STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

A TECHINCAL REPORT
(JANUARY – JULY 2019)
AT

CYBERSPACE / NOKIA ALCATEL

33 Saka Tinubu st, Victoria Island ,Lagos / cbc towers, 11 olubunmi owa Street, off
Admiralty Way, Lekki ph1.

OBI ADAEZE ZITEREM

15CJ02848
COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
COVENANT UNIVERSITY

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG.), COMPUTER ENGINEERING,
DEAN COE: PROF. DAVID OMOLE.

COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

SEPTEMBER 2019

1
 DEDICATION
I dedicate this first to The Almighty God for giving me the strength, wisdom and grace to
finish my SIWES successfully and to write this report. To my parents Sir & Lady Obi and
siblings who provided support and encouragement throughout my 6 months
SIWES program at CYBERSPACE / NOKIA ALCATEL.

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I will acknowledge God for all the inspiration, direction and guidance he gave,
protection, health and sound mind came from him.
Secondly I want to acknowledge the Coordinator SIWES 2018/ 2019 and his team for their
Ingenuity, Innovation and Mutual Understanding they displayed us throughout the Period of
our Industrial Training.

Also I want to acknowledge the Management of Cyberspace Nigeria limited and The

Management of Nokia Alcatel for receiving me and giving me the required training to
advance my knowledge and Skill in the discipline of Computer Engineering.

Special thanks goes to the General Manager, Engr. Chaudry Abdul Wadood and my
supervising Engineer, Engr. Johnson Olalekan, for his guidance, constant attention, valuable
suggestion and enthusiastic support during my SIWES period.

3
 ABSTRACT

The students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skill-training program

established under the government’s decree No. 47 of 8 October; 1971 as amended in 1990.
SIWES is the accepted skills training program, which constitutes part of the requirement for
the award of a degree in the various programs for Nigerian Universities, polytechnics, and
Colleges of Education. It is meant to bridge the gap between the theories and practical works
and also aimed at exposing students to the relationship that existed between

This Report cuts across two Industries (As I worked in two companies) and it involves
activities ranging from but not limited to: Network solutions, Developing software solutions
and Delivering networking equipment. Also this report comprises of the work done and
experience gained during the entire duration of the internship program.
The later part of this report contains the challenges I faced during this period and also, the
SIWES challenges faced by the industry. It also comprises of the experience gained,
observations and conclusion drawn during the course of my internship.

4
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Smartphones

Figure 1.2 Laptop

Figure 1.3 Nokia network

Figure 2.1 Windows Laptop

Figure 2.2 Mobile station

Figure 2.3 Microwave Antennas

Figure 3.1 – A Google webpage clone

Figure 3.2 – A restaurant website

Figure 3.3 – Login page of the restaurant website

Figure 3.4- A webpage of the Restaurant website

Figure 3.5- Fiber optic cable

Figure 3.5.1 – Single Mode fiber

Figure 3.5.2 – multimode fiber

Figure 3.5.3 – OSI model

Figure 3.5.4 – OSI model protocol

Figure 3.5.5 – TCP/IP model

Figure 3.5.6 – Differences between the model

Figure 4.1- Design topology

Figure 4.2 – Report on finer loss daily

Figure 4.2.1 – monitoring of alarm system

Figure 4.1- Design topology

Figure 4.2 – Report on finer loss daily

5
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE …………………………………………………..1

DEDICATION……………………………………………………2

ACKNOWLEDMENT…………………………………………...3

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………4

TABLE OF FIGURES…………………………………………..5

TABLE OF CONTENT………………………………………….6

CHAPTER ONE …………………………………………………7

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………7

CHAPTER TWO ……………………………………………….18

FACILITIES AVAILABLE……………………………………...18

CHAPTER THREE…………………………………………….29

CONTRIBUTION………………………………………………..29

CHALLENGES…………………………………………………..33

CHAPTER FOUR………………………………………………35

CONCLUSION…………………………………………………..35

RECOMMENDATION…………………………………………..35

REFERENCES……………………………………………………36

6
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

ACCEPTANCE AND RECRUITMENT

On applying for my internship, I applied to different companies which are

CYBERSPACE NIGERIA LIMITED and NOKIA ALCATEL. I was granted the
internship job from both companies but at different periods.

ABOUT THE SIWES (STUDENT INDUSTIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME)

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is an accepted skills

program introduced by the Federal Government of Nigeria in 1974 under the Ministry of
Education via the Industrial Training Fund designed to bridge the gap between the classroom
and the industry.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The aim and objectives of SIWES includes;
1. Help students to develop skills and techniques directly applicable to their careers.
2. Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and
machinery
that they may not otherwise have access to.
3. To prepare students for post-graduation work situation.

ABOUT THE COMPANY (CYBERSPACE AND NOKIA ALCATEL INDUSTRIAL

TRAINING AND INTERNSHIP PROGRAM)

ABOUT CYBERSPACE NIGERIA LIMITED

Cyberspace launched in 1995, had always been using a single word to define the level of
ingenuity and creativity that has fueled our drive for so many years- and so finally, after all
these years of evolving from being just a start-up providing Network solutions, to providing
connectivity and later growing further to developing software solutions in the quest to solving
7
as many problems as we possibly can; cyberspace decided that maybe one box wasn’t enough
to define us after all- why be a shadow when you can go beyond the ordinary and be
everything and more- so cyberspace evolved and grew out of the labels, to now be known as
the number one solution Providers’ of choice.

Through investing in people and technology in delivering exceptional customer service, our
mission had always been to distinguish ourselves as a complete solutions provider in the
industry, providing top-notch services to the customers and partners worldwide.

It is located 33 Saka Tinubu st, Victoria Island ,Lagos.

How to Apply
All applicants should have their personal valid email account (for consistent communication)
1. Applicants who meet the above requirements should apply via email, at:
Humanresources@cyberspace.net.ng

ABOUT NOKIA ALCATEL

Nokia is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer

electronics company. Nokia is located at no 11 Olubunmi owa street CBC Tower Lekki
Phase one. Nokia Networks provides wireless and fixed network infrastructure,
communications and networks service platforms and professional services to operators and
service providers.  It focuses on GSM, EDGE, 3G/W-CDMA, LTE and WiMAX radio access
networks, supporting core networks with increasing IP and multi-access capabilities and
services. Also there’s also a division of Nokia that develops consumer products and licenses
technology including the Nokia brand. Its focuses are imaging, sensing, wireless
connectivity, power management and materials, and other areas such as the IP licensing
program. It consists of three labs: Radio Systems Lab, in areas of radio access, wireless local
connectivity and radio implementation; Media Technologies Lab, in areas of multimedia and
interaction; and Sensor and Material Technologies Lab, in areas of advanced sensing
solutions, interaction methods, nanotechnologies and quantum technologies.

 PRODUCTS THEY PRODUCE

8
Nokia was one of the largest worldwide vendor of mobile phones and smartphones. After a
partnership with Microsoft and subsequent market struggle, its mobile phone business was
bought by Microsoft, creating Microsoft Mobile as its successor in 2004. After the sale Nokia
began to focus more extensively on its telecommunications infrastructure business and on
internet of things technologies. The company also experimented with virtual reality and
digital health, the latter through the purchase of within

The Nokia brand has been silent since returned to the mobile and smartphone market through
a licensing arrangement with HMD Global. Nokia continues to be a major patent licensor for
most large mobiles phones vendors. As of 2018 Nokia is the world’s-largest network
equipment manufacturer.

DEVICES:

Nokia devices division includes electronic products such as

 Smart Phones

Figure 1.1 Smartphones

Laptops

9
 Figure 1.2 Laptop

Nokia Networks

fig 1.3

COMPANY DATE OF ESTABLISHMENT (HISTORY BACKGROUND)

Nokia’s history dates back to 1865, when Finnish-Swede mining engineer Fredrik Idestam
establishment a pulp mill near the town of Tampere, Finland (then in Russian Empire). A
second pulp mill was opened in 1868 near a neighboring town of Nokia, offering better
hydropower resources. In 1871, Idestam, together with friend Leo Mechelin, formed a shared
company from it and called it Nokia Company, after the site of the second pulp mill.

Idestam retired 1896, making Mechelin the company’s chairman. Mechelin expanded into
electricity generation by 1902 which Idestam had opposed. In 1904 Suomen Gummitehdas
(Finnish Rubber Work), a rubber business founded by Eduard Polon, established a factory
near the town of Nokia and used its name.

1922, Nokia Ab entered into a partnership with Finnish Rubber Works and 

10
Kaapelitehdas (the Cable Factory), all now jointly under the leadership of Polón. Finnish
Rubber Works company grew rapidly when it moved to the Nokia region in the 1930s to take
advantage of the electrical power supply, and the cable company soon did too.

Nokia at the time also made respirators for both civilian and military use, from the 1930s well
into the early 1990s.

1967–1990

LV 317M military radio in Hämeenlinna artillery museum. Nokia license built PRC-77 (-
1177) with signal amplifier.

In 1967, the three companies – Nokia, Kaapelitehdas and Finnish Rubber Works – merged
and created a new Nokia Corporation, restructured into four major businesses: forestry, cable,
rubber and electronics. In the early 1970s, it entered the networking and radio industry. Nokia
also started making military equipment for Finland's defence forces (Puolustusvoimat), such
as the Sanomalaite M/90communicator in 1983, and the M61 gas mask first developed in the
1960s. Nokia was now also making professional mobile radios, telephone
switches, capacitors and chemicals.

After Finland's trade agreement with the Soviet Union in the 1960s, Nokia expanded into the
Soviet market. It soon widened trade, ranging from automatic telephone
exchanges to robotics among others; by the late 1970s the Soviet Union became a major
market for Nokia, helping to yield high profits. Nokia also co-operated on scientific
technology with the Soviet Union. The U.S. government became increasingly suspicious of
that co-operation after the end of the Cold War détente in the early 1980s. Nokia imported
many US-made components and used them for the Soviets, and according to U.S. Deputy
Minister of Defence, Richard Perle, Nokia had a secret co-operation with The Pentagon that
allowed the U.S. to keep track of technology developments in the Soviet Union through
trading with Nokia. This was a demonstration of Finland trading with both sides, as it was
neutral during the Cold War.

In 1977, Kari Kairamo became CEO and he transformed the company's businesses. By this

time, Finland was becoming what has been called "Nordic Japan". Under his leadership
Nokia acquired many companies including television maker Salora in 1984, followed by
Swedish electronics and computer maker Luxor AB in 1985, and French television maker

11
Oceanic in 1987. This made Nokia the third-largest television manufacturer of Europe
(behind Philips and Thomson). The existing brands continued to be used until the end of the
television business in 1996.

Nokia Mikko 3 minicomputer, 1978

Mobira Cityman 450, 1985

In 1987, Nokia acquired Schaub-Lorenz, the consumer operations of Germany's Standard

Elektrik Lorenz (SEL), which included its "Schaub-Lorenz" and "Graetz" brands. It was
originally part of American conglomerate International Telephone & Telegraph (ITT), and
after the acquisition products were sold under the "ITT Nokia" brand, despite SEL's sale to
Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE), the predecessor of Alcatel, in 1986.

On 1 April 1988, Nokia bought the computer division of Ericsson's Information

Systems, which originated as a computer division of Swedish aircraft and car
manufacturer Saab called Datasaab. Ericsson Information Systems
made Alfaskopterminals, typewriters, minicomputers and Ericsson-branded IBM compatible
PCs. The merger with Nokia's Information Systems division—which since 1981 had a line of
personal computers called MikroMikko—resulted in the name Nokia Data.

Nokia also acquired Mobira, a mobile telephony company, which was the foundation of its
future mobile phones business. In 1981, Mobira launched the Nordic Mobile
Telephone (NMT) service, the world's first international cellular network and the first to
allow international roaming. In 1982, Mobira launched the Mobira Senator car phone,
Nokia's first mobile phone. At that time, the company had no interest in producing mobile
phones, which the executive board regarded as akin to James Bond's gadgets: improbably
futuristic and niche devices. After all these acquisitions, Nokia's revenue base became
US$2.7 billion. CEO Kairamo committed suicide on 11 December 1988.

In 1987, Kaapelitehdas discontinued production of cables at its Helsinki factory after 44

years, effectively shutting down the sub-company.

Mobira 800-NDB non-directional beacon located in the Finnish Air Force signals museum

Nokia MAC 8532 laser rangefinder previously used by Finnish coastal artillery

Hämeenlinna artillery museum display containing fire control officer with Nokia artillery
calculator in Finnish artillery battalion command post

12
Late 1980s MikroMikko 4 TT m216 desktop computer in the Museum of Technology,
Helsinki, Finland ITT Nokia television with an ITT Nokia VCR (ITT/SEL) A 1986 Mobira
pager

1990–2010

Jorma Ollila, who oversaw the rise of Nokia in the mobile phone market as CEO from 1992
to 2006

Following Simo Vuorilehto's appointment as CEO, a major restructuring was planned. With

11 groups within the company, Vuorilehto divested industrial units he deemed as un-
strategic. Nokian Tyres(Nokian Renkaat), a tyre producer originally formed as a division of
Finnish Rubber Works in 1932, split away from Nokia Corporation in 1988. Two years later,
in 1990, Finnish Rubber Works followed suit. In 1991 Nokia sold its computer division,
Nokia Data, to UK-based International Computers Limited (ICL), the precursor of Fujitsu
Siemens. Investors thought of this as financial trouble and Nokia's stock price sank as a
result. Finland was now also experiencing its worst recession in living memory, and
the collapseof the Soviet Union, a major customer, made matters worse.

Vuorilehto quit in January 1992 and was replaced by Jorma Ollila, who had been the head of
the mobile phone business from 1990 and advised against selling that division. Ollila decided
to turn Nokia into a 'telecom-oriented' company, and he eventually got rid of divisions like
the power business. This strategy proved to be very successful and the company grew rapidly
in the following years. Nokia's operating profit went from negative in 1991 to $1 billion in
1995 and almost $4 billion by 1999.

Nokia's first fully portable mobile phone after the Mobira Senator was the Mobira Cityman
900 in 1987. Nokia assisted in the development of the GSMmobile standard in the 1980s, and
developed the first GSM network with Siemens, the predecessor to Nokia Siemens Network.
The world's first GSM call was made by Finnish prime minister Harri Holkeri on 1 July 1991,
using Nokia equipment on the 900 MHz band network built by Nokia and operated
by Radiolinja. In November 1992, the Nokia 1011 launched, making it the first commercially
available GSM mobile phone.

13
Salora Oy as a Nokia subsidiary ended in 1989 when the division was merged into Nokia-
Mobira Oy. The brand continued to be used for televisions until 1995.

On 12 June 1996, Nokia announced the sale of its television business to Canada/Hong Kong-

based Semi-Tech Corporation. The television manufacturing plant in Germany closed down
in September 1996. The sale included a factory in Turku, and the rights to use the
Nokia, Finlux, Luxor, Salora, Schaub-Lorenz and Oceanic brands until the end of
1999. Some of these brands were later sold to other companies.

Nokia was the first to launch digital satellitereceivers in the UK, announced in March
1997. In August 1997 Nokia introduced the first digital satellite receiver with Common
Interface (CI) support. In 1998 Nokia became the chosen supplier to produce the world's
first digital terrestrial television set-top boxes by British Digital Broadcasting (BDB), which
was eventually launched as ONdigital.

A Nokia Mediamaster set-top box

In October 1998, Nokia overtook Motorola to become the best-selling mobile phone brand,
and in December manufactured its 100 millionth mobile phone. A major reason why Nokia
grew against its main competitors Motorola and Ericsson was that it managed to cater to the
consumer youth market and fashion-oriented consumers, most significantly with the Nokia
5110 and 3210 handsets which featured a large range of colourful and replaceable back-
covers called Xpress-on. One of the earliest fashion phones in 1992, from Swiss
watchmaker Swatch, was based on Nokia's 101 handset. The company would also form
the Vertu division, creating luxury mobile handsets.

Nokia claimed in April 1996 its 447Xav and 447K monitors to be the first
with stereo speakers and a sub-woofer. In May 1999 Nokia introduced their first wireless
LAN products. In January 2000 ViewSonic acquired Nokia Display Products, the division
making displays for personal computers. On 26 April 2001 Nokia partnered
with Telefonica to supply DSL modems and routers in Spain.

In 1998, Nokia co-founded Symbian Ltd. led by Psion to create a new operating system

for PDAs and smart mobile phones as a successor of EPOC32. They released the Nokia 9210
Communicator running Symbian OS in 2001 and later that year created the Symbian Series
60 platform, later introducing it with their first camera phone, the Nokia 7650. Both Nokia
and Symbian eventually became the largest smartphone hardware and software maker

14
respectively, and in February 2004 Nokia became the largest shareholder of Symbian
Ltd. Nokia acquired the entire company in June 2008 and then formed the Symbian
Foundation as its successor.

In 1998 alone, the company had sales revenue of $20 billion making $2.6 billion profit. By
2000 Nokia employed over 55,000 people, and had a market share of 30% in the mobile
phone market, almost twice as large as its nearest competitor, Motorola. The company was
operating in 140 countries as of 1999. It was reported at the time that some people believed
Nokia to be a Japanesecompany. Between 1996 and 2001, Nokia's turnover increased
fivefold, from €6.5 billion to €31 billion.

A collection of Nokia mobile phones from the 2000s

The company would then be known as a successful and innovative maker of camera phones.
The Nokia 3600/3650 was the first camera phone on sale in North America in 2003. In April
2005 Nokia partnered with German camera optics maker Carl Zeiss AG. That same month
Nokia introduced the Nseries, which would become its flagship line of smart phones for the
next six years. The Nokia N95 introduced in September 2006 became highly successful and
was also awarded as "best mobile imaging device" in Europe in 2007. 

INTERNSHIP POLICY

Our internship is a program in which you will work alongside Nokia engineering teams
solving real, technical problems. Over the course of the summer, you will contribute to
meaningful work while receiving support and valuable lessons from a Nokia Future Tech
Mentor. You will discover new possibilities and skills that will help you make an impact on
the future of technology.

Requirements

 You must be able to participate in the program for all seven weeks at our Kanata
campus
 You must have an expected average of 75% in grade eleven
 You must be registered in two of the following grade 12 courses: Physics, Chemistry,
Advanced Functions, Calculus and Vectors, Computer Science, Biology, Earth and

15
 Space Science, Computer Engineering Technology, and Manufacturing Engineering
Technology.
 You must be legally able to work in Canada
 You must be proficient in the English language

How to Apply
All applicants should have their personal valid email account (for consistent communication)
1. Applicants who meet the above requirements should apply via email, at:
Future.Tech@nokia.com

SUBMISSION PROCESS OF THE SCAF FORM

On the 4th of January 2019, I submitted my Students Commencement of Attachment Form
(SCAF) to the ITF office located at Industrial Training Fund Office in 5 Remi Olowude
way,2nd roundabout Marwa Bus-stop, lekki phase 1, Lagos Island, Lagos, Nigeria.
Afterwards, the H.R department gave me an acceptance letter to send to my SIWES
department in school

COMMENCEMENT OF INTERNSHIP TO LAST STAGE

I started my internship at CYBERSPACE NETWORK LIMITED from 7th January – 7th

march and continued at NOKIA NETWORKS from 8th march – 12th july 2019.

AT CYBERSPACE NETWORKS

In cyberspace there are five departments namely: Technical, Software, Business

development, Finance and Admin. I was in the software department in which there six units
namely: Projects, Billing, Fin Tech, Social Cognition, Enterprise Business and EduTeam.

I was placed in the FIN TECH

PHYSICAL SUPERVISION OF COVENANT UNIVERSITY AND COMPANY

SUPERVISORS

My supervisors assigned to me were Mr Oti & Mr Olalekan for Cyberspace and Nokia
respectively. There were there to guide me in my works and learn new skills from.

16
My Covenant University Supervisor was Mr. Shina Bola. He came on the 8th of July
2019. Altogether the supervision was good and straightforward. There was no presumed
difficulty during the assessment.

17
 CHAPTER TWO

FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN THE COMPANY

CYBERSPACE: Cyberspace network Limited has a lots of facilities as the company is an

internet service provider but I was in the part of software development where the facilities we
needed were a good, functional system with unlimited internet access in a cool conducive
environment which was made readily available

NOKIA:

 LAPTOP

Figure 2.1 Windows Laptop

I used a Laptop to extract and report the link state of the network , worked with Microsoft excel to
present the report and to filter it.

 MS (Mobile Station)

fig 2.2 – mobile station

18
Mobile data collection, such as signal strength, best server, etc.

 Microwave

Figure 2.3 Microwave Antennas

Microwaves are widely used for point-to-point communications because their small wavelength
allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which can be pointed directly at
the receiving antenna. This allows nearby microwave equipment to use the same frequencies without
interfering with each other, as lower frequency radio waves do.

19
QUALITY OF SUPERVISION FROM COMPANY BASED SUPERVISORS

NOKIA: At Nokia, everyone is regarded as equal. Nevertheless, they imbibe their three core
values of respect, care and intervention. The supervisor I was assigned to was very friendly
and goal driven. he would always encourage you and correct you if need be. he never looked
down on anyone and made sure we were working hard. Because of him I was privileged to
attend various Master Class sessions which he organized. The purpose of these Master Class
Sessions is to provide specialized education and training in an intimate learning environment
with top professionals you wouldn't have access to anywhere else. The various classes
include;

1. Computer Networks
2. Fiber Optics technician

CYBERSPACE: I was supervised and guided adequately by Madam. Nnenna Okoh who
gave me a scheme to follow during my IT period.

Overall, I would say both technically and non-technically I learnt so much and was also
assigned to various mentors who helped advise and shape me into a much better person than I
was.

KNOWLEDGE GAINED
CYBERSPACE
In the Financial unit, I was briefed on the projects and tasks carried out by the team and asked
questions to assess my knowledge of programming, which I had very little knowledge I was assigned
a list of things to learn ranging from web design (front end) which were HTML, CSS and
BOOTSTRAP.

HTML and CSS

The first task I was assigned with was web designing. I was asked to learn how to use
HTML (Hyper-text Markup Language), CSS (Cascading Style sheet) framework to design
websites. The Figures below represent the website which I designed.

20
Figure 3.1 – A Google webpage clone

Figure 3.2 – A restaurant website

21
 Figure 3.3 – Login page of the restaurant website

Figure 3.4- A webpage of the Restaurant website

22
NOKIA

I was assigned to OPTICS unit, I was also briefed on the projects and tasks carried out by the
team and asked on my knowledge in networking and fiber optics which I had no knowledge
in. I was assigned to aquire knowledge in fiber optics and networking which I did.

 FIBER OPTICS: I completed a month of intensive training in Fiber Optics

Introduction
 A fiber optic cable, also known as optical fiber cable, is a network cable that contains
two or more glass or plastic fiber cores located within a protective coating and
covered with a plastic PVC outer sleeve. It’s correlated with transmission of
information as light pulses along a glass or plastic strand or fiber. It’s designed for
long distance, very high performance data networking and telecommunications. It has
many advantages in optical fiber communication, such as large capacity, long relay
distance, good security, free from electromagnetic interference and copper saving.

23
 Figure 3.5- Fiber optic cable

Types of Fiber Optic Cables

 According to the transmission mode of light in optical fiber, fiber optic cable can be
divided into single-mode fiber (SMF) and multimode fiber (MMF). Although they all
belong to optical cables and aim at transmitting information, they still have some
slight differences.

Figure 3.5.1 figure 3.5.2

Single-Mode Fiber
 Literally, Single-mode fiber is a single stand of glass fiber with a diameter of 8.3 to 10
microns that has one mode of transmission. Due to its smaller diameter, single-mode
fiber is used for long-distance signal transmission, which minimizes the reduction in
signal strength. Single-mode fiber also has a considerably higher bandwidth than

24
 multimode fiber. The light source used for single-mode fiber is typically a laser,
which makes it more expensive than multimode fiber.
 Multimode Fiber
 By comparison, multimode fiber cable, with a diameter of about 62.5 microns, allows
multiple mode of light to propagate through it simultaneously, thus forming mode
dispersion. Mode dispersion technology limits the bandwidth and distance of
multimode fiber. Therefore, multimode fiber features larger core diameter and short
transmission distance. Multimode fiber typically uses an LED to create the light pulse,
which makes it cheaper than single-mode fiber.
 Both single-mode and multimode fiber can handle 10G speeds. The most evident
difference between them lies in the distance. Within a data center, it’s typical to use
multimode fiber which can get you 300-400 meters. If you have very long runs or are
connecting over longer distance, single-mode fiber can get you 10 km, 40 km, 80 km,
or even farther. You just need to use the appropriate optic for the distance required.

Fiber Cable Uses

It’s widely acknowledged that optical cables are usually applied into computer
networking and telecommunication due to its ability to transmit data and information.
What’s more, it’s also used by military and space industries as means of
communication and signal transfer, in addition to its ability to provide temperature
sensing. In recent years, fiber cable is frequently used in a variety of medical
instruments to provide precise illumination. An endoscope, for example, is a flexible
tube containing several optical cables. When it slips into the patient’s mouth, nose,
digestive tract, and other heart areas that are not visible outside the body, the doctor
can see the changes through the endoscope. Other medical applications for fiber
optics include X-ray imaging, biomedical sensors, light therapy and surgical
microscopy.

NETWORKING
A computer network can be described as a system of interconnected devices that can
communicate using some common standard (called protocol). These devices
communicate to exchange resources (e.g. files and printers) and services.
OSI AND TCP/IP MODEL

25
OSI model OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model was created by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), an international standard-setting
body. It was designed to be a reference model for describing the functions of a
communication system. It has seven layers, with each layer describing a different
function of data traveling through a network. Here is the graphical representation of
these layers:

Figure 3.5.3

The layers are usually numbered from the last one, meaning that the Physical layer is
consider to be the first layer. It is good to learn these layers, since there will certainly
be a couple of questions on the CCNA exam regarding them. Most people learn the
mnemonic „Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away“:

Figure 3.5.4

26
So, what is the purpose of these layers?
They are most commonly used by vendors. They enable them to implement some
functionality into a networking device, which then enables easier interoperability with
devices from other vendors.
Here is a brief description of each of these layers.
Physical – defines how to move bits from one device to another. It details how
cables,
connectors and network interface cards are going to work and how to send and receive
bits.

Data Link – encapsulates a packet in a frame. A frame contains a header and a trailer
that enable devices to communicate. A header, most commonly, contains a source and
a destination MAC address. A trailer contains the Frame Check Sequence field, which
is used to detect transmission errors. The data link layer has two sublayers:

1. Logical Link Control – used for flow control and error detection 2. Media
Access Control – used for hardware addressing and controlling the access method

Network – defines device addressing, routing, and path determination. Device

(logical)
addressing is used to identify a host on a network (e.g. by its IP address).

Transport – segments great chunks of data received from the upper layer protocols.
Establishes and terminates connections between two computers. Used for flow control
and data recovery.

Session – defines how to establish and terminate a session between the two systems.

Presentation – defines data formats. Compression and encryption are defined at this
layer.

Application – this layer is the closest to the user. It enables network applications to
communicate with other network applications.

27
TCP/IP model The TCP/IP model was created in the 1970s by the Defense Advance
Research Project Agency (DARPA). Like the OSI model, it describes general
guidelines for designing and implementing computer protocols. It consists of four
layers: Network Access, Internet, Transport, and Application.

Figure 3.5.5

The following picture show the comparison between the TCP/IP model and OSI
model:

Figure 3.5.6

As you can see, the TCP/IP model has fewer layers than the OSI model. The
Application, Presentation, and Session layers of the OSI model are merged in only
one layer, Application layer, in the TCP/IP model. Also, Physical and Data Link
layers are called Network Access layer in the TCP/IP model. Differences between
OSI and TCP/IP model There are some other differences between these two models,
besides the obvious difference in the number of layers. OSI model prescribes the steps

28
needed to transfer data over a network and it is very specific in it, defining which
protocol is
used at each layer and how. The TCP/IP model is not that specific. It can be said that
the OSI model prescribes and TCP/IP model describes.

29
CHAPTER THREE

CONTRIBUTIONS

Discussion on the applicability of the gained knowledge and Students’ field of

study and educational career;

I worked in IT companies where there are variety of products and services. A company that
has their network providing services and software solutions. The knowledge I gained in the
course of my internship was directed towards web development, fiber optics and computer
networks. It made me understand more concepts and terms. My internship was more like a
training in skills. Although I was assigned to join the technical support team. In this team I
assigned to:

1. Design Topologies

30
 Figure 4.1
2. Report on fiber loss daily

Fig 4.2

31
 3. Monitoring of alarm system of the network

Figure 4.2.1

The goal of the company of engagement:

The goal of Cyberspace Network Limited is providing excellent value-added ICT services
and cutting edge solutions. In the software department, to build, design and support software
applications in solving challenges. With the knowledge gained during my internship, I am
now able to build and design website with the use of HTML, CSS and BOOTSTRAP.

In Nokia solutions help transform our customers’ business and their networks. Through our
comprehensive portfolio of hardware, software and services we enable the digital
transformation of networks to address capacity needs, reduce complexity and leverage
network intelligence to create and deliver new services. With the knowledge gained during
my internship, I am now able to configure base network configuration and how to calculate
fiber loss.

32
THE LARGER SOCIETY:

Well, the world right now is fast evolving towards technology and ICT is a major aspect of
this technology. With the knowledge/experience I have acquired during my internship which
is in the direction of ICT solutions, I now have what to bring to table.

Relation of the practical training with the knowledge gained in class

It’s almost certain that every one of us has experienced this at one time or another; you’re sitting
listening to the lecture wondering – what is he saying, what does it mean, what relevance does it have
for my understanding or my career?

The lecturers in your university only tell you things you should know, but you’re not entirely sure
why it’s so important to understand these things.

Does this scenario sound familiar? Because in many universities, students are disengaged from the
learning process because they’re not urged to get involved.

Due to developments in education technology and shifts in the employment market, the higher
education landscape has changed a lot over the past decade; no longer are universities looking purely
towards regimented classroom learning, assignments or exams as a means of teaching students and
evaluating their ‘success’; instead, valuable, applicable, hands-on methods of teaching have proved
much more effective for this.

According to studies, students who practice what they’re learning first-hand are three and a half times
more likely to retain that knowledge than when they’re sitting in a lecture room, hand-scribing notes.

As a result, I would corroborate the idea of including SIWES into the curriculum of students because
it sheds more light on the theoretical aspect taught within the classrooms.

OBSERVATION

The organization enforces a serious level of discipline where everyone has to carry out tasks
diligently because they seek innovative solutions and progress on a daily basis. There’s also a
feeling of oneness as they pray together in the morning, eat together, transport to and fro
together and have fun while working. Internship program is taken quite serious in the
organization, interns carry out major work in the company and we have trainings at intervals.
Everyone is strictly to be punctual at the office and adhere to the dress code which is

33
corporate wears and are not allowed to keep loud hairstyles, bushy hair or beards for male.
The company takes development very seriously as they engage us in helpful trainings. This
culture helps everyone to be carried along and contribute their best to deliver results.

Coming from a civilized and cooperate place like Covenant University, the culture adopted in
the organization wasn’t new to me.

CHALLENGES

Device Inefficiency

I had a little challenge with this issue as my laptop was slow because of the various soft
wares installed in it and my processor wasn’t enough to carry it. It always took a while
starting up my system every day and also running and debugging my code took a lot of time
and it made my system hang.

Internet Connection

In as much as Cyberspace and Nokia are an ISP (internet service provider) companies, I
often had problems with internet connection as I did not have a LAN cable assigned to my
system for personal use and my laptop always had issues connecting to the internet.

Debugging Errors

As a programmer, it is normal to encounter errors, some errors take hours or even days to
resolve but in as much as some errors slowed down my work, they made me a better
programmer.

CHALLENGES FACED BY THE SIWES INDUSTRY-BASED FIRM

Lack of Specialized Personnel

In an appropriate Setting, there are supposed to be back-end developers, front-end

developers, quality assurance experts which are the testers but individuals had to both the
back-end, front-end and even carry out continuous testing on the application which made the
work load bulky and the progress slow, so it took a long time to finally fully deploy
applications.

34
Inconsistent Power Supply

There were times when we experienced power outage for a couple of seconds/minutes due to
minor faults with the company’s generators and inverters or a changeover. These power faults
caused delay in the company’s productivity as the internet (both wireless and LAN) could not
work without power. I expected something like a UPS to keep it on for a while instead of
complete shutdown immediately as the company is an internet service provider.

Segregation of interns

Interns in the company are always being looked down on and sent unnecessary unofficial
jobs. I was always sent to buy different things (food, drugs, utensils etc.) for different people.
In fact, being the only female intern made it worse, it was like a duty. Also there was this
segregation of the lunch room were interns, corpers and lower staff (cleaners and drivers) are
to be on one side while senior staffs and every other person eat in a different room was also
not good enough.

The Human resource management

Being a very important part of a standard organization, I expected a highly professional team
where everyone including interns would be able to get justification and good understanding
of rules and practices of the company. First, the team wasn’t approachable and unfriendly.
There were so many conflicting rules and there was this ‘staffs are always right’ rule. Well
personally, I didn’t like how I was treated, got queried and restricted without any just cause.

35
 CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION
After this 2 months internship at Cyberspace Network Limited and 4 months at Nokia networks, I can
say that I indeed learnt a lot and by the end of the work experience, I left with so much more
knowledge than when I started because I was able to acquire skills, see how things were done in my
area of specialization, learn and understood concepts which are very relevant to me in my field of
study and I developed full interest in becoming a web developer.

I have been able to gain new insight and more comprehensive understanding about the real industrial
working condition and practice, It has also Improved my soft, technical and functional skills, and with
these skills, I could readily offer these skills to those who need them. The acquisition of these
knowledge, skills and experience were not possibly acquired through the direct involvement in task
alone also through other aspects of the training such as: work observation, interaction with superior
colleagues, and other people related to the field.

My internship was a very productive one because I got to participate in company work and attend
meetings and trainings which were beneficial to me and also work on personal projects with good
guidance and supervision.

Therefore, I can say I accomplished the aim of the SIWES program which is to be able to familiarize
with operations of the industry and develop practical skills relevant to my field of study.

RECOMMENDATIONS
As for the Industrial Training Fund (ITF), visiting of students during the SIWES program should be
accurate to ensure that students get necessary exposure and to boost their morale. It should also be
noted that it should be made mandatory for companies/organizations to supplement the funding of the
scheme by paying students stipends and providing enabling condition for them.

As for the company:

During my internship period in the company, I noticed delivery of service to clients were slow both
in the software and technical parts. I recommend the company or staffs be more proactive rather than
reactive to problem detection and resolution.

36
 REFERENCES
How To Master CCNA

37