GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

PATAN

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING

MANUFACTURING OF CONCRETE BLOCK

USING PERVIOUS CONCRETE
PROJECT REPORT

Chaudhary Nitesh (160220106008)

Chaudhary Nilesh (160220106007)

Chaudhary Bharat (160220106003)

Chaudhary Hitesh (160220106005)

Chaudhary Kishor (160220106006)

Raval Bhavesh (160220106047)

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation and entitled

“MANUFACTURING OF CONCRETE BLOCKS USING
PERVIOUS CONCRETE” has been carried out by (1) Chaudary
Nitesh (2) Chaudhary Nilesh (3) Chaudhary Bharat (4) Chaudhary
Hitesh (5) Chaudhary Kishor (6) Raval Bhavesh under my guidance
in fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil
Engineering (8th semester) of Gujarat Technological University,
Ahmedabad during the academic year 2019-2020.

Internal Guide Head of Department

Prof. P.N. Nimodiya Prof. V.D. Patel

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we are grateful to god for giving blessings. Our deepest regards
and greatest admiration remain to our parents & family.

We would like to express our deep sense of respect and gratitude to our
guide Prof. P.N. NIMODIYA in Applied mechanics Department for his
valuable guidance throughout the project and also, helped us to get a grasp
on subject.

Very specially thanks to friends who had guided and helped us a lot with the
project.

Chaudhary Nitesh (160220106008)

Chaudhary Nilesh (160220106007)
Chaudhary Bharat (160220106003)
Chaudhary Hitesh (160220106005)
Chaudhary Kishor (160220106006)
Raval Bhavesh (160220106047)

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 LIST OF CONTENTS

TITLE Page no.

Title page 1
Certificate 2
Acknowledgement 3
Abstract 6
Chapter 1
Introduction 7
1.1 Problem summary 7
1.2 General 8
1.3 Definition of pervious concrete 9
1.4 Why is pervious concrete use 10
1.5 Primary use of pervious concrete 11
1.6 Site limitations 12
Chapter 2
2.1 Aim 13
2.2 Objective 13
Chapter 3 Literature review and methodology
3.1 Research paper 1 14
3.2 Research paper 2 15
3.3 Research paper 3 17
3.4 Methodology 19
3.5 Properties of pervious concrete blocks 20

Chapter 4 Materials
4.1 Properties of material
4.1.1 Water 21
4.1.2 Cement 21
4.1.3 Aggregate 22
4.2 Properties of pervious concrete
4.2.1 Durability of pervious concrete 22
4.2.2 Strength of mix 22
4.2.3 Porosity of pervious concrete 22
4.3 Fresh concrete properties 23
4.4 Harden concrete properties 23
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4.5 Permeability calculation 23
Chapter -5 Properties of pervious concrete
5.1 material testing data 24
5.2 Experimental program 26
5.3 Material required for 4 blocks 27
5.4 Result of mix design 27
5.5 Conclusion 28
Chapter -6 References 28

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 ABSTRACT

Pervious concrete is the concrete containing

maximum amount of course aggregates and use of other concrete
making materials is less. Concrete blocks can be prepared from these
pervious concretes, which can drain water quickly and reduces surface
runoff. It is also called porous concrete, permeable concrete, no fines
concrete. With the increasing popularity of pervious concrete is a
pavement material resources and concrete manufacture having more
research needs.

Keywords : Pervious concrete, Construction Techniques,

Voids, Drainage, Durability, Application

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 Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 PROBLEM SUMMARY

 In recent years, pervious concrete has become popular strategy to

mitigate a host of materials and environmental related issues such as
storm water runoff, urban heat Island effect.

 Due to an increase in the impervious land cover mainly associated

with urbanization, including roadways and the built-up environment,
the consequences are bound to affect the local environment. Two
major interactions have a predominating effect on the urban
(impermeable) versus rural (permeable) setups: precipitation (rain)
and solar radiation. In rural setup, the natural ground is permeable,
which helps capture most of the rainfall, leaving insignificant amount
as runoff. However, in the urban setup, a reverse trend is observed in
that the impervious pavement surfaces and buildings do not allow
rainfall to percolate leading to flooding and alteration in the
hydrological cycle. Contemporaneously, the urban setup is also
influenced by solar radiation very distinct from the rural systems.

 Urbanization has created impervious surfaces using conventional

pavements, and water logging in these areas have been causing
drainage problems during rains and finally the failure of the pavement
sections prior to their design lives.

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1.2 General

 Pervious concrete was first used in the 1800s in Europe as a pavement

surfacing and load bearing walls. Cost efficiency was the main motive due
to decreased amount of cement. It became popular again in the 1920s for
two storey homes in Scotland and England. It became increasingly viable
in Europe after WWII due to the scarcity of cement. It did not become as a
popular in the US until the 1970s. In India it became popular in 2000.

 Pervious concrete is a special type of concrete with high porosity used for
concrete flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and other
source to pass directly through, thereby reducing the runoff site and allowing
groundwater recharge. The high porosity is attained by a highly
interconnected void content. It is a free drainage concrete with little or no
sand designed for zero slump has air void system of 13-30%. It can drain up
to 3 gallons of water/hour.

 It’s a mixture of cement, coarse aggregate and with or without sand fine
aggregate) and has enough cementations paste to coat the voids. This
concrete is being as paving material to solve or reduce the storm water
runoff to the drainage system and minimizing water logging problems.

 Pervious concrete helps storm water system by reducing flowing water

during rain and melt time, it also recharges local aquifers and improve
ground water in local area.

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  When rainwater falls on blocks, such as concrete, it accumulates and then
flows across and off of this impervious surface as storm water runoff.
Permeable blocks allows storm water to slowly seep through (infiltrate),
reaching the soil and replenishing the groundwater below the surface.

 Permeable, pervious, or porous concrete blocks there are used inter-

changeably to describe surface that allows water to flow through it rather
than shedding water. Only two of these words, however, are synonymous:
permeable and pervious. Both mean that water can flow through the
material via a series of connected holes or pores. The term porous simply
means that there are holes in the substance, but does not necessarily mean
that these holes are connected. For example, pumice is a porous rock, yet it
is not permeable because many of its holes do not connect.

1.3 Definition of Pervious Concrete

 It is defined as a free drainage concrete with little or no sand designed for zero
slump has air void system of 13-30%. It can drain up to 3 gallons of water/hour,
known as pervious concrete.

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1.4 Why is Pervious Concrete Use?

 Because the pervious concrete helps storm water systems by slowing water
during rain and melt times
 Recharges local aquifers
 Helps improve ground water in local area

Fig-1 pervious concrete blocks

 The most suitable sites for water-permeable blocks are shopping areas,
company grounds, car parking areas, footways, squares, etc., where large
surface areas are subjected to limited or light traffic.

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1.5 Primary use of pervious concrete

• Parking areas
• Sidewalks & pathways
• Residential roads, alleys and driveways
• Shoulders & Medians
• Under Overpasses & Bridges
• Suitable place which no more traffic flow

Fig-2 Parking Areas

1.6 Site Limitations

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All pervious concrete block paving systems designed in accordance with these
guidelines should meet parameters and that limitations outlined in below:
• Slope: Paving system slope should not exceed 1 in 20 (5%)

 Sub grade: Site CBR should not be less than 3%

• Land-Use: Permeable Paving should not be located downstream of high-

sediment generating activities.

• Stability: Infiltration from the base of permeable paving should not be

undertaken where soils are susceptible to instability.

• Discharge type: The ‘no infiltration’ method of permeable paving is to be

adopted, except in circumstances where site soils are identified as suitable
for infiltration.

Chapter 2: Aims and Objective

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2.1 Aim
• Aim of our project is to make concrete blocks using pervious concrete by
changing aggregate cement ratio and water cement ratio. Which can be use
to reduce surface run off, and increase ground water recharge.

2.2 Objective
1. Reduce storm water runoff volume from paved surfaces
2. Reduce peak discharge rates.
3. Increase recharge through infiltration.
4. Reduce pollutant transport through direct infiltration.
5. Improve site landscaping benefits (grass pavers only).

Chapter 3: literature review and Methodology

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3.1 Research PAPER 1:
Title: Strength Development and Water Permeability of Engineered Biomass
Aggregate Pervious Concrete.

Publisher: EDP Science

Year: 2016

Authors: S.Shahidan, H.B. Koh, A.M. Sharif Alansi, L.Y. Loon

Work done: In this research they have used Biomass Aggregate (BA) is derived
from the innovative exploitation of solid wastes from controlled incineration of
biomass.

Engineered Biomass Aggregate (EBA) is a new material derived from

combinations of 2 recyclable materials which are biomass aggregate and
polyethylene or plastic bag. The BA was wrapped with polyethylene and placed
together inside the oven with a temperature of 200℃ for half an hour.

Material and cube preparation: The constituent materials used in this research
were composite cement, course aggregate, water, BA, EBA and super plasticizers
(SP). A total of 27 pervious concrete cubes with a size of 150 mm x 150 mm x 150
mm each with 0% NA (8-14mm), 5% BA and 5% EBA were prepared with water
cement ratio 0.45.

Tests:1) Compressive strength test (7,14and 28 days)

2) Permeability test (on 150mm block on 28th day)

Conclusion: It can be concluded that Biomass Aggregate (BA) and Engineered

Biomass Aggregate (EBA) are suitable to be used as the partial replacement for
natural aggregate in pervious concrete to increase water permeability.

3.2 Research PAPER 2

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Title: Mix proportion of cementitious material in pervious concrete

Publisher: MAT Journals

Author: Pankaj R. Teware, Shrikant M. Harle

Abstract: Now days the concrete industry is constantly looking for supplementary
cementious material with the objective of reducing the solid waste disposal
problem and economic in cost. The Fly ash and Ground granulated blast furnace
slag (GGBS) are among the solid wastes generated by Thermal power plant and
iron manufacturing industry. To overcome from this crisis, partial replacement of
cement with Fly ash and GGBS can be an economic alternative. And the cement is
partially replaced with Fly ash and GGBS by 10%, 20% up to 30%. The effect of
paste density on properties of pervious concrete by addition of various
cementations admixtures such as Fly ash and Ground Granulated blast furnace Slag
(GGBS). So the physical and mechanical properties of pervious concrete will be
beneficial for the forthcoming use of Fly ash and GGBS in the construction field of
pervious concrete which will lead to reduce the cement consumption,
environmental issue and environmental benefit.

Mix proportion for M30 grade of concrete by the replacement of fly ash up to
5%:

Mix Proportion

 Cement = 450 kg/m3

 Water = 197 kg/m3
 Coarse aggregate = 1050 kg
 Water cement ratio = 0.35
 Ratio = (C : S :A) = (1 : 0 : 2.33)

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Mix proportion for M30 grade of concrete by the replacement of ground
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)

Mix proportion

 Cement = 495 kg /m3

 GGBS = 24.75 kg/m3
 Water = 197 lit
 Coarse aggregate = 1015 kg
 Water-cement ratio = 0.35
 Ratio = (C : S : A : G) = (1 : 0 : 2.05 : 0.05)

Tests: Compressive strength test

Split tensile test

Workability test

Conclusion: The pervious concrete needs proper mix design. The mix design for
the replacement of the cement in the concrete by fly ash and ground granulated
blast furnace slag up to a few percentage. The proportion of cement, fly ash or
GGBS, water, coarse aggregate and water cement ratio have been calculated with
the help of Indian standard code (IS: 10262 : 2009).

3.3 Research PAPER 3

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Title: Design of Eco Friendly Pervious Concrete

Publisher: International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Year: 2015

Author: M.HarshavarthanaBalaji, M.R.Amarnaath, R.A.Kavin,

S.Jayapradeep

Abstract: Pervious concrete is a zero-slump, open graded material consisting of

hydraulic cement, coarse aggregate, admixtures and water. Because pervious
concrete contains little or no fine aggregates such as sand, it is sometimes referred
to as “no-fines” concrete. It is a special type of concrete having a high void content
of about 30%, is becoming popular nowadays due to its potential to reduce the
runoff to the drainage systems which can provide a water flow rate around 0.34
cm/second.

Materials used: Cement (OPC 53 Grade conforming to IS: 269-1976)

Course Aggregate (12.5mm as per IS: 383-1970)

Silica Fume (Obtained from ELKEM India (P) Ltd.)

Mix design: Based on ACI 522R-06

Pervious concrete of strength 20Mpa

Design average cube strength at 28 days

20/0.75 = 26.66 N/mm2

A/C = 3

Optimum W/C ratio = 0.31

Density of Concrete = 2500 Kg/m3

Bulk Density of Cement = 1700 Kg/m3

Bulk Density of coarse aggregate: 12.5 mm = 1650 Kg/m3

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A/C ratio by weight = 3x 1650/ 1700 = 2.91

Cement: Aggregate: Water 1: 2.91: 0.31

Quantities of materials per m3 concrete:

Cement: 540 Kg/m3

C.A: 1746 Kg/m3

Water: 186 Kg/m3

Silica fume: 60 Kg/m3

Result of mix design:

S.No Cube size in 3 days 7 days 14 days 21 days 27 days

mm strength strength strength strength strength
1 150x150x150 7.32 17.16 23.4 24.57 25.73

Conclusion: • This mix design gives us the required strength of M20grade

concrete.

• This mix design has the required void ratio for the water seepage.

• The pervious concrete is laid at the top layer up to 16cm.

• Then below that a layer of sub base of 18cm is provided.

• Then below it a 2cm layer of filter fabric is laid.

3. 4 Methodology:
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 Study of literature

Preparation of mix design

Collection of materials

Material testing

Cube casting

Testing of cubes

3.5 Properties of pervious concrete block:

1) Durability of pervious:

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 • If pervious was placed and compacted properly the material will allow water
to drain away.
• With little or no water, freeze thaw is minimum.
• Loading areas with heavy trucks still not advised.
2) Strength of the Mix:

• Since this is pavement, flexural strengths is recommended.

• Once paste is hardened, durability of aggregate influences final strength.
• Proper compaction improves strength.
3) Porosity of Pervious:

• Calculated for 20 % voids

• Actual porosity is higher
• Allows for optimum drainage
• Still have good strength
4) Fresh Properties:

• Placement and haul times reduced, as increased surface area leads to

increased evaporation rates (usually1 hr. between mixing & placing).
• Mandatory mixing requirements for optimum consistency.
• Admixtures can help.
5) Hardened Properties

• Typical compressive strength of 2500+.

• 3-8 gallons of water transfer per square foot per minute – 340’’ rains per
hour.
• Base design importance to storage well.
• Roughly ½ the shrinkage of concrete.
CHAPTER-4:- PERMEABILITY
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 Methods of characterizing the pore structure features in a cement-
based material with open pore structure, called pervious concrete,
and the use of these pore structure features in permeability
prediction is the focus of this paper. Porosity of several pervious
concrete mixtures is determined using volumetric and area fraction
methods whereas stereology and mathematical morphology based
methods are used to extract the characteristic pore sizes. The
characteristic pore sizes determined using several methods relate
well to each other. A Weibull probability distribution function is
found to adequately model the pore size distribution in pervious
concretes. The values of porosity and the morphologically
determined pore sizes, along with the pore phase connectivity
represented using an electrical conductivity ratio, are used in a Katz–
Thompson type relationship to predict the permeability of pervious
concretes. It is shown in this paper that maximization of water
transport behavior of pervious concretes is best achieved by
increasing the pore connectivity factor.

CHAPTER-4:- MATERIALS

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4.1 Properties of Materials

4.1.1Water

• Water fit for drinking is generally fit for making concrete. Water should
be free from acids, oils, alkalis, vegetables or other organic impurities.

• Soft waters also produce weaker concrete.

4.1.2Cement

• Provides strength to masonry.

• Stiffens or hardens early.

• Possesses good plasticity.

• An excellent building material.

• Easily workable.

• Good moisture-resistant

4.1.3Aggregate

• Coarse aggregate are particles greater than 4.75mm but generally range
between 9.5mm to 37.5mm in diameter, coarse aggregate include gravel
and crushed rock.

4.2 Property of Pervious Concrete

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4.2.1 Durability of pervious concrete:

• If pervious was placed and compacted properly the material will allow water
to drain away.
• With little or no water, freeze thaw is minimum.
• Loading areas with heavy trucks still not advised.

4.2.2 Strength of the Mix:

• Since this is pavement, flexural strengths is recommended.

• Once paste is hardened, durability of aggregate influences final strength.
• Proper compaction improves strength.

4.2.3 Porosity of Pervious concrete:

• Calculated for 20 % voids

• Actual porosity is higher
• Allows for optimum drainage
• Still have good strength

4.3Fresh concrete Properties:

• Low slump about ½” to 2”For QC, density is the preferred measurement

(100 to 125 pcf).

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 • Placement and haul times reduced, as increased surface area leads to
increased evaporation rates (usually1 hr. between mixing & placing).
• Mandatory mixing requirements for optimum consistency.
• Admixtures can help.

4.4 Hardened concrete Properties:

• Typical compressive strength of 2500+.

• 15 to 25% voids facilitate permeability.
• 3-8 gallons of water transfer per square foot per minute – 340’’ rains per
hour.
• Base design importance to storage well.
• Roughly ½ the shrinkage of concrete.
4.5 Permeability Calculation:
Permeability can be calculated by the following formula.
I = KM / DD t
Where,
M = water mass
D = diameter of the ring
T = time to infiltrate
K = 126,870 in (constant)

Chapter 5: Properties of pervious concrete:

a. MATERIAL TESTING DATA

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 5.1.1 Specific Gravity

Table-1 Specific gravity and Water Absorption of Aggregate

Sr
Fine Coarse Coarse
.
Weight Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate
N
(Sand) (20 mm) (10 mm)
o
wt. of bottle + sample + water 1630 1589 1653
1
(A)
1331 1320 1339
2 wt. of bottle + water (B)
wt. of surface saturated sample 494 414 490
3
in water (C)
488 412 488
4 wt. of oven dried sample (D)

Bulk Specific Gravity [ D/ (C- 2.50 2.84 2.77

5
(A-B))]
Water Absorption [((C-D)/ D )
6 1.23 0.49 0.41
x100]

5.1.2 Sieve Analysis

Table-3 Sieve Analysis of 20 mm Aggregate

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 IS. RETAINED % AGE
Sr.
Sieve Weigh % CUM % PASSIN
No.
Size t AGE AGE G
1 40 0 0 0 100
20.2
2 20 303 20.20 79.80
0
77.5
3 10 1163 97.73 2.27
3

4 4.75 34 2.27 100.00 0.00

5 Pan 0 0.00 100.00 0.00

Table-4 Sieve Analysis of 10 mm Aggregate

Required %
% AGE
age Passing
IS. RETAINED PASSIN
Sr. As Per IS.
Sieve G
No. Specifications
Size
Weigh % CUM %
t AGE AGE
1 12.5 51 5.1 5.1 94.9 100%
10.7
2 10 107 15.80 84.20 85-100%
0
80.7
3 4.75 807 96.50 3.50 0-20 %
0

4 2.36 31 3.10 99.60 0.40 0-5 %

5 Pan 4 0.40 100.00 0.00 NA

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 Table-5 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate

RETAINED
I.S.
Sr. Cum % %
Sieve %
No. Weight retaine Passing
Size retained
d
1 10 0 0 0.00 100
2 4.75 116 5.8 5.80 94.2
3 2.36 193 9.65 15.45 84.55
4 1.18 355 17.75 33.20 66.80
5 0.6 195.0 9.75 42.95 57.05
6 0.3 621 31.05 74.00 26
7 0.15 409 20.45 94.45 5.55
8 0.075 95.0 4.75 99.20 0.8
9 Pan 16.0 0.8 100.00

5.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME

Proportions for trial mix for pervious concrete per cubic meter of
concrete:

CA Cement Water Polypropylene SP Total A W/C

/
C
Mix 1 1547 370 120 1 0.5% 2070kg 3 0.30
.
Vol 9
541 138 120 1 2kg 800 2

Mix 1580 347 116.5 1 0.7% 2077kg 4 0.31

2 .
2
Vol 552.5 130 116.5 1 2.64kg 800 5

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5.3 Materials required for 4 blocks:
Mix CA (20mm) Cement Water SP Fiber
(kg) (lit) (lit)

Mix 1 20.83 5.40 1.62 0.027 0.013

Mix 2 21.33 5.09 1.57 0.036 0.018

5.4 Result of mix design:

Mix no. Cube size in mm 7 days 28 days Permeability
strength strength (lit/hr)
1 150mm x 150mm x 100mm 5.78 15.80 253.74

2 150mm x 150mm x 100mm 3.23 12.16 259.20

3 150mm x 150mm x 100mm 5.42 14.60 261.66

4 150mm x 150mm x 100mm 7.88 19.77 265.44

5.5 Conclusion: As aggregate cement ratio increases strength increase

and permeability also increases.

Chapter 6: References

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1. Brattebo, B.O. and D.B. Booth. 2003. “Long-Term storm water quantity and
quality performance of permeable pavement systems’’. Water Research,
37(18), pp. 4369-4376.

2. Bean, E.Z., W.F. Hunt, and D.A. Bidelspach. 2006b. “A field survey of
permeable pavement surface infiltration rates’’. Journal of Irrigation and
Drainage Engineering, (accepted).

3. Shackel, B. and A. Pearson (NA). “Permeable concrete eco-paving as best

management practice’’ in Australian urban road engineering, University of
New South Wales, Concrete Masonry Association of Australia.

4. Smith, D. R. (2000a). North American design guidelines for “permeable

interlocking concrete pavements’’ Tokyo, Japan: Japan Interlocking Block
Pavement Engineering Association

5. DavidK. Hein Applied Research Associates,Inc.PermeablePavement

6. Design And Construction For Allston Way, Berkeley, California
7. Balades, J. D., Legret, M; and Madiec, H. (1995). Permeable pavements:
pollution management tools. Water Science and Technology 32(1): 49-56.

8. Andersen, C. T, Foster, I. D. L., and Pratt, C. J. (1999). Role of urban

surfaces (permeable pavements) in regulating drainage and evaporation:
Development of a laboratory simulation experiment. Hydrological Processes
13(4): 597

P a g e 29 | 31
9. Bean, E. Z., Hunt, W. F., and Bidelspach, D. A. (2007b). Evaluation of four
permeable pavement sites in eastern North Carolina for runoff reduction and
water quality impacts. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
133(6): 583-592

10.ACI (2006). ACI 522R—10 Report on Pervious Concrete, American

Concrete Institute ACI Technical Committee522, Document 522R-06,
Farmington Hills, MI.

11.Haselbach, L. (2010). “Pervious Concrete Testing Methods”, proceedings

ASCE Low Impact Development conference SF, CA April 2010.

12.Abbot CL, Comino –Mateo s L. In-situ hydraulic performance of a

permeable pavement sustainable urban drainage system. Journal of the
Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management 2003;17
(3):187–90.

13.Booth DB, Leavitt J. Field evaluation of permeable pavement systems for

improved storm water management. American Planning Association Journal
1999;65(3):314–25.

14.Brattebo BO, Booth DB. Long-term storm water quantity and quality
performance of permeable pavement systems. Water
Research2003;37(26):4369–76.

P a g e 30 | 31
15.Choubane B, Page GC, Muscleman JA Investigation of water permeability
of coarse graded super pave pavements. Journal of the Association of
Asphalt Paving Technology 1998; 67(2):254–76.

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