General

Anatomy 1
Laboratory:
Labelling Report
Submitted by: August 18, 2019
Group A
Bolivar, Miguel D.
Cantiga, Irah Norielle D.
Francisco, Larriz Mae D.
Solano, Kyla Mae P.
Submitted to:
Dr. Beda J. Igasan
 The Scapula

b. acromion a. coracoid
process
j. scapular notch

c. superior
border d. superior
angle

i. glenoid
cavity

e. subscapular
fossa

h. lateral
border
f. medial border

g. inferior
angle

Anterior View
 a. acromion

m. scapular
c. superior spine
border

l. suprapinous
fossa

i. glenoid
cavity

k. infraspinous
fossa

f. medial
border

h. lateral
border

g. inferior
angle

Posterior View
 a. acromion

c. coracoid
process

i. glenoid
cavity

m. scapular
spine

h. lateral
border

Lateral View

The Scapula. It is also known as the shoulder blade, is a flat triangular bone located
at the back of the trunk and resides over the posterior surface
of ribs two to seven.

a. acromion - large bony projection on the superior end of the scapula. It is an

important landmark of the skeletal system and a muscle attachment
point essential to the function of the shoulder joint.

b. coracoid process - a small hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the superior anterior
portion of the scapula. Pointing laterally forward, it, together with the
cromion, serves to stabilize the shoulder joint.

c. superior border - is concave (see the diagrams of the posterior surface of the scapula,
below and further-below-left) and extends from the superior angle of
the scapula to the coracoid process. It is the shortest and thinnest of
the three borders of the scapula.

d. superior angle - forms the point of insertion of the elevator scapula whose functions,
or 'actions' include a combination of raising the scapula and or
rotating the head and / or tilting the head to the side.
e. subscapular fossa - is a landmark of the scapula. As the name implies, it is on the deep
side of the scapula. The subscapular fossa of the scapula is of
functional importance because it is the origin for
the subscapularis muscle (one of the four rotator cuff muscles)  It is
also the insertion for: the serratus anterior muscle

f. medial border - the longest of the three borders of the scapula. It extends all the way
along the long edge of the scapula bone from the superior angle of
the scapula (= medial angle of scapula) to the inferior angle of the
scapula.

g. inferior angle - positioned where the vertebral border, which is also called the 'medial
border' (of the scapula) meets the axillary border, which is also called
the 'lateral border' (of the scapula).

h. lateral border - the thickest of the three borders of the scapula bone. It extends down
from the lower margin of the glenoid cavity all the way along the
lateral edge of the scapula to the inferior angle.

i. glenoid cavity - articulates with the head of the humerus (upper-arm bone) at the
shoulder joint, enabling the arm to move relative to the torso.
The glenoid cavity is slightly concave from above downwards and
from side to side.

j. subscapular notch - is converted into a foramen by the superior transverse scapular

ligament, and serves for the passage of the suprascapular nerve,
sometimes the ligament is ossified. The suprascapular artery travels
superiorly to the superior transverse ligament.

k. infrapinous fossa - is the concave surface at the back of the scapula. This muscle is one
of the four muscles that form the rotator cuff, which functions to
stabilize the shoulder joint.

l. supraspinous fossa - a smooth concavity above the spine on the dorsal surface of the
scapula that gives origin to the supraspinatus muscle.

m. scapular spine - it assists in forming the supraspinatous fossa, and gives origin to part
of the supraspinatus.
 The Humerus
Anterior view Posterior view

a. head

b. anatomical neck
d. greater tubercle
f. bicipital groove
e. lesser tubercle

c. surgical neck

h. shaft
g. deltoid tuberosity p. radial groove

i. radial fossa

j. coronoid fossa

l. lateral epicondyle k. medial epicondyle o. olecranon fossa

n. trochlea
m. capitulum
The Humerus. The long bone in the upper arm. It is located between the elbow joint and
shoulder joint. It is sometimes referred to as “the funny bone”, the fact
that bone’s name is a homophone of humorous.

a. Head - rounded part that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula bone.

b. Anatomical neck - this is the portion that lies just below the head of the humerus.

c. Surgical neck - it is a constriction below the tubercles of the greater tubercle and lesser
tubercle, and above the Deltoid Tuberosity. It is much more frequently
fractured than the anatomical neck of the humerus.

d. Greater tubercle - it is situated lateral to the head of the humerus and posterolateral to the
lesser tubercle.

e. Lesser tubercle - smaller, and is more prominent than the greater tubercle: it is situated in
front, and is directed medially and anteriorly.

f. Bicipital groove - a deep intertubercular sulcus a.k.a. bicipital groove or intertubercular

groove divides the lesser and greater tubercles and afterwards proceeds
interiorly over the proximal shaft of the humerus. The tendon of the long
head of the biceps brachii travels via this sulcus.

g. Deltoid tuberosity - it is a rough, triangular area on the anterolateral (front-side) surface of

the middle of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches.
 h. Humeral shaft - it is the area extending from the upper border of the pectoralis major
tendon to the supracondylar ridge.

i. Radial fossa - is a slight depression found on the humerus above the front part of the
capitulum. It receives the anterior border of the head of the radius when
the forearm is flexed.

j. Coronoid fossa - small depression superior to the anterior portion of the trochlea, which
receives the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion of the forearm. It
is directly adjacent to the radial fossa of the humerus.

k. Medial epicondyle - is an epicondyle of the humerus bone of the upper arm in humans. It is
larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle and is directed
slightly more posteriorly in the anatomical position.

l. Lateral epicondyle - a small, tuberculated eminence, curved a little forward, and giving
attachment to the radial collateral ligament of the elbow joint, and to a
tendon common to the origin of the supinator and some of the extensor
muscles.

m. Capitulum - a smooth, rounded eminence on the lateral portion of the distal articular
surface of the humerus. It articulates with the cupshaped depression on
the head of the radius, and is limited to the front and lower part of the
bone.

n. Trochlea - it is the medial portion of the articular surface of the elbow joint which
articulates with the trochlear notch on the ulna in the forearm.

o. Olecranon fossa - is a deep triangular depression on the posterior side of the humerus,
superior to the trochlea, in which the summit of the olecranon is received
during extension of the forearm.

p. Radial groove - also known as the musculospiral groove, radial sulcus, or spiral groove,
is a broad but shallow oblique depression for the radial nerve and deep
brachial artery.

The Radius

a. head

b. neck
 c. radial tuberosity

d. shaft

e. ulnar notch

f. styloid process

g. dorsal tubercle

Anterior surface Posterior surface

The Radius. One of the two large bones of the forearm. It extends
from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the
wrist and runs parallel to ulna.

a. Head - located at the proximal end of radius. The upper

surface of the head is concave and articulates
with the convex capitulum of the humerus. The circumference of the
head articulates with the radial notch of ulna.
b. Neck – located below the head and below it is the radial tuberosity.
c. Radial tuberosity - also known as bicipital tuberosity, for the insertion of the biceps muscle.
d. Shaft - in contradiction with the shaft of the ulna, it is wider below than above.
e. Ulnar notch – located on the medial surface, it articulates with the round head of the
ulna.
f. Styloid process - located at the distal end of the radius, it projects distally from its lateral
margin.
g. Dorsal tubercle – located on the posterior aspect of the distal end which is grooved on its
medial side by the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus.
 The Ulna
a. styloid process

b. head of the ulna

c. coronoid process

d. trochlear notch

e. olecranon process
The Ulna. A long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the
smallest finger, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial
side of the forearm.

a. Styloid process -   is found at distal end of the forearm, and projects from the medial and
back part of the bone; it descends a little lower than the head, and its
rounded end affords attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the
wrist.

b. Head of the ulna - the small rounded distal extremity of the ulna articulating with the ulnar
notch of the radius and the articular disk.

c. Coronoid process - is a triangular eminence projecting forward from the anterior proximal
portion of the ulna.

d. Trochlear notch - is a large depression in the upper extremity of the ulna that fits

the trochlea of the humerus as part of the elbow joint. It is formed by the
olecranon and the coronoid process.

e. Olecranon process - is the near end of the ulna, the bone in the forearm, and it forms the
pointed portion of the elbow.
 Muscle of the Upper Limb

sternocleidomastoid
trapezius

pectoralis minor
deltoid

pectoralis major

serratus anterior

biceps brachii

h. brachioradials

Anterior View
 b. levator scapulae
a. trapezius

h. infraspinatus
c. deltoid
g. teres minor

f. rhomboids
d. triceps brachii

e. latissimus dorsi

Posterior View
 a. deltoid

b. triceps (long head) e. brachialis

c. triceps (lateral head) f. biceps

d. triceps
h. brachiodialis
g. anconeus

i. extensor carpi

Lateral view

The Muscles of Upper Limb. An organ system consisting of muscles supporting the structure
and movement of the upper extremities. It permits movement of
the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the
upper extremities.

Anterior surface

a. Trapezius - one of the major muscles of the back and is responsible for
moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula (shoulder blade)
and extending the head at the neck.
b. Sternocleidomastoid - long muscle in the side of the neck that rotate the head to the
opposite side.

c. Pectoralis Minor - is a tonic muscle that tends to be overactive and prone to

tightness. The primary actions of this muscle include the
stabilization, depression, abduction or protraction, internal
rotation and downward rotation of the scapula.

d. Deltoid - one of the major muscles of the back and is responsible for
moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula (shoulder blade)
and extending the head at the neck.

e. Pectoralis major - used to control the movement of the arm (lateral, vertical, or
rotational motion). It also play a part in deep inhalation, pulling
the ribcage to create room for the lungs to expand.

f. Serratus anterior - is a muscle that originates on the surface of the 1st to 8th ribs at
the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length
of the medial border of the scapula. The serratus anterior acts to
pull the scapula forward around the thorax.

g. Biceps brachii – bi-articular muscle, which means that it helps control the motion
of two different joints, the shoulder and the elbow. At the elbow
is essential to the function of the forearm in lifting.

h. Brachioradialis - is a muscle of the forearm that flexes the forearm at the elbow.
It is also capable of both pronation and supination, depending
on the position of the forearm.

Posterior surface

a.Trapezius - one of the major muscles of the back and is responsible for
moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula (shoulder blade)
and extending the head at the neck.

b. Levator scapulae - is a posterior Axio-appenducular muscle that connects the

upper limb to the vertebral column and lies in the posterior
triangle of the neck. When the spine is fixed, levator scapulae
elevates the scapula and rotates its inferior angle medially.

c. Deltoid - one of the major muscles of the back and is responsible for
moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula (shoulder blade)
and extending the head at the neck.

d. Triceps brachii - extend the forearm at the elbow joint, which functions to
straighten the arm. This muscle also functions to pull the upper
arm toward the body (adduction) and pull the upper arm
backward.

e. Latissimus dorsi - responsible for extension, adduction, transverse extension also

known as horizontal abduction, flexion from an extended
position, and (medial) internal rotation of the shoulder joint.
 f. Rhomboids - are upper back muscles that connect between your spine and
each of your two shoulder blades. When they contract, they pull
your shoulder blades together.

g. Teres minor - is a narrow muscle which lies below infraspinatus, above teres
major and triceps brachii, and deep to deltoid. It is one of the
four muscles which comprise the Rotator Cuff.

h. Infraspinatus - muscle is a thick triangular muscle, which occupies the chief

part of the infraspinatous fossa. As one of the four muscles of
the rotator cuff, the main function of the infraspinatus is to
externally rotate the humerus and stabilize the shoulder joint.

Lateral surface

a. Deltoid one of the major muscles of the back and is responsible for
moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula (shoulder blade)
and extending the head at the neck.

b. Triceps Brachii - (Long Head) The long head of the triceps brachii muscle is a
muscle of the back of the arm, originating from the scapula and
shoulder to insert at the elbow.

c. Triceps (lateral head) - lateral head is used for movements requiring occasional
high-intensity force.

d. Triceps - also triceps brachii (Latin for "three-headed muscle of the arm"),
is a large muscle on the back of the upper limb of many
vertebrates. It is the muscle principally responsible for extension
of the elbow joint (straightening of the arm).

e. Brachialis- (brachialis anticus) is a muscle in the upper arm that flexes the
elbow joint. It lies deeper than the biceps brachii, and makes up
part of the floor of the region known as the cubital fossa. The
brachialis is the prime mover of elbow flexion.

f. Biceps brachii - is a bi-articular muscle, which means that it helps control the
motion of two different joints, the shoulder and the elbow. The
function of the biceps at the elbow is essential to the function of
the forearm in lifting.

g. Anconeus - is a small muscle located at the elbow. Attaching to the humerus

and ulna, this muscle permits extension of the forearm and
provides support for both the dorsal joint capsule and the ulna
itself.

h. Brachiodialis - (shoulder muscle) provides the thickness of the upper forearm,

and is also included in the work when performing “hammers”.

i. Extensor carpi - is a muscle that can be found in the posterior compartment of

the forearm. It is partly overlapped by brachioradialis and these
muscles often blend together. As its name suggests it is a
wrist extensor and can be palpated inferoposteriorly to the elbow.
 The Bones of Upper Extremities

a. clavicle

b. humerus

Anterior surface
 c. scapula
Posterior surface

b. humerus

The
Bones
of h. Ulna
Upper

g. radius

d. carpals

Extremities. The upper limb or upper extremity is the region in a f. phalanges

vertebrate animal extending from deltoid region up to hand,
e. metacarpals
axilla and shoulder.

Anterior surface

a. Clavicle - or collarbone is a long bone that serves as a strut between

the shoulder blade and the sternum or breastbone.
b. Humerus -   is the long bone in the upper arm. It is located between the
elbow joint and the shoulder.
Posterior surface
c. Scapula - or shoulder blade, is a large triangular-shaped bone that
lies in the upper back.
d. Carpals - are the eight small bones that make up the wrist (or carpus)
that connects the hand to the forearm.
e. Metacarpals – these are the five bones of the hand.
f. Phalanges – these are the bones of the fingers.

g. Radius - or radial bone is one of the two large bones of the forearm,

the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side of
the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to
the ulna.
h. Ulna -   is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the
elbow to the smallest finger, and when in anatomical
position, is found on the medial side of the forearm.

The Eight Carpal Bones

 c. Scaphoid
d. lunate
a. Trapezoid e. triquetrum

f. pisiform
b. trapezium
h. hamate

g. capitate

The Eight Carpal Bones. These are the small bones that form the wrist. In human anatomy,
the main role of wrist is to facilitate effective positioning of te hand
and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the forearm.

a. Trapezoid - is a carpal bone in tetrapods, including humans. It is the

smallest bone in the distal row of carpal bones that give structure to
the palm of the hand.

b. Trapezium - is an irregular-shaped carpal bone found within the hand, and is one

of the carpal bones that form the carpal tunnel and is the most radial
of these bones.

c. Scaphoid - the scaphoid (or carpal navicular) resides between the thumb and

the bones of the forearm, and it resembles a large cashew nut.

d. Lunate - also known as the semilunar bone, is one of the eight carpal or wrist
bones in humans.

e. Triquetrum - is the second most commonly fractured carpal bone, and is located

in the wrist on the medial side of the proximal row of
the carpus between the lunate and pisiform bones.

f. Pisiform - pisiform bone is the most medial proximal carpal bone from a palmar

stance. It is also the smallest of all the carpal bones.

g. Capitate -   is the largest of the carpal bones in the human hand. It is located in

the most central portion of the wrist.

h. Hamate - is an irregularly shaped carpal bone found within the hand, and is

located in the distal carpal row, and articulates with the triquetrum,
the capitate, and the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones.

Blood Supply of the Upper Limb: Arteries

 a. axillary artery

b. circumflex humeral artery

j. aorta

c. brachial artery

d. common interosseous
artery
e. Anterior interosseous
artery

f. Radial artery h. Superficial

palmar arch
g. Ulnar artery
i. Digital
arteries

Arteries of the Upper Limb. The arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the upper limbs
from the aorta.

a. Axillary artery – the main artery of the upper limb. It originates from the
subclavian artery at the lateral margin of the first rib and enters
the shoulder region.

b. Circumflex humeral artery – It winds around the surgical neck of the humerus. The anterior
portion of the circumflex humeral artery supplies blood to the
humeral head and shoulder joint. Its posterior portion supplies
blood to teres major, teres minor, deltoid and long head of the
triceps muscle.

c. Brachial artery- the major artery of the arm. It continues from the axillary artery
at the lower margin of the teres major muscle.

d. Common interosseous artery – the terminal branch of the ulnar artery. It branches to anterior
and posterior interosseous artery.

e. Anterior interosseous artery – a branch of common interosseous artery. It supplies digitorum

profundus medially and flexor pollicis longus laterally.

f. Radial artery – a terminal branch of the brachial artery. It supplies the elbow
joint, lateral forearm muscles, radial nerve, carpal bones and
 joints, thumb, and lateral side of index fingers.
g. Ulnar artery – a terminal branch of the brachial artery. It supplies the elbow
joint, medial and central forearm muscles, median and ulnar
nerves, and common flexor sheath.
h. Superficial palmar arch – it is primarily composed of the ulnar artery with some
contribution from the branch of the radial artery.
i. Digital arteries – the only artery that emerges from the superficial palmar arch. It
supplies blood to the digits of the hand.
j. Aorta - the largest artery in the body that carries oxygenated blood
away from the heart to the rest of the body.

Blood Supply of the Upper Limb: Veins

a. Right subclavian vein

b. Axillary vein

c. Superior vena cava

d. Cephalic vein

e. Basilic vein

f. Median cubital vein

g. Ulnar vein

h. Radial vein

i. Superficial palmar
arch

j. digital veins

Veins of the Upper Limb. The veins that drain deoxygenated blood from the upper limbs to
the superior vena cava.

a. Right subclavian vein – its function is to carry deoxygenated blood from the upper extremities
back to the heart through the superior vena cava.
b. Axillary vein – it carries deoxygenated blood from the axilla and upper limb back to
the heart. It is continuous with the subclavian vein.
c. Superior vena cava – carries deoxygenated blood from the upper portion of the body to the
right atrium.
d. Cephalic vein – this superficial vein runs up to the lateral side of the arm and empties
into the axillary vein.
e. Basilic vein – it is a superficial vein that runs up to the medial side of the arm and
empties into the axillary vein.
f. Median cubital vein – it connects the basilic and cephalic vein in the forearm and empties
blood to basilica vein of the arm.
g. Ulnar vein - drains the medial aspect of the forearm and drains into the basilic
vein.
h. Radial vein - it drains the lateral aspect of the forearm and hand and drains to
the cephalic vein.
i. Superficial palmar arch – it receives blood from the digital veins and drain into the brachial
vein.
j. Digital veins – drains blood from the digits of the hand to the brachial vein.