Individual Sport: Tennis

History of Tennis
Tennis was originally known as "Lawn Tennis," a sport in which two opposed players (singles) or
pairs of players (doubles) hit a ball of defined size, weight, and bounce over a net on a
rectangular court using tautly strung rackets. When an opponent fails to return the ball
correctly inside the court's permitted dimensions, a player or team is rewarded points. Tennis is
organized and played according to rules set by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), the
sport's global governing body. The game's origins can be traced back to a 12th–13th-century
French handball game known as jeu de paume ("game of the palm"), which was popular in the
12th–13th centuries.
Real tennis is a complicated indoor racket-and-ball game derived from all this. This historic
sport is still practiced to a small extent in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia,
and is known as real tennis in the United Kingdom, court tennis in the United States, and royal
tennis in Australia. Tennis was first played by Victorian gentlemen and ladies on grass courts.
It's now necessary to play it on a variety of surfaces. There was significant disagreement at
initially about the individual sport of "Tennis," but the game's official centennial in 1973
honoured its inception by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield in 1873. During the same year, he
published the first book of rules and applied for a patent on his game, which he obtained in
1874.
Although historians have concluded that analogous games were played earlier and that the first
tennis club was established in Leamington in 1872 by Englishman Harry Gem and three
companions, historians have concluded that similar games were played earlier. Wingfield's
court was shaped like an hourglass and could have evolved from badminton. Wingfield's
hourglass-shaped court, which he specified in his publication "Sphairistiké, or Lawn Tennis,"
may have been used for patent considerations, as it distinguished the court from typical
rectangular courts. The Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) was the regulating body of genuine
tennis at the time, and its regulations had recently been amended. The MCC established a new,
standardized set of tennis regulations in 1875 after J.M. Heathcote, a well-known genuine
tennis player, developed a superior tennis ball made of rubber wrapped in white flannel.

B. COURT DIMENSION AND VENUE

A tennis court is 78ft (23.77m) in length. The courts used for singles matches are 27ft (8.23m)
wide, while doubles courts are 36ft (10.97m) wide. The court's service line is 21ft (6.4m) from
the net. The total area of a tennis court is usually 260.87m² –the total playing area of a doubles
court. A singles court, which is often marked within the doubles court has a total playing area of
195.65m².
Length of a tennis court

The length of a tennis court is 23.77m. This is the same for both singles and doubles courts.

Width of a tennis court

The width of a tennis court is usually 10.97m, with the singles lines sitting 1.37m in either side.
The width of the singles court is 8.23m.

Singles tennis court dimensions

A single tennis court is 23.77m long and 8.23m wide, with the service line being 6.4m from the
net. The total playing area is 195.65m².

There are four main types of surface for tennis courts: Grass, clay, hard and artificial
grass. Grass is the traditional lawn tennis surface and famously the signature courts of
Wimbledon. It’s not a surface you’ll see that often these days due to the constant maintenance
required to keep the courts in tip-top condition. Clay courts are made of crushed shale, stone or
brick. This surface slows down the ball and produces a slow and high bounce compared to other
surfaces. This makes rallies generally longer and more suitable for base line players and players
who like to play tactically using lots of spin and finding great angles. Hard courts, as the name
suggests hard courts are made of uniformed, rigid materials with an acrylic surface layer. This
surface is very popular across the world as it generally gives a good even and 'all round' playing
experience and offers more consistency than other outdoor surfaces. Artificial grass is a
synthetic surface with the appearance of grass and in many ways plays similarly. The ball will
move through quickly and generally keep low but is also a good surface for all standards of
player to learn on as the bounce is even and provides a consistent level of spin. You’ll find this
surface on all tennis courts at Neilson. Examples of famous tennis courts around the world:
Qizhong Forest Sports City Arena, Rod Laver Arena, and Central Court, Optics Valley
International Tennis Centre, China

C. EQUIPMENT AND GEARS (Including cost/price of each equipment and gears)

1. Racket- Rackets can be made of many alloys or wood. There are no restrictions on the size or
materials used in making a racket. It has an oval head and a gradually widening throat that
connects the narrow handle with the head of the racket. Usually, it cost around 2500-5000 per
racker. (https://www.lazada.com.ph/products/wilson-2021-new-carbon-fiber-racket-tennis-
racket-professional-tennis-string-bag-raquete-de-tennis-paqueta-i2437881634-
s11117777532.html?exlaz=d_1:mm_150050845_51350205_2010350205::12:12598959962!
121452561322!!!pla-29612067635!c!297612067635!11117777532!
473563234&gclid=Cj0KCQjwrJOMBhCZARIsAGEd4VFXW1PE0bUsLWc0zwmdRWMG7r5wi1wN9
DbL8w_XmtMfcMNuMCuwaS0aAuIVEALw_wcB,) But, there are a lot of cheaper ones.

2. Ball- As per ITF rules, Tennis balls are yellow colored spherical balls, with a diameter between
2.5 and 2.625 inches. They weigh between 2 and 21/16 oz. Pressurized rubber is used to make
semi spherical half shells. They are then joined with compressed air between them. AO
DUNLOP TENNIS 3 BALLS (1BOX / 24TUBES) Australian Open MVL SPORTS cost around
₱10,597.00 (https://www.lazada.com.ph/products/ao-dunlop-tennis-3-balls-1box-24tubes-
australian-open-mvl-sports-i2374786940-s10806006016.html?
exlaz=d_1:mm_150050845_51350205_2010350205::12:12598959962!121452561322!!!pla-
297612067635!c!297612067635!10806006016!
503373167&gclid=Cj0KCQjwrJOMBhCZARIsAGEd4VHDEhzLdAV3b0LYgieO4xxGEsOxSjJk1VGto5
MEOiwqGKqK55YUIuoaAujGEALw_wcB) But, just like another product. There are a lot of
cheaper alternatives that does the job.

3.Net- A rectangular net is used to separate the two sides of a Tennis court. The net should
cover the space between the two net posts. The net is woven in such a way that it does not
allow the Tennis ball to pass through. It is usually tied in about 3 feet above the ground at the
centre. MacGregor Tennis Net Center Straps costs around ₱1,143.00
(https://www.lazada.com.ph/products/macgregor-tennis-net-center-straps-i2095147294-
s9345974026.html?exlaz=d_1:mm_150050845_51350205_2010350205::12:15008424236!
132324256527!!!pla-297114411113!c!297114411113!9345974026!
465579524&gclid=Cj0KCQjwrJOMBhCZARIsAGEd4VFfcReG4SCjk2LiFAzWWA2FVYeSsJ2leXl3snQ
xNbOAY4SK4a8ZLJoaAhdzEALw_wcB)
4. Wrist bands -Wrist bands are worn around wrists to prevent sweat from wetting the players’
palm or the racket. A wet grip might not be strong. This cost around 50 pesos in thedepartment
store (Lcc Tabaco).
5.Head band-Headbands are used to absorb sweat. They also tie player’s hair away from their
face. Any tight cap made of absorbent material can also be used instead of a head band. I
bought my headband in Sm Legaspi, it cost around 150 each.

6. Tennis shoes- This are designed to give players better stability and prevent them from sliding
while moving sideways. Shoes shouldn’t damage the court when players move briskly across
the court. Personally, I use the Lacoste challenge leather, which cost around 6000 pesos (Mall
price)
7.Dress- Men wear T-Shirts or shirts made of materials like polyester that does not absorb
sweat and keeps the player cool. They wear shorts that do not cover their knees. Polyester T-
shirts cost around 300-500 pesos and the shorts costs around 150-450 pesos (Mall price)

D. General Rules of Tennis

 A ball must land within bounds for play to continue; if a player hits the ball outside of
bounds, this results in the loss of the point for them.
 Players/teams cannot touch the net or posts or cross onto the opponent’s side.
 Players/teams cannot carry the ball or catch it with the racquet.
 Players cannot hit the ball twice.
 Players must wait until the ball passes the net before they can return it.
 A player that does not return a live ball before it bounces twice loses the point.
 If the ball hits or touches the players, that counts as a penalty.
 If the racquet leaves the hand or verbal abuse occurs, a penalty is given.
 Any ball that bounces on the lines of boundary are considered good.
 A serve must bounce first before the receiving player can return it.

E. Tennis Officials

LINE UMPIRES- Line Umpires get to call the shots – literally – at all levels of tournaments, from
grassroots all the way through to the Australian Open.

CHAIR UMPIRES- The Chair Umpire has enormous responsibility during a match, and is
responsible for calling the score, enforcing the rules and managing the players. A successful
Chair Umpire needs great communication skills, the ability to stay calm under pressure, and
20:20 vision.

COMMUNITY OFFICIAL- Community Officials start as Court Monitors which help to identify on
court queries but can quickly graduate to Court Supervisors to help enforce the Rules of
Tennis and Code of Behaviour, as well as resolving on court queries.

REFEREES- The Referee is the expert in all things rules and regulations. Referees supervise all
aspects of a tournament, from taking charge of the draws and schedules, to enforcing the
rules and making sure everything runs smoothly and in the spirit of fairness.
Dual sports
Bowling
A.History (brief)
Bowling, also called tenpins, game in which a heavy ball is rolled down a long, narrow lane
toward a group of objects known as pins, the aim being to knock down more pins than an
opponent. The game is quite different from the sport of bowls, or lawn bowls, in which the aim
is to bring the ball to rest near a stationary ball called a jack.

There are many forms of bowling, but tenpins, the most widely played variation, is the principal
form in the United States, Canada, western Europe, East Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and Latin
America. Its many variations include duckpins, candlepins, five pins, skittles, and ninepins, with
differences within the framework of each of the games. Articles found in the tomb of an
Egyptian child buried in about 3200 BC included nine pieces of stone, to be set up as pins, at
which a stone “ball” was rolled, the ball having first to roll through an archway made of three
pieces of marble. The modern sport of bowling at pins probably originated in ancient Germany,
not as a sport but as a religious ceremony. As early as the 3rd or 4th century AD, in rites held in
the cloisters of churches, parishioners may have placed their ever-present club,
or Kegel (the implement most Germans carried for sport and, certainly, self-protection), at one
end of a runway resembling a modern bowling lane. The Kegel was said to represent
the Heide (“heathen”). A stone was rolled at the Heide, and those successfully toppling it were
believed to have cleansed themselves of sin. Although the peasants’ club evolved into pins, the
association remained, and even today bowlers are often called keglers.

B. COURT DIMENSION AND VENUE

A bowling lane is 42 inches wide and 60 feet long, with the length being measured from the foul
line to the head pin. Knowledge of these dimensions will have little, if any, influence on your
bowling performance.

C. EQUIPMENT AND GEARS ( Including cost/price of each equipment and gears )

1.Bowling Alley - Bowling alleys are where the sport of bowling is played, regardless if a player
is involved in a high school, college, or professional league. They consist of lanes, which are
long, narrow strips of wood where gameplay occurs. The objective is to roll the bowling ball
down these lanes to knock over as many pins as possible. (The cost will depend on the material)
2.Bowling Bags- Bowling bags were created in order to make it easier for bowlers to carry
around their personal, heavy bowling balls. Originally, a small leather bag with straps gave a
better grip for holding the ball rather than having to lug around a slippery ball on its own.
Bowling bags were first used around the 1920s when the sport became popular and were
usually made out of strong and durable leather. The bowling bag quickly became the
quintessential design for bags that continue to be created today. Bowling bags cost around 500-
5000 pesos depends on the brand and quality. Some bags may be even cost higher

3.Bowling ball- A bowling ball is the main equipment that a player needs when bowling. The
bowling ball is what players roll down the lanes in order to knock down as many pins as
possible. It is also the equipment that a player can customize the most. Usually, bowling alleys
provide balls that players can use when they are going to play recreationally. However,
competitive players usually like to have their own ball suited specifically to them in order to
play their best. Bowlers try to do their best to keep their balls in the best condition possible. A
professional Bowling ball costs around 1500-15000 (It depends on the brand and quality)

4.Bowling ball wipes- A bowling ball is the main equipment that a player needs when bowling.
The bowling ball is what players roll down the lanes in order to knock down as many pins as
possible. It is also the equipment that a player can customize the most. Usually, bowling alleys
provide balls that players can use when they are going to play recreationally. However,
competitive players usually like to have their own ball suited specifically to them in order to
play their best. Bowlers try to do their best to keep their balls in the best condition possible.
According to my research, the bowling ball wipes cost around 1500-3000.

5.Bowling Lanes- The bowling lane is the main playing surface in the sport of bowling.
Consisting of wood or synthetic planks and oil patterns, the lane is the path the ball travels
down to knock down the ten pins positioned at the end of it. At one end of the lane is the set of
pins that the bowler is trying to hit, and at the other end of the lane is the foul line which
bowlers can not cross. The lanes are always 60 feet in distance from the foul line to the front of
the first pin. By understanding exactly how the lane is structured, bowling becomes much
easier! It is expensive to build a personal bowling lane. They can range anywhere from $18,000
for one consisting of used materials while it costs $45,000(200k +pesos) For lanes consisting of
completely new parts.

6.Bowling Pins- The pins in bowling are the white wooden structures that stand up at the end of
the lane. Every game of bowling is played with a 10-pin bowling pin set. The pins are set up in a
triangular formation, with fours pins in the back, followed by three, two, then one at the front,
making a point. The bowling pins are 15 inches tall and are composed of hard maple wood
covered in plastic, which is what gives them a bright white appearance. Each pin weighs about 3
pounds, which is why you hear such a loud crash when the speeding bowling ball hits the pins!
A set of bowling pins can range in prices depending on where you purchase them. Some stores
sell it by pieces around (1000 pesos each), some stores and even online shops sells it for 1600-
5500 per set (Each set consists of 10 bowling pins)
7.Bowling shirts- Many professional bowlers wear a bowling shirt and pants if they are in a
league. Usually competitive teams will wear matching shirts in order to have a consistent
uniform among its members. There are different types of bowling shirts that teams can buy for
their members that differ in price but not too greatly. Some teams may wear the stereotypical
baggy shirt or they might choose to wear polo shirts for their uniform. It cost around 300-500
pesos depending on the quality (Bicol Shirts-Tabaco City)

8.Bowling Shoes- Many professional bowlers wear a bowling shirt and pants if they are in a
league. Usually competitive teams will wear matching shirts in order to have a consistent
uniform among its members. There are different types of bowling shirts that teams can buy for
their members that differ in price but not too greatly. Some teams may wear the stereotypical
baggy shirt or they might choose to wear polo shirts for their uniform. Bowling shoes in the
Philippines (Online shops), costs around 750-2500 pesos depending on the brand and shop.

D. Rules of the Game (Brief)

1. There are 10 frames in a game.

2. Release the ball from behind the foul line.

3. Cannot cross the foul line.

4. The ball cannot come out of the gutter.

5. The ball cannot be altered during the game.

6. The maximum score is 300.

7. Two balls per frame (besides 10th frame).

8. Proper attire is required 9. Wait for the bowler on your right.

10. Be ready
E. Officials

Most of the time there are no officials. It's usually up to the bowlers and coaches to police
themselves and their opponents. This is because there are few judgment calls necessary in
bowling (versus, for example, a football referee trying to see whether the ball crossed the goal
line) because of electronic scoring and foul line monitoring. If the scoring system miscounts the
pins, the bowler will alert the other team that the count is wrong, the opponent will agree that
it's wrong, and then someone will change the score in the computer.

That said, when there are tournaments there are often officials that usually only write final
scores down at the end of a game or sometimes require bowlers to alert them so the official
can change the computer scores. These policies are to avoid collaborative cheating by the
teams.
Team Sport-Lacrosse

A.History

Lacrosse has its origins in a tribal game played by eastern Woodlands Native Americans and by
some Plains Indians tribes in what is now the United States of America and Canada. The game
was extensively modified by European colonizers to North America to create its current
collegiate and professional form. There were hundreds of native men playing a ball game with
sticks. The game began with the ball being tossed into the air and the two sides rushing to catch
it. Because of the large number of players involved, these games generally tended to involve a
huge mob of players swarming the ball and slowly moving across the field. Passing the ball was
thought of as a trick, and it was seen as cowardly to dodge an opponent. lacrosse, (French: “the
crosier”) competitive sport, modern version of the North American Indian game of baggataway,
in which two teams of players use long-handled, racketlike implements (crosses) to catch, carry,
or throw a ball down the field or into the opponents’ goal. The goal is defined by uprights and a
crossbar framing a loose net.

B. COURT DIMENSION AND VENUE

A standard lacrosse field is 110 yards (100 m) in length from each end line, and 60 yards (55 m)
in width from the side-line. Field lacrosse goals are centered between each side line,
positioned 15 yards (14 m) from each end line and 80 yards (73 m) apart from one another. It
can be played indoors and outdoors.

C. EQUIPMENT AND GEARS ( Including cost/price of each equipment and gears )

1. Stick- The lacrosse stick, which is also called a Crosse, is easily the most important piece
of equipment in a player’s arsenal. Sticks consist of two main pieces: the shaft and head.
The shaft is the handle the player grasps and the head is the cradle used to catch and pass
the ball. I cost around 2000-6000 pesos (Sports equipment shop in Manila)

2. Helmet- A good helmet is the most expensive piece of equipment a laxer will buy—and
for good reason. Lacrosse is a physical game, and helmets protect the head and face of a
player from body and stick checks during the game. The helmet costs around 8000-15000
pesos depending on the brand (Sports equipment shop in manila).

3. Gloves- Gloves are used for better grip and flexibility.This usually cost 1500-5000, the
expensive gloves has a better grip because of the material used.

4.Paddings- Good padding protects players from broken collarbones and dislocated
shoulders. Male lacrosse players are required to wear arm guards and shoulder pads.
Female players aren’t required to wear any padding. Female goalies, however, are required
to wear a chest protector, and can opt to wear minimal arm, leg and shoulder protection.
Overall paddings cost around 3000-5000 pesos depending on which shop you’ll buy the
paddings.

5.Shoes- Lacrosse shoes or cleats have the same look and feel as soccer shoes, but have an
extra cleat at the center of the toe. They’re designed to be light and provide plenty of ankle
support for a player.

6.Other equipment- This are optional equipment’s; mouth guard, rib pads, eye protection (for
girls) and an equipment bag. All of this equipment are extra guards for different parts of the
body. And this approximately costs 6000-7000 pesos total.

D. RULES OF THE GAME

Field lacrosse involves two teams, each competing to shoot a lacrosse ball into the opposing
team's goal. A lacrosse ball is made out of solid rubber, measuring 7.75 to 8 inches (19.7–
20 cm) in circumference and weighing 5 to 5.25 ounces (140–149 g). Each team plays with ten
players on the field: a goalkeeper; three defenders in the defensive end; three midfielders free
to roam the whole field; and three attackers attempting to score goals in the offensive end.
Players are required to wear some protective equipment, and must carry a lacrosse stick (or
crosse) that meets specifications. Rules dictate the length of the game, boundaries, and
allowable activity. Penalties are assessed by officials for any transgression of the rules. [
The game has undergone significant changes since Beers' original codification. In the 1930s, the
number of players on the field per team was reduced from twelve to ten, rules about protective
equipment were established, and the field was shortened.

E.Officials
1. lacrosse referees- Duties of lacrosse referees include checking for legal lacrosse equipment,
watching for rule infractions, and tracking and approving the score. Particular attention must be
paid to illegal body contact (particularly to the head) and unsportsmanlike behavior.
Activity 3: SPORTS PARTICIPATION

Have you participated in any sports?

List of Sports Participated Describe your participation in the Sports

-Horseback riding

-At
first, I was a bit hesitant because The Horse was
enormous. And I did not trust, myself enough. When I
tried to hop on the horse, I thought it would go on full
rampage with me. Nevertheless, I succeeded and even had
fun.

-Golf
-We were playing golf with some family
Friends at an exclusive golf course. It was
my first time playing golf, I made the gold
club fly into the sky. I also had a hard time
hitting the golf ball, “Ace the ball”, because
I didn’t had any background experience.
But, at the end of the day, I learned a lot of
things about golf from the instructors.

-Tennis -I enjoyed participating in this sport

because It is similar to badminton. I played
tennis atThe same exclusive clubs with our
family friends, fortunately, we won the
game, even though, the other players
were the best of the best because the
practice with instructors