Research Article ISSN 2277-3657
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International Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research &
Volume 3, issue 2 (2014),1-8 Allied Sciences
Effect of Using Anise Seeds Powder as Natural Feed Additive on
Performance and Carcass Quality of Broiler Chicks
Safa M.A. Eltazi
Faculty of Agriculture, Omdurman Islamic University, P.O. Box 382, Sudan
safamohamedeltazi@yahoo.com.
Subject: Agriculture
Abstract
The effect of feeding broiler chicks on diets containing different levels of anise seeds powder as natural feed
additive on productive performance, carcass characteristics and economic efficiency were studied. A total of two
hundred one-day old, unsexed (Ross-308) broiler chicks were randomly divided into four experimental groups. Each
group was further subdivided into five replicates at the rate of ten chicks per pen in complete randomized design.
The birds were fed with two basal diets (starter and finisher diets). The anise seeds powder (Pimpinella anisum L.)
was added to the basal diets at level (0.0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1%) resulting in four formulae respectively to group A, B, C
and D with group A serving as control group. The experimental diets were fed for 6-weeks duration. Health of the
stock and performance parameters was recorded. At the end of the experiment, the birds were slaughter, dressing
then used for different parameters and economical evaluation were calculated. The results showed that, the diet with
1% anise seeds powder had significantly (P<0.05) heaviest body weight gain, highest feed intake, best feed
conversion ratio, and highest dressing percentage with the highest percentage of commercial cuts (breast drumstick
and thigh). In addition to, the inclusion of anise seeds powder in broiler diets showed significantly (P<0.05) the most
tender breast and thigh meat and higher liver percentage as compared to control diet. The birds fed with the control
diet produced significantly (P<0.05) highest abdominal fat percentage. The mortality rate was not significantly
(P>0.05) affected by the addition of anise seeds powder to broiler diets. The highest profitability ratio (1.52) was
obtained by the diet with 1% anise seeds powder in broiler diet.
Key words: anise seed, performance, broiler
Introduction
At the present time, there is increasing pressure to Badea, 2002), antipyretic (Afifi et al., 1994),
eliminate the use of antibiotics as growth promoters antioxidant (Gulcin et al., 2003), antimicrobial (Al-
because of the residuals in meat products (Burgat, Kassie et al., 2008), antihelmintic (Bhatti et al.,
1999) and development of antibiotic resistant bacteria 1996) and hypocholesterolemic (Craig, 1999)
population in human (Sahin et al., 2002). activities. Additionally, anise is reported to possess
Supplementation of natural components in poultry anticonvulsant (Pourgholam et al., 1999),
rations to improve production is widely adopted in antiepileptic (Janahmadi et al., 2008) and muscle
the world. Recently aromatic plants and their relaxant (Albuquerque et al., 1995) properties. Some
associated essential oils or extracts are being studies have been conducted to evaluate the use of
concerned as potentially growth promoters. Anise anise seed or oil in poultry nutrition especially as
(Pimpinella anisum L.), a member of the Apiaceae growth promoters (Ciftci et al., 2005; Soltan et al.,
family, is an annual aromatic plant. The part of the 2008; Al-Beitawi et al., 2009).
plant used, is the fruit, in particular the seed and its The objective of this study was intended to
essential oil. Anise seed is listed by the Council of gain more information about the effect of using anise
Europe as natural source of feed flavouring and in the seeds powder as natural feed additive on productive
USA it is considered as GRAS, i.e. Generally performance and carcass quality of broiler chicks.
recognized as safe (Franz et al., 2005; Al-Beitawi et
al., 2009). Anise has been examined for its Materials and Methods
antiparasitic and digestion stimulating properties A total of two hundred, one-day old unsexed (Ross-
(Cabuk et al., 2003), as well as its antibacterial 308) broiler chicks were randomly distributed into 4
(Tabanca et al., 2003), antifungal (Soliman and groups of 50 chicks. Each group was further
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subdivided into 5 replicates with 10 chicks per each. respectively, while chemical composition of the super
The chicks of each replicate were housed in a pen (1 concentrate used in the basal diets is shown in Table
square meter) in an open-sided deep litter house. (3). Feed and water were offered ad-libitum. The
Anise seeds (Pimpinella anisum L.) purchased from light was continuous throughout of the experimental
local market and ground to fine powder. Then added period. The performance of the experimental birds in
to basal diets at the levels (0.0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1%) term of feed intake, live weight gain and feed
resulting in four formulae respectively to group A, B, conversion ratio were recorded weekly. Health of the
C and D with group A serving as control group. All experimental stock and mortality rate were closely
the experimental diets were formulated to meet the observed and recorded daily. At the end of 6th week
nutrient requirements of broiler chicks according to the experimental birds were individually weighed
NRC (1994) which was formulated from the local after overnight fast (except for water) then
feed ingredients commonly used for poultry feeding slaughtered without stunning. They were then
in the Sudan. The experimental diets were fed for 6- scalded, manually plucked, washed and allowed to
weeks duration where two phases of feeding program drain on wooden tables. Evisceration was performed
involved in supplying starter (1-21 days of age) and by a ventral cut and visceral as well as thoracic
finisher (22-42 days of age). Calculated analysis of organs were removed. After evisceration internal
the experimental basal diets was done according to organs (heart, liver and gizzard) were removed,
feedstuff analysis outlined by Ellis (1981), while weighed individually and expressed as percentage of
determined chemical analysis was conducted by the slaughtered weight. Eviscerated carcasses were
method of AOAC (1995). Formulation and proximate weighed and then chilled in a refrigerator for 24
analysis and calculated analysis for the experimental hours at 4oC. Cold carcasses were recorded
basal diets are shown in Tables (1 and 2)
Table (1): Formulation and proximate analysis of the experimental basal diets (percent as fed)
Ingredients (%) Starter diet Finisher diet
A: Formulation:
Grain sorghum 51.00 63.00
Wheat bran 7.00 5.00
Groundnut meal 14.00 13.00
Sesame meal 16.00 7.00
Super concentrate 5.00 5.00
Oyster shell 2.75 2.75
Common salt 0.25 0.25
Vegetable oil (corn) 4.00 4.00
Total 100 100
B: Determined analysis
Dry matter 97.40 95.00
Crude protein (N% x 6.25) 23.00 20.69
Ether extract 6.73 6.80
Crude fibre 6.20 5.00
Ash 9.94 7.86
Nitrogen free-extract 51.53 54.75
Table (2): Calculated analysis of the experimental diets dry matter basis (DM)
Item Starter diet Finisher diet
Metabolizable energy (Kcal/kg) 3051 3138
Crude fat 9.86 8.33
Crude protein 23.12 20.09
Lysine 1.14 1.05
Methionine 0.52 0.43
Cystine 0.33 0.27
Methionine + cystine 0.87 0.71
Calcium 1.10 0.93
Available phosphorus 0.71 0.64
Caloric-protein ratio 132 156
ME Kcal/kg: protein %
Metabolizable energy: calculated according to Ellis (1981)
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Table (3): Chemical composition of the super concentrate used in the basal diets formulation (Hendrix broiler
concentrate)
Metabolizable energy 1900 (Kcal/kg)
Crude protein 32.00%
Lysine 11.00%
Methionine 2.80%
Methionine + cystine 2.25%
Calcium 8.00%
Available phosphorus 5.00%
All the slaughtered birds were used for dissection. powder was increased. The diet with the highest level
The breast, thigh and drumstick of the left side of of anise seeds powder (1%) showed significantly
each carcass were dislocated, weighed and expressed (P<0.05) highest body weight gain and feed intake
as percentage of cold carcass weight. Taste panel was with the best feed conversion ratio as compared to the
done for broiler’s breast and thigh meat after other experimental diets. All the chicks were
wrapped individually in aluminum foil, and roasted apparently health and the mortality was not
in an electric oven at 175oC for 90 minutes. Ten taste significantly affected by the experimental treatments.
panelists were used to score colour, flavour, Table (5) shows the effect of feeding
tenderness and juiciness of the meat, according to the different levels of anise seeds powder on carcass
guidelines of Cross et al. (1978). Statistical analyses characteristic of the broilers. All the parameters
were made by analysis of variance for a completely measure were improved significantly (P<0.05) as the
randomized design, according to Steel and Torrie level of anise seeds powder was increased. Birds fed
(1986). on group D with the highest level of anise seeds
powder (1%) gave significantly (P<0.05) highest hot
Results and cold dressing percentage and highest percentages
of commercial cuts (breast, drumstick and thigh)
The effect of feeding different levels of anise seeds while those fed the control (A) diet gave the lowest
powder on broiler’s performance is shown in Table of these values.
(4). Final body weight, body weight gain, total feed
intake and feed conversion ratio were improved
significantly (P<0.05) as the level of anise seeds
Table (4): The effect of feeding different level of anise seeds powder on performance of broiler chicks (1-42
days)
Parameter A B C D SEM
Initial body weight (g/chick) 45.60 54.30 45.32 45.50 -
Final body weight (g/chick) 1815.92c 1946.21b 1982.33b 2100.01a 9.81
Body weight gain (g/chick) 1770.32c 1900.91b 1937.01b 2054.51a 9.72
Total feed intake (g/chick) 3540.64c 3706.77b 3757.79b 3944.66a 9.74
Feed conversion ratio 2.00a 1.95b 1.94b 1.92c 0.006
Mortality % 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.001NS
A: Control (without anise seeds powder)
B: 0.50% anise seeds powder
C: 0.75% anise seeds powder
D: 1.00% anise seeds powder
SEM: Standard error of the means
N.S. Not statistically significant (P>0.05)
Means on the same raw with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P>0.05).
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Table (5): Means values for the dressing carcass percentages and commercial cut of broiler carcasses.
Parameters A B C D SEM
Hot dressing percentage 67.62c 69.75b 69.82b 70.35a 0.16
Cold dressing percentage 67.20c 68.50b 68.71b 69.13a 1.12
Breast as % of old carcass 24.42c 25.61b 25.70b 26.32a 1.22
Drumstick as % of cold carcass 14.29c 15.51b 15.83b 16.21a 0.21
Thigh as % of cold carcass 15.02c 15.82b 15.98b 16.75a 0.20
A: Control (without anise seeds powder)
B: 0.50% anise seeds powder
C: 0.75% anise seeds powder
D: 1.00% anise seeds powder
SEM: Standard error of the means
Means on the same raw with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P>0.05).
Table (6): Body weight and organ proportions of broiler chickens
Parameters A B C D SEM
Final body weight (g/chick) 1815.92c 1946.21b 1982.33b 2100.01a 9.81
Abdominal fat as % of body weight 2.40a 1. 91b 1.92b 1.91b 0.018
Liver as % of body weight 2.12b 2.70a 2.71a 2.75a 0.11
Heart as % of body weight 0.52 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.012NS
Gizzard as % of body weight 2.23 2.27 2.27 2.29 0.001NS
A: Control (without anise seeds powder)
B: 0.50% anise seeds powder
C: 0.75% anise seeds powder
D: 1.00% anise seeds powder
SEM: Standard error of the means
N.S. Not statistically significant (P>0.05)
Means on the same raw with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P>0.05).
Table (6) shows the effect of feeding different levels colour) did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among
of anise seeds powder on the non-carcass components the dietary treatments except the tenderness of the
as the percentage of body weight. All the parameters breast and thigh meat of broiler. The addition of anise
measure were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the seeds powder to broiler diets showed significantly
inclusion of anise seeds powder in broiler diets (P<0.05) the highest tenderness scores for both the
except the heart and gizzard percentages. The breast and the thigh meat as compared to control diet.
addition of anise seed powder to broiler diets Generally, all the scores given for all attributes were
significantly (P<0.05) decrease the abdominal fat above moderate acceptability level.
percentage and increase the liver percentage as Table (8) shows calculation of total cost,
compared to control diet. The control diet showed revenues and net profit for the experimental groups.
significantly (P<0.05) the highest abdominal fat The results obtained from the economic study
percentage and the lowest liver percentage as indicated that, treatment (D) with the highest level of
compared to other experimental diets. anise seeds powder (1%) showed the highest
Table (7) shows the effect of dietary profitability ratio (1.52) as compared to the control
treatment on subjective scores for breast and thigh of group.
boiler meat. All the values (juiciness, flavour and
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Table (7): Subjective scores for the breast and thigh of broiler meat
Parameters A B C D SEM
Tenderness
Thigh 5.72b 6.35a 6.48a 6.82a 0.02
Breast 5.63b 6.20a 6.31a 6.76a 0.01
Juiciness
Thigh 5.52 5.70 5.55 5.46 0.03Ns
Breast 5.43 5.61 5.43 5.31 0.02NS
Flavour
Thigh 5.51 5.36 5.29 5.58 0.03NS
Breast 5.62 5.75 5.60 5.42 0.02NS
Colour
Thigh 5.29 5.51 5.60 5.42 0.04NS
Breast 5.35 5.40 5.22 5.35 0.03NS
A: Control (without anise seeds powder)
B: 0.50% anise seeds powder
C: 0.75% anise seeds powder
D: 1.00% anise seeds powder
SEM: Standard error of the means
N.S. Not statistically significant (P>0.05)
Means on the same raw with the same superscripts are not significantly different (P>0.05).
Table (8): Total cost, revenues and net profit of broiler chicks fed on different levels of garlic
powder.
Item A B C D
Cost (SDG)
Chick purchase 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
Management 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
Feed 11.70 11.72 11.79 11.82
Total cost 21.70 21.72 21.79 21.82
Revenues
Average eviscerated carcass weight (kg) 1.22 1.33 1.36 1.45
Price (SDG/Kg) 23 23 23 23
Total revenues 28.06 30.59 31.28 33.35
Net profit
Total revenues 28.06 30.59 31.28 33.35
Total cost 21.70 21.72 21.79 21.82
Net profit/bird 6.36 8.87 9.49 11.53
Net profit/kg meat 5.21 6.67 6.97 7.95
Profitability ratio/kg meat 1.00 1.28 1.33 1.52
Discussion
The effect of feeding different levels of anise seeds The diet with the highest level of anise seeds powder
powder on the productive performance of broiler (1%) showed significantly (P<0.05) the heaviest body
chicks is shown in Table (4). Treatment effect on weight and body weight gain as compared to control
final body weight, body weight gain, total feed intake diet. The improvement in body weight gain in
and feed conversion ratio was significant (P<0.05). treatments that supplemented with anise seeds
The inclusion of anise seeds powder in broiler diets powder in the diets as compared to control group may
significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the body weight and be related to active ingredient such as anethole which
the body weight gain as compared to the control diet. achieved through stimulating effect on digestive
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system and increases production of digestive properties such as antimicrobial effect (Tabanca et
enzymes which improved utilization of digestive al., 2003) and anti-fungal effect (Soliman and Badea,
products through enhanced liver function (Cabuk et 2002) which improved the over all productive
al., 2003; Osman et al., 2005 and Hernandez et performance of broiler chicks. Treatment effect on
al., 2004). This result was in line with the findings of mortality rate was not significant. Birds were kept in
Abu-Egla et al. (2001); El-Ghammary et al. (2002) clean disinfected environment following all hygiene
and Hassan et al. (2004) who mentioned that, the regulation programs. The birds died in the
increase in live body weight and body weight gain experiment were not related to experimental
may be due to the different active ingredients, treatments.
particularly anethole and eugenol in anise which have As shown in Table (5) the hot and cold
digestive stimulating effects. The result coincided dressing percentages were significantly (P<0.05)
with the finding of Al-Kassie (2008) who reported improved by the addition of anise seeds powder to
that feeding 1% of anise to Arbor Acer broiler chicks the diets of broiler. The diet with 1% anise seeds
resulted in improvement on average daily body powder produced significantly (P<0.05) the highest
weight gain as compared to feeding 0.5% of anise. hot and cold percentages while the control group
The feed intake significantly (P<0.05) produced significantly (P<0.05) the lowest
tended to increase with the increasing level of anise percentages. These results may be attributed to the
seeds powder in the diets of broiler as compared to coincided effect of these levels in feed intake and
control diet. The highest feed intake was significantly weight gain. This result agreed with Hamodi and Al-
(P<0.05) produced by the birds fed with the highest Khalani (2011) who mentioned that, the dressing
level of anise seeds powder diet (1%). This percentage of the diet that contain 6 kg/ton anise
improvement in feed intake for the diet with 1% anise seeds was significantly (P<0.05) increased as
seeds powder may be attributed to the appetizing compared to control diet. Similarly Simsek et al.
effect of active ingredient, such as anethol in anise (2007) reported that, there were significantly
(Cabuk et al., 2003). Similar result was obtained by (P<0.05) improvement in hot and cold carcass yield
Al-Kassie (2008) who stated that, the highest feed for the diet that supplemented with 400 ppm of anise
intake was at anise 1% group as compared to control oil as compared to control diet. The percentages of
group. In addition to, Hamodi and Al-Khalani (2011) commercial cuts (breast, drumstick and thigh)
mentioned that supplementation of anise seed at 6 showed significantly (P<0.05) improvement with the
kg/ton in broiler chick Cobb diet significantly inclusion of anise seeds powder in the broiler diets.
(P<0.05) increased the feed consumption as This improvement may result from positive effects of
compared with control diet. the anise on the carcass performance. This results
The feed conversion ratio was significantly partially agreed with Hamodi and Al-Khalani (2011)
(P<0.05) improved with the inclusion of anise seeds who found that, there was significantly (P<0.05)
powder in broiler diet as compared to control diet. increase in carcass cuts (breast and thigh) when
The best feed conversion ratio was significantly broiler diets was supplemented with anise seed or
(P<0.05) obtained by the diet with 1% anise seeds karkade flower.
powder. The improvement in feed conversion ratio As shown in Table (6) the inclusion of anise
could be related to anise which have digestive seeds powder in the broiler diets significantly
stimulating effects which reported by Cabuk et al. (P<0.05) affected the percentages of non-carcass
(2003) who stated that anise seeds stimulate components (abdominal fat and liver) except the
digestion, particularly the digestion of protein, fat and heart and gizzard percentages. Birds fed on anise
cellulose (Jamroz and Kamel, 2002). In addition to, seeds powder diets produced significantly (P<0.05)
several researchers reported that anise oil the lowest percentage of abdominal fat while those
significantly improved the feed conversion ratio of fed the control diet produce the highest abdominal fat
broiler chickens (Ather, 2000; Williams and Losa, percentage. Similar result was obtained by Hamodi
2001; Giannenas et al., 2003; Ciftci et al., 2005). and Al-Khalani (2011) reported that, supplementing
Moreover, the improvement effects of using anise anise seeds at level 6 kg/ton feed significantly
seeds in broiler diet might be due to the improvement (P<0.05) decreased the abdominal fat percentage as
of apparent whole tract and ileal digestibility of the compared to control group. On the other hand,
nutrients (Hernandez et al., 2004), increasing the inclusion of anise seeds powder in broiler diet
effects of pancreatic lipase and amylase secretion significantly (P<0.05) increased the liver percentage
(Ramakrishna et al., 2003). The positive effect of as compared to control diet. This may be related to
anise seeds powder in broiler diets on the final body the effect of anethol on the digestive system and liver
weight, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio metabolism. This result was coincided with the
can be explained by the fact that, anise have medical finding of Hamodi and Al-Khalani (2011) who stated
6
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