otherwise , unless, in addition, in fact, moreover, although, hence, whereas,
furthermore, despite, therefore, instead, nonetheless, however
Task 1: Complete the sentences using the above written linkers:
1. She got the job ____________ the fact that she had very little experience.
2. My sister's handwriting is always so neat, ___________ mine is a total mess.
3. I lost the game but I told myself that I had improved a lot ______________.
4. You'd better wear a helmet when you go rollerblading. _____________, you could hurt
yourself.
5. Reading is an excellent way to increase your vocabulary. _____________, it can also
improve your grammar.
6. the student's essay was badly written. ____________, it was too short.
7. Wine will spoil if exposed to light;____________, wine bottles are usually green or
yellow.
8. Alcohol can delay your reaction times;_____________ you should never drink and
drive.
9. ____________ we have talked about dangers of smoking to the students before, I
think the information needs to be repeated.
10. Our prime minister is an incompetent leader. ______________, his government is
financially incompetent.
11. In March of 1999, more than 130 nations signed a United Nations Treaty banning land
mines. __________, the United states , Russia and China did not sign.
12. He was an absolute failure in medical school, so he decided to try law ____________.
13.Margaret Mead once observed "Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful,
committed citizens can change the world. __________, it's the only thing that ever has."
14. You are not eligible for a subsidized bus pass __________you are a full-time student.
Task 2:
otherwise, whereas, however, despite, in fact, therefore, although,
furthermore, consequently, moreover, instead, nevertheless, hence, unless.
1. Eating well is important for good health. __________, it helps to make you more
attractive.
2. The apartment is very pretty and, _____________, the rent is quite low.
3. Research has shown that bright yellow and bright blue are the most visible, and
____________ safest, colours for cars.
4. Our production costs have increased, ____________ our prices have gone up as well.
5. You'd better work on improving your pronunciation; _____________, you'll fail the
speaking test.
6. She has decided to stay with her husband ____________ the fact he cheated on her
with her best friend.
7. I'm not really interested in history, but the lecture was quite interesting __________.
8. ____________ most substances shrink when they are cooled, water actually expands.
9. ____________ each individual is unique, members of the same species share certain
obvious common features.
10. No, I don't want to go to dinner with you. ____________, I'd like you to stop asking
me out, because I'm really not interested.
11. There is no wind on the moon, so ___________ someone disturbs them, an astronaut's
footprints will last forever!
12. A snake has no ears; __________, its tongue is extremely sensitive to sound
vibrations.
13. I tried to phone you, but I dialed the wrong area code, and got someone living in
Louisiana ____________.
14. He was weakened by the disease, and __________ vulnerable to infection.
Task 3:
despite, otherwise, moreover, instead, unless, nonetheless, consequently, hence,
therefore, however, furthermore, whereas, likewise, although.
1. She was wearing only a T-shirt and shorts, _______________ the cold weather.
2. She is an excellent dancer. _______________, many people are unaware that she also
has a beautiful singing voice.
3. Children need something to occupy their time; _______________, they get bored.
4. The students were well-prepared for the exam, _______________ their high scores.
5. Eating is a requirement for living; _______________, there must be mechanisms in the
body and mind that make us hungry and interested in eating at regular intervals.
6. Despite its small size, a sparrow has 14 bones in its neck, _______________ a giraffe
only has seven.
7. He does things quite slowly sometimes, but they are _______________ done very well.
8. She is a very hard worker; _______________, she is liked by everyone in the office.
9. She was thinking of buying a new car, but her friend convinced her to buy a used car
____________.
10. ____________ you may not know the formal rules of your own language, you know a lot
about its grammar, and you can use that knowledge when studying a second language.
11. You cannot vote in a municipal election ____________ you are a resident of the area.
12. Attempting to commit suicide is no longer illegal; ____________, counselling suicide
still remains a criminal act.
13. The planet Venus does not tilt as it goes around the Sun; ____________, it has no
seasons.
14. If you ever need any help, give me a call, and ____________, if I need some
assistance, I'll let you know.
Task 4:
whereas, unlike , moreover, therefore, furthermore, although,
otherwise, in fact, unless, hence, nevertheless, despite, instead.
1. The prime minister has already announced his intention to step down, and
_____________ is no longer regarded as influential in directing future policy initiatives.
2. _____________the fact that he generally hates fish, he tried the sushi, and liked it.
3. I felt really sick last night; _______________, I would have come to your party.
4. If you don't do your homework, you won't get a good mark, and _______________, you
could be kicked out of school.
5. It cost a fortune to renovate our house; _______________, it was worth it.
6. The young boy refused to obey the teacher. _______________, he was sent home.
7. The colour black absorbs heat, _______________ the colour white reflects it.
8. Your homework this past month has been excellent; _______________, your
pronunciation has really improved.
9. Badminton is not the slow, leisurely sport many people think it is. __________, it is
the fastest racquet sport in the world.
10. __________ in the U.S., where the majority of people are against same sex marriage,
a majority of Canadians support marriage rights for homosexuals.
11. During the American Revolution, many brides did not wear white wedding gowns;
__________, they wore red as a symbol of rebellion.
12. There is a German proverb which advises, "Never give advice __________ asked."
13. __________ ultimately a victor in the two World Wars, France suffered extensive
losses to its empire in the conflicts.
Task 5:
moreover, therefore, hence, though, unless, otherwise, despite, in fact,
furthermore, likewise, unlike, whereas, instead, nevertheless.
1. Canada's Steve Nash is one of the world's best basketball players; _______________,
he is also said to be a good enough soccer player to compete at a professional level.
2. You'd better apologize to your girlfriend; _______________, she'll probably dump you.
3. My salary is pretty low, but _______________ I really enjoy what I'm doing.
4. The Catholic religion holds that Mary, the mother of Jesus, remained a virgin her entire
life: _______________ it would have been impossible for Jesus to have brothers or
sisters.
5. He passed the course _______________ the fact that he never studied.
6. To pass U.S. Army basic training, young female soldiers must do 17 push-ups in two
minutes, _______________ males must do 40.
7. Momentum depends on mass; _______________, because a heavy object has more
mass than a light object, it has more momentum.
8. Spices have always added flavour to a variety of dishes. _______________, they can
help to preserve food where refrigeration is not possible.
9. _______________ her brother, who hates sports, Carla is an excellent athlete.
10. It is usually observed that children of immigrants learn to speak the language of their
adopted country without an accent, __________ the parents rarely do so.
11. You have a dangerously high cholesterol level, and __________ you do something to
bring it under control, you risk suffering a major heart attack.
12. After a long affair with her married employer, Anna decided that she wanted to date
younger, unmarried men __________.
13. Rachel was married for a number of years before realizing she was, __________, a
lesbian.
14. You'll need to clean up the bedroom, and __________ the bathroom every other day.
Task 6:
therefore, instead, in fact, though, likewise, furthermore, despite,
nonetheless, unlike, otherwise, whereas, unless.
1. Her English isn't very good, but she usually manages to make herself understood
_______________
2. Please call your grandmother on her birthday; _______________, she'll get upset.
3. Her son looks a lot like his father, _______________ her daughter looks like her.
4. We enjoyed ourselves _______________ the poor weather.
5. I'm no athlete; __________, I'm terrible at sports.
6. __________ tattoos and piercings seem trendy nowadays, they have actually been
around since ancient times, and are practiced in many cultures.
7. When I heard Martha talking about her illness, I ignorantly made a little joke to try to
cheer her up, but __________ it just made her cry.
8. The film classification "mature" means the movie should not be seen by a person under
the age of 14, __________ accompanied by an adult.
9. I'll phone you if I receive any more information and you can do __________.
10. The mayor feels that skateboarders on the sidewalks may intimidate the elderly, and
should __________ be banned.
11. The Grand Canyon is a geographical wonder. __________, it is the largest generator of
tourist dollars in the state.
12. I didn't do very well in school, __________ my sister, who got excellent marks in
every subject.
Answer key:
Task 1:
1. despite ; 2. whereas; 3 nonetheless; 4. otherwise; 5. furthermore; 6. Moreover;
7. hence ; 8. therefore; 9. although; 10. in addition; 11. however; 12. instead; 13.
in fact; 14.unless
Task 2:
1. furthermore; 2.moreover; 3. therefore; 4. hence; 5. otherwise; 6. despite;
7. nevertheless; 8.whereas; 9. although; 10. in fact; 11. unless 12. however;
13. instead; 14. consequently
Task 3:
1.despite; 2.furthermore; 3. otherwise; 4. hence; 5. therefore; 6. whereas;
7. nonetheless; 8. moreover; 9. instead; 10. although; 11. unless; 12. however
13. consequently; 14. likewise.
Task 4:
1. hence; 2. despite; 3. otherwise; 4. furthermore; 5. nevertheless; 6. therefore;
7. whereas; 8. moreover; 9. in fact; 10. unlike; 11.instead; 12. unless; 13. although
Task 5:
1. moreover; 2. otherwise; 3. nevertheless; 4. hence; 5. despite; 6. whereas;
7. therefore ; 8. furthermore;9. unlike; 10. though; 11. unless; 12. instead;
13. in fact; 14. likewise
Task 6:
1. nonetheless; 2. otherwise; 3. whereas; 4. despite; 5. in fact; 6. though;
7. instead; 8. unless; 9. likewise; 10. therefore; 11. furthermore; 12. unlike
Task 7:
1. nevertheless 2. despite; 3. furthermore; 4. hence; 5. whereas; 6. otherwise;
7. in fact; 8. although; 9. instead; 10. unless; 11. unlike; 12. likewise
Task 8:
1. despite; 2. whereas; 3. nevertheless; 4. otherwise; 5. although; 6. in fact;
7. unless; 8. consequently; 9. in fact ; 10. in addition; 11. however; 12. likewise.
Task 7:
unless , hence, likewise, unlike, whereas, nevertheless, despite, instead, in fact,
otherwise, furthermore, although
1. My neighbours are sometimes very noisy, but we get along quite well _____________.
2. The children played football all afternoon, _______________ the rain and wind.
3. Your progress in English depends on how hard you work. _______________, if you live in
the culture of your target language, you will learn even more quickly.
4. In the Marxist view, we must eat in order to survive; _______________, the first
activity of our species must be economic.
5. One difference between frogs and toads is that frogs move about by jumping,
_______________ toads can actually walk.
6. Hurry up; _______________, you'll be late.
7. Everyone assumed that she was pregnant, but __________, she was just overweight.
8. __________ there are several major car rental agencies in Libreville, the capital city of
Gabon, rates are said to be incredibly expensive.
9. Dwayne was too short to play basketball professionally, so he went into coaching _____.
10. __________ we can stop these extraterrestrials in time, the future of our region of the
universe may be in serious danger.
11. __________ in Montreal or Toronto, where winters are generally very cold, Vancouver's
winters are actually quite mild.
12. The steak I ordered for dinner was superb. __________, the chicken my wife had was
excellent.
Task 8:
whereas , otherwise, in addition, although, likewise, in fact (2), however,
consequently, unless, despite, nevertheless.
1. He jumped in the water to save the young girl, _______________ being unable to swim
himself.
2. Someone once joked that dogs think you're family, _______________ cats think you're
staff.
3. We didn't go anywhere exotic for our holiday. _______________, we had a simply
wonderful time.
4. The rent is a little high; _______________, it's a very nice house.
5. She kept the old photos for sentimental reasons __________ she knew she would never
see him again.
6. I'm not at all brave; __________, I'm a total chicken.
7. We cannot really reduce the destruction of our environment __________ we change our
philosophy of consumerism in this society.
8. Recent polls show that most Canadians oppose censorship of the Internet. __________ the
government is happy to ignore the issue of pornographic websites
9. Koalas and humans are the only animals with unique fingerprints and, __________, koala
prints cannot be distinguished from human fingerprints.
10. You need to come to class on time. __________, you need to work harder on your
homework
11. Your mark in History is somewhat low. __________, your Chemistry mark is excellent
12. Studies show that if you are right-handed; your right fingernails will grow faster;
__________ the fingernails on the left hand of a left-handed person.
Correlative conjunctions:
both...and He is both intelligent and clever.
either...or I will either go for a walk or read a book
neither...nor He is neither rich nor famous.
hardly....when He had hardly begun to work, when he was
interrupted.
if...then If that is true, then what happened is not
surprising.
****No sooner....than No sooner had I reached the corner, than the
bus came.
****Not only....but also She is not only clever, but also hard-working.
rather...than I would rather go swimming than go to the
library.
****Scarcely ...when Scarcely had we left home, when it started to
rain.
whether...or Have you decided whether you will come or
not?
1. Fred likes helping his friends. So does Linda. ( both...and)
______________________________________________________________________________
Correlative conjunctions:
both...and He is both intelligent and clever.
either...or I will either go for a walk or read a book
neither...nor He is neither rich nor famous.
hardly....when He had hardly begun to work, when he was
interrupted.
if...then If that is true, then what happened is not
surprising.
****No sooner....than No sooner had I reached the corner, than the
bus came.
****Not only....but also She is not only clever, but also hard-working.
rather...than I would rather go swimming than go to the
library.
****Scarcely ...when Scarcely had we left home, when it started to
rain.
whether...or Have you decided whether you will come or
not?
1. Fred likes helping his friends. So does Linda. ( both...and)
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. Harry used to date Ann. Or was it Helen? ( either...or)
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. We should learn to accept our weaknesses and our strengths. ( not only...but also)
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. He never listens to or advises his friends when they have problems. ( neither...nor)
____________________________________________________________________________________
5.I've betrayed your trust. I've betrayed your love for me. ( not only...but also)
____________________________________________________________________________________
6. He felt disappointed. He felt misunderstood. ( both...and)
____________________________________________________________________________________
7. Brian isn't very considerate. Neither is Tom. (neither..nor)
____________________________________________________________________________________
8. A true friend is someone who is caring and loving.
____________________________________________________________________________________
9. Rachel should apologize or leave. ( either...or)
____________________________________________________________________________________
10. Richard and john didn't keep her secret. ( neither...nor)
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Harry used to date Ann. Or was it Helen? ( either...or)
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. We should learn to accept our weaknesses and our strengths. ( not only...but also)
____________________________________________________________________________________
4. He never listens to or advises his friends when they have problems. ( neither...nor)
____________________________________________________________________________________
5.I've betrayed your trust. I've betrayed your love for me. ( not only...but also)
____________________________________________________________________________________
6. He felt disappointed. He felt misunderstood. ( both...and)
____________________________________________________________________________________
7. Brian isn't very considerate. Neither is Tom. (neither..nor)
____________________________________________________________________________________
8. A true friend is someone who is caring and loving.
____________________________________________________________________________________
9. Rachel should apologize or leave. ( either...or)
____________________________________________________________________________________
10. Richard and john didn't keep her secret. ( neither...nor)
____________________________________________________________________________________
