It is the study of chemical substances found in living organisms and the chemical
interactions of these substances with each other: Biochemistry
It is the process used by green (chlorophyll-containing) plants to produce carbohydrates:
photosynthesis
It refers to a polyhydroxy aldehyde, a polyhydroxy ketone, or a compound that yields
polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones upon hydrolysis: carbohydrates
It contains two monosaccharide units covalently bonded to each other: disaccharide
It contains many monosaccharide units covalently bonded: polysaccharide
It is a molecule whose mirror image is superimposable: achiral molecule
Which of the following statements is not true: amino acids are always right-handed
molecules
It refers to isomers that have the same molecular and structural formulas but differ in
the orientation of atoms in space: stereoisomers
It refers to stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other:
diastereomers
It is a means of showing the absolute configuration of chiral molecules on a flat page:
Fischer projection formula
It is a compound that rotates the plane of polarized light: optically active compound
A chiral carbon atom has different groups attached to it: four
It refers to monosaccharides with one aldehyde group: aldoses
It is a series of reactions by which glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate:
glycolysis
It is referred to as dextrose or blood sugar: D-glucose
The presence of glucose in the urine is called: glycosuria
It differs from D-glucose at carbon-4: D-galactose
It is a ketohexose found in honey: D-fructose
Individuals with lack an enzyme needed to metabolize galactose: galactosemia
It is a pentose and a component to a variety of complex molecules such as the RNA and
ATP: D-ribose
It is the carbon atom bonded to an –OH group & to the oxygen atom in the heterocyclic
ring: anomeric carbon atom
Which of the following statements is not true: anomeric carbon atom is the carbon
atom bonded to an OH group to the Oxygen atom in the aromatic ring
It is a two-dimensional structural notation that specifies the three-dimensional structure
of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide: Haworth projection formula
The following are examples of a monosaccharide except: lactose
Which of the following is not true about glucose: it is a disaccharide
The hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide can react with inorganic oxyacid’s to form
inorganic esters: phosphate ester formation
LECTURE 3
Two monosaccharides can react to form: disaccharide
It is made up of b-D-galactose unit and a b-D-glucose unit
joined by a b(1-4) glycosidic linkage: lactose
It is the principal carbohydrate in milk: lactose
Iodine is used to test the presence of: starch
Its function is to give rigidity to the exoskeletons of crabs,
lobsters, shrimp, insects, and other arthropods: chitin
is highly viscous and serve as lubricants in the fluid of joints and
part vitreous humor of the eye: hyaluronic acid
not true about Glycogen: contains only fructose units.
It is a polysaccharide that serves as structural element in plant
cell walls and animal exoskeleton: structural polysaccharide
is a sugar naturally present in whole foods: natural sugar
is a sugar that has been separated from its plant source:
refined sugar
a protein molecule that has one or more carbohydrate units
covalently bonded to it: glycoprotein
is a lipid molecule that has one or more carbohydrate units
covalently bonded to it: glycolipid
dietary monosaccharides or disaccharides, sweet to taste and
commonly referred to as sugars: simple carbs
dietary polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose and are
normally not sweet to taste: complex carbs
most abundant of all disaccharides and is found in plants:
sucrose
Lecture 4
It is an organic compound found in living organisms that is
insoluble (or only sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in non-
polar organic solvents: Lipids
These are fatty acids that contain one or more cis double C=C
bonds: unsaturated fatty acids
It is an unsaturated fatty acid with its endmost double bond is
three carbon atoms away from its methyl end: omega-3
type designation for this fatty acid: polyunsaturated fatty acid
numerical shorthand designation for this fatty acid: 20:4
omega family of fatty acids does this fatty acid belong: omega-6
Which of the following statements is not true about the
properties of fatty acids: number of bends in a fatty acid chain
decreases as the number of double bonds increases.
a lipid formed by esterification of three fatty acids to a glycerol
molecule: triacylglycerol
a triester formed from the esterification of glycerol with more
than one kind of fatty acid: mixed triacylglycerol
predominantly saturated and are solids or semisolids at room
temperature: fats
predominantly unsaturated and are liquids at room
temperature: oils
Saturated fats are tagged as. It can increase the risk for heart
disease: bad fats
High rate of heart disease in US diet is due to: imbalance in
omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids.
statement is not true about nuts: nuts contain high amounts of
saturated fatty acids.
fatty acids needed in the human body and is obtained from
dietary sources: essential fatty acids
the starting material for the biosynthesis of Arachidonic Acid:
linoleic acid
major starting material for eicosanoids: arachidonic acid
essential constituents of the communication membranes of the
brain and are necessary for normal brain development: DHA &
EPA
designation “polyunsaturated” applies to which of the
following fatty acids: Arachidonic acid (20:4)
In triacyglycerol, fatty acids are attached to glycerol by what
type of linkage: ester linkage
Lecture 5
formed when liquid oils are partially hydrogenated to form semi-solid
triacylglycerols: Trans fat
is not an important triacylglycerol reaction: dehydration
In the human body, hydrolysis occurs during digestion with the aid of enzymes
produced: pancreas
Hydrolysis of triacylglycerol is reaction with: water
substance can be used to convert a fatty acid into soap: NaOH
Oils can be converted into fats by hydrogenation to: Increase the degree of
saturation of the fatty acids.
Through this process, peanut oil is converted to peanut butter: partial hydrogenation
reaction leads to breaking of carbon-carbon double bonds to produce aldehyde and
carboxylic acid products: oxidation
What causes rancidity of fats and oils: oxidation
added to foods containing fats and oils to avoid the unwanted oxidation products:
antioxidant
lipid that contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group esterified to a glycerol
molecule and an alcohol esterified to the phosphate group: glycerophospholipids
How many ester linkages does the Glycerophospholipids have: four
waxy solids that form an aqueous colloidal suspension and is manufactured in the
liver: lecithin’s
found in the heart and liver tissues and found in high concentrations in the brain:
cephalins
contains one fatty acid and one phosphate group attached to a sphingosine
molecule and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group: sphingophospholipids
simplest sphingoglycolipids which contains a single monosaccharide unit - either a
glucose or galactose: cerebrosides
lipid whose structure is based on a fused-ring system that involves three 6-
membered rings and one 5-membered ring: steroid
Most of the body’s cholesterol is synthesized by the: liver
It carries cholesterol from the liver to various tissues: LDL
form of cardiovascular disease characterized by the build up of plaque long the inner
walls of arteries: Atherosclerosis
Lecture 6
a lipid-based structure separating the cell’s aqueous-based interior from the watery
environment that surrounds the cell: cell membrane
a transport process in which a substance moves across a cell membrane with the aid
of a membrane protein from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration: facilitated transport
are cholesterol derivatives that functions as a lipid-emulsifying agent in the aqueous
environment of the digestive tract: bile acids
a biochemical substance produced by a ductless gland that has a messenger
function: hormone
hormones regulate numerous biochemical processes in the body: adrenocorticoid
hormones
lipid that is a monoester of a long-chain fatty acid and a long-chain alcohol:
biological wax
is an example of a bile acid: cholic acid
transport process in which a substance moves across a cell membrane, with the help
of membrane proteins, against a concentration gradient with the expenditure of
cellular energy: active transport
a substance that can disperse and stabilize water-insoluble substances as colloidal
particles in an aqueous solution: emulsifier
following hormones stimulates the development of the mammary glands during
pregnancy: estrogen
hormones promotes muscle growth: androgen
controls the balance of sodium and potassium ions in cells and body fluids:
mineralocorticoids
major glucocorticoid: cortisol
following messenger lipids is a C20 fatty acid derivative that contains three
conjugated double bonds and hydroxy groups: leukotrienes
lipids is a C20 fatty acid derivative that contains cyclopentane ring and oxygen-
containing functional groups: prostaglandins
It promotes the formation of blood clots: thromboxanes
Plants coat their leaves with a thin layer of biological waxes to: prevent excessive
evaporation of water
a pliable, water-repelling substance used particularly in protecting surfaces and
producing polished surfaces: wax
Proteins in the active transport process served as: pumps
major mineralocorticoid: aldosterone
