) by hip
circumference (in cm.)

PATHFIT 1: Movement Enhancement Page 5

 Table 13: Waist-to-Hip Ratio
Risk Waist Circumference (in. and cm.)
category Men Women
Very low <31.5 in. (80 cm) <27.5 in. (70 cm)
Low 31.5 - 39.0 in. (80 -99 cm.) 27.5 - 35 in. (70 - 89 cm.)
High 39.5 to 47.0 in. (100 - 120 cm.) 35.5 - 43.0 in. (90 - 109 cm.)
Very high >47.0 in. (120 cm.) >43.0 in. (110 cm.)
Adapted from (Bray & Gray, 1988 as cited in Heyward, 2010)

Activity 2.2. Interpretation of Waist-to-hip Ratio

Based on the Table 13: Waist-to-hip ratio, answer the following questions below:

1. What is your waist-to-hip ratio? What can you say about it? Based on the result, are
you healthy or not?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. What is your risk category? If it’s high, what do you plan to do to make it low, if it’s
low, how will you maintain it?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

1.4. Body Posture and Postural Deviation

Correct posture is described as the proper alignment of body segments in relation to the
different body position while postural deviation is the misalignment of the body segments.
Poor nutrition, improper routinely posture, poor daily habits, occupational practices,
congenital deformities, and lack of physical exercises are factors that are influencing
postural deviation.
Postural deviation can happen with either an increase or decrease of the Figure 5
normal body curves, leading to: (1) Uneven pressure within the joint
surfaces (2) Ligaments will be under strain (3) Muscles may need to work
harder (to hold the body upright), and (4) Pain may occur.

Common Deviations Among Students

1. Forward Head
Characterized by the head and neck extended forward. It is
the anterior positioning of the cervical spine. This posture is
sometimes called “Scholar’s Neck” or “Reading Neck”.

Figure 6
2. Round Shoulder
It is described as the deviation of the shoulder girdle where
the scapula is abducted and shoulders are oriented forward.
The chest is flat, and usually the pectoral muscles are
shortened while the longitudinal back muscles are
lengthened.

PATHFIT 1: Movement Enhancement Page 6

3. Winged Scapulae
It is characterized by prominence in the borders of the
scapulae. Both scapula may be abducted due to
weakness of middle trapezius or tightness of the pectorals.

4. Kyphosis
Described as over curvature of the thoracic
Figure 8 vertebrae.It is characterized by an increased
curve in the back region from the lumbar to Figure 7
the upper portion of the back. The head and
the shoulders are forward and the chest is
flattened.

5. Lordosis
It is described as the deviation where there is
over curvature in the lumbar vertebrae.

Figure 9

6. Kypholordosis
It is observed when the normal curve of the thoracic
as well as the lumbar vertebrae increased.

7. Scoliosis
Scoliosis is described as the lateral curvature of the
vertebral column. Deformities could either be a
single curve “C” or a compound curve “S”. The two
types of scoliosis: “C” and “S” was named from the Figure 10
alphabet “C” and “S” due to its form.

8. Genu Varum
Also known as “bowlegs”, is a deformity of the lower
extremity where in the knees are separated when in
fact it is joined together.

9. Genu Valgum
It is observed when the knees are drawn together
Figure 11
and the feet becomes separated.

10. Pes planus

Described as a decreased longitudinal arch of the
feet. The depression of the arch is usually
accompanied by a pronation and abduction of the
foot which makes it weak and inefficient.

Figure 11

PATHFIT 1: Movement Enhancement Page 7

Improving Your Posture
A person do not consciously maintain his posture; instead, certain muscles on his
body normally do it for him. Several muscle groups, including the hamstrings and
large back muscles, are critically important in maintaining our posture. These
postural muscles, along with others, when functioning properly, prevent the forces of
gravity from pushing us over forward. Postural muscles also help maintain our
balance while we move. A healthy posture helps us to walk, stand, sit and lie, so it’s
very important that we take care of our posture and maintain correct posture always.

Things To Do to Improve Your Posture: According to American Chiropractic

Association
1. While Sitting at a Desk
a. Keep your feet on the floor or on a footrest, if they don’t reach the
floor.
b. Don’t cross your legs. Your ankles should be directly in front of your
knees.
c. Keep a small gap between the back of your knees and the front of
your seat.
d. Your knees should be at or below the level of your hips.
e. Adjust the backrest of your chair to support your low- and mid-back
or use a back support.
f. Relax your shoulders and keep your forearms parallel to the ground.
g. Avoid sitting in the same position for long periods of time. Take
breaks and move your body.

2. When Standing
a. Bear your weight primarily on the balls of your feet.
b. Keep your knees slightly bent.
c. Keep your feet about shoulder-width apart.
d. Let your arms hang naturally down the sides of the body.
e. Stand straight and tall with your shoulders pulled down and
backward.
f. Tuck your stomach in.
g. Keep your head level. Your earlobes should be in line with your
shoulders. Do not push your head forward, backward, or to the side.
h. Shift your weight from your toes to your heels, or one foot to the
other, if you must stand for a long time.

3. When lying down in bed:

a. Find the mattress that is right for you. While a firm mattress is
generally recommended, some people find that softer mattresses
reduce their back pain. Your individual comfort should guide your
choice.
b. Choose the right pillow, too. Special pillows are available to help
with postural problems resulting from poor sleeping positions.
c. Avoid sleeping on your stomach.
d. Sleep on your side or back, which is often helpful for back pain. If
you sleep on your side, place a pillow between your legs. If you sleep
on your back, keep a pillow under your knees.

PATHFIT 1: Movement Enhancement Page 8

Activity 2.3: Assessing Your Posture
In doing different physical activities, in order for you to avoid injuries and perform
activity-specific skills well, it is very important that your posture is correct. So now,
let’s assess your posture!
Direction: Click the link to watch the instruction about assessing your posture. Use
the form below to accomplish this activity.

Name: ___________________________ Date of Assessment: _________

Course & Block: ___________________

POSTURAL DEVIATION ASSESSMENT FORM

Postural Deviation None Mild Severe
1. Forward Head
2. Round Shoulder
3. Winged Scapulae
4. Kyphosis
5. Lordosis
6. Kypholordosis
7.1. Type “C” Scoliosis
7.2. Type “S” Scoliosis
7. Genu Varum
8. Genu Valgum
9. Pes planus
*put check if your postural deviation is mild, severe or none.

______________________________
Name &Signature of assessor

Activity 2.4: Interpretation of Assessment of Postural Deviation

Direction: Read the following questions and answer it according to the result of your
assessment of your postural deviation.

1. Based on the assessment done, do you have postural deviation? How many are
mild? How many are severe? What can you tell about the result?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Based on the “Things To Do To Improve Your Posture” which was suggested by

American Chiropractic Association, which of these are the things that you need to
practice to improve the postural deviation that you have? Aside from these practices,
what else do you commit to do, to improve your posture?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

PATHFIT 1: Movement Enhancement Page 9

2.5. Homeostasis
For you to function properly, your body must maintain a relatively constant internal
environment despite changes in external conditions. This constancy, or balance, is called
homeostasis. Homeostasis is often referred to as maintaining a dynamic equilibrium
because the body must make constant changes to maintain balance. If the body loses
homeostasis, illness or even death will occur, that’s how important homeostasis is in our
body.

The body operates within a specific range of temperature, fluids, and chemicals. This range
of normal is called the set point or set point range. For example, the body’s internal
temperature should remain between 97° and 99° F (36° - 37.2° C) despite the temperature
outside the body. On the other hand, blood glucose levels should remain between 65 and 99
mg/dl, even when you decide to consume a sugar-laden dessert. Keeping your potassium
between 3.5 - 5.3 mmol/l, calcium between 8.5 - 10.4 mg/dl, sodium between 135 - 146
mmol/l, chloride at 98 - 110 mmol/l, and carbon dioxide at 21 - 33 mmol/l. Just like how a
gymnast must make a constant physical adjustments to maintain balance on a balance
beam, the body must also make constant internal adjustments to maintain homeostasis.

Figure 13

Homeostasis Regulation
Maintaining a stable environment requires constant monitoring and adjustment as
conditions change. This process of adjustment (called homeostatic regulation)
involves:
1. a receptor (which receives information about a change in the environment),
2. a control center (which receives and processes information from the
receptor), and
3. an effector (which responds to signals from the control center by either
opposing or enhancing the stimulus.)

The signal sent by the effector is called feedback; feedback can be either negative or
positive.
 Negative Feedback: when the effector opposes the stimulus (such as a
dropping temperature) and reverses the direction of change (causing the
temperature to rise.)
 Positive Feedback: when the effector reinforces the stimulus (such as
uterine contractions during childbirth, which trigger the release of the
hormone oxytocin) and amplifies the direction of change (causing even
greater contractions and further release of oxytocin).

PATHFIT 1: Movement Enhancement Page 10

 Most of the systems supporting homeostasis operate by negative feedback, because
positive feedback is stimulatory, there are only a few situations in which it is
beneficial to the body (such as during childbirth or in blood clotting). More often,
positive feedback is harmful (such as when a high fever continues to rise). To learn
more about homeostasis, watch this video, click the link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iz0Q9nTZCw4

LET US WRAP UP
Activity 2.5: Answer the following questions to check what you learned from this module.

1. What are the three things that you learned from this module?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the two things that you will do to apply what you learned?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the one thing that you commit to do to improve your body posture?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

LET US ASSESS
Let’s check if you learned something from this module. For the first part of this assessment,
read the questions carefully and choose the correct answer. For the second part, you have
to reflect on your answers.

Part I: Multiple Choice

Direction: Analyze the following questions and encircle the correct answers.

1. Which of the following terms describe the metabolic units within a cell that perform a
specific function necessary to the life of the cell?
a. Atoms c. Organs
b. Molecules d. Organelles

2. Which of the following forms the organ systems?

a. Molecules c. Human person
b. Organs d. Organ systems

PATHFIT 1: Movement Enhancement Page 11

3. Which of the following organ systems is responsible in keeping the body’s posture
movement, and production of heat?
a. Integumentary system c. Muscular system
b. Lymphatic system d. Skeletal system

4. Anatomical terms are based on the body being in the anatomical position, which of the
following terms focuses on the division of the body, or organ, into sections?
a. Anatomical terms of movement c. Body regions
b. Body planes d. Directional terms

5. Which group of anatomical terms of movement referred to the increasing and decreasing
of the angle between two body parts?
a. Adduction and Abduction c. Elevation and Depression
b. Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion d. Flexion and Extension

6. Which of the following is true about both circumduction and rotation?

a. It can both occur within the vertebral column, such as the ball-and-socket joint.
b. It is both the movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of
the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes
a circle.
c. Rotation involves the sequential combination of flexion, adduction, extension, and
abduction at a joint, while circumduction of the body is the twisting movement
produced by the summation of the small rotational movements available between
adjacent vertebrae.
d. All of the above

7. Which of the anatomical terms are terms used to described movements at the ankle?
a. Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion c. Flexion and Extension
b. Elevation and Depression d. Supination and Pronation

8. Which of the following traits belong to an ectomorph body type?

a. Athletic and strong
b. Classic “hard gainer”
c. Gains muscle and fat very easily.
d. Find it hard to lose fat.

9. Which of the following body types is characterized by predominance of structures such as

bones, muscle, and connective tissue?
a. Ectomorph b. Endomorph c. Mesomorph

10. Which of the following postural deviation is characterized as the chest is flat and usually
the pectoral muscles are shortened while the longitudinal back muscles are lengthened?
a. Forward head c. Round shoulder
b. Lordosis d. Winged scapulae

11. Which of the following is not true about scoliosis?

a. It is a lateral curvature of the vertebral column.
b. Deformities could either be single or a compound curve.
c. The name of the types of scoliosis is letter “C” and letter “S”.
d. It is observed when the normal curve of the thoracic as well as the lumbar
vertebrae are increased.

PATHFIT 1: Movement Enhancement Page 12

12. Which of the following best describes ples planus?
a. It is a decreased longitudinal arch of the feet.
b. It is observed when the knees are drawn together and the feet becomes separated.
c. It is a deviation where there is over curvature in the lumbar vertebrae.
d. It is an increased longitudinal arch of the feet.

Part II: Essay (4 points each)

Direction: Read the questions below and briefly explain your answers. Refer to the rubric
below for your guidance.

1. What is homeostasis? How is it important in your life?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Feedback is the signal sent by effector, in your own words, explain the difference
between negative and positive feedback. How does it work to maintain homeostasis?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Criteria Excellent (4) Good (3) Average (2) Poor (1)

Topic Student has a Student has a Student has a Student does
Knowledge clear grasp of grasp of partial grasp of not have a
(50 %) information and information and information and grasp of
demonstrates demonstrates can provide information and
full knowledge knowledge by expected does not answer
by answering answering the answers to the questions about
the questions questions with questions but the subject.
with proper some fails to
explanations explanation and elaborate.
and elaboration. elaboration.

Reflective Student moves Students moves Student Student does

Thinking (30%) beyond simple beyond simple describes not describe
descriptions and descriptions to experience and experience or
definitions; provide insight; provides limited provide insight
provides in- attempts to insight and or interpretation.
depth insight contextualize interpretation.
and experience.
contextualizes
experience.
Organization Student Student Student Students
(20%) communicates communicates communicates rambles and
ideas clearly ideas in a way ideas in a way ideas are
and concisely. that is mostly that is sometime unclear.
clear and unclear and
concise. wordy.

PATHFIT 1: Movement Enhancement Page 13

ANSWER KEY
1. D - organelles
2. B - organs
3. C - muscular system
4. B - body planes
5. D - Flexion and Extension
6. A
7. A - Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion
8. B - Classic had gainer
9. C - mesomorph
10. C - round shoulder
11. D
12. A

REFERENCES

Maintaining Good Posture, https://www.acatoday.org/Patients/Health-Wellness-

Information/Posture. Accessed June 2021.

Anatomical position: https://www.tamiapland.com/blog/2018/8/19/kinesiology-lingo-

movements-of-the-body. Accessed June 2021.

PATHFIT 1: Movement Enhancement Page 14