Final Draft
This Science Grade 10 document has been provided to assist school districts, schools,
and teachers in preparing to deliver Science Grade 10 in 2008/2009, the first of year of
prescribed implementation. Feedback on this draft is not required. Although this
document is provided as draft material, it is anticipated the final Grade 10 Science
curriculum will be consistent with this draft.
The information contained in this document supersedes the information re Grade 10
Science contained in the Science 8 to 10 Integrated Resource Package 1996. The entire
updated Grade 8‐10 curriculum is being implemented according to the following
implementation schedule: September 2006 for grade 8; September 2007 for grade 9;
September 2008 for grade 10.
SCIENCE GRADE 10
Integrated Resource Package 2006
GBG 018
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Science grade 10 : integrated resource package 2006.
Also available on the Internet.
“The information contained in this document supersedes the
information re Grade 10 Science contained in the Science 8 to 10
integrated resources package 1996.”
ISBN: 978-0-7726-5688-9
1. Science – Study and teaching (Secondary) - British Columbia.
2. Life sciences – Study and teaching (Secondary) - British
Columbia. 3. Physics – Study and teaching (Secondary) – British
Columbia. 4. Earth sciences – Study and teaching (Secondary) –
British Columbia. 5. Education, Secondary – Curricula – British
Columbia. 6. Teaching – Aids and devices. I. British Columbia.
Ministry of Education. II. Science 8 to 10 integrated resources
package 1996.
LB1585.5.C3S33 2007 507.1’2711 C2007-960032-8
Copyright © 2006 Ministry of Education, Province of British Columbia.
Copyright Notice
No part of the content of this document may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including
electronic storage, reproduction, execution, or transmission without the prior written permission of the
Province.
Proprietary Notice
This document contains information that is proprietary and confidential to the Province. Any reproduction,
disclosure, or other use of this document is expressly prohibited except as the Province may authorize in
writing.
Limited Exception to Non‐Reproduction
Permission to copy and use this publication in part, or in its entirety, for non‐profit educational purposes
within British Columbia and the Yukon, is granted to (a) all staff of BC school board trustees, including
teachers and administrators; organizations comprising the Educational Advisory Council as identified by
Ministerial Order; and other parties providing, directly or indirectly, educational programs to entitled
students as identified by the School Act, R.S.B.C. 1996, c.412, or the Independent School Act, R.S.B.C. 1996, c.216,
and (b) a party providing, directly or indirectly, educational programs under the authority of the Minister of
the Department of Education for the Yukon Territory as defined in the Education Act, R.S.Y. 2002, c.61.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................................ 5
PREFACE
Preface .................................................................................................................................................................... 7
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE 8 TO 10
Rationale .............................................................................................................................................................. 11
Requirements and Graduation Credits ............................................................................................................ 11
Graduation Program Examination ................................................................................................................... 11
Goals for Science 8 to 10 ..................................................................................................................................... 12
The 2006 Science 8 to 10 Revision ..................................................................................................................... 12
Curriculum Organizers ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Aboriginal Content in the Science Curriculum ............................................................................................... 13
Suggested Time Frame ....................................................................................................................................... 14
Science K to 10: At a Glance .............................................................................................................................. 15
CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROGRAM DELIVERY
Alternative Delivery Policy ................................................................................................................................ 19
Addressing Local Contexts ................................................................................................................................ 19
Involving Parents and Guardians ..................................................................................................................... 19
Course Requirements Respecting Beliefs ........................................................................................................ 20
Safety Considerations ........................................................................................................................................ 20
Confidentiality ..................................................................................................................................................... 20
Inclusion, Equity, and Accessibility for all Learners ...................................................................................... 21
Working with the School and Community ..................................................................................................... 21
Working with the Aboriginal Community ...................................................................................................... 22
Information and Communications Technology .............................................................................................. 22
Copyright and Responsibility ........................................................................................................................... 22
PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Prescribed Learning Outcomes ......................................................................................................................... 27
Prescribed Learning Outcomes Grade 10 ........................................................................................................ 30
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 33
Grade 10 ............................................................................................................................................................... 37
Processes of Science ..................................................................................................................................... 38
Life Science ................................................................................................................................................... 41
Physical Science ........................................................................................................................................... 44
Earth and Space Science .............................................................................................................................. 50
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 57
Classroom Model – Grade 10 ............................................................................................................................ 61
Processes of Science ..................................................................................................................................... 63
Life Science ................................................................................................................................................... 66
Physical Science ............................................................................................................................................ 73
Earth and Space Science .............................................................................................................................. 89
LEARNING RESOURCES
Learning Resources ........................................................................................................................................... 113
GLOSSARY
Glossary ................................................................................................................................................................. 117
4 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
M
any people contributed their expertise to this document. The Project Manager was Mr. Waël Afifi
of the Ministry of Education, working with other ministry personnel and our partners in
education. We would like to thank all who participated in this process.
SCIENCE 8 TO 10 IRP WRITING TEAM
Matthew Bourget School District No.71 (Comox)
Andrew Chisholm School District No 57 (Prince George)
Diana Kermer School District No 36 (Surrey)
Barbara McKinley School District No 44 (North Vancouver)
GT Publishing Services, Ltd. project coordination, writing, and editing
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 5
PREFACE
T
his Integrated Resource Package (IRP) PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES
provides information teachers will require
in order to implement Science 8 to 10. This This section contains the Prescribed Learning
document supersedes the Science 8 to 10 Outcomes. Prescribed learning outcomes are the
Integrated Resource Package 1996, according to the legally required content standards for the
following implementation schedule: September provincial education system. They define the
2006 for grade 8; September 2007 for grade 9; required attitudes, skills, and knowledge for each
September 2008 for grade 10. subject. The learning outcomes are statements of
what students are expected to know and be able to
do by the end of the course.
The information contained in this document is
also available on the Internet at
www.bced.gov.bc.ca/irp/irp.htm STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
This section of the IRP contains information about
The following paragraphs provide brief classroom assessment and measuring student
descriptions of the components of the IRP. achievement, including sets of specific
Achievement Indicators for each Prescribed
Learning Outcome. Achievement indicators are
INTRODUCTION
statements that describe what students should be
The Introduction provides general information able to do in order to demonstrate that they fully
about Science 8 to 10, including special features meet the expectations set out by the Prescribed
and requirements. Learning Outcomes. Achievement indicators are
not mandatory; they are provided to assist
Included in this section are teachers in assessing how well their students
• a rationale for teaching Science 8 to 10 in BC achieve the Prescribed Learning Outcomes.
schools
• information about graduation program Also included in this section are key elements—
requirements and provincial examinations descriptions of content that help determine the
• goals for Science 8 to 10 intended depth and breadth of Prescribed
• information about the revision process that led Learning Outcomes.
to the publication of this document
• descriptions of the curriculum organizers— CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL
groupings for Prescribed Learning Outcomes
that share a common focus This section contains a series of classroom units
• Aboriginal content in the science curriculum that address the learning outcomes. The units
• suggested time allotments for each course have been developed and piloted by BC teachers,
• a graphic overview of the curriculum content and are provided to support classroom
from K to 10 assessment. These units are suggestions only—
teachers may use or modify the units to assist
them as they plan for the implementation of this
CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROGRAM
curriculum.
DELIVERY
This section of the IRP contains additional Each unit includes the Prescribed Learning
information to help educators develop their school Outcomes and suggested Achievement Indicators,
practices and plan their program delivery to meet a suggested timeframe, a sequence of suggested
the needs of all learners. assessment activities, and sample assessment
instruments.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 7
PREFACE
LEARNING RESOURCES GLOSSARY
This section contains general information on The glossary defines selected terms used in this
learning resources, providing a link to titles, Integrated Resource Package.
descriptions, and ordering information for the
recommended learning resources in the Science 8
to 10 Grade Collections.
8 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE 8 TO 10
•
T
his Integrated Resource Package (IRP) sets recognize that scientific knowledge is
out the provincially prescribed curriculum continually developing
for Science 8 to 10. The development of • use given criteria for evaluating evidence and
this IRP has been guided by the principles sources of information
of learning: • actively gain knowledge, skills, and attitudes
• Learning requires the active participation of that provide the basis for sound and ethical
the student. problem solving and decision making
• People learn in a variety of ways and at • assess the impact of science and technology on
different rates. individuals, society, and the environment
• Learning is both an individual and a group • cultivate appreciation of the scientific
process. endeavour and their potential to contribute to
science
In addition to these three principles, this
document recognizes that British Columbia’s To prepare students for further education and for
schools include students of varied backgrounds, their adult lives, the Science 8 to 10 curriculum
interests, abilities, and needs. Wherever engages students in the investigation of scientific
appropriate for this curriculum, ways to meet questions and the development of plausible
these needs and to ensure equity and access for all solutions. Science education develops and builds
learners have been integrated as much as possible on students’ sense of wonder about the world
into the learning outcomes, Achievement around them and encourages a feeling of
Indicators, and assessment activities. responsibility to sustain it. Science education
fosters students’ desire to meet a challenge, take
Science 8 to 10, in draft form, was available for risks, and learn from mistakes. It prompts a
public review and response from June to curiosity about the changing world and helps
December, 2005. Feedback from educators, students understand that the skills and knowledge
students, parents, and other educational partners they are gaining will be refined and expanded to
informed the development of this updated IRP. reflect advances in scientific knowledge and
technology.
RATIONALE
REQUIREMENTS AND GRADUATION
Science education in British Columbia is designed
to provide opportunities for students to develop CREDITS
scientific knowledge, skills, and attitudes that will Science 10 is designated as a provincially
be relevant in their everyday lives and their future examinable, four‐credit course, and must be
careers. In addition to introducing them to current reported as such to the Ministry of Education for
concepts, findings, and processes in various transcript purposes. Letter grades and percentages
scientific disciplines – biology, physics, chemistry, must be reported for this course.
astronomy, and geology – it encourages them to
• develop a positive attitude toward science
• examine basic concepts, principles, laws, and
GRADUATION PROGRAM
theories through scientific inquiry EXAMINATION
• demonstrate respect for precision
Although the instructional approach for Science 8
• develop awareness of assumptions in all
to 10 is intended to be experiential in nature, the
forms of science‐related communication
Grade 10 course has a set Graduation Program
• separate fundamental concepts from the less
examination, worth 20% of the final course mark.
important or irrelevant
All students taking Science 10 are required to
• identify supporting or refuting information
write the examination in order to receive credit for
and bias
this course.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 11
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE 8 TO 10
Ministry of Education to align, where possible and
For more information, refer to the Ministry of
appropriate, the scope and sequence of science
Education examinations web site:
education in British Columbia with the scope and
www.bced.gov.bc.ca/exams/ sequence outlined in the K to 12 Common
Framework of Learning Outcomes (developed and
published by the Council of Ministers of
GOALS FOR SCIENCE 8 TO 10
Education, Canada, under the aegis of the Pan‐
The over‐riding goals for Science 8 to 10 are Canadian Protocol for Collaboration on School
represented in the Prescribed Learning Outcomes Curriculum). Among other benefits, it is
for Science 8 to 10 in each curriculum organizer. anticipated that this alignment will facilitate inter‐
These goals are in alignment with the provincial transfers for students leaving or
foundational statements from the Pan‐Canadian arriving in British Columbia and give British
Science Framework (Council of Ministers of Columbia educators access to a wider range of
Education, Canada,1997) that delineate the four choice when acquiring textbooks and other
critical aspects of students’ scientific literacy. learning resources to teach Science 8 to 10.
• GOAL 1: Science,technology, society,and the A variety of resources were used in the
environment (STSE ) – Students will develop development of this IRP:
an understanding of the nature of science and • British Columbia Science 8 to 10 IRP (1996)
technology, of the relationships between • Pan‐Canadian Common Framework of Science
science and technology, and of the social and Learning Outcomes (1997), Council of Ministers
environmental contexts of science and of Education, Canada
technology. (http://cmec.ca/science/framework/)
• GOAL 2: Skills – Students will develop the • Science Curriculum Review Report (2001)
skills required for scientific and technological http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/branches/pser/wha
inquiry, for solving problems, for tsnew.htm#scrr
communicating scientific ideas and results, for • Provincial science curricula
working collaboratively, and for making − APEF (Atlantic Provinces Education
informed decisions. Foundation)
• GOAL 3: Knowledge – Students will − Ontario
construct knowledge and understandings of − Manitoba
concepts in life science, physical science, and − Alberta
Earth and space science, and apply these • Content Knowledge: A Compendium of
understandings to interpret, integrate, and Standards and Benchmarks for K‐12
extend their knowledge. Education, 3rd Edition (2000), Kendall, J. S. &
• GOAL 4: Attitudes – Students will be Marzano, R.J. (http://www.mcrel.org/
encouraged to develop attitudes that support standards‐benchmarks)
the responsible acquisition and application of • Atlas of Science Literacy (2001), American
scientific and technological knowledge to the Association for the Advancement of Science,
mutual benefit of self, society, and the Project 2061, National Science Teachers
environment. Association, Washington DC
• Designs for Science Literacy (2000), American
THE 2006 SCIENCE 8 TO 10 REVISION Association for the Advancement of Science,
Project 2061, National Science Teachers
This 2006 revision incorporates components from
Association, Washington DC
the 1996 provincial Science 8 to 10 curriculum and
• Shared Learnings (1998), Aboriginal
contributions of groups of British Columbia
educators. At the same time, the allocation of Education Initiative, British Columbia
topics at each grade reflects a commitment by the Ministry of Education
12 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE 8 TO 10
CURRICULUM ORGANIZERS be integrated and will occur frequently as
appropriate throughout each year.
A curriculum organizer consists of a set of
Prescribed Learning Outcomes that share a Life Science
common focus. The Prescribed Learning
At the 8 to 10 level, the Life Science organizer
Outcomes for Science 8 to 10 are grouped under
embraces a range of biology topics, moving from
the following curriculum organizers:
the microscopic level (the study of cellular
• Processes of Science
processes and how these relate to tissues, organ
• Life Sciences
systems in organisms, and reproduction) to the
• Physical Sciences
macroscopic level (the study of ecological
• Earth and Space Science
complexity and the diversity, continuity,
interactions, and balance among organisms and
Note that these four organizers are for the
their environments).
purposes of identifying Prescribed Learning
Outcomes; they are not intended to suggest a
Physical Science
linear delivery of course material.
At the 8 to 10 level, the Physical Science organizer
Processes of Science incorporates a series of topics that give students a
foundation for understanding Physics (via a focus
Students in Science 8 to 10 are building on skills
on optics, fluids, electricity, and motion) and
and processes that they have been developing
Chemistry (via a focus on atoms, elements, and
from Kindergarten through to Grade 7. These
chemical reactions). Two main Physical Science
include skills such as observing, classifying,
topics are dealt with in each year of the 8‐10
predicting, inferring, and hypothesizing. Scientific
program.
reasoning, critical thinking, and decision making
are also part of that foundation.
Earth and Space Science
Beginning in Grade 8, the curriculum places As a complement to the study of topics in other
greater emphasis on skills related to lab safety, areas of science (especially Physical Science), the
scientific communication (e.g., representing Earth and Space Science organizer gives students
information in graphic form), scientific literacy an opportunity to examine some of the
(e.g., being able to comprehend and evaluate macroscopic applications of scientific principles
science‐related material), and understanding and and technologies in the study of terrestrial and
using scientific technology (e.g., microscopes, extra‐terrestrial systems.
equipment involved in the study of electricity).
These emphases are maintained and reinforced at ABORIGINAL CONTENT IN THE SCIENCE
all three grade level, 8 to 10.
CURRICULUM
Although some discrete instruction related to The science curriculum guide integrates
Processes of Science will likely occur, it is Prescribed Learning Outcomes within a classroom
anticipated that skills and processes of science will model that includes instructional strategies,
mostly be developed as part of work related to the assessment tools and models that can help
other curriculum organizers (e.g., understanding teachers provide all students with an
how microscopes work and learning how to use understanding and appreciation of Aboriginal
them will occur in relation to the study of optics science. Integration of authentic Aboriginal
and the study of life science topics such as cells content into the K to 10 science curriculum with
and micro‐organisms). The curriculum the support of Aboriginal people will help
accordingly assumes that instruction and promote understanding of BC’s Aboriginal
assessment related to these skills an processes will peoples among all students.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 13
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE 8 TO 10
The incorporating of Aboriginal science with SUGGESTED TIME FRAME
western science can provide a meaningful context
for Aboriginal students and enhance the learning Provincial curricula are developed in accordance
experience for all students. The inclusion of with the amount of instructional time allocated for
Aboriginal examples of science and technologies each subject area, while still allowing for flexibility
can make the subject more authentic, exciting, to address local needs. For Science 8 to 10, around
relevant and interesting for all students. 12.5% of instructional hours per school year is
recommended.
Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Wisdom
(TEKW) is defined as the study of systems of The following chart shows the suggested
knowledge developed by a given culture. It brings estimated instructional time to deliver the
the concept of wisdom to our discussion of science Prescribed Learning Outcomes for each Science
and technology. TEKW tends to be holistic, curriculum organizer. These estimates have been
viewing the world as an interconnected whole provided as suggestions only; when delivering the
where humans are not regarded as more prescribed curriculum, teachers will adjust the
important than nature. It is a subset of traditional instructional time as necessary.
science, and is considered a branch of biological
and ecological science. This knowledge with its Grade 8
characteristic respect for sustaining community
Curriculum Organizer Suggested Time
and environment offers proven conceptual
Allocation
approaches which are becoming increasingly
important to all BC residents. PROCESSES OF SCIENCE integrated with
other organizers
Examples of TEKW science may be accessed LIFE SCIENCE 20‐25 hours
through living elders and specialists of various
PHYSICAL SCIENCE 40‐48 hours
kinds or found in the literature of TEKW,
anthropology, ethnology, ecology, biology, EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE 20‐22 hours
botany, ethnobiology, medicine, horticulture,
agriculture, astronomy, geology, climatology, Grade 9
architecture, navigation, nautical science,
Curriculum Organizer Suggested Time
engineering, and mathematics.
Allocation
Recognition of the importance of incorporating PROCESSES OF SCIENCE integrated with
TEKW into environmental planning is evident in other organizers
science‐based reports and agreements in Canada LIFE SCIENCE 20‐25 hours
and internationally. The Brundtland Commission PHYSICAL SCIENCE 40‐45 hours
report, Our Common Future (World Commission
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE 20‐25 hours
on Environment and Development, 1987), drew
our attention to the contributions of traditional
Grade 10
knowledge. In British Columbia, the report of the
scientific panel for sustainable forest practices in Curriculum Organizer Suggested Time
Clayoquot Sound emphasizes TEKW and the Allocation
importance of including indigenous knowledge in
planning and managing traditional territories. The PROCESSES OF SCIENCE integrated with
recognition of TEKW globally is explicitly other organizers
addressed in international agreements including LIFE SCIENCE 20‐25 hours
the Convention on Biological Diversity, Agenda PHYSICAL SCIENCE 40‐45 hours
21, and UNCED ‘92, or the Earth Summit at Rio de
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE 20‐25 hours
Janeiro.
14 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE 8 TO 10
SCIENCE K‐10: AT A GLANCE
PROCESSES AND SKILLS LIFE SCIENCE PHYSICAL SCIENCE EARTH AND SPACE
OF SCIENCE SCIENCE
Kindergarten • observing Characteristics of Properties of Surroundings
• communicating Living Things Objects and
(sharing) Materials
Grade 1 • communicating Needs of Living Force and Motion Daily and Seasonal
(recording) Things Changes
• classifying
Grade 2 • interpreting Animal Growth Properties of Air, Water, and Soil
observations and Changes Matter
• making inferences
Grade 3 • questioning Plant Growth and Materials and Stars and Planets
• measuring and Changes Structures
reporting
Grade 4 • interpreting data Habitats and Light and Sound Weather
• predicting Communities
Grade 5 • designing Human Body Forces and Simple Renewable and Non‐
experiments Machines Renewable Resources
• fair testing
Grade 6 • controlling variables Diversity of Life Electricity Exploration of
• scientific problem Extreme
solving Environments
Grade 7 • hypothesizing Ecosystems Chemistry Earth’s Crust
• developing models
Grade 8 • safety Cells and Systems Optics Water Systems on
• scientific method Earth
• representing and Fluids and
interpreting Dynamics
Grade 9 scientific Reproduction Atoms, Elements, Space Exploration
information and Compounds
• scientific literacy
• ethical behaviour Characteristics of
and cooperative Electricity
Grade 10 skills Sustainability of Chemical Reactions Energy Transfer in
• application of Ecosystems and Radioactivity Natural Systems
scientific principles
• science‐related Motion Plate Tectonics
technology
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 15
CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROGRAM DELIVERY
CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROGRAM DELIVERY
T his section of the IRP contains additional
information to help educators develop their
school practices and plan their program
delivery to meet the needs of all learners. Included
health and career education curriculum. Neither
does it allow students to be excused from meeting
any learning outcomes related to health. It is
expected that students who arrange for alternative
in this section is information about: delivery will address the health‐related learning
• Alternative Delivery policy outcomes and will be able to demonstrate their
• addressing local contexts understanding of these learning outcomes.
• involving parents and guardians
• course requirements respecting beliefs For more information about policy relating to
• safety considerations alternative delivery, refer to
• confidentiality www.bced.gov.bc.ca/policy/
• inclusion, equity, and accessibility
• working with the school and community
• working with the Aboriginal community ADDRESSING LOCAL CONTEXTS
• information and communications technology
There is some flexibility in the Science 8 to 10
• copyright
curriculum, providing opportunities for
individual teacher and student choice in the
ALTERNATIVE DELIVERY POLICY selection of topics to meet learning outcomes. This
flexibility enables educators to plan their
The Alternative Delivery policy does not apply to
programs by using topics and examples that are
the Science 8 to 10 curriculum.
relevant to their local context and to the particular
interests of their students. When selecting topics it
The Alternative Delivery policy outlines how
may be appropriate to incorporate student input.
students, and their parents or guardians, in
consultation with their local school authority, may
choose means other than instruction by a teacher INVOLVING PARENTS AND GUARDIANS
within the regular classroom setting for
The family is the primary educator in the
addressing Prescribed Learning Outcomes
development of students’ attitudes and values.
contained in the Health curriculum organizer of
The school plays a supportive role by focussing on
the following curriculum documents:
the Prescribed Learning Outcomes in the Science 8
• Health and Career Education K to 7, and
to 10 curriculum. Parents and guardians can
Personal Planning K to 7 Personal
support, enrich, and extend the curriculum at
Development curriculum organizer (until
home.
September 2008)
• Health and Career Education 8 and 9
It is highly recommended that schools inform
• Planning 10
parents and guardians about the Science 8 to 10
curriculum, and teachers (along with school and
The policy recognizes the family as the primary
district administrators) may choose to do so by
educator in the development of children’s
• informing parents/guardians and students of
attitudes, standards, and values, but the policy
the Prescribed Learning Outcomes for the
still requires that all Prescribed Learning
subject by sending home class letters,
Outcomes be addressed and assessed in the
providing an overview during parent‐teacher
agreed‐upon alternative manner of delivery.
interviews, etc.
• responding to parent and guardian requests to
It is important to note the significance of the term
discuss course unit plans, learning resources,
“alternative delivery” as it relates to the
etc.
Alternative Delivery policy. The policy does not
permit schools to omit addressing or assessing any
of the Prescribed Learning Outcomes within the
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 19
CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROGRAM DELIVERY
COURSE REQUIREMENTS RESPECTING groups helps develop a strong safety
consciousness both inside and outside our schools.
BELIEFS
For many students and teachers, the study of some Field work and field trips require special vigilance
science concepts may lead to issues and questions with respect to traffic and road safety, safe
that go beyond the immediate scope of curriculum practices in study areas and when obtaining
(e.g., science is used to meet many industrial samples, and an awareness of changes in weather.
requirements, but industrial decision makers must
consider factors other than scientific feasibility Another important aspect of in‐school safety is the
before adopting a particular process). The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information
technological application of science in areas such Systems (WHMIS). Through labelling, material
as genetic engineering, human reproduction, and safety data sheets, and education and training,
medical technology raises questions of ethics and WHMIS is designed to ensure that those using
values. Because these social questions arise, in hazardous materials have sufficient information to
part, from capabilities that science makes possible, handle them safely. Each school district should
they should be addressed. It must be made clear to have an individual trained in WHMIS who can
students, however, that science only provides the work with teachers to establish safe, well‐
background for what is hoped will be informed ventilated classroom and laboratory working
personal and social decisions. Teachers must conditions.
handle these questions objectively and with
sensitivity. To assist teachers in providing a safe science‐
learning environment, the Ministry of Education
Reconciling scientific discoveries (for example, in publishes the Science Safety Resource Manual, which
age dating) and religious faith poses a particular has been distributed to every school.
challenge for some students. While respecting the
personal beliefs of students, teachers should be The Science Safety Resource Manual is available
careful to distinguish between knowledge based online at
on the application of scientific methods, and www.bced.gov.bc.ca/irp/resdocs/scisafety.htm
religious teachings and associated beliefs such as
creationism, theory of divine creation, or
intelligent design theory.
CONFIDENTIALITY
The Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS Act (FOIPPA) applies to students, to school district
employees, and to all curricula. Teachers,
Science education is an activity‐based process that administrators, and district staff should consider
provides an exciting method of teaching and the following:
learning. However, experiments and • Be aware of district and school guidelines
demonstrations may involve inherent risks for regarding the provisions of FOIPPA and how
both the teacher and the student. it applies to all subjects, including Science 8 to
10.
Safety guidelines must be discussed with students. • Do not use students’ Personal Education
These safety guidelines must support and Numbers (PEN) on any assignments that
encourage the investigative approach generally students wish to keep confidential.
and laboratory instruction specifically, while at the • Ensure students are aware that if they disclose
same time promoting safety in the classroom and personal information that indicates they are at
laboratory. Encouraging a positive safety attitude risk for harm, then that information cannot be
is a responsibility shared among the board, school kept confidential.
administrators, teachers, and students in every • Inform students of their rights under FOIPPA,
school district. The co‐operation of all these especially the right to have access to their own
20 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROGRAM DELIVERY
personal information in their school records. issues, and themes such as inclusion, respect, and
Inform parents of their rights to access their acceptance.
children’s school records.
• Minimize the type and amount of personal Government policy supports the principles of
information collected, and ensure that it is integration and inclusion of students who have
used only for purposes that relate directly to English as a second language and of students with
the reason for which it is collected. special needs. Most of the Prescribed Learning
• Inform students that they will be the only ones Outcomes and suggested Achievement Indicators
recording personal information about in this IRP can be met by all students, including
themselves unless they, or their parents, have those with special needs and/or ESL needs. Some
consented to teachers collecting that strategies may require adaptations to ensure that
information from other people (including those with special and/or ESL needs can
parents). successfully achieve the learning outcomes. Where
• Provide students and their parents with the necessary, modifications can be made to the
reason(s) they are being asked to provide Prescribed Learning Outcomes for students with
personal information in the context of the Individual Education Plans.
Science 8 to 10 curriculum.
• Inform students and their parents that they For more information about resources and
can ask the school to correct or annotate any of support for students with special needs, refer to
the personal information held by the school, in www.bced.gov.bc.ca/specialed/
accordance with Section 29 of FOIPPA.
• Ensure students are aware that their parents
may have access to the schoolwork they create For more information about resources and
only insofar as it pertains to students’ support for ESL students, refer to
progress. www.bced.gov.bc.ca/esl/
• Ensure that any information used in assessing
students’ progress is up‐to‐date, accurate, and WORKING WITH THE SCHOOL AND
complete.
COMMUNITY
For more information about confidentiality, refer to This curriculum addresses a wide range of skills
www.mser.gov.bc.ca/FOI_POP/index.htm and understandings that students are developing
in other areas of their lives. It is important to
recognize that learning related to this curriculum
INCLUSION, EQUITY, AND extends beyond the science classroom.
ACCESSIBILITY FOR ALL LEARNERS
School and district‐wide programs support and
British Columbia’s schools include students of
extend learning in Science 8 to 10. Community
varied backgrounds, interests, and abilities. The
organizations may also support the curriculum
Kindergarten to grade 12 school system focusses
with locally developed learning resources, guest
on meeting the needs of all students. When
speakers, workshops, and field studies. Teachers
selecting specific topics, activities, and resources
may wish to draw on the expertise of these
to support the implementation of Science 8 to 10,
community organizations and members.
teachers are encouraged to ensure that these
choices support inclusion, equity, and accessibility
for all students. In particular, teachers should
ensure that classroom instruction, assessment, and
resources reflect sensitivity to diversity and
incorporate positive role portrayals, relevant
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 21
CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROGRAM DELIVERY
WORKING WITH THE ABORIGINAL technology for a variety of purposes.
Development of these skills is important for
COMMUNITY students in their education, their future careers,
The Ministry of Education is dedicated to ensuring and their everyday lives.
that the cultures and contributions of Aboriginal
peoples in BC are reflected in all provincial Literacy in the area of information and
curricula. To address these topics in the classroom communications technology can be defined as the
in a way that is accurate and that respectfully ability to obtain and share knowledge through
reflects Aboriginal concepts of teaching and investigation, study, instruction, or transmission
learning, teachers are strongly encouraged to seek of information by means of media technology.
the advice and support of local Aboriginal Becoming literate in this area involves finding,
communities. As Aboriginal communities are gathering, assessing, and communicating
diverse in terms of language, culture, and information using electronic means, as well as
available resources, each community will have its developing the knowledge and skills to use and
own unique protocol to gain support for solve problems effectively with the technology.
integration of local knowledge and expertise. To Literacy also involves a critical examination and
begin discussion of possible instructional and understanding of the ethical and social issues
assessment activities, teachers should first contact related to the use of information and
Aboriginal education co‐ordinators, teachers, communications technology. When planning for
support workers, and counsellors in their district instruction and assessment in Science 8 to 10,
who will be able to facilitate the identification of teachers should provide opportunities for students
local resources and contacts such as elders, chiefs, to develop literacy in relation to information and
tribal or band councils, Aboriginal cultural communications technology sources, and to reflect
centres, Aboriginal Friendship Centres, and Métis critically on the role of these technologies in
or Inuit organizations. society.
In addition, teachers may wish to consult the COPYRIGHT AND RESPONSIBILITY
various Ministry of Education publications
available, including the “Planning Your Program” Copyright is the legal protection of literary,
section of the resource, Shared Learnings. This dramatic, artistic, and musical works; sound
resource was developed to help all teachers recordings; performances; and communications
provide students with knowledge of, and signals. Copyright provides creators with the legal
opportunities to share experiences with, right to be paid for their work and the right to say
Aboriginal peoples in BC. how their work is to be used. There are some
exceptions in the law (i.e., specific things
permitted) for schools but these are very limited,
For more information about these documents,
such as copying for private study or research. The
consult the Aboriginal Education web site:
copyright law determines how resources can be
www.bced.gov.bc.ca/abed/welcome.htm
used in the classroom and by students at home.
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS In order to respect copyright it is necessary to
TECHNOLOGY understand the law. It is unlawful to do the
following, unless permission has been given by a
The study of information and communications copyright owner:
technology is increasingly important in our • photocopy copyrighted material to avoid
society. Students need to be able to acquire and purchasing the original resource for any
analyse information, to reason and communicate, reason
to make informed decisions, and to understand • photocopy or perform copyrighted material
and use information and communications beyond a very small part—in some cases the
22 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROGRAM DELIVERY
copyright law considers it “fair” to copy Many creators, publishers, and producers have
whole works, such as an article in a journal or formed groups or “collectives” to negotiate
a photograph, for purposes of research and royalty payments and copying conditions for
private study, criticism, and review educational institutions. It is important to know
• show videotaped television or radio programs what licences are in place and how these affect the
to students in the classroom unless these are activities schools are involved in. Some licences
cleared for copyright for educational use may also have royalty payments that are
(there are exceptions such as for news and determined by the quantity of photocopying or
news commentary taped within one year of the length of performances. In these cases, it is
broadcast that by law have record‐keeping important to assess the educational value and
requirements—see the web site at the end of merits of copying or performing certain works to
this section for more details) protect the school’s financial exposure (i.e., only
• photocopy print music, workbooks, copy or use that portion that is absolutely
instructional materials, instruction manuals, necessary to meet an educational objective).
teacher guides, and commercially available
tests and examinations It is important for education professionals,
• show videotapes at schools that are not parents, and students to respect the value of
cleared for public performance original thinking and the importance of not
• perform music or do performances of plagiarizing the work of others. The works of
copyrighted material for entertainment (i.e., others should not be used without their
for purposes other than a specific educational permission.
objective)
• copy work from the Internet without an
For more information about copyright, refer to
express message that the work can be copied
www.cmec.ca/copyright/indexe.stm
Permission from or on behalf of the copyright
owner must be given in writing. Permission may
also be given to copy or use all or some portion of
copyrighted work through a licence or agreement.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 23
PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES
PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES
P rescribed learning outcomes are content
standards for the provincial education
system; they are the prescribed curriculum.
Clearly stated and expressed in measurable and
Conversely, the abbreviation “e.g.,” (for example)
in a Prescribed Learning Outcome indicates that
the ensuing items are provided for illustrative
purposes or clarification, and are not
observable terms, learning outcomes set out the requirements that must be addressed. Presented
required attitudes, skills, and knowledge—what in parentheses, the list of items introduced by
students are expected to know and be able to do— “e.g.,” is neither exhaustive nor prescriptive, nor is
by the end of the subject and grade. it put forward in any special order of importance
or priority. Teachers are free to substitute items of
Schools have the responsibility to ensure that all their own choosing that they feel best address the
Prescribed Learning Outcomes in this curriculum intent of the learning outcome.
are met; however, schools have flexibility in
determining how delivery of the curriculum can Domains of Learning
best take place.
Prescribed learning outcomes in BC curricula
identify required learning in relation to one or
It is expected that student achievement will vary
more of the three domains of learning: cognitive,
in relation to the learning outcomes. Evaluation,
psychomotor, and affective. The following
reporting, and student placement with respect to
definitions of the three domains are based on
these outcomes are dependent on the professional
Bloom’s taxonomy.
judgment and experience of teachers, guided by
provincial policy.
The cognitive domain deals with the recall or
recognition of knowledge and the development of
Prescribed learning outcomes for Science 8 to 10
intellectual abilities. The cognitive domain can be
are presented by grade and by curriculum
further specified as including three cognitive
organizer and suborganizer, and are coded
levels: knowledge, understanding and application,
alphanumerically for ease of reference; however,
and higher mental processes. These levels are
this arrangement is not intended to imply a
determined by the verb used in the learning
required instructional sequence.
outcome, and illustrate how student learning
develops over time.
Wording of Prescribed Learning Outcomes
• Knowledge includes those behaviours that
All learning outcomes complete the stem, “It is emphasize the recognition or recall of ideas,
expected that students will ….” material, or phenomena.
• Understanding and application represents a
When used in a Prescribed Learning Outcome, the comprehension of the literal message
word “including” indicates that any ensuing item contained in a communication, and the ability
must be addressed. Lists of items introduced by to apply an appropriate theory, principle,
the word “including” represent a set of minimum idea, or method to a new situation.
requirements associated with the general • Higher mental processes include analysis,
requirement set out by the outcome. The lists are synthesis, and evaluation. The higher mental
not necessarily exhaustive, however, and teachers processes level subsumes both the knowledge
may choose to address additional items that also and the understanding and application levels.
fall under the general requirement set out by the
outcome. The affective domain concerns attitudes, beliefs,
and the spectrum of values and value systems.
The psychomotor domain includes those aspects
of learning associated with movement and skill
demonstration, and integrates the cognitive and
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 27
PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES
affective consequences with physical
performances.
Domains of learning and cognitive levels also
form the basis of the Assessment Overview Tables
provided for each grade in the Classroom
Assessment Model. In addition, domains of
learning and, particularly, cognitive levels, inform
the design and development of the Graduation
Program examination for Science 10.
28 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES
Grade 10
PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES • By Grade
GRADE 10
Processes of Science
It is expected that students will:
A1 demonstrate safe procedures
A2 perform experiments using the scientific method
A3 represent and interpret information in graphic form
A4 demonstrate scientific literacy
A5 demonstrate ethical, responsible, cooperative behaviour
A6 describe the relationship between scientific principles and technology
A7 demonstrate competence in the use of technologies specific to investigative procedures and research
Life Science: Sustainability of Ecosystems
It is expected that students will:
B1 explain the interaction of abiotic and biotic factors within an ecosystem
B2 assess the potential impacts of bioaccumulation
B3 explain various ways in which natural populations are altered or kept in equilibrium
Physical Science: Chemical Reactions and Radioactivity
It is expected that students will:
C1 differentiate between atoms, ions, and molecules using knowledge of their structure and components
C2 classify substances as acids, bases, or salts, based on their characteristics, name, and formula
C3 distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds
C4 analyse chemical reactions, including reference to conservation of mass and rate of reaction
C5 explain radioactivity using modern atomic theory
Physical Science: Motion
C6 explain the relationship of displacement and time interval to velocity for objects in uniform motion
C7 demonstrate the relationship between velocity, time interval, and acceleration
Earth and Space Science: Energy Transfer in Natural Systems
It is expected that students will:
D1 explain the characteristics and sources of thermal energy
D2 explain the effects of thermal energy within the atmosphere
D3 evaluate possible causes of climate change and its impact on natural systems
Earth and Space Science: Plate Tectonics
D4 analyse the processes and features associated with plate tectonics
D5 demonstrate knowledge of evidence that supports plate tectonic theory
30 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
T his section of the IRP contains information
about classroom assessment and student
achievement, including specific
Achievement Indicators to assist teachers in
Assessment for Learning
Classroom assessment for learning provides ways
to engage and encourage students to become
involved in their own day‐to‐day assessment—to
assessing student achievement in relation to each
acquire the skills of thoughtful self‐assessment
Prescribed Learning Outcome. Also included in
and to promote their own achievement.
this section are key elements – descriptions of
content that help determine the intended depth
This type of assessment serves to answer the
and breadth of Prescribed Learning Outcomes.
following questions
• What do students need to learn to be
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT AND successful?
EVALUATION • What does the evidence of this learning look
like?
Assessment is the systematic gathering of
information about what students know, are able to Assessment for learning is criterion‐referenced, in
do, and are working toward. Assessment evidence which a student’s achievement is compared to
can be collected using a wide variety of methods, established criteria rather than to the performance
such as of other students. Criteria are based on Prescribed
• observation Learning Outcomes, as well as on suggested
• student self‐assessments and peer assessments Achievement Indicators or other learning
• quizzes and tests (written, oral, practical) expectations.
• samples of student work
• projects Students benefit most when assessment feedback
• oral and written reports is provided on a regular, ongoing basis. When
• journals and learning logs assessment is seen as an opportunity to promote
• performance reviews learning rather than as a final judgment, it shows
• portfolio assessments students their strengths and suggests how they
can develop further. Students can use this
Student performance is based on the information information to redirect their efforts, make plans,
collected through assessment activities. Teachers communicate with others (e.g., peers, teachers,
use their insight, knowledge about learning, and parents) about their growth, and set future
experience with students, along with the specific learning goals.
criteria they establish, to make judgments about
student performance in relation to Prescribed Assessment for learning also provides an
Learning Outcomes. opportunity for teachers to review what their
students are learning and what areas need further
There are three major types of assessment that can attention. This information can be used to inform
be used in conjunction with each other to support teaching and create a direct link between
student achievement. assessment and instruction. Using assessment as a
• Assessment for learning is assessment for way of obtaining feedback on instruction supports
purposes of greater learning achievement. student achievement by informing teacher
• Assessment as learning is assessment as a planning and classroom practice.
process of developing and supporting
students’ active participation in their own Assessment as Learning
learning.
• Assessment of learning is assessment for Assessment as learning actively involves students
purposes of providing evidence of in their own learning processes. With support and
achievement for reporting. guidance from their teacher, students take
responsibility for their own learning, constructing
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 33
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
meaning for themselves. Through a process of Large‐scale assessments, such as Foundation Skills
continuous self‐assessment, students develop the Assessment (FSA) and Graduation Program
ability to take stock of what they have already exams, gather information on student
learned, determine what they have not yet performance throughout the province and provide
learned, and decide how they can best improve information for the development and revision of
their own achievement. curriculum. These assessments are used to make
judgments about students’ achievement in relation
Although assessment as learning is student‐ to provincial and national standards. The large‐
driven, teachers can play a key role in facilitating scale provincial assessment for Science 8 to 10 is
how this assessment takes place. By providing the graduation program examination for Science
regular opportunities for reflection and self‐ 10, worth 20% of the final course mark. This exam
assessment, teachers can help students develop, is a requirement for all students taking Science 10.
practise, and become comfortable with critical
analysis of their own learning. Assessment of learning is also used to inform
formal reporting of student achievement.
Assessment of Learning
Assessment of learning can be addressed through For Ministry of Education reporting policy,
summative assessment, including large‐scale refer to www.bced.gov.bc.ca/policy/policies/
assessments and teacher assessments. These student_reporting.htm
summative assessments can occur at the end of the
year or at periodic stages in the instructional
process.
Assessment for Learning Assessment as Learning Assessment of Learning
Formative assessment Formative assessment Summative assessment
ongoing in the classroom ongoing in the classroom occurs at end of year or at key
stages
• teacher assessment, student • self-assessment • teacher assessment
self-assessment, and/or • provides students with • may be either criterion-
student peer assessment information on their own referenced (based on
• criterion-referenced—criteria achievement and prompts Prescribed Learning
based on Prescribed Learning them to consider how they Outcomes) or norm-
Outcomes identified in the can continue to improve their referenced (comparing
provincial curriculum, learning student achievement to that of
reflecting performance in • student-determined criteria others)
relation to a specific learning based on previous learning • information on student
task and personal learning goals performance can be shared
• involves both teacher and • students use assessment with parents/guardians,
student in a process of information to make school and district staff, and
continual reflection and review adaptations to their learning other education professionals
about progress process and to develop new (e.g., for the purposes of
• teachers adjust their plans understandings curriculum development)
and engage in corrective • used to make judgments
teaching in response to about students’ performance
formative assessment in relation to provincial
standards
34 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
For more information about assessment for, as, Criteria are the basis for evaluating student
and of learning, refer to the following resource progress. They identify, in specific terms, the
developed by the Western and Northern Canadian critical aspects of a performance or a product that
Protocol (WNCP): Rethinking Assessment with indicate how well the student is meeting the
Purpose in Mind. Prescribed Learning Outcomes. For example,
weighted criteria, rating scales, or scoring guides
This resource is available online at (reference sets) are ways that student performance
www.wncp.ca can be evaluated using criteria.
Wherever possible, students should be involved in
Criterion‐Referenced Assessment and Evaluation
setting the assessment criteria. This helps students
In criterion‐referenced evaluation, a student’s develop an understanding of what high‐quality
performance is compared to established criteria work or performance looks like.
rather than to the performance of other students.
Evaluation in relation to prescribed curriculum
requires that criteria be established based on the
learning outcomes.
Criterion-referenced assessment and evaluation may involve these steps:
Step 1 Identify the Prescribed Learning Outcomes and suggested Achievement Indicators (as
articulated in this IRP) that will be used as the basis for assessment.
Step 2 Establish criteria. When appropriate, involve students in establishing criteria.
Step 3 Plan learning activities that will help students gain the attitudes, skills, or knowledge outlined
in the criteria.
Step 4 Prior to the learning activity, inform students of the criteria against which their work will be
evaluated.
Step 5 Provide examples of the desired levels of performance.
Step 6 Conduct the learning activities.
Step 7 Use appropriate assessment instruments (e.g., rating scale, checklist, scoring guide) and
methods (e.g., observation, collection, self-assessment) based on the particular assignment
and student.
Step 8 Review the assessment data and evaluate each student’s level of performance or quality of
work in relation to criteria.
Step 9 Where appropriate, provide feedback and/or a letter grade to indicate how well
the criteria are met.
Step 10 Communicate the results of the assessment and evaluation to students and
parents/guardians.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 35
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
KEY ELEMENTS means of self‐assessment and ways of defining
how they can improve their own achievement.
Key elements provide an overview of content in
each curriculum organizer and suborganizer. They Achievement indicators are not mandatory; they
can be used to determine the expected depth and are suggestions only, provided to assist teachers in
breadth of the Prescribed Learning Outcomes. assessing how well their students achieve the
Prescribed Learning Outcomes. Achievement
Note that some topics appear at multiple grade indicators may be useful to provincial examination
levels in order to emphasize their importance and development teams and inform the development
to allow for developmental learning. of exam items. However, examination questions,
ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS item formats, exemplars, rubrics, or scoring guides
will not necessarily be limited to the Achievement
To support teachers in assessing provincially Indicators as outlined in the Integrated Resource
prescribed curricula, this IRP includes sets of Packages.
Achievement Indicators in relation to each
learning outcome.
Specifications for provincial examinations are
available online at
Achievement indicators, taken together as a set,
www.bced.gov.bc.ca/exams/specs/
define the specific level of attitudes demonstrated,
skills applied, or knowledge acquired by the
student in relation to a corresponding Prescribed The following pages contain the suggested
Learning Outcome. They describe what evidence a Achievement Indicators corresponding to each
teacher might look for to determine whether or Prescribed Learning Outcome for the Science
not the student has fully met the intent of the 8 to 10 curriculum. The Achievement Indicators
learning outcome. Since each Achievement are arranged by curriculum organizer and
Indicator defines only one aspect of what is suborganizer for each grade; however, this order
covered by the corresponding learning outcome, is not intended to imply a required sequence of
teachers should consider students’ abilities to instruction and assessment.
accomplish all of the aspects set out by the entire
set of Achievement Indicators in determining
whether or not students have fully met the
learning outcome.
In some cases, Achievement Indicators may also
include suggestions as to the type of task that
would provide evidence of having met the
learning outcome (e.g., a constructed response
such as a list, comparison, analysis, or chart; a
product created and presented such as a report,
drama presentation, poster, letter, or model; a
particular skill demonstrated such as interpreting
graphs).
Achievement indicators support assessment for
learning, assessment as learning, and assessment of
learning. They provide teachers and parents with
tools that can be used to reflect on what students
are learning. They also provide students with a
36 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
Grade 10
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT • Grade 10
GRADE 10
KEY ELEMENTS: PROCESSES OF SCIENCE
Estimated Time: integrate with other curriculum organizers
The Prescribed Learning Outcomes related to Processes of Science support the development of attitudes,
skills, and knowledge essential for an understanding of science. These learning outcomes should not be
taught in isolation, but should be integrated with activities related to the other three curriculum organizers.
Vocabulary
accuracy, conclusion, control, controlled experiment, dependent variables, hypothesis, independent
variables, observation, precision, prediction, procedure, principle, scientific literacy, uncertainty, validity,
variable
Knowledge
• metric system (SI units)
• elements of a valid experiment
• dependent and independent variables
• appropriate scale
• application of scientific principles in the development of technologies
Skills and Attitudes
• recognize dangers
• demonstrate emergency response procedures
• use personal protective equipment
• use proper techniques for handling and disposing of lab materials
• use the Bunsen burner and hotplate
• make accurate measurements using a variety of instruments (e.g., rulers, balances, graduated
cylinders)
• use the Internet as a research tool
• communicate results
• use appropriate types of graphic models and/or formulae to represent a given type of data, including
the Bohr model
• use bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts, tables, and diagrams to extract and convey information
• deduce relationships between variables given a graph or by constructing graphs
• use models to demonstrate how systems operate
• apply given criteria for evaluating evidence and sources of information
• identify main points, supporting or refuting information, and bias in a science‐related article or
illustration
• demonstrate ethical, responsible, cooperative behaviour
• acquire and apply scientific and technological knowledge to the benefit of self, society, and the
environment
38 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT • Grade 10
GRADE 10 PROCESSES OF SCIENCE
PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES SUGGESTED ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement
for each corresponding Prescribed Learning Outcome.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able
It is expected that students will: to:
A1 demonstrate safe procedures identify a variety of dangers in procedures (e.g., cuts from
sharp objects; explosions or burns from handling chemicals or
heating materials)
identify appropriate equipment for an lab activity (e.g.,
Bunsen burner vs. hotplate; glassware for chemicals)
identify and use appropriate personal protective equipment
(e.g., hand and eye protection) and procedures (e.g., hair tied
back, clear work area, no loose clothing, no horseplay)
use proper techniques for handling and disposing of lab
materials (e.g., using special containers for caustic chemicals)
describe appropriate emergency response procedures (e.g.,
how to use a fire extinguisher/blanket, eye wash station, first
aid for cuts and burns, knowing who to contact and how)
A2 perform experiments using the describe the elements of a valid experiment:
scientific method - formulate an hypothesis
- make a prediction
- identify controlled versus experimental variables
- observe, measure, and record using appropriate units
- interpret data
- draw conclusions
use information and conclusions as a basis for further
comparisons, investigations, or analyses
communicate results using a variety of methods
A3 represent and interpret identify and use the most appropriate type of graphic, model,
information in graphic form or formula to convey information, including
- Bohr model or diagram
- convection model or diagram
- Lewis diagrams
- chemical formulae
- line graphs of displacement, time interval, and velocity
- diagrams (e.g., food webs/pyramids, nutrient cycles, plate
boundaries)
distinguish between dependent and independent variables in
a graph
use appropriate scale and axis to create a graph
extrapolate and interpolate points on a graph
extract information from maps, bar graphs, line graphs, tables,
and diagrams (e.g., periodic table)
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 39
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT • Grade 10
PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES SUGGESTED ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
A4 demonstrate scientific literacy identify the main points in a science‐related article or
illustration
describe the qualities of the scientifically literate person, such
as
- awareness of assumptions (their own and authors’)
- respect for precision
- ability to separate fundamental concepts from the
irrelevant or unimportant
- recognizing that scientific knowledge is continually
developing and often builds upon previous theories
- recognizing cause and effect
use given criteria for evaluating evidence and sources of
information (e.g., identify supporting or refuting information
and bias)
explain how science and technology affect individuals,
society, and the environment
A5 demonstrate ethical, describe and demonstrate
responsible, cooperative - ethical behaviour (e.g., honesty, fairness, reliability)
behaviour - open‐mindedness (e.g., ongoing examination and
reassessment of own beliefs)
- willingness to question and promote discussion
- skills of collaboration and co‐operation
- respect for the contributions of others
A6 describe the relationship give examples of scientific principles that have resulted in the
between scientific principles development of technologies (e.g., velocity/acceleration—
and technology technologies related to transportation and athletics)
identify a variety of technologies and explain how they have
advanced our understanding of science (e.g., seismographic
instruments and GPS—plate tectonics and Earth’s layers)
A7 demonstrate competence in the select and carefully use balances and other measurement tools
use of technologies specific to (e.g., thermometers, timing devices, electronic devices)
investigative procedures and proficiently use the Internet as a research tool
research
40 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT • Grade 10
GRADE 10
KEY ELEMENTS: LIFE SCIENCE
Estimated Time: 20‐25 hours
By the end of the grade, students will have assessed the significance of natural phenomena and human
factors within ecosystems.
Vocabulary
abiotic, aeration, adaptive radiation, bioaccumulation, biodegradation, biome, biotic, climax community,
carbonate, commensalism, decomposers, denitrification, ecological succession, ecosystem, food chains,
food pyramids, food webs, heavy metals, keystone species, lightning, mutualism, nitrification, natural
selection, nutrients, parasitism, PCBs, pesticides, pH, phosphorus, photosynthesis, potassium, predation,
proliferation, symbiosis, trophic levels
Knowledge
• abiotic and biotic elements in ecosystems
• cycling of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus
• ecosystems with similar characteristics in different geographical locations
• effects of altering an abiotic factor
• species adaptation
• food webs and pyramids
• mechanisms and possible impacts of bioaccumulation
• traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)
• impact of natural phenomena, foreign species, disease, pollution, habitat destruction, and exploitation
of resources on ecosystems
Skills and Attitudes
• use given criteria for evaluating evidence and sources of information (e.g., identify supporting or
refuting information and bias)
• formulate a reasoned position
• demonstrate ethical behaviour
• relate cause to effect
• assess human impact
• show respect and sensitivity for the environment
• conduct experiments
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 41
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT • Grade 10
GRADE 10 LIFE SCIENCE: SUSTAINABILITY OF ECOSYSTEMS
PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES SUGGESTED ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement
for each corresponding Prescribed Learning Outcome.
It is expected that students will: Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able to:
B1 explain the interaction of define abiotic, biotic, biome, and ecosystem
abiotic and biotic factors identify distinctive plants, animals, and climatic characteristics
within an ecosystem of Canadian biomes (tundra, boreal forest, temperate deciduous
forest, temperate rainforest, grasslands)
identify biotic and abiotic factors in a given scenario or diagram
describe the relationships between abiotic and biotic elements
within an ecosystem, including
- air, water, soil, light, temperature (abiotic)
- bacteria, plants, animals (biotic)
design and analyse experiments on the effects of altering biotic
or abiotic factors (e.g., nutrients in soil: compare two plant types
with the same nutrients, compare one plant type with different
nutrients)
explain various relationships with respect to food chains, food
webs, and food pyramids, including
- producer
- consumer (herbivore, carnivore, omnivore)
- predation (predator‐prey cycle)
- decomposers
- symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism)
illustrate the cycling of matter through abiotic and biotic
components of an ecosystem by tracking
- carbon (with reference to carbon dioxide – CO2, carbonate
CO3 2‐, oxygen – O2, photosynthesis, respiration,
decomposition, volcanic activity, carbonate formation,
greenhouse gases from human activity, combustion)
- nitrogen (with reference to nitrate – NO3 ‐, nitrite – NO2 ‐,
ammonium – NH4 +, nitrogen gas – N2, nitrogen fixation,
bacteria, lightning, nitrification, denitrification,
decomposition)
- phosphorus (with reference to phosphate – PO4 3‐,
weathering, sedimentation, geological uplift)
identify factors that affect the global distribution of the
following biomes: tropical rainforest, temperate rainforest,
temperate deciduous forest, boreal forest, grasslands, desert,
tundra, polar ice
42 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT • Grade 10
PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES SUGGESTED ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
using examples, explain why ecosystems with similar
characteristics can exist in different geographical locations (i.e.,
significance of abiotic factors)
identify the effects on living things within an ecosystem
resulting from changes in abiotic factors, including
- climate change (drought, flooding, changes in ocean current
patterns, extreme weather)
- water contamination
- soil degradation and deforestation
B2 assess the potential impacts of define, using examples, the terms bioaccumulation, parts per
bioaccumulation million (ppm), biodegradation, and trophic levels (with reference to
producers and to primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers)
identify a variety of contaminants that can bioaccumulate (e.g.,
pesticides, heavy metals, PCBs)
describe the mechanisms and possible impacts of
bioaccumulation (e.g., eradication of keystone species,
reproductive impacts)
compare the impact of bioaccumulation on consumers at
different trophic levels (e.g., red tide in oysters and humans;
heavy metals in fish and humans; PCBs in fish, birds, whales)
research and analyse articles on the causes and effects of
bioaccumulation (e.g., mercury contamination in Inuit
communities and the Grassy Narrows First Nation community)
B3 explain various ways in explain how species adapt or fail to adapt to environmental
which natural populations are conditions, with reference to the following:
altered or kept in equilibrium - natural selection
- proliferation
- predator/prey cycle
- ecological succession
- climax community
- extinction
- adaptive radiation
describe the impact of natural phenomena (e.g., drought, fire,
temperature change, flooding, tsunamis, infestations—pine
beetle, volcanic eruptions) on ecosystems
give examples of how foreign species can affect an ecosystem
(e.g., Eurasian milfoil, purple loosestrife, scotch broom,
American bullfrog, European starling in BC)
give examples of how traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)
can affect biodiversity (e.g., spring burning by Cree in northern
Alberta)
research and report on situations in which disease, pollution,
habitat destruction, and exploitation of resources affect
ecosystems
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 43
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT • Grade 10
GRADE 10
KEY ELEMENTS: PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Estimated Time: 40‐45 hours
By the end of the grade, students will have demonstrated understanding of chemical reactions and
radioactivity, and explained motion in terms of displacement, time interval, velocity, and acceleration.
Chemical Reactions and Radioactivity (30 hours)
Vocabulary
acids, alpha particle, atomic number, atoms, bases, beta particle, Bohr diagrams, bromothymol blue,
catalyst, combustion, compounds, concentration, conservation of mass, covalent bonding, decomposition,
electron, fission, fusion, gamma radiation, half‐life, indigo carmine, inorganic, ionic bonding, ions, isotope,
Lewis diagrams, light, litmus paper, mass number, methyl orange, molecules, neutralization (acid‐base),
neutron, organic, phenolphthalein, polyatomic, proton, radioactive decay, salts, single and double
replacement, surface area, symbolic equations, synthesis, valence electron
Knowledge
• acids, bases, and salts
• common ionic and covalent compounds
• organic and inorganic compounds
• chemical reactions (synthesis, decomposition, single and double replacement, neutralization,
combustion)
• conservation of mass
• radioactivity
Skills and Attitudes
• draw and interpret Bohr models
• draw and interpret Lewis diagrams for compounds containing single bonds
• name and write chemical formulae for common ionic and covalent compounds, using appropriate
terminology
• use standardized tests for acids and bases
• write and balance chemical equations
• write and balance nuclear equations
• use molecular models
• use the periodic table and ion charts
• demonstrate respect for precision
44 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT • Grade 10
KEY ELEMENTS: PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Motion (10‐15 hours)
Vocabulary
acceleration, displacement, slope, time interval, uniform motion, velocity
Knowledge
• relationship of displacement and time interval to velocity
• motion of objects
• uniform motion
• acceleration due to gravity
• acceleration: positive, negative, and zero
Skills and Attitudes
• calculate using vav = Δx/Δt
• calculate using a = Δv/Δt, where Δv = vf ‐ vi
• demonstrate respect for precision
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 45
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT • Grade 10
GRADE 10 PHYSICAL SCIENCE: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND RADIOACTIVITY
PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES SUGGESTED ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement
for each corresponding Prescribed Learning Outcome.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able
It is expected that students will: to:
C1 differentiate between atoms, demonstrate knowledge of the three subatomic particles, their
ions, and molecules using properties, and their location within the atom (e.g., by creating
knowledge of their structure models)
and components define and give examples of ionic bonding (e.g., metal and non‐
metal) and covalent bonding (e.g., two non‐metals, diatomic
elements)
with reference to elements 1 to 20 on the periodic table, draw
and interpret Bohr models, including protons, neutrons, and
electrons, of
- atoms (neutral)
- ions (charged)
- molecules ‐ covalent bonding (e.g., O2, CH4)
- ionic compounds (e.g., CaCl2)
identify valence electrons using the periodic table (excluding
lanthanides and actinides)
distinguish between paired and unpaired electrons for a single
atom
draw and interpret Lewis diagrams showing single bonds for
simple ionic compounds and covalent molecules (e.g., NaCl,
MgO, BaBr2, H2O, CH4, NH3)
distinguish between lone pairs and bonding pairs of electrons
in molecules
46 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT • Grade 10
PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES SUGGESTED ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
C2 classify substances as acids, identify acids and bases using indicators (e.g., methyl orange,
bases, or salts, based on their bromthymol blue, litmus, phenolphthalein, indigo carmine)
characteristics, name, and explain the significance of the pH scale, with reference to
formula common substances
differentiate between acids, bases, and salts with respect to
chemical formulae and properties
recognize the names and formulae of common acids (e.g.,
hydrochloric, sulphuric, nitric, acetic)
use the periodic table to
- explain the classification of elements as metals and
nonmetals
- identify the relative reactivity of elements in the alkali
metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen, and noble gas groups
- distinguish between metal oxide solutions (basic) and
non‐metal oxide solutions (acidic)
use the periodic table and a list of ions (including polyatomic
ions) to name and write chemical formulae for common ionic
compounds, using appropriate terminology (e.g., Roman
numerals)
convert names to formulae and formulae to names for
covalent compounds, using prefixes up to “deca”
C3 distinguish between organic define organic compounds and inorganic compounds
and inorganic compounds distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds, based
on their chemical structures
recognize a compound as organic or inorganic from its name,
from its chemical formula, or from a diagram or model
C4 analyse chemical reactions, define and explain the law of conservation of mass
including reference to represent chemical reactions and the conservation of atoms
conservation of mass and rate of using molecular models
reaction
write and balance (using the lowest whole number
coefficients) chemical equations from formulae, word
equations, or descriptions of experiments
identify, give evidence for, predict products of, and classify
the following types of chemical reactions:
- synthesis (combination)
- decomposition
- single and double replacement
- neutralization (acid‐base)
- combustion
explain how factors such as temperature, concentration,
presence of a catalyst, and surface area can affect the rate of
chemical reactions
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 47
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT • Grade 10
PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES SUGGESTED ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
C5 explain radioactivity using define isotope in terms of atomic number and mass number,
modern atomic theory recognizing how these are communicated in standard atomic
238
notation (e.g., Uranium‐238: 92 U )
relate radioactive decay (e.g., alpha – α , beta – β , gamma –
γ ) to changes in the nucleus
relate the following subatomic particles to radioactive decay:
1
- proton ( 1 p )
1
- neutron ( 0 n )
0
- electron ( −1 e )
alpha particle ( 2 α ) ( 2 He )
4 4
-
beta particle ( −1 β )
0
-
explain half‐life with reference to rates of radioactive decay
compare fission and fusion
complete and balance nuclear equations to illustrate
radioactive decay, fission, and fusion
48 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT • Grade 10
GRADE 10 PHYSICAL SCIENCE: MOTION
PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES SUGGESTED ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement
for each corresponding Prescribed Learning Outcome.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able
It is expected that students will: to:
C6 explain the relationship of define displacement (change in position, Δx), time interval (Δt),
displacement and time interval and velocity (vav)
to velocity for objects in analyse graphically the relationship between displacement
uniform motion and time interval for an object travelling in uniform motion
use the formula vav = Δx/Δt to calculate the average velocity
(vav), displacement (change in position, Δx), and time interval
(Δt) for an object in uniform motion, given appropriate data
design and conduct one or more experiments to determine the
velocity of an object in uniform motion (e.g., using carts, balls,
skateboards, bicycles, canoes in still water)
C7 demonstrate the relationship define acceleration ( positive, negative, and zero)
between velocity, time interval, give examples of positive, negative, and zero acceleration,
and acceleration including
- falling objects
- accelerating from rest
- slowing down or stopping
- uniform motion
given initial velocity (vi), final velocity (vf), and the time
interval (Δt), calculate acceleration using the formula a =
Δv/Δt, where Δv = vf ‐ vi (e.g., for falling objects)
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 49
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT • Grade 10
GRADE 10
KEY ELEMENTS: EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
Estimated Time: 20‐25 hours
By the end of the grade, students will have described the processes associated with energy transfer within
the Earth’s geosphere and atmosphere and will have examined processes and features associated with plate
tectonics.
Energy Transfer in Natural Systems (11‐14 hours)
Vocabulary
atmosphere, conduction, convection, Coriolis effect, El Niño, greenhouse gases, heat, kilopascals, kinetic
molecular theory, La Niña, ozone layer, permafrost, prevailing winds, thermal energy, tornado
Knowledge
• heat and thermal energy
• conduction and convection
• energy absorption and radiation in the atmosphere
• differential heating and prevailing winds
• changes in air density
• measurement of air pressure
• human and natural influences on climate
• climate affects natural systems
Skills and Attitudes
• illustrate energy transfer
• use given criteria for evaluating evidence and sources of information (e.g., identify supporting or
refuting information and bias)
50 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT • Grade 10
KEY ELEMENTS: EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
Plate Tectonics (9‐11 hours)
Vocabulary
asthenosphere, continental drift theory, converging/diverging plates, earthquakes, epicentre, fault, hot
spot, inner core, lithosphere, mantle, mantle convection, outer core, paleoglaciation, plate boundary, plate
tectonic theory, primary waves, ridge push and slab pull, rift valley, secondary waves, spreading ridge,
subduction zone, surface waves, tectonic plate, transform fault, trench, volcanic belt, volcanic island arc,
volcanoes
Knowledge
• plate movement and associated features and processes
• diverging, converging, and transform plate boundaries
• deep‐focus to shallow‐focus earthquakes
• continental drift theory
• magnetic reversals
Skills and Attitudes
• illustrate plate movement
• identify tectonic mapping symbols
• use given criteria for evaluating evidence and sources of information (e.g., identify supporting or
refuting information and bias)
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 51
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT • Grade 10
GRADE 10 EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE: ENERGY TRANSFER IN NATURAL SYSTEMS
PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES SUGGESTED ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement
for each corresponding Prescribed Learning Outcome.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able
It is expected that students will: to:
D1 explain the characteristics and define heat and thermal energy
sources of thermal energy explain and illustrate how thermal energy is transferred
through conduction, convection, and radiation, with reference
to
- kinetic molecular theory
- practical examples (e.g., home heating, cooking methods,
loss of body heat, insulation)
describe Earth’s energy sources including
- residual thermal energy from Earth’s formation
- energy from radioactive decay
- solar energy (with reference to absorption and radiation in
the atmosphere)
D2 explain the effects of thermal define atmospheric pressure and explain how it is measured
energy within the atmosphere identify weather conditions that typically accompany areas of
low and high pressure in the atmosphere
describe how energy transfer influences atmospheric
convection, atmospheric pressure, and prevailing winds (e.g.,
differential heating of land and water causes changes in air
density and affects prevailing winds)
D3 evaluate possible causes of describe how natural phenomena can affect climate (e.g.,
climate change and its impact biosphere processes, volcanic eruptions, Coriolis effect, El
on natural systems Niño and La Niña)
describe how climate can be influenced by human activities
(e.g., greenhouse gases, depletion of ozone layer)
describe how climate change affects natural systems (e.g.,
shrinking of the permafrost region, melting of ice
shelves/caps/glaciers)
52 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT • Grade 10
GRADE 10 EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE: PLATE TECTONICS
PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES SUGGESTED ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement
for each corresponding Prescribed Learning Outcome.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able
It is expected that students will: to:
D4 analyse the processes and define plate tectonics, plate boundary, earthquake, trench, volcano,
features associated with plate spreading ridge, subduction zone, hot spot
tectonics relate tectonic plate movement to the composition of the
following layers of the Earth, as determined by seismic waves
(primary, secondary, and surface waves):
- crust
- lithosphere
- asthenosphere
- mantle
- outer core
- inner core
describe tectonic plate boundaries, including
- transform boundaries
- divergent boundaries
- convergent boundaries (oceanic‐oceanic crust, oceanic‐
continental crust, and continental‐continental crust)
identify tectonic mapping symbols
explain how plate movement produces the following features:
- epicentres and shallow‐focus to deep‐focus earthquakes
- volcanism at subduction zones (e.g., volcanic island arcs,
volcanic belts) and at spreading ridges
- mountain ranges and mid‐ocean ridges
- hot spot chains (e.g., Hawaiian Islands, Yellowstone)
identify sources of heat within the Earth that produce mantle
convection and hot spot activity (i.e., heat within the core and
excess radioactivity within the mantle)
explain how mantle convection and ridge push and slab pull
are believed to contribute to plate motion
D5 demonstrate knowledge of describe evidence for continental drift theory (e.g., fossil
evidence that supports plate evidence, mountain belts, paleoglaciation)
tectonic theory relate the following to plate tectonic theory:
- the world distribution of volcanoes, earthquakes,
mountain belts, trenches, mid‐ocean ridges, and rift
valleys
- hot spot and subduction zone eruptions
- magnetic reversals and age of rocks relative to spreading
ridges
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 53
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL
T
he Classroom Assessment Model outlines Guidelines might include using appropriate
a series of assessment units for Science listening and speaking skills, respecting
8 to 10. These units have been structured students who are reluctant to share personal
by grade level and according to the information in group settings, and agreeing to
curriculum organizers: maintain confidentiality if sharing of personal
• Life Science information occurs.
• Physical Science • Promote critical thinking and open‐
• Earth and Space Science mindedness, and refrain from taking sides on
issues where there may be more than one
Processes of Science are integrated throughout the point of view.
other three organizers. These units collectively • Develop and discuss procedures associated
address all of the Prescribed Learning Outcomes with recording and using personal
for Science 8 to 10. information that may be collected as part of
students’ work for the purposes of instruction
This organization is not intended to prescribe a and/or assessment (e.g., why the information
linear means of course delivery. Teachers are is being collected, what the information will
encouraged to address the learning outcomes in be used for, where the information will be
any order, and to combine and organize the units kept; who can access it—students,
to meet the needs of their students and to respond administrators, parents; how safely it will be
to local requirements. Some students with special kept).
needs may have learning outcomes set for them • Ensure students are aware that if they disclose
that are modified and documented in their personal information that indicates they are at
Individualized Education Plan (IEP). For more risk for harm, then that information cannot be
information, see the section on Inclusion, Equity, kept confidential. For more information, see
and Accessibility for All Learners in the the section on Confidentiality in the
Introduction to this IRP. Introduction to this IRP.
CONSIDERATIONS FOR INSTRUCTION Classroom Assessment and Evaluation
AND ASSESSMENT IN SCIENCE 8 TO 10 Teachers should consider using a variety of
assessment techniques to assess students’ abilities
It is highly recommended that parents and to meet the Prescribed Learning Outcomes. Tools
guardians be kept informed about all aspects of and techniques for assessment in Science 8 to 10
Science 8 to 10. For suggested strategies for can include
involving parents and guardians, refer to the • teacher assessment tools such as observation
Introduction to this IRP. checklists, rating scales, and scoring guides
• self‐assessment tools such as checklists, rating
Teachers are responsible for setting a positive scales, and scoring guides
classroom climate in which students feel • peer assessment tools such as checklists, rating
comfortable learning about and discussing topics scales, and scoring guides
in Science 8 to 10. Guidelines that may help • journals or learning logs
educators establish a positive climate that is open • video (to record and critique student
to free inquiry and respectful of various points of demonstration)
view can be found in the section on Establishing a • written tests, oral tests (true/false, multiple
Positive Classroom Climate in the Introduction to choice, short answer)
this IRP. • worksheets
• portfolios
Teachers may also wish to consider the following: • student‐teacher conferences
• Involve students in establishing guidelines for
group discussion and presentations.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 57
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL
Assessment in Science 8 to 10 can also occur while Suggested Timeframe
students are engaged in, and based on the product
The suggested time indicates the average number
of, activities such as
of hours needed to address the Prescribed
• case studies and simulations
Learning Outcomes identified in that unit; it does
• group and class discussions
not necessarily indicate the time required to
• brainstorms, clusters, webs
implement the suggested instructional and
• research projects
assessment activities listed.
• role plays
• charts and graphs
Prescribed Learning Outcomes and
• posters, collages, models, web sites
Suggested Achievement Indicators
• oral and multimedia presentations
• peer teaching Each set of Prescribed Learning Outcomes
• personal pledges or contracts identifies the content standards for that unit. The
corresponding Achievement Indicators provide
For more information about student assessment, additional information about the expected level or
refer to the section on Student Achievement. degree of student performance and can be used as
the basis for assessment.
Information and Communications Technology
Suggested Planning and Assessment Activities
The Science 8 to 10 curriculum requires students
to be able to use and analyse the most current Planning and assessment activities have been
information to make informed decisions on a included for each Prescribed Learning Outcome
range of topics. This information is often found on and set of corresponding Achievement Indicators.
the Internet as well as in other information and Each suggested assessment activity directly
communications technology resources. When corresponds to a particular planning activity as
organizing for instruction and assessment, Science indicated by the order and arrangement of these
8 to 10 teachers should consider how students will activities.
best be able to access the relevant technology, and
ensure that students are aware of school district A wide variety of planning (instructional)
policies on Internet and computer use. activities has been included to address a variety of
learning and teaching styles. The assessment
CONTENTS OF THE MODEL activities describe a variety of tools and methods
for gathering evidence of student performance.
Assessment Overview Table
These strategies are suggestions only, designed to
The Assessment Overview Table provides
provide guidance for teachers in planning and
teachers with suggestions and guidelines for
carrying out assessment to meet the Prescribed
assessment of each grade of the curriculum. This
Learning Outcomes. Criteria identified are
table identifies the domains of learning and
likewise suggested only and may not always be
cognitive levels of the learning outcomes, along
directly referenced in a Prescribed Learning
with a listing of suggested assessment activities
Outcome.
and a suggested weight for grading for each
curriculum organizer.
Recommended Learning Resources
Key Elements This section lists the Science 8 to 10 recommended
learning resources that relate to the specific
This section includes a brief description of the
learning outcomes in each topic. The resources
unit, identifying relevant vocabulary, knowledge,
listed do not necessarily relate to the suggested
skills, and attitudes.
instruction and assessment. Teachers may choose
to use these resources, or they may use other
58 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL
locally approved resources. See the section on
Recommended Learning Resources in this IRP for
more information.
As new resources are recommended,
information will be posted on the ministry web
site: http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/irp_resources/
lr/resource/consub.htm
Assessment Instruments
Sample assessment instruments have been
included at the end of each unit, and are provided
to help teachers determine the extent to which
students are meeting the Prescribed Learning
Outcomes. These instruments contain criteria
specifically keyed to one or more of the suggested
assessment activities contained in the unit. These
criteria are suggested only and may not always be
directly referenced in a Prescribed Learning
Outcome.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 59
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL
Grade 10
GRADE 10: ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW TABLE
The purpose of this table is to provide teachers with suggestions and guidelines for formative and summative classroom‐based assessment and grading of Grade
10 Science.
Suggested Number
Curriculum Organizers/ Suggested Assessment
Weight for of Number of Outcomes by Domain*
Suborganizers Activities
Grading Outcomes
K U&A HMP AFF
• integrated throughout – assessed in relation to
PROCESSES OF SCIENCE
performance tasks associated with each of the 30% 7 1 4 1 1
other organizers
• demonstrating • role playing
• summarizing • problem solving
LIFE SCIENCE • comparing • written test
20% 3 1 1 1 0
• diagramming &
illustrating
• observing/reporting (e.g., lab report)
PHYSICAL SCIENCE • demonstrating • researching
• experimenting • problem solving
• diagramming & • modelling 30% 7 0 6 1 0
illustrating
• observing/reporting (e.g., lab report)
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE • explaining • researching
• diagramming & • modelling
20% 5 0 4 1 0
illustrating
• observing/reporting (e.g., field study)
TOTALS 100% 22 2 15 4 1
* The following abbreviations are used to represent the three cognitive levels within the cognitive domain: K = Knowledge; U&A = Understanding and
Application; HMP = Higher Mental Processes; AFF = Affective domain.
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10 PROCESSES OF SCIENCE
KEY ELEMENTS: PROCESSES OF SCIENCE
Estimated Time: integrate with other curriculum organizers
The Prescribed Learning Outcomes related to Processes of Science support the development of attitudes,
skills, and knowledge essential for an understanding of science. These learning outcomes should not be
taught in isolation, but should be integrated with activities related to the other three curriculum organizers.
Vocabulary
accuracy, conclusion, control, controlled experiment, dependent variables, hypothesis, independent
variables, observation, precision, prediction, procedure, principle, scientific literacy, uncertainty, validity,
variable
Knowledge
• metric system (SI units)
• elements of a valid experiment
• dependent and independent variables
• appropriate scale
• application of scientific principles in the development of technologies
Skills and Attitudes
• recognize dangers
• demonstrate emergency response procedures
• use personal protective equipment
• use proper techniques for handling and disposing of lab materials
• use the Bunsen burner and hotplate
• make accurate measurements using a variety of instruments (e.g., rulers, balances, graduated
cylinders)
• use the Internet as a research tool
• communicate results
• use appropriate types of graphic models and/or formulae to represent a given type of data, including
the Bohr model
• use bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts, tables, and diagrams to extract and convey information
• deduce relationships between variables given a graph or by constructing graphs
• use models to demonstrate how systems operate
• apply given criteria for evaluating evidence and sources of information
• identify main points, supporting or refuting information, and bias in a science‐related article or
illustration
• demonstrate ethical, responsible, cooperative behaviour
• acquire and apply scientific and technological knowledge to the benefit of self, society, and the
environment
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 63
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10 PROCESSES OF SCIENCE
PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES SUGGESTED ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement
for each corresponding Prescribed Learning Outcome.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able
It is expected that students will: to:
A1 demonstrate safe procedures identify a variety of dangers in procedures (e.g., cuts from
sharp objects; explosions or burns from handling chemicals or
heating materials)
identify appropriate equipment for an lab activity (e.g.,
Bunsen burner vs. hotplate; glassware for chemicals)
identify and use appropriate personal protective equipment
(e.g., hand and eye protection) and procedures (e.g., hair tied
back, clear work area, no loose clothing, no horseplay)
use proper techniques for handling and disposing of lab
materials (e.g., using special containers for caustic chemicals)
describe appropriate emergency response procedures (e.g.,
how to use a fire extinguisher/blanket, eye wash station, first
aid for cuts and burns, knowing who to contact and how)
A2 perform experiments using the describe the elements of a valid experiment:
scientific method - formulate an hypothesis
- make a prediction
- identify controlled versus experimental variables
- observe, measure, and record using appropriate units
- interpret data
- draw conclusions
use information and conclusions as a basis for further
comparisons, investigations, or analyses
communicate results using a variety of methods
A3 represent and interpret identify and use the most appropriate type of graphic, model,
information in graphic form or formula to convey information, including
- Bohr model or diagram
- convection model or diagram
- Lewis diagrams
- chemical formulae
- line graphs of displacement, time interval, and velocity
- diagrams (e.g., food webs/pyramids, nutrient cycles, plate
boundaries)
distinguish between dependent and independent variables in
a graph
use appropriate scale and axis to create a graph
extrapolate and interpolate points on a graph
extract information from maps, bar graphs, line graphs, tables,
and diagrams (e.g., periodic table)
64 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES SUGGESTED ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS
A4 demonstrate scientific literacy identify the main points in a science‐related article or
illustration
describe the qualities of the scientifically literate person, such
as
- awareness of assumptions (their own and authors’)
- respect for precision
- ability to separate fundamental concepts from the
irrelevant or unimportant
- recognizing that scientific knowledge is continually
developing and often builds upon previous theories
- recognizing cause and effect
use given criteria for evaluating evidence and sources of
information (e.g., identify supporting or refuting information
and bias)
explain how science and technology affect individuals,
society, and the environment
A5 demonstrate ethical, describe and demonstrate
responsible, cooperative - ethical behaviour (e.g., honesty, fairness, reliability)
behaviour - open‐mindedness (e.g., ongoing examination and
reassessment of own beliefs)
- willingness to question and promote discussion
- skills of collaboration and co‐operation
- respect for the contributions of others
A6 describe the relationship give examples of scientific principles that have resulted in the
between scientific principles development of technologies (e.g., velocity/acceleration—
and technology technologies related to transportation and athletics)
identify a variety of technologies and explain how they have
advanced our understanding of science (e.g., seismographic
instruments and GPS—plate tectonics and Earth’s layers)
A7 demonstrate competence in the select and carefully use balances and other measurement tools
use of technologies specific to (e.g., thermometers, timing devices, electronic devices)
investigative procedures and proficiently use the Internet as a research tool
research
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 65
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10
KEY ELEMENTS: LIFE SCIENCE
Estimated Time: 20‐25 hours
By the end of the grade, students will have assessed the significance of natural phenomena and human
factors within ecosystems.
Vocabulary
abiotic, aeration, adaptive radiation, bioaccumulation, biodegradation, biome, biotic, climax community,
carbonate, commensalism, decomposers, denitrification, ecological succession, ecosystem, food chains,
food pyramids, food webs, heavy metals, keystone species, lightning, mutualism, nitrification, natural
selection, nutrients, parasitism, PCBs, pesticides, pH, phosphorus, photosynthesis, potassium, predation,
proliferation, symbiosis, trophic levels
Knowledge
• abiotic and biotic elements in ecosystems
• cycling of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus
• ecosystems with similar characteristics in different geographical locations
• effects of altering an abiotic factor
• species adaptation
• food webs and pyramids
• mechanisms and possible impacts of bioaccumulation
• traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)
• impact of natural phenomena, foreign species, disease, pollution, habitat destruction, and exploitation
of resources on ecosystems
Skills and Attitudes
• use given criteria for evaluating evidence and sources of information (e.g., identify supporting or
refuting information and bias)
• formulate a reasoned position
• demonstrate ethical behaviour
• relate cause to effect
• assess human impact
• show respect and sensitivity for the environment
• conduct experiments
66 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10: LIFE SCIENCE: SUSTAINABILITY OF ECOSYSTEMS
Prescribed Learning Outcomes
It is expected that students will:
B1 explain the interaction of abiotic and biotic factors within an ecosystem
Suggested Achievement Indicators
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement for the Prescribed Learning Outcome above.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able to:
define abiotic, biotic, biome, and ecosystem
identify distinctive plants, animals, and climatic characteristics of Canadian biomes (tundra, boreal
forest, temperate deciduous forest, temperate rainforest, grasslands)
identify biotic and abiotic factors in a given scenario or diagram
describe the relationships between abiotic and biotic elements within an ecosystem, including
- air, water, soil, light, temperature (abiotic)
- bacteria, plants, animals (biotic)
design and analyse experiments on the effects of altering biotic or abiotic factors (e.g., nutrients in soil:
compare two plant types with the same nutrients, compare one plant type with different nutrients)
explain various relationships with respect to food chains, food webs, and food pyramids, including
- producer
- consumer (herbivore, carnivore, omnivore)
- predation (predator‐prey cycle)
- decomposers
- symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism)
illustrate the cycling of matter through abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem by tracking
- carbon (with reference to carbon dioxide – CO2, carbonate CO3 2‐, oxygen – O2, photosynthesis,
respiration, decomposition, volcanic activity, carbonate formation, greenhouse gases from human
activity, combustion)
- nitrogen (with reference to nitrate – NO3 ‐, nitrite – NO2 ‐, ammonium – NH4 +, nitrogen gas – N2,
nitrogen fixation, bacteria, lightning, nitrification, denitrification, decomposition)
- phosphorus (with reference to phosphate – PO4 3‐, weathering, sedimentation, geological uplift)
identify factors that affect the global distribution of the following biomes: tropical rainforest, temperate
rainforest, temperate deciduous forest, boreal forest, grasslands, desert, tundra, polar ice
using examples, explain why ecosystems with similar characteristics can exist in different geographical
locations (i.e., significance of abiotic factors)
identify the effects on living things within an ecosystem resulting from changes in abiotic factors,
including
- climate change (drought, flooding, changes in ocean current patterns, extreme weather)
- water contamination
- soil degradation and deforestation
PLANNING FOR ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
• Review students’ knowledge of ecosystems • Assess concept maps with regards to accuracy of
by having them Think‐Pair‐Share, in order to the relationships between the concepts. Assess
create a concept map that incorporates the students’ work according to the criteria outlined
concepts biotic, abiotic, biome, ecosystem, food in the sample assessment instrument provided at
chain, food webs, and food pyramids. the end of this grade, Concept Maps.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 67
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
• Through direct instruction, explain the • Students could be asked to identify relationships
various relationships (e.g., mutualism, from various pictures/photos (that you provide,
commensalism, parasitism, predation, or students are asked to find) that depict the
decomposers) that can exist in food chains various types of relationships and provide a
and food webs. rationale as to why they made that selection.
• Have students work in groups to design an • Have students prepare a detailed lab report based
experiment to investigate the effects of on their findings of their experiment. [rubric]
altering abiotic factors. Examples of labs Have students create a poster, storyboard, or
could include multimedia presentation to share their lab
- plants grown in soils with varying findings for the rest of the class.
nutrient levels
- earthworms or woodbugs reacting to
light, moisture, or soil type
• Have students conduct a lab that investigates • Ask students to prepare a lab report based on
“A Decaying Log Community.” This might be their findings. In their analysis of their results
a field trip or an independent activity. Ask they should answer the following questions:
students: - What plants and animals were the most
- After locating a suitable log in its natural abundant?
habitat, describe its location, and describe - In what ways do plants and animals depend
what evidence suggests that the log is upon the log for life?
decayed. - Not all organisms living in this community
- Make observations and sketches were identified. Explain.
recording the types and numbers of - Design a food web for the organisms you
plants and animals that are observed identified in the decaying log community,
living on, in, or under the log. making sure to identify the type of
relationships. You will need to research this
information.
Provide students with a Performance Task
Definition and assess using the Lab Report
Scoring Rubric, both provided at the end of the
Classroom Model for this grade
• Discuss with students the ways in which • Assess students on their understanding of the
nutrients are cycled through the ecosystem. nutrient cycles, based on their responses to the
Use diagrams and flowcharts to illustrate the following:
detailed cycling of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen - Explain how photosynthesis and cell
and phosphorus. Use prompting questions respiration affect the carbon cycle.
such as: - Describe the relationship between the carbon
- What happens to the bodies of dead and oxygen cycle.
organisms? - Explain why some farmers alternate legumes
- How are the bodies of dead organisms with their regular crops.
reused and recycled in the environment?
- What is fertilizer?
68 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
• Using climate information provided or • Have students create climatographs depicting
researched from various locations around the information from two or more locations from the
globe, ask students to create climatographs same biome, as well as from two different biomes.
that graph temperature and precipitation. Have them complete a comparison chart for all
They can then relate the climatographs to locations to note:
their ecosystem/biome. - abiotic factors that are similar
- abiotic factors that are different
- the results of these similarities and differences
on ecosystems.
• Have students work independently or in • Have students create a storyboard to depict how
groups to find recent articles depicting cases changes in abiotic factors have affected an
of how changes in abiotic factors (e.g., ecosystem. You could adapt the assessment tool
drought, flooding, changes in ocean current for storyboard work supplied at the end of the
patterns, extreme weather, water Classroom Model for this grade (Storyboard for
contamination) have impacted on living Covalent and Ionic Compound Formation) to
things—with an emphasis on humans— assess student work. Alternatively, students can
within a particular ecosystem. create cause‐and‐effect graphic organizers to
illustrate their understanding.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 69
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10: LIFE SCIENCE: SUSTAINABILITY OF ECOSYSTEMS
Prescribed Learning Outcomes
It is expected that students will:
B2 assess the potential impacts of bioaccumulation
Suggested Achievement Indicators
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement for the Prescribed Learning Outcome above.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able to:
define, using examples, the terms bioaccumulation, parts per million (ppm), biodegradation, and trophic
levels (with reference to producers and to primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers)
identify a variety of contaminants that can bioaccumulate (e.g., pesticides, heavy metals, PCBs)
describe the mechanisms and possible impacts of bioaccumulation (e.g., eradication of keystone
species, reproductive impacts)
compare the impact of bioaccumulation on consumers at different trophic levels (e.g., red tide in
oysters and humans; heavy metals in fish and humans; PCBs in fish, birds, whales)
research and analyse articles on the causes and effects of bioaccumulation (e.g., mercury contamination
in Inuit communities and the Grassy Narrows First Nation community)
PLANNING FOR ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
• Provide direct instruction, illustrations, and • Have students complete a vocabulary
examples to define bioaccumulation, parts per development chart for the terms bioaccumulation,
million (ppm), biodegradation, and trophic parts per million (ppm), biodegradation, and trophic
levels. levels. Look for evidence that students are able to
provide
- accurate definitions
- three examples of each term
- three analogies (“What is it like?) for each
term
- details about the various trophic levels (i.e.,
producers, primary consumers, secondary
consumers, and tertiary consumers)
• Have students conduct research to identify • Have students create a cartoon to describe the
case studies of how contaminants (e.g., red mechanism and impacts of bioaccumulation
tide in oysters and humans on the Pacific within the ecosystem’s food web. Assess students’
coast; heavy metals such as mercury in Inuit cartoons, looking for
communities and Grassy Narrows First - appropriate selection of a case study
Nation community; PCBs in fish, birds, - correct depiction of the bioaccumulation
whales in the St. Lawrence) have - analysis of the effects of bioaccumulation on
bioaccumulated. the food web
- include reference to trophic levels
- include reference to biodegradation as
applicable
- creativity in illustrating the facts in a cartoon
format.
70 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10: LIFE SCIENCE: SUSTAINABILITY OF ECOSYSTEMS
Prescribed Learning Outcomes
It is expected that students will:
B3 explain various ways in which natural populations are altered or kept in equilibrium
Suggested Achievement Indicators
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement for the Prescribed Learning Outcome above.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able to:
explain how species adapt or fail to adapt to environmental conditions, with reference to the following:
- natural selection
- proliferation
- predator/prey cycle
- ecological succession
- climax community
- extinction
- adaptive radiation
describe the impact of natural phenomena (e.g., drought, fire, temperature change, flooding, tsunamis,
infestations—pine beetle, volcanic eruptions) on ecosystems
give examples of how foreign species can affect an ecosystem (e.g., Eurasian milfoil, purple loosestrife,
scotch broom, American bullfrog, European starling in BC)
give examples of how traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) can affect biodiversity (e.g., spring
burning by Cree in northern Alberta)
research and report on situations in which disease, pollution, habitat destruction, and exploitation of
resources affect ecosystems
PLANNING FOR ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
• Set up a gallery walk depicting examples of • Follow up the gallery walk activity with a class
how species adapt or fail to adapt to discussion. Conclude by having students write a
environmental conditions, including natural summative statement about each type of
selection, proliferation, predator/prey cycle, adaptation. Look for evidence that they are able to
ecological succession, climax community, - define each term accurately
extinction and adaptive radiation. At each - use supporting evidence from the gallery
example, have students identify walk case studies.
- which type(s) of adaptation applies to the
example
- identify both the positive and negative
aspects of the case for the species.
• Have students research specific examples of • Have students compile the results of their
ecosystems that have changed as a result of research in an electronic slide show or other
natural phenomena, introduction of species, multimedia presentation. Students’ presentations
or traditional ecological knowledge. Case should address the following questions:
examples could include - Was this effect purposeful or accidental?
- volcanic activity producing deadly gases - What was its effect on the native species
which have been released from lakes in within the ecosystems?
Cameroon - Was this a result of natural or human activity?
- drought in Ethiopia or Sudan - Was this event cyclical (i.e., predictable) or
- forest fires in California, Portugal, or unpredictable?
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 71
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
Kelowna
- flooding in Bangladesh or India
- tsunami in Aceh, Malaysia, or Thailand
- infestation of locusts in African countries
- purposeful or accidental introduction of
species such as Purple loosestrife,
American bullfrog, European starlings in
North America, deer on the Queen
Charlotte Islands, Eurasian milfoil, Scotch
broom, zebra mussels in the Great Lakes
- practices of traditional ecological
knowledge such as spring burning by
Cree in northern Alberta
• Invite a guest speaker (e.g., Aboriginal Elder, • Have students write a newspaper article about the
wildlife protection officer, zoologist) to talk case presented by the guest speaker. Students
about how disease, pollution, habitat should be able to
destruction, or resource exploitation have - articulate short‐term and long‐term effects on
affected a local ecosystem, and the efforts to various species populations
counter those effects. Where possible, follow - identify positive and negative effects on the
up with a field trip to the ecosystem. ecosystem
- reference applicable terms such as
equilibrium, abiotic, biotic, predator, prey,
succession, extinction, climax community, or
proliferation
72 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10
KEY ELEMENTS: PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Estimated Time: 40‐45 hours
By the end of the grade, students will have demonstrated understanding of chemical reactions and
radioactivity, and explained motion in terms of displacement, time interval, velocity, and acceleration.
Chemical Reactions and Radioactivity (30 hours)
Vocabulary
acids, alpha particle, atomic number, atoms, bases, beta particle, Bohr diagrams, bromothymol blue,
catalyst, combustion, compounds, concentration, conservation of mass, covalent bonding, decomposition,
electron, fission, fusion, gamma radiation, half‐life, indigo carmine, inorganic, ionic bonding, ions, isotope,
Lewis diagrams, light, litmus paper, mass number, methyl orange, molecules, neutralization (acid‐base),
neutron, organic, phenolphthalein, polyatomic, proton, radioactive decay, salts, single and double
replacement, surface area, symbolic equations, synthesis, valence electron
Knowledge
• acids, bases, and salts
• common ionic and covalent compounds
• organic and inorganic compounds
• chemical reactions (synthesis, decomposition, single and double replacement, neutralization,
combustion)
• conservation of mass
• radioactivity
Skills and Attitudes
• draw and interpret Bohr models
• draw and interpret Lewis diagrams for compounds containing single bonds
• name and write chemical formulae for common ionic and covalent compounds, using appropriate
terminology
• use standardized tests for acids and bases
• write and balance chemical equations
• write and balance nuclear equations
• use molecular models
• use the periodic table and ion charts
• demonstrate respect for precision
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 73
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
KEY ELEMENTS: PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Motion (10‐15 hours)
Vocabulary
acceleration, displacement, slope, time interval, uniform motion, velocity
Knowledge
• relationship of displacement and time interval to velocity
• motion of objects
• uniform motion
• acceleration due to gravity
• acceleration: positive, negative, and zero
Skills and Attitudes
• calculate using vav = Δx/Δt
• calculate using a = Δv/Δt, where Δv = vf ‐ vi
• demonstrate respect for precision
74 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10 PHYSICAL SCIENCE: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
RADIOACTIVITY
Prescribed Learning Outcomes
It is expected that students will:
C1 differentiate between atoms, ions, and molecules using knowledge of their structure and components
Suggested Achievement Indicators
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement for the Prescribed Learning Outcome above.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able to:
demonstrate knowledge of the three subatomic particles, their properties, and their location within the
atom (e.g., by creating models)
define and give examples of ionic bonding (e.g., metal and non‐metal) and covalent bonding (e.g., two
non‐metals, diatomic elements)
with reference to elements 1 to 20 on the periodic table, draw and interpret Bohr models, including
protons, neutrons, and electrons, of
- atoms (neutral)
- ions (charged)
- molecules ‐ covalent bonding (e.g., O2, CH4)
- ionic compounds (e.g., CaCl2)
identify valence electrons using the periodic table (excluding lanthanides and actinides)
distinguish between paired and unpaired electrons for a single atom
draw and interpret Lewis diagrams showing single bonds for simple ionic compounds and covalent
molecules (e.g., NaCl, MgO, BaBr2, H2O, CH4, NH3)
distinguish between lone pairs and bonding pairs of electrons in molecules
PLANNING FOR ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
• Review with students the charge, mass, and • Have students complete a fishbone diagram with
location of the three subatomic particles. information on protons, neutrons, and electrons,
then trade with a partner for peer assessment,
focussing on correct and complete inclusion of
- name of the particle
- relative mass
- relative charge
- location in the atom and symbol.
• Review the concept of isotopes, standard atomic • Have students use their notebooks to provide
notation, atomic number, number of neutrons, definitions and examples of each term discussed.
and mass number. Provide students with terms Criteria for assessment could include
and definitions, and challenge them to match - correct matching of the term and definition
each term to its definition (e.g., cutting and - quality of the example provided.
pasting from a handout, matching index
cards, playing a “who am I” game).
• Provide students with definitions and • Have students classify a variety of compounds
examples of ionic compounds and covalent into ionic or covalent. Have them work in pairs to
compound, and the types of bonds that occur develop an analogy to explain ionic and covalent
within these molecules. Explain to students compound formation and record this in their
how these different types of bonds form. notebooks. Students can present their analogies to
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 75
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
the class. Analogies should emphasize the
following:
- ionic compounds: transfer of electrons
between metal and non‐metal atoms to form
ions; oppositely charged ions are attracted to
each other and form a bond
- covalent compounds: similar types of atoms
combining and electrons being shared in bond
formation.
• Have students Think‐Pair‐Share their • Ask students to create a storyboard, showing the
knowledge of Bohr diagrams of elements and progressive steps in ionic and covalent compound
ions from grade 9. formation. The steps involved should show
• Have students draw Bohr diagrams of - atoms involved
molecules—both covalent (where electrons - loss/gain or transfer of electrons
are shared) and ionic (where electrons are - molecule produced
transferred from one atom to another). - Assess students’ work using criteria such as
those outlines in the sample assessment
instrument provided at the end of this grade
(Storyboard for Covalent and Ionic
Compound Formation).
• Have students research the concept of valence • Have students draw Lewis diagrams for first 20
electrons (electrons that take part in chemical elements on a blank template of the periodic table,
reactions/electrons that are beyond the (element symbol surrounded by valence
previous noble gas arrangement/electrons electrons). Look for evidence that students are
that are in open shells). able to complete the template accurately following
these rules:
- First 20 elements are included and correctly
placed.
- Electrons are placed around the element
symbols at the points of the compass (NESW).
- Electrons are placed singly, until five is
reached, when they are paired.
• Present students with sufficient information • Administer a quiz to assess students’ knowledge.
to draw Lewis diagrams of molecules. Point Questions could focus on concepts such as:
out that only unpaired electrons can - ability to draw Lewis diagrams for covalent
participate in bonding. Have students practise molecules such as H2O and CH4
drawing Lewis diagrams for covalent - ability to draw Lewis diagrams for ionic
molecules. Initially, students should be given molecules such as NaBr and BaCl2.
a structural formula. Have students draw
Lewis structures for ionic compounds using
metallic and non‐metallic elements.
76 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10 PHYSICAL SCIENCE: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
RADIOACTIVITY
Prescribed Learning Outcomes
It is expected that students will:
C2 classify substances as acids, bases, or salts, based on their characteristics, name, and formula
Suggested Achievement Indicators
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement for the Prescribed Learning Outcome above.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able to:
identify acids and bases using indicators (e.g., methyl orange, bromthymol blue, litmus,
phenolphthalein, indigo carmine)
explain the significance of the pH scale, with reference to common substances
differentiate between acids, bases, and salts with respect to chemical formulae and properties
recognize the names and formulae of common acids (e.g., hydrochloric, sulphuric, nitric, acetic)
use the periodic table to
- explain the classification of elements as metals and nonmetals
- identify the relative reactivity of elements in the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen, and
noble gas groups
- distinguish between metal oxide solutions (basic) and non‐metal oxide solutions (acidic)
use the periodic table and a list of ions (including polyatomic ions) to name and write chemical
formulae for common ionic compounds, using appropriate terminology (e.g., Roman numerals)
convert names to formulae and formulae to names for covalent compounds, using prefixes up to “deca”
PLANNING FOR ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
• Have students perform an experiment to • Ask students to write up the lab, using a
distinguish acids, bases and salts using prescribed format such as the one provided in the
indicators (e.g., Litmus paper, sample assessment instrument (Lab Report)
phenolphthalein, and bromothymol blue). provided at the end of this grade. Collect
Use hydrochloric, sulphuric, nitric, acetic and students’ completed reports and assess for
others. thoroughness and accuracy according to the
criteria provided in the outline.
• Ask students to observe the names and • Have students use their notebooks to note the
formulae of acids, bases, and salts to look for commonalities they observe. Collect their
commonalities. notebooks, looking for evidence that they have
identified
- acidic solutions contain H+ ions, basic OH‐
ions
- salt solutions contain a metal ion and a non‐
metal ion (other than H+ and OH‐).
• Have students undertake research and • After performing the lab and/or research, students
conduct experiments to determine the other can work in pairs to construct a Venn diagram as
properties of acids, bases, and salts: solubility an assessment instrument to summarize their
in water, conductivity (using conductivity information on acids, bases, and salts. Have
apparatus), reactivity with metals, carbonates students conduct a peer assessment of each others’
and bicarbonates, etc. work, looking for the
- correct identification of properties of acids
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 77
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
Caution: students should be reminded only (e.g., sour tasting, react with some metals
not to taste or touch chemicals in the to form H2 gas, react with carbonates and
laboratory, even though taste and touch bicarbonates to produce CO2)
may be distinguishing properties. - correct identification of properties of bases
only (e.g., bitter tasting, slippery feel)
- correct identification of properties of salts
only (e.g., salty tasting)
- correct identification of a property shared by
all three (e.g., conduct electricity in aqueous
solution)
- presentation in a clear Venn diagram format.
• Provide students with information about • Students can construct a concept map of the
specific physical and chemical properties of periodic table containing the information. Assess
groups of elements on the periodic table, their work using criteria such as those outlined in
including: the sample assessment instrument (Concept Map)
- types of reactivity (e.g., metal oxides provided at the end of the Classroom Model for
produce bases in water, non‐metal oxides this grade.
produce acids in water)
- trends through the representative
elements and transition elements.
• Review with students how to write names • Use a quiz or series of quizzes to check students’
and formulae for ionic compounds. Provide proficiency. Quiz could include questions related
worksheets for students to practise. To make to
the practice as relevant as possible, share with - naming compounds given the formulae (e.g.,
students the uses of many of the compounds. NaCl, HBr (aq), Li3PO4)
Use the opportunity to reinforce their - writing formulae given the names of
knowledge of acids and bases. As well, compounds (e.g., iron (III) chloride, perchloric
explain the procedure for naming acids: acid, barium nitrate).
- HCl—hydrogen chloride
- HCl (aq)—hydrochloric acid
- H2CO3—hydrogen carbonate
- H2CO3 (aq)—carbonic acid
- H2SO3—hydrogen sulphite
- H2SO3 (aq)—sulphurous acid.
• Introduce students to the procedure used to • Have students develop and play a card game to
write the names and formulae for covalent write names and formula for covalent
compounds, and allow students to practise compounds. To assess the games use the
examples. Again, to make the practise as following criteria:
relevant as possible, share with students the - all prefixes 1 to 10 are included on “number of
uses and occurrences of many of the atom” cards
compounds (e.g., carbon monoxide, CO, is - only non‐metal elements are used on
found in automobile exhaust). “element” cards
- students have established clear rules for their
game
- students have determined a means of
recording answers and/or a point scoring
system.
78 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10 PHYSICAL SCIENCE: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
RADIOACTIVITY
Prescribed Learning Outcomes
It is expected that students will:
C3 distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds
Suggested Achievement Indicators
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement for the Prescribed Learning Outcome above.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able to:
define organic compounds and inorganic compounds
distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds, based on their chemical structures
recognize a compound as organic or inorganic from its name, from its chemical formula, or from a
diagram or model
PLANNING FOR ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
• Have students research the similarities and • Have students complete a chart illustrating the
differences between organic and inorganic similarities and differences between organic and
compounds. inorganic compounds. Assess charts to determine
if they include
- composition (chemical structures)
- uses and occurrences
- types of bonding involved
- relationship to living things.
• Have students research a particular group of • Ask students to prepare and deliver a 4‐5 slide
organic compounds; antibiotics, drugs, presentation on the discovery, development, uses,
herbicides/pesticides, fabrics (fibres), benefits, and drawbacks of using selected organic
explosives or a particular organic compound compounds. Use criteria such as those outlined in
(e.g., Teflon, PABA [sunscreen], motor oil). the sample assessment instrument (Slide
Presentation) provided at the end of this grade.
• Supply students with a collection of names, • Have students work in pairs to discuss each
formulae, and diagrams for various organic others’ sorted lists and identify items on which
and inorganic compounds. Have students they disagreed when sorting. Then spend time as
individually participate in a sorting activity to a whole class discussing the compounds that
classify them as either organic or inorganic. students had difficulty sorting. Correct
misconceptions. Subsequently conduct another
similar sorting activity, focusing on names,
formulae or diagrams similar to those that
students had difficulty with the first time.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 79
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10 PHYSICAL SCIENCE: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
RADIOACTIVITY
Prescribed Learning Outcomes
It is expected that students will:
C4 analyse chemical reactions, including reference to conservation of mass and rate of reaction
Suggested Achievement Indicators
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement for the Prescribed Learning Outcome above.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able to:
define and explain the law of conservation of mass
represent chemical reactions and the conservation of atoms using molecular models
write and balance (using the lowest whole number coefficients) chemical equations from formulae,
word equations, or descriptions of experiments
identify, give evidence for, predict products of, and classify the following types of chemical reactions:
- synthesis (combination)
- decomposition
- single and double replacement
- neutralization (acid‐base)
- combustion
explain how factors such as temperature, concentration, presence of a catalyst, and surface area can
affect the rate of chemical reactions
PLANNING FOR ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
• Have students investigate the Law of • Ask students to write up the lab, using a
Conservation of Mass by performing a lab in prescribed format such as the one provided in the
which mass appears to be lost (e.g., baking Lab Report: Performance Task Definition
soda and vinegar), gained (e.g., burning provided at the end of the Classroom Model for
magnesium), and stays the same. this grade. Collect students’ completed reports
and assess for thoroughness and accuracy
according the criteria provided in the outline.
(You may also wish to use the scoring rubric
provided at the end of the Classroom Model for
this grade.)
• Ask students to write and balance simple • Have students use previous examples to create a
chemical equations (e.g., 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O : worksheet of five chemical reactions that have
synthesis, decomposition, single appropriate reactants and products, with the
replacement), given formulae, word correct solution. Other students can use and
equations, or descriptions of experiments. critique their worksheet based on criteria such as
Then use molecular models to ensure they the following:
understand that atoms are not lost or gained - Are the formulae written correctly (e.g., using
in a chemical reaction. Continue by asking the correct subscripts and Roman Numeral if
students to write and balance chemical necessary)?
reactions that are more complex (e.g., - Are the reactants and products probable?
CH 4 + O2 → CO2 + 2 H 2 O : double replacement, - Have the equations been balanced (e.g., using
neutralization, combustion). the lowest whole number coefficients)?
80 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
• Have students classify different reactions into • Ask students to use symbols to create analogies
the following types: representing the reactants and products of each of
- synthesis the reaction types and present these in a poster.
- decomposition For example, they could use letters of the alphabet
- single and double replacement or pictures to represent element symbols or
- neutralization compounds. Criteria for assessment could include
- combustion the following:
- Are symbols appropriate?
- Are all the reaction types illustrated?
- Are the reaction types correctly portrayed?
- Are the symbols creative?
- Are the same symbols used throughout?
See also the sample scoring rubric provided at the
end of the Classroom Model for this grade.
• Facilitate student labs in which they are • Use student presentations as an assessment
divided into six groups to investigate one of instrument. Each group should present to the
the six different reaction types: class for peer assessment on the accuracy and
- synthesis clarity of
- decomposition - the reaction type they explored
- single replacement - the procedure they followed
- double replacement - the balanced equation for the reaction
- neutralization - a practical example from general knowledge
- combustion. or research.
• Have students perform an experiment or • Have students complete a chart for their
series of experiments looking at factors that experiments depicting reaction rate, temperature,
control reaction rate: temperature, catalyst, concentration, surface area, and a
concentration, catalyst, and surface area. conclusion. Assess students’ work looking for
Experiments could include - complete diagram of what happened in each
- temperature—an effervescent indigestion experiment
tablet reacting with water at different - correct chemical formula and names
temperatures throughout
- concentration—different concentrations - extensive description of what happened in
of vinegar reacting with baking soda each experiment
- catalyst—the effect of MnO2 on hydrogen - conclusion as to which factor appeared to be
peroxide the most significant, based on their
- surface area—HCl reacting with chunks experiment.
vs. powdered CaCO3.
• As an extension, have students identify a real‐ • Have students write a newspaper article about a
world application of controlling reaction fictitious event involving reaction rates. Look for
rates. For example, students can research evidence that students are able to apply what they
• explosive mixtures—propane and air have learned about controlling reaction rates (e.g.,
• automobile air bags temperature, catalyst, concentration, surface area).
• food preservation
• catalytic converters.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 81
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10 PHYSICAL SCIENCE: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
RADIOACTIVITY
Prescribed Learning Outcomes
It is expected that students will:
C5 explain radioactivity using modern atomic theory
Suggested Achievement Indicators
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement for the Prescribed Learning Outcome above.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able to:
define isotope in terms of atomic number and mass number, recognizing how these are communicated
238
in standard atomic notation (e.g., Uranium‐238: 92U )
relate radioactive decay (e.g., alpha – α , beta – β , gamma – γ ) to changes in the nucleus
relate the following subatomic particles to radioactive decay:
1
- proton ( 1 p )
1
- neutron ( 0 n )
0
- electron ( −1 e )
alpha particle ( 2 α ) ( 2 He )
4 4
-
beta particle ( −1 β )
0
-
explain half‐life with reference to rates of radioactive decay
compare fission and fusion
complete and balance nuclear equations to illustrate radioactive decay, fission, and fusion
PLANNING FOR ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
• Review the three sub‐atomic particles, asking • Students should draw and label their models and
which one determines the type of element correctly list the element, number of protons,
observed. After examining the periodic table, number of neutrons, and mass number.
they should be able to recognise that each Concluding statements should be made
element is identified by its atomic number, i.e. explaining
the number of protons in every atom of that - the relationship between number of protons
element. and type of element
Explain the definition of the term isotope. - the distinction between an atom and an
Then, using toothpicks and foam balls of isotope
different colours, have students construct Check students’ models and concluding
models of atomic nuclei to represent various statements for accuracy.
elements, using mass numbers for info (e.g.,
carbon‐12, carbon‐14, nitrogen‐14, oxygen‐16,
sulphur‐32, chlorine‐35, chlorine‐37, argon‐40,
potassium‐39, potassium‐40). After doing so,
have them explain
- how mass number is determined
- how each element is distinguished
- what causes some atoms of a particular
element to be different than others of the
same element.
82 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
• In teams, have students research the terms: • Ask teams to record their research and summary
isotope, fission, fusion, half‐life, alpha, beta, and in their notebooks. When assessing student
gamma decay. Their research should include a research, look for inclusion of
definition and examples of each. Each team - fission reactions in nuclear reactors
should put together a summary that they can - fusion reactions in nuclear bombs or the sun
share with the class. - alpha decay used in smoke detectors
- gamma decay used in radiation therapy
When the teams present their summary to the
class, check for accuracy of definitions and
examples.
• Have students practise writing nuclear • Evaluate student writing using the vocabulary
equations demonstrating the correct use of development matrix below for the five types of
atomic number, mass number, number of nuclear equations (italics indicates the student
neutrons, and standard atomic notation. Then response).
have students correctly identify, and place
into the appropriate grouping, examples of Type of nuclear equation Beta decay
the different types of nuclear equations. They Definition Characteristics
When a neutron is The mass number of
should write fission, fusion, alpha, beta and transformed into a proton the resulting isotope
gamma decay equations. The written and a high speed electron does not change, but
equations should use standard atomic (beta particle) is emitted the atomic number
from the nucleus increases by 1
notation. Examples Non-example
P→1632S + −10β 86 Rn+ 2 α
Ra→222
32 226 4
15 88
• Assess student half‐life graphs for title,
• Have students use a model to explore the appropriate scale, labelled axes, and a smooth
concept of half‐life. Have them plot half‐life curve.
data for an isotope on a graph.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 83
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
• Provide direct instruction on the correct use • Have students correctly identify, and place into
of terms including atomic number, mass the appropriate grouping, examples of the three
number, number of neutrons, and standard types of radioactive decay: alpha, beta, and
atomic notation. Use models to demonstrate gamma. Assess students’ abilities to
alpha, beta, and gamma decay. Use blue for - explain their grouping rationale
neutrons and red for protons; roll several - use appropriate vocabulary for each types of
balls of neutrons and an approximately equal radioactive decay (e.g., particle, decay,
number of protons. Have the balls mixed neutron, transform, protein, high‐speed
evenly and clumped loosely together to form electron, nucleus)
a nucleus. Then perform the following: - accurately use standard atomic notation.
- remove two blue neutron balls and two
red proton balls together (a helium
nucleus) to show alpha decay; students
should be able to state that the mass
number of the atom is reduced by four,
and the atomic number reduced by two,
forming a new elemental atom
- remove a small piece of one blue neutron
ball, representing an electron or beta
decay; at the same time, replace that blue
ball with a red proton ball, to indicate the
neutron has now changed into a proton,
which once again changes the atomic
number to form a new elemental atom
- explain that in the process of radioactive
decay, some gamma ray energy is
released, and is usually referred to as
gamma decay
• Have students use a model to explore the • Students should prepare a formal report that
concept of half‐life. For example, have includes the following:
students place thumbtacks in a petri dish. - a diagram of the apparatus
Have students perform the following - all data neatly organized and recorded
procedures: - a properly titled and labelled graph with a
- shake the dish, and remove all smooth curve clearly showing exponential
thumbtacks pointing downward decay
- in a table, record the number of tacks - a marker on the graph indicating the half‐life
remaining in the dish after the first shake of the tacks
- repeat the process until all tacks are gone - a concluding statement on how this model
- plot a graph of the number of tacks vs. explains half‐life.
shakes and draw a smooth curve through
most of the points
- using the line drawn, determine how
many shakes were required to go down to
50 tacks; this is the half‐life of the
decaying tacks.
84 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
• Explain the concepts of nuclear fission and • Have students use a chart or other graphic
fusion. Use examples to explain the organizer to compare the processes of fission and
similarities and differences, such as fusion. Points of comparison in students charts
- the fission process in a CANDU reactor should include the following:
- the fission and fusion process in nuclear - what happens to the nucleus
bombs - energy produced
- the fusion process in the interior of our - examples
sun - appropriate equations.
- the appropriate equation for each.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 85
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10 PHYSICAL SCIENCE: MOTION
Prescribed Learning Outcomes
It is expected that students will:
C6 explain the relationship of displacement and time interval to velocity for objects in uniform motion
Suggested Achievement Indicators
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement for the Prescribed Learning Outcome above.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able to:
define displacement (change in position, Δx), time interval (Δt), and velocity (vav)
analyse graphically the relationship between displacement and time interval for an object travelling in
uniform motion
use the formula vav = Δx/Δt to calculate the average velocity (vav), displacement (change in position, Δx),
and time interval (Δt) for an object in uniform motion, given appropriate data
design and conduct one or more experiments to determine the velocity of an object in uniform motion
(e.g., using carts, balls, skateboards, bicycles, canoes in still water)
PLANNING FOR ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
• Describe a situation in which an athlete runs • Assess students on their ability to differentiate
once around a 400m track. To distinguish terms, using examples of objects that travel
between distance and displacement, ask forward, then reverse direction. Students should
students to identify the length of the path be able to distinguish between situations where
travelled and the difference between the displacement and distance are different and
athlete’s initial and final positions. situations where they are the same.
• Ask students: “under what circumstances can • Given a variety of examples (e.g. a ball falling, a
distance and displacement be the same size?” plane taking off, a rocket deploying its thrusters
They should be able to recognize that this in space and subsequently shutting them off, a
condition only exists when an object travels child riding a merry‐go‐round), students should
forward in a straight line. Explain to students be able to classify each type as uniform or non‐
that if an object displays this motion, and if it uniform motion.
is travelling at a constant speed, then the
object is said to be in uniform motion.
• Use a small remote‐controlled motorized car • Have students record position and time data
(to steer straight). Lay out a 50 m measuring arising from the straight‐line motion of the
tape along a length of hallway, and have a motorized car. Have them calculate the ratios for
student time (with a stopwatch on interval change in position vs. time interval for each 5m
mode) each 5 meter segment of the 50 m trip. segment and present this as a table. Assess their
work, looking for completeness, accuracy, and
inclusion of sample calculations to establish the
ratios.
• Ask students to plot a graph of position vs. time
from the data collected. They should be able to
use a ruler to draw a single straight line through
most of the points and draw an appropriate
conclusion. Assess their work, looking for the
extent to which they
- correctly plotted position vs. time on a graph
- drew an appropriate conclusion (i.e., at
86 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
constant velocity, a direct, or linear,
relationship exists between displacement and
time, as shown by the straight line on their
graph; this indicates uniform motion).
• Have students create a similar experiment of • Students could prepare a formal lab report on
their own to demonstrate the relationship the activity, to be assessed using the Lab
between displacement and time interval, Report: Performance Task Definition and the
using objects such as carts, balls, skateboards, Scoring Rubric for Lab Report supplied at the end
bicycles, or canoes in still water. of the Classroom Model for this grade level.
• As an alternative, in a gymnasium or outside,
set up a series of exercises that involve
running, skateboarding, throwing a ball, etc. • Students should prepare an informal lab write‐up
At each station, provide a tape measure and that includes a sketch of each apparatus used, an
stopwatch. Have students sketch the explanation of the exercise performed, along with
apparatus and perform the necessary their calculations to determine the average
calculations to determine the average velocity velocity for each exercise.
in each case.
• Introduce the formula vav = Δx/Δt to calculate • The correct answers should be indicated and all
velocity (vav), displacement (change in work clearly shown outlining their methodology
position, Δx), and time interval (Δt) for an for each problem. Correct units should also be
object in uniform motion. Give students a used.
variety of problems to solve for various
objects travelling at uniform motion.
• As an extension, have students calculate the • All work should be shown clearly on the graph,
slope of the graph line and discuss the including slope calculations and the equation for
significance of this value (it is the velocity of the line.
the small car). Using the formula y = mx +b,
they can write the formula representing the
relationship between displacement and time.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 87
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10 PHYSICAL SCIENCE: MOTION
Prescribed Learning Outcomes
It is expected that students will:
C7 demonstrate the relationship between velocity, time interval, and acceleration
Suggested Achievement Indicators
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement for the Prescribed Learning Outcome above.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able to:
define acceleration ( positive, negative, and zero)
give examples of positive, negative, and zero acceleration, including
- falling objects
- accelerating from rest
- slowing down or stopping
- uniform motion
given initial velocity (vi), final velocity (vf), and the time interval (Δt), calculate acceleration using the
formula a = Δv/Δt, where Δv = vf ‐ vi (e.g., for falling objects)
PLANNING FOR ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
• Toss a ball into the air and catch it at about • Provide students with various examples of objects
the same level. Ask students to describe its accelerating and decelerating. They should
motion. They should recognize that as the ball analyze each example and describe each of the
rises, its velocity decreases until it stops for an following quantities as positive or negative, along
instant, and subsequently increases its with an explanation why:
velocity, but in the opposite direction, as it - displacement
falls back to its original position. Explain that - initial velocity, final velocity, and change in
any object that increases or decreases its velocity
speed is said to be undergoing acceleration. - acceleration
By choosing the initial forward direction as Students should also recognize that an object in
positive, that acceleration is positive if the uniform motion has zero acceleration.
object increases speed at a constant rate, and
negative if the object slows down. Point out
that acceleration remains negative as the
object moves in the opposite (negative)
direction.
• Introduce the formula, a = Δv/Δt, where Δv = • The correct answers should be indicated and all
vf ‐ vi (e.g., for falling objects). Give students a work clearly shown outlining their methodology
variety of problems to solve for various for each problem. Correct units should also be
accelerating objects. used.
88 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10
KEY ELEMENTS: EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
Estimated Time: 20‐25 hours
By the end of the grade, students will have described the processes associated with energy transfer within
the Earth’s geosphere and atmosphere and will have examined processes and features associated with plate
tectonics.
Energy Transfer in Natural Systems (11‐14 hours)
Vocabulary
atmosphere, conduction, convection, Coriolis effect, El Niño, greenhouse gases, heat, kilopascals, kinetic
molecular theory, La Niña, ozone layer, permafrost, prevailing winds, thermal energy, tornado
Knowledge
• heat and thermal energy
• conduction and convection
• energy absorption and radiation in the atmosphere
• differential heating and prevailing winds
• changes in air density
• measurement of air pressure
• human‐created and natural influences on climate
• climate affects natural systems
Skills and Attitudes
• illustrate energy transfer
• use given criteria for evaluating evidence and sources of information (e.g., identify supporting or
refuting information and bias)
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 89
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
KEY ELEMENTS: EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
Plate Tectonics (9‐11 hours)
Vocabulary
asthenosphere, continental drift theory, converging/diverging plates, earthquakes, epicentre, fault, hot
spot, inner core, lithosphere, mantle, mantle convection, outer core, paleoglaciation, plate boundary, plate
tectonic theory, primary waves, ridge push and slab pull, rift valley, secondary waves, spreading ridge,
subduction zone, surface waves, tectonic plate, transform fault, trench, volcanic belt, volcanic island arc,
volcanoes
Knowledge
• plate movement and associated features and processes
• diverging, converging, and transform plate boundaries
• deep‐focus to shallow‐focus earthquakes
• continental drift theory
• magnetic reversals
Skills and Attitudes
• illustrate plate movement
• identify tectonic mapping symbols
• use given criteria for evaluating evidence and sources of information (e.g., identify supporting or
refuting information and bias)
90 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10: EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE: ENERGY TRANSFER IN
NATURAL SYSTEMS
Prescribed Learning Outcomes
It is expected that students will:
D1 explain the characteristics and sources of thermal energy
Suggested Achievement Indicators
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement for the Prescribed Learning Outcome above.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able to:
define heat and thermal energy
explain and illustrate how thermal energy is transferred through conduction, convection, and
radiation, with reference to
- kinetic molecular theory
- practical examples (e.g., home heating, cooking methods, loss of body heat, insulation)
describe Earth’s energy sources including
- residual thermal energy from Earth’s formation
- energy from radioactive decay
- solar energy (with reference to absorption and radiation in the atmosphere)
PLANNING FOR ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
• Define thermal energy and explain the • In their journals, have students list and explain
concept of energy transfer. Have students situations where thermal energy is transferred,
work in groups and brainstorm situations including definitions and diagrams. Student
where thermal energy is transferred. Ask explanations should include information on
students to explain how the thermal conduction, convection, and radiation, with
energy is transferred. accompanying diagrams.
• Ask students to define conduction,
convection, and radiation, providing
assistance by using illustrations to
demonstrate how thermal energy is
transferred in each case.
• In a Think‐Pair‐Share activity, have • Ask students to record in their journals the
students review how thermal energy is information regarding transfer of thermal energy.
transferred. Then ask them to apply these They should list how thermal energy is transferred to
ideas to determine how the Earth gains the Earth, from the Earth, and inside the Earth (e.g.,
and loses thermal energy, using from radioactive decay). Diagrams should be used in
conduction, convection, and radiation. the explanation of how thermal energy is transferred
in these processes. Use the Thermal Energy Transfer
Scoring Guide included at the end of the Classroom
Model for this grade to assess student work.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 91
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10: EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE: ENERGY TRANSFER IN
NATURAL SYSTEMS
Prescribed Learning Outcomes
It is expected that students will:
D2 explain the effects of thermal energy transfer within the atmosphere
Suggested Achievement Indicators
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement for the Prescribed Learning Outcome above.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able to:
define atmospheric pressure and explain how it is measured
identify weather conditions that typically accompany areas of low and high pressure in the atmosphere
describe how energy transfer influences atmospheric convection, atmospheric pressure, and prevailing
winds (e.g., differential heating of land and water causes changes in air density and affects prevailing
winds)
PLANNING FOR ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
• Working in groups, have students define force • Have students record in their journals definitions
and pressure, listing the different types of and create diagrams of force and pressure, looking
forces. Ask them to form small groups, blow for indications that groups have answered the
up a balloon, and answer the following four questions and provided diagrams and
questions: explanations on air pressure.
- Why is the air in the balloon “harder or
firmer” than the air in the room?
- Why do we blow up tires on a car or
bicycle?
- What happens when you go up a
mountain or fly in an airplane? Why do
your ears ‘pop’?”
- How do we measure air pressure? On
what does air pressure depend?
• Review the history of the development of • Students should prepare journal reports with
barometers using slides or other multimedia. daily entries for a one week period, recording all
Show students a barometer and explain how relevant information pertaining to the local
it works. weather conditions, as well as the relative
• Have student groups each construct a simple barometric readings displayed on their “home
barometer using instructions readily available made barometer.” At the end of the recording
online or in various resource books. Ask term, conclusions should be drawn relating
groups to take the air pressure in the class for atmospheric pressure to the changes in weather
several days, recording in their journals the observed. Predictions of future weather
following information: conditions can also be made, based on
- the time of day hypothetical changes to barometer readings.
- the temperature outside
- the weather conditions
- the barometer reading (high or low)
92 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
• Ask students to consider why forced‐air • Have students write up the demonstration, which
furnaces are always built in the basement of should include
homes and not in the attics. Then demonstrate - a neat diagram of the apparatus with arrows
convection to students using smoke paper indicating the proper direction of the
and a glass box apparatus, where heat from a circulating smoke
lit candle beneath one vent causes smoke to - a clear explanation as to why the smoke rises
rise, while at the other vent, smoke is pulled at one vent and sinks at the other
downward into the container. Students can - a description of how air pressure changes
infer from this that as warm air rises, air inside the apparatus from differential heating
pressure decreases above the candle, thereby - a concluding statement on how convection
drawing in cooler surrounding air. works in fluids
• Brainstorm with students what high and low • Provide students with a map with an imaginary
air pressure means. Show students several area showing highs and lows. Each student must
weather maps and determine the kind of predict the weather for the spot marked “x” on the
weather in high and low pressure areas. map and explain in several sentences using the
correct vocabulary why the prediction is believed
to be correct.
• Ask students the following questions: • In groups, have students suggest answers to the
- What happens to air if the pavement in questions asked. Look for them to refer to kinetic
the parking lot is in the sun? Does air molecular theory taught previously. Students
from somewhere else move into where should also be assessed on their ability to
the hot air was? - describe the more rapid upward movement of
- If air heats and rises, what kind of current air above warm land during the day (relative
do we have? to air above water)
- If air particles move faster, what happens - describe and explain the breeze moving from
to the air pressure? ocean to land due to the relative differences in
- Do winds occur? atmospheric pressure between water and land
- Why does pavement get hotter than the - explain how more rapid cooling of land at
ground or water? night allows faster convection above water at
- Do these convection currents happen in night, effectively reversing the process.
certain areas more than others (i.e., water
vs. land; night vs. day)?
• Have students perform an experiment using • Formal reports should include diagrams,
100 W lamps to simultaneously heat appropriate data tables, accurately plotted graphs
containers of water and soil. They should that compare changes in temperature with time
record temperatures at regular intervals for both water and soil, and a concluding
during the heating process, then remove the statement explaining differences in summer and
lamps and continue to record data as the winter temperatures between coastal and inland
materials cool down. Graphs can be plotted to communities. This can be assessed using the
illustrate the differential heating and cooling Scoring Rubric for Lab Reports provided at the
rates of soil and water, and relate these results end of the Classroom Model for this grade.
to the effects of heating on land and ocean.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 93
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10: EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE: ENERGY TRANSFER IN
NATURAL SYSTEMS
Prescribed Learning Outcomes
It is expected that students will:
D3 evaluate possible causes of climate change and its impact on natural systems
Suggested Achievement Indicators
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement for the Prescribed Learning Outcome above.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able to:
describe how natural phenomena can affect climate (e.g., biosphere processes, volcanic eruptions,
Coriolis effect, El Niño and La Niña)
describe how climate can be influenced by human activities (e.g., greenhouse gases, depletion of ozone
layer)
describe how climate change affects natural systems (e.g., shrinking of the permafrost region, melting
of ice shelves/caps/glaciers)
PLANNING FOR ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
• Ask students to brainstorm human activities • Introductory activity—no assessment required.
that influence climate change. Use videos or
other multimedia to illustrate such activities.
• Have students form small groups and assign • Assess student presentations, looking for
each group one natural phenomenon that evidence of relevant facts and information related
affects climate (e.g., volcanic eruptions, to their chosen natural phenomenon (e.g.,
Coriolis effect, El Niño and La Niña) or one volcanic eruptions: release of gases and/or ash;
significant climate change problem that Coriolis effect: movement of hurricanes; El Niño:
affects natural systems (e.g., shrinking of the warming of water current and effects on
permafrost region, melting of ice upwelling). Consider using the Presentation
shelves/caps/glaciers). Then have students Evaluation tool provided at the end of the
work with members of their “expert” group to Classroom Model for this grade to assess group
read about and/or research their topic. Each work.
student prepares a short presentation which • You may also want students to assess
she or he will then use to teach the topic to contributions to their group, using the Group
other groups (e.g., including a poster that Member Evaluation Guide provided at the end
contains important facts, information, and of the Classroom Model for this grade.
diagrams related to the study topic).
• Have students take on the role of an official in • Assess student presentations, looking for
the Ministry of the Environment and prepare evidence that they provide supporting evidence
a research‐based presentation to inform the for their position, use relevant research in an
public about the future danger to the province appropriate way, and identify a range of effects of
of a human activity that contributes to climate human activity on climate (e.g., use of CFCs, use
change (or, take on the role of a reporter and of thermal electricity generation, use of internal
prepare an article for a newspaper). combustion engines, deforestation).
94 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
• Have students research how global warming • Assess students’ research work, considering the
is affecting natural systems in the Arctic that extent to which they have addressed issues such
impact the Inuit way of life. as
- temperature changes
- ice formation
- nature of the evidence
- effects on hunting and gathering activities
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 95
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10: EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE: PLATE TECTONICS
Prescribed Learning Outcomes
It is expected that students will:
D4 analyse the processes and features associated with plate tectonics
Suggested Achievement Indicators
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement for the Prescribed Learning Outcome above.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able to:
define plate tectonics, plate boundary, earthquake, trench, volcano, spreading ridge, subduction zone, hot spot
relate tectonic plate movement to the composition of the following layers of the Earth, as determined
by seismic waves (primary, secondary, and surface waves):
- crust
- lithosphere
- asthenosphere
- mantle
- outer core
- inner core
describe tectonic plate boundaries, including
- transform boundaries
- divergent boundaries
- convergent boundaries (oceanic‐oceanic crust, oceanic‐continental crust, and continental‐
continental crust)
identify tectonic mapping symbols
explain how plate movement produces the following features:
- epicentres and shallow‐focus to deep‐focus earthquakes
- volcanism at subduction zones (e.g., volcanic island arcs, volcanic belts) and at spreading ridges
- mountain ranges and mid‐ocean ridges
- hot spot chains (e.g., Hawaiian Islands, Yellowstone)
identify sources of heat within the Earth that produce mantle convection and hot spot activity (i.e., heat
within the core and excess radioactivity within the mantle)
explain how mantle convection and ridge push and slab pull are believed to contribute to plate motion
PLANNING FOR ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
• Review the Earth’s layers with students and • Give groups of four students copies of earthquake
ask students how they think the layers were epicentre; volcano location; sea floor age and
identified. Explain seismology and the use of topography/bathymetry (elevation) world maps
earthquake waves in identifying the layers of and ask them to work as a group, compiling the
the Earth. information in order to explain plate tectonic
• Use an interactive website (such as Virtual theory, both evidence and resulting physical
Earthquake, http://www.sciencecourseware. features. Use the Digital Library for Earth System
org/VirtualEarthquake/ to demonstrate how Education (DLESE) search engine for background
the location of epicentres is determined using information and detailed lesson plans; an
P and S seismic waves. excellent example, including a computer slide
• Relate the placement of Earthʹs layers to show presentation with maps and thorough
density by pointing out that explanations is
- thinner, metal rich, oceanic crust is denser http://terra.rice.edu/plateboundary/tg.html.
and sits lower on the mantle, creating Assess students on their ability to
96 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
ocean basins which fill up with water, - work effectively in small groups
while continental crust sits higher on the - summarize the information
mantle, even though itʹs much thicker - explain how the maps all relate to plate
- density increases towards the center of tectonics theory
the planet Use the students presentations as an opportunity
• Show world map plots of earthquake and to correct any misconceptions in their
volcano data and introduce the concept of understanding.
tectonic plates, identified by the data. (Many
websites show successive plots of earthquake • Have students produce a concept map and write
and volcano data on world maps, outlining explanations of all plate tectonic features shown.
with increasing clarity natural plate Encourage the use of simple diagrams for
boundaries.) explanations. Use the following Plate Tectonics
• Introduce sea floor spreading and the Concept Map Scoring Guide to assess student
development of plate tectonic theory. Point work.
out that an increase in oceanic crust at a Criteria Mark
spreading plate boundary means that crust Diagram and connecting words include all 3
will have to converge elsewhere as a result. key aspects of plate tectonics (deep‐ and
Ask what would happen if the Earth were shallow‐focus earthquake, tsunami,
expanding at the same rate that new crust was volcano, tectonic plate, plate boundary,
being formed. mid‐ocean ridge, trench, hot spot).
• With reference to a specific subduction zone, Diagram and connecting words include most 2
examine cross‐section of earthquake data for key aspects of plate tectonics.
the area, showing shallow to deep Diagram and connecting words include some 1
earthquakes across a subduction zone. key aspects of plate tectonics.
• Discuss transform plate boundaries,
explaining their prevalence on the ocean floor • Test students’ understanding of plate tectonics
because of variation in divergent plate theory by handing out world plate boundary
movement. maps with cross section location lines on them.
• Explain the three types of plate boundaries Asks students to complete the appropriate cross‐
and the various crustal variations of each type sections, marking for accuracy and
(continental and oceanic crust), using both understanding. Cross section locations can be
plan (map) view diagrams and cross section horizontal or vertical, but must chosen carefully
diagrams. so that the plate boundaries are clearly defined on
• Draw a horizontal cross‐section location line the maps.
across a tectonic world map, preferably
through southern British Columbia, and with
students’ input, draw a cross‐section of
tectonic plate boundaries for the area under
the line. Label each tectonic plate, each plate
boundary and all appropriate earthquake
patterns and related sites of volcanic
eruptions.
• Using a world map which includes
earthquake epicentres and volcanoes or plate
boundaries, look at various places and ask
students to explain what type of tectonic
activity would occur in each.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 97
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
• As an extension, have students find the • Ask students to prepare journal entries on their
epicentre of an earthquake. Provide earthquake observations. Provide copies of the
information on the arrival of p and s waves at Lab Reports Performance Task Definition, and
various seismic stations. Using the difference assess their work using the Lab Report Scoring
in the arrival times of the p and s waves at one Rubric. Both of these items are provided at the
station, ask students to determine how far the end of the Classroom Model for this grade.
earthquake would be from the station and
indicate on a map where the epicentre could
be located. Repeating this for two more
stations, have students use triangulation to
locate the epicentre. A chart giving the
distances from the epicentre relative to the
difference in arrival times at the stations,
provides further information about the
earthquake. This can be done on the Virtual
Earthquake (or other similar) websites.
http://www.sciencecourseware.org/VirtualEar
thquake/
• Describe the processes and features associated • Have students prepare a short report illustrating
with the creation of Japan. Have students and comparing subduction zone eruptions and
make notes, including a cross‐section diagram hot spot eruptions (e.g., Yellowstone Park in the
of the formation of these islands. Next, U.S.A.). These reports could be assessed for the
explain that there is no subduction zone inclusion of
associate with the creation of the Hawaiian - neat and accurate cross‐section diagrams of
Islands. Brainstorm ideas as to how these each type of eruption process
islands might have formed, providing clues as - arrows to indicate appropriate plate motion
needed, such as - labels for the diagrams
- the islands get progressively older,
further from the big island of Hawaii
- only the big island has any currently
active volcanism
- the remaining islands are being worn
down by the ocean
- there are zones of excess radioactivity in
the mantle, creating hot spots of magma
creation
Students should draw a cross‐section of how
they think the Hawaiian Islands are related to
plate tectonic activity, using textbooks or
other appropriate resources.
• Demonstrate convection. Place a large (wide) • Give students a list of major mountain ranges,
beaker of cold heavy syrup or molasses (put earthquake epicentres, and significant volcanoes.
in the freezer until very cold but not frozen) In addition, supply a legend showing
on a tripod, without a gauze pad in place to conventional symbols for tectonic mapping and a
ensure localized heating. Place two small, thin base map showing latitude and longitude. Have
pieces of cardboard on top of the cold syrup. students identify the location of each item from
Heat the beaker, using a low blue flame at the the list on a world map, using appropriate
center of the base of the beaker. The syrup symbols. They can also be asked to show the
above the flame will slowly change colour location of rifts, trenches, and divergent
98 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
and viscosity as it heats up. After several boundaries. Assess
minutes, the cardboard will be driven apart - the accuracy of their locating work
by convection currents within the syrup. - the extent to which students are able to
• Review convection currents. Explain to correlate features with plate boundaries and
students that plate movement is caused by use the symbols appropriately
convection currents in the mantle. These are • Ask students to identify the geological hazards,
thought to result from thermal energy from related to plate tectonics, which could occur in
the core heating the mantle. various places around the world. Where would
• Have students watch videos or other travellers be most likely or least likely to
multimedia presentations of the phenomena experience these hazards? Assess students on
associated with plate movement. their ability to conduct a group discussion.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 99
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GRADE 10: EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE: PLATE TECTONICS
Prescribed Learning Outcomes
It is expected that students will:
D5 demonstrate knowledge of evidence that supports plate tectonic theory
Suggested Achievement Indicators
The following set of indicators may be used to assess student achievement for the Prescribed Learning Outcome above.
Students who have fully met the Prescribed Learning Outcome are able to:
describe evidence for continental drift theory (e.g., fossil evidence, mountain belts, paleoglaciation)
relate the following to plate tectonic theory:
- the world distribution of volcanoes, earthquakes, mountain belts, trenches, mid‐ocean ridges, and
rift valleys
- hot spot and subduction zone eruptions
- magnetic reversals and age of rocks relative to spreading ridges
PLANNING FOR ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES
• Provide students with a handout showing an • Students are to cut out each continent, place them
outline of each of the major continents with on another blank sheet of paper, and attempt to fit
the following markings them together like a jigsaw puzzle to create a
- “matching” mountain chains single “super continent.”
- similar fossils • Given that students are working on the basis of
- similar glacial evidence limited information, allow some latitude for
Explain that Alfred Wegener, who first divergent results. Assess students’ results by
proposed the idea of a super continent, noted considering how well they
specifically the jigsaw puzzle fit of the - construct a reasonable fit
continents on either side of the Atlantic - provide reasonable explanations for their
Ocean. Suggest that students start with the continent‐matching decisions
continents which border the Atlantic ocean.
Once satisfied with their matching, students
are to paste their rearranged continents onto
the blank sheet under the title, “Pangea.” They
should include a brief explanation of how
they arrived at their result (rationale).
• Review Alfred Wegener’s work, given the • Ask students to a draw simple time line including
knowledge available to him. Emphasize the - Alfred Wegener’s presentation of his Theory
lack of seismic data and lack of understanding of Continental Drift
of the ocean floor in his day. - the first mapping of the Atlantic sea floor
• Discuss the importance of technology to our - the proposal of the concept of sea‐floor
understanding of plate tectonics. Review the spreading
dates of key discoveries. - the development of Plate Tectonics Theory
Assess for accuracy and completeness.
• As an extension, introduce current topics in • Ask students to write a letter to Alfred Wegener,
geology, developed since Plate Tectonics telling him of the developments in technology
Theory was introduced (e.g., accreted and our current understanding of plate tectonics.
terranes, mapping heat within the Earth, and Assess on accuracy and thoroughness. The letter
computer modelling of convection currents should be a review of Plate Tectonics Theory and
within the Earth). concepts.
100 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
• As an extension, ask students to research a current
area of study in geology related to plate tectonics,
such as the accretion of terranes, or modelling of
convection currents within the mantle. Assess
- the appropriateness of their choice
- the accuracy of their findings
- the extent to which they present information
in their own words (an indication that they
have assimilated explanations)
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 101
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
LAB REPORT: PERFORMANCE TASK DEFINITION
Name Block
Lab Number Date
[ACTIVITY NAME]
Purpose: something that one sets out for oneself as an objective, the aim of the experiment; may
be stated as a question
Materials: list of things you used in the experiment
Procedure: 1) Some experiments will just require you to list the textbook – name, page number and
procedure numbers.
2) Other experiments will require you to enter the complete procedure, listing the steps
to follow in conducting the experiment.
Observations: These would come in the same order as the procedures. Try to answer the following
question: What was done for each procedure? What was seen/ heard/ felt/ smelled/ when
you did the procedure? For example:
a) Measurements of (length/mass/volume) were taken and recorded.
The (mass/length/volume) of _____ was ________.
b) Tables are drawn with a ruler and include all data. Correct symbols for units are
used. The table is completed in pencil. A title for the table is included.
c) Observed objects were drawn.
d) Equipment used and its set up were diagrammed.
e) It was observed that : (complete the sentence)
the object was seen to ___________
the object sounded like ___________
the object felt like _________
the object smelled like _________ (use caution when smelling)
(Note: Most of the above would not be used for any one procedure)
Questions: At the end of each experiment you will find a question set that may be assigned. You
must answer these in this section.
Conclusions: Try to answer some of the following questions for each experiment:
1. Name and describe any new terms and procedures you may have learned. (Did you
do what you said you wanted to in the purpose?)
2. What other instruments (apparatus) might one have used in this experiment?
3. How accurate do you think your results are? Explain.
4. Have you learned a new skill, for example: Could what you learned help you predict
something?
5. Try to generalize: Would this procedure work for other materials? If so, what?
6. How could you use what you learned in your daily life? Has this experiment
changed your attitude about something?
7. Does what you learned have any value to you? (other than, “because I have to
remember it for the test”)
8. How do you interpret your observations?
9. What are the connections and relationships that you have learned (more) about?
Remember: not all of the above can be answered for every experiment; but # 8 is always answered.
102 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
SCORING RUBRIC FOR LAB REPORT
Beginning Developing Accomplished Exemplary Score
1 2 3 4
Purpose is Purpose is written Purpose is stated,
Purpose is stated
not written. but the desired clearly identifying
identifying the
Purpose
relationship is not the relationship to be
relationship to be
stated. determined. determined and
written in 3rd person
passive.
Procedure is Procedure is Procedure is Procedure is written.
not written. written but the written and the The processes to be
Procedure
processes to be processes to be used are easy to
followed are not followed are easy follow and include
clear. to follow. other options to
pursue.
Observations, Observations, data Observations, Observations, data,
data and and diagrams are data, and and diagrams are
Observations,
diagrams are included but are diagrams are included and are
Data and
not included. incomplete and/or included and are complete and neat. A
Diagrams
messy. complete and pencil and ruler have
neat. been used when
required.
Questions Questions and Questions and Questions and
and answers answers are answers are answers are included
Questions
are not included but are included and are and are complete.
and Answers
included. incomplete. mostly complete.
Conclusion is Conclusion is Conclusion is Conclusion is
not included. included but is included and is included. It is
Conclusion
incomplete or has complete in 3rd complete, written in
personal opinions person passive. 3rd person passive,
such as “It smelled and includes
yucky” or “I liked suggestions for
this lab.” future experiments.
Total Score =
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 103
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT
STORYBOARD FOR COVALENT AND IONIC COMPOUND FORMATION
1. Unsatisfactory 2. Satisfactory 3. Good 4. Excellent
Title and written captions
unclear, hard to clear, but not eye‐ clear and eye‐catching stands out, attracting
distinguish from title catching attention; uses
from captions symbolism or humour
Bonding is shown in steps
few steps shown steps are present but steps show logical steps show a thorough
confusing or incomplete progression understanding of the
subject
Bohr diagrams correctly shown
Bohr diagrams are Bohr diagrams are Bohr diagrams are Bohr diagrams are
incomplete, missing p ,
+ incomplete missing n0 complete with p+, n0 and complete & show
and n
0 e‐ understanding of the
concepts
Creativity
little use of colour, no colour, but ideas used to colour coding for the the use of colour is
image or theme are used extend the content don’t components or steps is effective in making the
to extend the idea of relate well to bonding. clear and will help with connections memorable
bonding memory
104 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT
SLIDE PRESENTATION
1. Unsatisfactory 2. Satisfactory 3. Good 4. Excellent
Research credited and notes provided
no bibliography or notes some references all references given, all references given, and
given included and notes sketchy notes notes show clear
understanding
Detail and depth of knowledge
some details of the either too much or too depth of content is appropriate depth, plus
compound provided little detail appropriate for the interesting points are
audience made in the presentation
Organization of presentation
ideas presented in no most ideas flow from ideas are presented presentation has a flow
particular order one to another logically that leads the audience
to a thorough
understanding
Visual impact of presentation
few images provided, images and captions are each slide captures slides are visually
and captions are hard to related and easy to see attention of audience attractive and have
follow sound or action
Creativity in presentation
little imagination ideas used to explain the examples, analogies, or examples, analogies, or
throughout the concepts don’t relate to extensions relate to the extensions make the
presentation the topic chosen topic topic memorable
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 105
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT
POSTER
1. Unsatisfactory 2. Satisfactory 3. Good 4. Excellent
• most information • some details missing • all the information is • information
missing, incomplete, • most ideas flow provided presented so it is
or incorrect from one to another • ideas are presented memorable
• ideas presented in • poster has images, logically • presentation leads
no particular order colour and some • images and the audience to a
• no use of colour explanations explanations are thorough
related and easy to understanding
see • poster captures
attention of
audience
106 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
PRESENTATION EVALUATION
TOPIC: __________________ PRESENTERS: _______________________________________
5 = Exceeds Expectations, 4 = Fully Meets Expectations, 3 = Adequately Meets Expectations,
2 = Minimum Expectations Not Met, 1 = Not Yet Within Expectations
Presentation Criteria Teacher Teacher Comments
Assessment
ORGANIZATION – Presented on time and the
process and sequence of the presentation was clear.
KNOWLEDGE – Understood the topic. Insightful
connections made. High quality, relevant information
included.
EMPHASIS – Voice inflection, pauses, and
repetition were used appropriately to hold the attention
of the audience.
PACE – Speed of delivery allowed for understanding
and included pauses for clarification and audience
note-taking.
OVERVIEW – Content and background of topic,
outline of the presentation, and important people,
terms, events introduced.
VISUALS – Overheads or other visuals used to
introduce new names, terms, and events to the
audience.
SUMMARY – Major points were reviewed at the end
of the presentation or at appropriate breaks in the
topic.
QUIZ QUESTIONS – Prepared using appropriate
starter prompts and questions were appropriate to the
topic.
TOTAL:
Letter Grade A = 35 - 40 B+ = 32 - 34 B = 29 - 31 C+ = 27 - 28 C = 24 - 26 C- = 20 - 23 I = 0 - 19
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 107
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
THERMAL ENERGY TRANSFER SCORING GUIDE
Mark Criteria
3 • Diagram and explanation includes all key aspects of thermal energy
transfer including arrows showing thermal energy flow direction
and accurate definitions.
2 • Diagram and explanation includes most key aspects of thermal
energy transfer including arrows showing thermal energy flow
direction and accurate definitions.
1 • Diagram and explanation includes a few key aspects of thermal
energy transfer including arrows showing thermal energy flow
direction and accurate definitions.
0 • Diagram and explanation includes no key aspects of thermal energy
transfer including arrows showing thermal energy flow direction
and accurate definitions.
108 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
CLASSROOM ASSESSMENT MODEL • Grade 10
GROUP MEMBER EVALUATION GUIDE
(Each group member should complete this form individually)
Your Name: ______________________
Group Members: ___________________________________
Duties I specifically performed during the course of the assignment:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
My own personal contribution amounted to _____ % of the total group preparation.
Strengths/difficulties my group experienced were:
____________________________________________________________________________________
Things my group could have done better are:
______________________________________________________________________________________
5 = Exceeds Expectations, 4 = Fully Meets Expectations, 3 = Adequately Meets Expectations, 2 = Minimum Expectations
Not Met, 1 = Not Yet Within Expectations
Category Criteria Group Member Names (include your own)
Cooperation Willing to work
Listened to group views
Followed instructions
Asked for help if needed
Included all members
Leadership An organizer
Self-starter (showed initiative)
Contributed good ideas
Active and energetic worker
Contribution Dependable
Attended meetings and classes
Prepared their share
Finished work on time
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 109
LEARNING RESOURCES
LEARNING RESOURCES
T
his section contains general information What Are the Criteria Used to Evaluate Learning
on learning resources, and provides a link Resources?
to the titles, descriptions, and ordering
The Ministry of Education facilitates the
information for the recommended
evaluation of learning resources that support BC
learning resources in the Science 8 to 10 Grade
curricula, and that will be used by teachers and/or
Collections.
students for instructional and assessment
purposes. Evaluation criteria focus on content,
What Are Recommended Learning Resources?
instructional design, technical considerations, and
Recommended learning resources are resources social considerations.
that have undergone a provincial evaluation
process using teacher evaluators and have Additional information concerning the review
Minister’s Order granting them provincial and selection of learning resources is available
recommended status. These resources may include from the ministry publication, Evaluating,
print, video, software and CD‐ROMs, games and Selecting and Managing Learning Resources: A
manipulatives, and other multimedia formats. Guide (Revised 2002)
They are generally materials suitable for student www.bced.gov.bc.ca/irp/resdocs/esm_guide.pdf
use, but may also include information aimed
primarily at teachers.
What Funding is Available for Purchasing
Learning Resources?
Information about the recommended resources is
organized in the format of a Grade Collection. A As part of the selection process, teachers should be
Grade Collection can be regarded as a “starter set” aware of school and district funding policies and
of basic resources to deliver the curriculum. In procedures to determine how much money is
many cases, the Grade Collection provides a available for their needs. Funding for various
choice of more than one resource to support purposes, including the purchase of learning
curriculum organizers, enabling teachers to select resources, is provided to school districts. Learning
resources that best suit different teaching and resource selection should be viewed as an ongoing
learning styles. Teachers may also wish to process that requires a determination of needs, as
supplement Grade Collection resources with well as long‐term planning to co‐ordinate
locally approved materials. individual goals and local priorities.
How Can Teachers Choose Learning Resources to What Kinds of Resources Are Found in a Grade
Meet Their Classroom Needs? Collection?
Teachers must use either The Grade Collection charts list the recommended
• provincially recommended resources learning resources by media format, showing links
OR to the curriculum organizers. Each chart is
• resources that have been evaluated through a followed by an annotated bibliography. Teachers
local, board‐approved process should check with suppliers for complete and up‐
to‐date ordering information. Most suppliers
Prior to selecting and purchasing new learning maintain web sites that are easy to access.
resources, an inventory of resources that are
already available should be established through
consultation with the school and district resource
centres. The ministry also works with school
districts to negotiate cost‐effective access to
various learning resources.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 113
LEARNING RESOURCES
SCIENCE 8 TO 10 GRADE COLLECTIONS
The Grade Collections for Science 8 to 10 include
newly recommended learning resources as well as
relevant resources previously recommended for
prior versions of the Science 8 to 10 curriculum.
The ministry updates the Grade Collections on a
regular basis as new resources are developed and
evaluated.
Please check the following ministry web site for the most current list of recommended learning resources in
the Grade Collections for each IRP:
www.bced.gov.bc.ca/irp_resources/lr/resource/gradcoll.htm
114 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY
T his glossary includes terms used in this Integrated Resource Package, defined specifically in
relation to how they pertain to Science 8 to 10 topics. It is provided for clarity only, and is not
intended to be an exhaustive list of terminology related to Science 8 to 10 topics.
abiotic
A
The non‐living parts of the environment such as water, air, rocks.
acid
A compound containing hydrogen, which when it reacts with a compound containing a
hydroxide ion, produces a salt and water.
adaptive radiation
The process by which members of a species adapt to a variety of habitats.
Alpha radiation
A type of radiation resulting from the emission of helium nuclei from the nuclei of atoms.
alkali metal
A chemical family of very reactive metals sharing similar chemical properties, containing
the elements: lithium, sodium, rubidium, cesium, and francium.
alkaline earth metal
A chemical family of reactive metals sharing similar chemical properties, containing the
elements: beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium.
amplitude
The height of a wave crest or depth of a wave trough, measured from its middle, or
equilibrium point.
angle of incidence
The angle of a ray of light approaching the boundary between two materials (such as from
air into glass), measured between the incident ray and the normal.
angle of refraction
The angle of a ray of light emerging from the boundary between two materials (such as
from air into glass), measured between the refracted ray and the normal.
antibody
A protein produced by B lymphocytes that complexes with invading antigens.
antigen
A foreign material that enters an organism.
arête
A sharp crested ridge that separates opposing alpine glaciers.
asexual reproduction
A form of reproduction in which only one parent is involved, and in which all the
offspring are identical to each other and to the parent.
atom
The smallest particle of an element that can exist by itself.
atomic mass
The total mass of the protons, neutrons and electrons that make up an atom.
atomic number
The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 117
GLOSSARY
bacteria
B Small (1 – 100 μm) prokaryotic cells.
base
A compound containing hydroxide, which when it reacts with an ionic compound
containing a positive hydrogen ion, produces a salt and water.
Beta particle
A high speed electron that is emitted by a radioactive nucleus in beta decay.
binary fission
A method of asexual reproduction in which the cell or organism splits into two equal
parts.
bioaccumulation
The accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living
organism.
biodegradation
The process by which a product can be broken down naturally, by biological agents,
especially bacteria.
biome
A large area of the Earth that has characteristic climate, plants, animals and soil (e.g.,
Desert).
biotic
All of the organisms in the environment.
Bohr diagram
A diagram that shows the arrangement of an element’s subatomic particles.
Bohr Model
A model of the atom that describes the arrangement of an element’s subatomic particles:
neutrons and protons in the nucleus, and electrons in electron shells.
boiling point
The temperature at which a liquid undergoes a phase change to become a gas.
bromothymol blue
A type of acid‐base indicator that turns yellow when added to an acid.
budding
A method of asexual reproduction in which the offspring develops as a bud on the parent,
until it drops off and becomes an independent organism.
cancer
C
A disease in which uncontrolled cell division results in the growth of malignant tumours
in the body.
catalyst
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed itself.
cell wall
A structure in plant cells (and some other types of cells) made of cellulose and other
materials, which provides support for the plant cell.
centriole
An organelle found in pairs in animal cells, which organizes the spindle for chromosome
division.
chloroplast
An organelle in plant cells that converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and
glucose.
118 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008
GLOSSARY
circulatory system
The system that distributes nutrients and oxygen to the cells as well as removing wastes
and carbon dioxide from the cells.
climate
Weather conditions in an area, including rainfall and temperature.
climax community
The final stage of succession, where a stable group of two or more species is able to
survive and reproduce indefinitely in the same habitat.
combustion
A type of chemical reaction in which oxygen is one of the reactants, and where heat is
produced.
commensalism
A type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is
unaffected.
compound
A pure substance that is made up of two or more elements that have been chemically
combined.
compression
The decrease in size (volume) of an object, caused by an increased external pressure acting
on the object.
concentration
The amount of solute present in a specific volume of solution.
condensation
The change of state of a substance from gas form to liquid form, such as from steam to
water.
conductivity
The ability or power of a substance to conduct or transmit heat or electricity.
Conservation of mass
A scientific law that states that in a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants
always equals the total mass of the products.
continental drift theory
Theory put forth by A. Wegener in the early 20th century that proposed that continents
moved around on the Earth’s surface and were at one time joined together.
continental shelf
A shallow, undersea plain stretching off the coast of a continent.
convection
A type of heat transfer in fluids (liquid or gas) where hot, less dense fluid rises and cold,
denser fluid sinks. This causes heat to be distributed evenly throughout the fluid.
converging
A description of light rays coming to a focal point after reflecting off a converging mirror
or refracting through a converging lens.
covalent bonding
The formation of a chemical bond through the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons.
covalent compound
A compound that is formed when non‐metallic atoms share electrons to form a covalent
bond.
crest
The highest point in a wave amplitude as measured from its middle or equilibrium point.
IMPLEMENTATION SEPT. 2008 SCIENCE GRADE 10 • 119
GLOSSARY
cytoplasm
The aqueous material and suspended organelles between the nucleus and cell membrane.
decomposer
D An organism that feeds on waste and dead organisms.
decomposition
A type of chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down into two or more
elements or simpler compounds.
density
The amount of mass contained in a given volume, usually measured in kg/cm3.
deposition
Phase change of a gas to a solid.
digestive system
The system that allows organisms to take in, break down and absorb nutrients.
diverging
A description of light rays spreading apart after reflecting off a diverging mirror or
refracting through a diverging lens.
DNA
The genetic material of the cell, that is composed of four different types of nucleotides
arranged in a chain.
double replacement
A type of chemical reaction during which elements in different compounds exchange
places (e.g., AB + CDÆ AD + CB).
drumlin
An elongated (oval) hill formed by glacial movement.
ecological succession
E The process of gradual change that occurs when organisms colonize a habitat, modify it,
and are forced out by a new species better adapted to the now altered environment.
ecosystem
A network of interactions linking the biotic and abiotic things.
electromagnetic radiation
The total range or spectrum of energy in the form of waves that extend from the longest
radio waves to the shortest gamma and cosmic rays.
embryonic development
The stages through which the developing offspring progresses from fertilization until
about 8 to 10 weeks.
energy
The capacity for applying a force to effect motion. It is often thought of as the amount of
movement or potential movement, usually measured in joules (J).
erosion
The movement of weathered materials.
erratic
Large rocks carried to a new location by a glacier and left behind after the glacier melts.
The erratic differs from the rock types surrounding it.
eukaryotic cell
A cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
excretory system
The system that allows organisms to remove wastes.
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expansion
The increase in size of an object, caused by a decreased external pressure acting on the
object.
evaporation
The change of state of a substance from liquid form to gas form.
fertilization
F The process in which a male and female gamete fuse to form a zygote.
fission
The process by which a large nucleus splits into two pieces of roughly equal mass,
accompanied by the release of large amounts of energy.
food chain
A series of organisms, each of which relies for its food on the organism before it in the
chain.(e.g., SunÆgrassÆ rabbitÆfox).
food pyramid
A diagram used to illustrate relationships between an organism’s population size and its
place in a food chain.
food web
Food chains linked together within a particular ecosystem.
fragmentation
A type of asexual reproduction in which a large or small fragment of an organism can
break off and develop into a new organism.
freezing point
The characteristic temperature at which a liquid solidifies.
focal point
The point at which converging light rays meet or from which light rays diverge.
force
A push or pull acting on an object, usually measured in newtons (N). For example, a
magnet applies a pulling force on a piece of iron.
frequency
The number of repetitive motions, or oscillations, that occur in a given time, usually
measured in cycles/second or hertz (Hz).
friction
A type of force that acts to oppose the motion of one object in contact with and relative to
another object.
fusion
The joining of two small atomic nuclei to make a larger one. It is usually involves the
release of a large amount of energy.
gamete
G A reproductive cell of a sexually reproducing organism. Produced through the process of
meiosis, the cell contains only half the number of chromosomes.
Gamma rays
The highest energy or frequency and shortest wavelength portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
Gamma radiation
Electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nuclei of atoms.
gastric juice
A fluid with a pH of 2‐3 produced by the walls of the stomach.
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gas exchange
Carbon dioxide enters the blood and oxygen leaves the blood at the body cells. The
process is reversed in the lungs.
gene
A segment of chromosome, which codes for a specific protein.
genetic engineering
The alteration of the genetic material of an organism through the addition or substitution
of certain genes.
glaciation
The condition or result of being covered with a thick sheet of ice.
gravitation
A type of pulling force that acts between two or more objects, such as the earth and a
baseball.
half‐life
H The amount of time required for half the nuclei in a sample of a radioactive isotope to
decay.
halogen
A family of reactive non‐metals sharing similar chemical properties, that contains the
elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.
heavy metals
Metals such as mercury, lead and cadmium which have no known vital or beneficial effect
on organisms, and their accumulation over time in the bodies of mammals can cause
serious illness.
horn
A sharp peak formed by the movement of two or more opposing glaciers.
hot spot
Location of excess radioactivity, causing magma to rise from the mantle through the
lithosphere to the surface.
hydraulic
A term that describes a device that is operated by the action of water or other liquid.
infrared
I A type of electromagnetic radiation that, relative to light, has a longer wavelength and
lower energy/frequency. It is also referred to as heat radiation.
immune system
The system that allows organisms to defend against disease.
inorganic
The chemistry of compounds that do not contain carbon.
ionic bonding
The bond that forms as a result of the attraction between positively and negatively
charged ions.
ionic compound
A compound that forms as a result of positive and negative ions being held together by an
ionic bond.
ion
An atom or group of atoms that is positively r negatively charged as a result of either
gaining or losing one or more electrons.
isotopes
Atomic nuclei having the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
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keystone species
K A particular type of organism that exerts great influence on an ecosystem relative to its
abundance.
laws of electrical charge
L Opposite charges attract each other,
similar charges repel each other,
charged objects attract neutral objects.
lens
A curved piece of transparent material that refracts light in such a way as to converge or
diverge parallel light rays.
Lewis diagram
A representation of the element’s atom showing only the outer valence electrons.
light
The form of energy that can be detected by the eye.
litmus paper
A type of acid‐base indicator that turns blue when added to a base and red when added to
an acid.
magnetic
M A type of force that acts on the elements iron, nickel or cobalt.
mantle convection
Thermal energy transfer in the mantle where hot, light magma rises and cold, dense
lithospheric plate material sinks.
mass
The amount of matter that makes up an object, usually measured in kilograms (kg).
mass number
The total number of protons and neutrons found in the nucleus of an atom.
melting
The change of state of a substance from solid form to liquid form.
melting point
The temperature at which a substance changes from a sold to liquid state.
metabolism
The chemical reactions that take place in a living organism to provide energy, utilize
materials and carry out vital processes.
mid‐ocean ridge
Undersea mountain range that marks a divergent plate boundary; also called a spreading
ridge.
mitochondrion
An organelle in eukaryotic cells that converts oxygen and glucose into cellular energy
(ATP) carbon dioxide and water.
mirror
A device or surface that reflects light.
microwave
A type of electromagnetic radiation that has a longer wavelength and lower
energy/frequency than infrared radiation.
molecule
A particle that consists of two or more atoms that are joined together.
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multiple ion charge
Some metallic elements can form two different ionic charges depending on what type of
chemical reaction they undergo (e.g., Fe2+ or Fe3+).
mutation
A change in the genetic material of the cell, which may have either a beneficial, harmful or
neutral affect on the organism.
mutualism
A type of symbiotic relationship in which organisms interact for mutual benefit.
moraine
Material carried in, on, or under a glacier, which is deposited at the edges or end at the
glacial flow.
natural selection
N The process, proposed by Darwin, where the environment acts to select fit individuals.
nervous system
The system that allows the various parts of an organism communicate and work in
concert.
neutralization
A chemical reaction in which an acid and a base combine to produce a salt and water.
noble gases
A family of non reactive element sharing similar chemical properties, that contains the
elements: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon.
normal
An imaginary line that is perpendicular to the boundary between two materials (such as
air and glass) and intersects the point at which the incident ray reaches the boundary.
nucleus
A membrane‐bound structure in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material and
regulates the cell’s activities (i.e., growth and metabolism). The nucleus is also the control
centre that contains the cell’s genetic material, which directs the production of proteins.
nutrient
A material that organisms need to live and grow.
ocean current
O A large stream of moving water produced by gravity, wind friction, and water density.
opaque
A description of a material’s ability to prevent any light from passing through it.
organ
A group of tissues that perform a function.
organ system
A group of organs and tissues that perform a function to keep an organism alive.
organelles
A part of a eukaryotic cell that performs an essential life function.
organic
The chemistry of compounds that contain carbon.
organism
A living being that could be single‐celled or multi‐celled.
osmosis
The movement of water from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high
solute concentration through a semi‐permeable membrane.
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paleoglaciation
P A term describing past periods of extensive glaciation that covered most of the continents.
parasitism
A type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed.
pathogen
A bacteria, toxin, or other harmful material that can cause damage to an organism.
PCBs
Any of several compounds that are produced by replacing hydrogen atoms in biphenyl
with chlorine, and are poisonous environmental pollutants which tend to accumulate in
animal tissues.
pesticide
A substance used to control populations of plant or animal pests.
pH
A symbol denoting the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
phagocytic white blood cells
Specialized white blood cells that act to remove foreign substances within the body (e.g.,
bacteria, dead tissue cells, and small mineral particles) and thus fight infection. They are
called phagocytic because they engulf and absorb the foreign substance.
phenolphthalein
A type of acid‐base indicator that turns pink when added to a base.
planet
A planet is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its
self‐gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium
(nearly round) shape, and (c) has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit. The eight
planets in our solar system are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune.
plate boundary
Location where two plates meet and move relative to each other.
plate tectonic theory
Theory explaining that the Earth’s surface is made up of several lithospheric plates that
move around relative to one another, sliding over the semi‐fluid asthenosphere.
pneumatic
A term that describes a device that is operated by air or other gas.
polyatomic ion
A group of atoms that collectively carry a charge.
potassium
An element that is considered an nutrient, and needed to live and grow.
predation
A situation wherein one organism [the predator] kills and consumes another organism
[the prey].
pressure
The amount of force acting over a given area on an object, usually measured in
Newtons/cm2.
proliferation
To grow or multiply by rapidly producing new tissues, cells, or offspring.
prokaryotic cell
A cell with no nucleus and membrane bound organelles, but with a nucleoid region and
molecules that perform the functions of the organelles of eukaryotic cells.
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radioactive decay
R The process in which the nuclei of radioactive parent isotopes emit alpha, beta, or gamma
radiation to form decay products.
radio waves
A type of electromagnetic radiation that has the longest wavelength and lowest
energy/frequency compared to all other types.
reproductive system
The systems that allow organisms to produce offspring.
refraction
The bending or changing direction of a wave or light ray as it passes from one material
into another.
ribosome
An organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for the synthesis of proteins.
respiratory system
The system responsible for acquiring oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the
body.
ridge push and slab pull
A process that facilitates plate movement whereby dense, subducting plate material pulls
the rest of the attached plate toward the subduction zone and down into the mantle, while
the weight of the ridge being formed along a spreading mid‐ocean ridge pushes the rest of
(the same) tectonic plate away from the ridge, often towards a subduction zone
salinity
S The amount of salt in ocean water expressed in parts per thousand
salt
A compound formed by the reaction of an acid and a base.
selectively permeable membrane
The type of membrane that surrounds cells. It controls what enters and leaves the cell.
sexual reproduction
The type of reproduction that requires the involvement of two parents, each of whom
contributes a gamete. The fusion of the two gametes produces the zygote, the first cell of
an offspring.
single replacement
A type of chemical reaction in which one element replaces another in a compound.
solidification
The change of state of a substance from liquid form to solid form, such as from water to
ice.
spectrum
A range of frequencies for a given type of radiation. For example, the visible spectrum
contains a range of several colours or frequencies of white light.
spreading ridge
Undersea mountain range that marks a divergent plate boundary; also called a mid‐ocean
ridge.
state
A phase of matter; may be solid, liquid or gas.
stem cells
The self –regenerating cells found in the marrow of the long bones that give rise by
differentiation and cell division to different types of cells.
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GLOSSARY
striations
Parallel grooves in rocks or bedrock formed by glaciers scraping rocks over other rocks.
subatomic particle
A particle that is smaller than an atom. It is a term that usually refers to the proton,
neutron, and electron that make up the atom.
subduction zone
Zone representing a convergent plate boundary, where one plate subducts beneath and is
destroyed by the other overriding plate
sublimation
The change of state of a substance from solid form to gas form or vice versa.
surface area
The extent of a two dimensional surface enclosed within a boundary.
symbiosis
A relationship in which two different organisms live in a close association.
synthesis
A type of chemical reaction in which two or more elements or compounds combine to
form a single compound.
tectonic processes
T The convergence, divergence and transform movement of the Earth’s lithospheric plates.
tertiary defence system
A component of the immune system that involves the creation of antibodies – proteins
created by specialized white blood cells in response to foreign substances (antigens). By
combining with the foreign substance (antigen), the antibodies may themselves neutralize
it or alternatively flag it to bring it to the attention of other white blood cells that will
attack and destroy it.
tissue
A group of structurally similar cells that perform a common function.
transform fault
A fracture zone between two offset segments of a mid‐ocean ridge.
transform plate boundary
A type of plate boundary where two plates slide past each other horizontally in opposite
directions relative to each other.
translucent
A description of a material’s ability to partially allow light to pass through it in such a
way that it becomes diffused. Such materials do not allow objects to be seen distinctly.
transparent
A description of a material’s ability to allow light to pass through it freely. Objects can be
clearly seen through such materials.
trench
A long narrow depression in the ocean floor that marks a convergent plate boundary and
is part of a subduction zone.
trophic level
The number of energy transfers an organism is from the original solar energy entering the
food chain.
trough
The lowest point in a wave amplitude as measured from its middle or equilibrium point.
turbidity
Cloudiness in water caused by suspended materials.
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ultraviolet
U A type of electromagnetic radiation that, relative to light, has a shorter wavelength and
higher energy/frequency.
vacuole
V A membrane bound sac that holds fluids or other materials
vegetative reproduction
A method of asexual reproduction in plants, in which an offspring develops from a part of
the plant other than the flower.
virus
A small (10 – 100nm) non‐cellular particle that reproduces inside of other cells
viscosity
A description of a fluid’s resistance to flow. For example, corn syrup has a higher viscosity
than water.
visible light
A type of electromagnetic radiation that, relative to other forms, has an average
wavelength and energy/frequency. It is composed of the following component colours:
red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet.
volume
the amount of space taken up by an object, usually measured in liters or cubic centimeters
(cm3).
wave
W A transfer of energy as a disturbance from one point in a material to another without
causing any permanent displacement of the material.
wavelength
The distance between successive crests or troughs in a series of waves.
weathering
The breaking down of rock by physical, chemical or biological means.
weight
The amount of pulling force that gravity from earth or another celestial body exerts on an
object.
white blood cell
Cells produced by red bone marrow and found in the blood or lymph. These cells fight
pathogens in several different ways.
wind action
The processes or results of wind.
X‐rays
X A type of electromagnetic radiation that has a shorter wavelength and higher
energy/frequency than ultraviolet.
zygote
Z The cell formed by the fusion of a male and female gamete, until it divides.
128 • SCIENCE GRADE 10 IMPLEMENTATION: SEPT. 2008