tuTnryTj;jpl;l ciu – 2022

1. Kd;Diu
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
1.1 ,d;W vd;dhy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLtJ Rje;jpu ,yq;ifapd; 76 MtJ tuTnryTj;jpl;lkhFk;.
,e;j tuTnryTj;jpl;lk; mjpNkjF Nfhl;lhgha uh[gf;~ mtu;fsJ murhq;fj;jpdhy;
Kd;itf;fg;gLk; ,uz;lhtJ tuTnryTj;jpl;lk; vd;gJld; epjp mikr;ru; vd;w tifapy;
vdJ fd;dp tuTnryTj;jpl;l ciuAkhFk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
1.2 ehk; jw;nghOJ fle;J nrd;Wnfhz;bUg;gJ kdpj ehfuPfj;jpd; kpfTk; Ntjidkpf;f
fhyg;gFjpnahd;wpidahFk;. ,f;frg;ghd cz;ikapid czu;e;Jnfhs;s Kbahjtu; vtUk;
,Ug;ghnud ehd; epidf;ftpy;iy. vt;thwhapDk;> ehk; ,e;j rthy;kpf;f fhyj;jpid
ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
1.3 nghJkf;fspd; eyDf;fhf rthy;fis rthyhf vjpu;nfhs;Sk; tplaj;jpid ehd; Kjypy;
fw;Wf;nfhz;lJ vdJ g+u;tPf ,y;ykhd nkjKyidapyhFk;. rthy;fSf;F mQ;Rfpd;w
tuyhW uh[gf;~fsplj;jpy; ,Ue;jjpy;iy. 1936 ,y; ,yq;ifapd; ,uz;lhtJ mur rl;l
rigapy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; tfpj;j “U`{Z rpq;fk;” vd miof;fg;gl;l b.vk;. uh[gf;~
mtu;fis KO ehLk; mwpe;jpUe;jJ. mtu; vdJ je;ijapd; %j;j rNfhjuu; (ngupag;gh)
Mthu;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
1.4 1945 ,y; vdJ je;ij mur rl;l rigf;F njupthdJ U`{Z fpUthtpd; murpay;
khw;wj;jpw;fhd jpUg;GKidahf mike;jJ. b.V. uh[gf;~ mtu;fs; vjpu;fhyj;Jf;Fupa
ehl;Lg;gw;whsu; vd;gjid U`{Z kz;Zk; kf;fSk; ,d;Wtiu rhd;Wgfu;fpd;wdu;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
1.5 uh[gf;~ murpay; guk;giuapy; ,e;j epkplk;tiu NkYr;rpapy; ,Ug;gJ ,e;j mjpAau;
rigapid myq;fupj;jpUf;fpd;w nfsut gpujku; k`pe;j uh[gf;~ mtu;fshthu;. Rje;jpu
,yq;ifapd; kpfTk; neLf;fbahd jrhg;jkhf 2005 ,y; ,Ue;J 2015 tiuahd 10 tUl
fhyk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
1.6 cyfpy; ve;jnthU ehl;bYk; mjpfhuj;jpw;F tUfpd;w murhq;fj;jpdhy; epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba
rfy flikfSk; %d;W gpujhd tplaq;fSf;Fl;gl;ljhFk;. mitahtd> Njrpa ghJfhg;G>
mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; r%f eyd;Gup vd;gdthFk;. ,e;j %d;W Kf;fpa flikfisAk; rk
fhyj;jpy; epiwNtw;wpa xNu jiytu; k`pe;j uh[gf;~ rdhjpgjp mtu;fshthu;. mt;thwhd
jiytu; xUtupid cyf murpay; tiuglj;jpy; vk;khy; ,yFthf fz;Lnfhs;s KbahJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
1.7 vkJ murpay; gazj;jpy; kw;WnkhU mj;jpahak; 2015 Kjy; 2019 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpahFk;.
,f;fhyg;gFjpapd; %yk; vkf;F jz;liz toq;fg;glhjpUg;gpd; ehk; ,t;tsT J}uk; Kjpu;r;rp
1
 mile;jpUf;fkhl;Nlhk;. ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> mt;thwhd Ntjid kpf;f epidTfis vk;khYk;
vkJ md;Gf;Fupa NghuhspfspdhYk; kwf;f KbahJ. Njhy;tpapd; NghJ mDgtpf;fpd;w
Ntjidfs; kPz;Lk; ntw;wpngWfpd;w ehspy; vjpu;g;gpid ntspg;gLj;Jk; jhf;Fjyhf khWtJ
rhjhuz eilKiwahFk;. vt;thwhapDk;> mt;thW epfo;tjw;F ehk; ,lkspf;ftpy;iy.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
1.8 ey;yhl;rp fhyj;jpd; ntWg;Gkpf;f murpay; %yk; jsu;e;JNghfhj ehk; fhl;Lkpuhz;bj;jdkhd
murpay; #o;epiyf;Fs; Mrpahtpd; kpf cd;djkhd murpay; rf;jpapid cUthf;FksT
ehk; ijupakpf;ftu;fshf khwpNdhk;. mJNt =yq;fh nghJrd Kd;dzpahFk;. vkJ ,g;Gjpa
fl;rp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L 15 khjq;fs; flg;gjw;Fs; KjyhtJ Nju;jYf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;ba
epiy Vw;gl;lJ. mJ 2018 ngg;utup 10 Me; jpfjp ,lk;ngw;w khfhz rigfs; Nju;jyhFk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
1.9 midj;J vjpu;Kfhk;fspidAk; Njhy;tpailar;nra;J ehk; ,j; Nju;jypy; kfj;jhd
ntw;wpapidg; ngw;Nwhk;. gpd;du; rdhjpgjpj; Nju;jy; ,lk;ngw;wJ. mJtiu ,e;j ehl;by;
ve;jnthU murpay; fl;rpf;Fk; ,y;yhj xg;gw;w murpay; fhuzpfs; %d;W vk;kplk;
fhzg;gl;lJ. mjpy; KjyhtJ> k`pe;j uh[gf;~ mtu;fspd; epfuw;w murpay;
jiyikj;JtkhFk;. ,uz;lhtJ> kpfTk; xOq;fhf fl;likf;fg;gl;l =yq;fh nghJrd
Kd;dzpahFk;. %d;whtJ> kf;fspdhy; ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ntw;wp Ntl;ghsnuhUtu; vkJ
murpay; Kfhkpw;Fs; ,Ue;jjhFk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
1.10 cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L rthy;fs; gytw;Wf;F kj;jpapy; 2019 rdhjpgjpj; Nju;jypy;
mjpNkjF rdhjpgjp Nfhl;lhgha uh[gf;~ mtu;fs; mNkhf ntw;wpaPlb
; dhu;. mWgj;njhd;gJ
,yl;rk; kf;fs; mjpNkjF Nfhl;lhgha uh[gf;~ mtu;fSf;F thf;fspj;jdu;. mJ gjpd;%d;W
,yl;rj;jpid tpQ;rpa mjpfg;gbahd thf;Ffspd; %yk; fpilf;fg;ngw;w rupj;jpu
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;tha;e;j kf;fs; MizahFk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
1.11 Nfhl;lhgha uh[gf;~ mtu;fspd; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; kfj;Jtj;jpid kPz;Lk; rhd;WgfUk;
tifapy; rdhjpgjpj; Nju;jy; ,lk;ngw;W 9 khjq;fspd; gpd;du; 2020 ghuhSkd;w Nju;jypYk;
tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ntw;wp fpilj;jJ. ,J vjpu;f;fl;rpfis eLq;fr; nra;AksT
kf;fs; toq;fpa gjpybahFk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
2. ,e;j tuTnryTj;jpl;lk; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLtJ ehk; cyfshtpa uPjpapy; neUf;fbfs; Ie;Jf;F
kj;jpapy; tho;fpd;w re;ju;g;gnkhd;wpyhFk;.

2.1 KjyhtJ> cyfpy; vd;Wkpy;yhjthW r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu neUf;fbfs; mjpfkhff;

fhzg;gLtjhFk;. my;yJ nry;te;ju;fs; kw;Wk; fk;gdpfs; nkd;NkYk; njhlu;e;J
nry;te;ju;fshf ,Uf;f> twpatu;fs; nkd;NkYk; twpatu;fshfNt ,Uf;Fk; epiyahFk;.

2.2 ,uz;lhtJ> epiyahd mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffis mile;J nfhs;fpd;w Kd;Ndw;wk;

Fiwtilfpd;wikahFk;. ,J vk;ikg; Nghd;w mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk; ehLfSf;F kpfTk;
fLikahdjhFk;.

2
2.3 mjpfsT Gtp ntg;gkiltjdhy; mjpfupj;j Rw;whly; NgupluhdJ> %d;whtJ neUf;fbahFk;.
jw;nghOJ mgptpUj;jpaile;j my;yJ mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; ehL vd;w ghFghbd;wp
ngUk;ghyhd ehLfs; gy;NtWgl;l ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.

2.4 ehd;fhtJ> neUf;fbahdJ> tuyhw;wpy; ,jw;F Kd;du; vd;Wkpy;yhjthW ,Ujug;G kw;Wk;

gy;jug;G cjtpfs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhFk;. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; midj;J nry;te;j
ehLfSk; jkJ cs;sf neUf;fbfisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F tpNrl Kd;Dupik
toq;fpAs;sikahFk;.

2.5 Ie;jhtJ> neUf;fbahdJ> nfhNwhdhtpd; gpd;du; Vw;gl;Ls;s “Gjpa rhjhuzepiy” f;F Vw;g
jftikf;f Ntz;bAs;sikahFk;. gazj; jil> tPl;bypUe;J Ntiy nra;jy;> nghUl;fspd;
tpiyNaw;wk; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj; njhopw;Wiwapd; tiyaikg;G cyfshtpa uPjpapy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wik Nghd;w gy;NtW neUf;fbfSf;F ehk; rkfhyj;jpy; Kfq;nfhLf;f
Ntz;bAs;sJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
2.6 ,e;epiyikahdJ gy;NtW ehLfSf;F gy;NtW tifapy; ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
cw;gj;jpg; nghUshjhuq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;w ehLfspd; ghjpg;Gld; xg;gpLifapy;
vk;ikg; Nghd;w Nritfs; rhu;e;j nghUshjhuj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;s ehLfSf;F Vw;gl;Ls;s ghjpg;G
mjpfkhFk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
2.7 ,J cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L Nritfis toq;Ftjd; %yk; vkf;F fpilf;Fk; tUkhdk;
,of;fg;gLk; re;ju;;g;gnkhd;whFk;. ,jd; tpisthf> ehl;Lf;Fk; jpiwNrupf;Fk; fpilf;fpd;w
tUkhdKk; ,jw;F Kd; vd;Wkpy;yhjthW Fiwtile;Js;sJ. vkJ kjpg;gPLfspd;
mbg;gilapy; &gh 200 gpy;ypaid tpl mjpfkhFk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
2.8 ehk; tho;e;J nfhz;bUg;gJ kf;fspd; tho;;T> tho;thjhuq;fs;> tUkhd %yq;fs; kw;Wk;
njhopw; ghJfhg;G vd;gd njhlu;ghd tuyhw;wpy; kpfTk; rthy; epiwe;j fhyg;gFjpapyhFk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
2.9 ,t;thwhd rthy;fSf;F kj;jpapYk; vkJ nghUshjhuj;jpid Kfhik nra;tjw;F
Njitahd midj;J rf;jpfSk; vk;kplk; ,Ug;gjhfTk; mtw;wpid kpifg;gjw;fhd
Mw;wy;fs; ,Ug;gjhfTk; ehd; ek;Gfpd;Nwd;.

3. vkJ gyk;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
vk;kplKs;s gyk; Fwpj;J ,e;j cau;rigf;F RUf;fkhf tpgupg;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gkhf ,jid ehd;
fUJfpd;Nwd;.
3.1 JzpTkpf;f jiyikj;JtKk; murpay; ];jpuj;jd;ikAk;

,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; cau;e;j rdehaf murpay; ];jpuj;jd;ikAld; $ba ehL vkJ ehlhFk;.

kf;fspdhy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l epiwNtw;W mjpfhukpf;f rdhjpgjpnahUtu; ,Uf;fpd;whu;. me;j
rdhjpgjp Neu;ikahd> cWjpahd jPu;khdnkLf;Fk;> Coy;> Nkhrb kw;Wk; tPz;tpiuaj;jpid

3
 xopf;fpd;w vspikahd jiytuhthu;. ,J vkJ vjpu;fhy gazj;jpw;fhd kdMWjy; vd;gJld;
ce;Jrf;jpAkhFk;. mNjNghd;W vkf;F %d;wpypuz;L ghuhSkd;w ngUk;ghz;ikAk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
,e;j ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F jiyikj;Jtj;ij toq;FtJ Mrpahtpd; kpfTk; Kjpu;r;rpAw;w
murpay; jiytu; nfsut gpujku; k`pe;j uh[gf;~ mtu;fshthu;. mtu; ,e;ehl;Lf;F
mjptpNrlkhd gzpfis Gupe;j jiytuhthu;.

,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> vkJ ehL RahjPdkhd ePjpj;JiwapidAk; tpOkpaq;fisf; nfhz;l

murhq;f NritiaAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk; murhq;f Nrit ,uz;Lk; ,jw;F
Kd;diug; Nghd;wy;yhJ ,d;W ehk; ngUikg;glf;$bajhf cs;sd.

3.2 ru;tNjr juj;jpyhd cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;

nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
cl;fl;likg;G trjpfisg; nghWj;jtiu ehk; kpfTk; cau;e;j ,lj;jpypUf;fpd;Nwhk;.
JiwKfq;fs;> tpkhd epiyaq;fs;> njhiyj; njhlu;G trjpfs;> mjpNtfg; ghijfs;>
neLQ;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; kpd;rhu trjpfs; Nghd;w cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; kpfTk; cau;e;j
epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mNjNghd;W 100>000 fp.kP ghijf; fUj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; 5>000 ghyq;fs;
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; vd;gtw;wpD}lhf cgghij tiyaikg;Gfs; NkYk; tYg;gLj;jg;gl;L KO
ehLk; xU tiyaikg;gpd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gLk;. ,jdhy; cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L
KjyPll ; hsu;fSf;F ru;tNjr juk; nfhz;l cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis toq;Ftjpy; ehk;
Kd;dzpapy; jpfo;fpd;Nwhk;.

3.3 mzpNruh> el;GuPjpahd ru;tNjr cwTfs;

nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
vkJ el;GuPjpahd ,Ujug;G kw;Wk; gy;jug;G ,uh[je;jpu cwTfis tuyhw;wpy;
vd;Wkpy;yhjsT rpwe;j Kiwapy; ehk; tpupTgLj;jpAs;Nshk;. cyf tq;fp> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp
tq;fp> INuhg;gpa xd;wpak;> ag;ghd; ru;tNjr xj;Jiog;G Kftuhz;ik> Fitl; epjpak;>
ru;tNjr mgptpUj;jpf;fhd xngf; mikg;G mj;Jld; If;fpa ehLfSld; ,ize;J nraw;gLk;
Kftuhz;ikfs; Nghd;w midj;Jk; jw;NghJ vk;Kld; kpf neUf;fkhf gzpahw;Wfpd;wd.
,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> mtrpakhd Neuj;jpy; vkJ ehl;Lf;F cldbahf cjTtjw;F
,e;epWtdq;fs; jahuhf cs;sd vd;gij ehd; nfsutj;Jld; epidT$Wfpd;Nwd;.

3.4 MNuhf;fpak;kpf;f mwpthu;e;j kdpj tsk;

nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
ehk; mjpu;~;lkpf;fnjhU ehl;by;; tho;fpd;Nwhk;. vkJ kf;fs; gy;Nju;r;rpfisf; nfhz;ltu;fs;
vd;gJld;> MNuhf;fpakhd> fw;wwpe;j> mwpthu;e;j> kupahijkpf;f kw;Wk;
ed;wpAzu;Tilatu;fshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. ,jd; fhuzkhf kdpjts mgptpUj;jpapd;
kuGuPjpahd %yg;gpukhzkhf fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;glhj gz;Gfis vkJ kdpjtsk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;gijj; njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; ngUikailfpd;Nwd;. vdNt> vt;tpj
rthy;f; isAk; vjpu;nfhs;tjw;F vk;kplk; typikAs;sJ. nfhtpl; cyfshtpa ngUe;njhw;W
fhyg;gFjpapYk;$l cau; czu;jpwd;kpf;f kdpjtsj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;ba

4
 Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ehk; eilKiw uPjpahf vjpu;nfhz;Nlhk;. Mifapdhy;> midtUf;Fk;
Njitahd cldb guhkupg;gpid toq;Ftjw;fhd tha;g;gpid ehk; ngw;wpUf;fpNwhk;;.

3.5 Rw;whliy Nerpf;Fk; xU Njrk;

nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
vk;ikg;Nghd;W Rw;whliy Nerpf;fpd;w NtnwhU r%fk; ,Uf;fKbahJ. 2>500 tUlq;fSf;F
Kd;du; vOjg;gl;l ehfuPfk; KOtjpYk; mjw;fhd Nghjpa rhd;WfSs;sd. ,yq;ifapd;
epyj;Njhw;wkhdJ tdq;fs;> <uepyq;fs;> tptrhaf; fhzpfs;> fiuNahuk; kw;Wk; fly;rhu;
mikg;Gfisf; nfhz;L nropg;Gkpf;fjhfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.

mjd; jd;ikAk; guk;gYk; fhyepiy> Gtpapayikg;G kw;Wk; kz;tiffs; vd;gtw;wpy;

jq;fpAs;sJ. jho;epy kiof;fhLfs; gtsg;ghiwfs; Nghd;w vkJ ehl;bd; capu;gy;tifik
nropg;Gkpf;f capupay; #oy; mikg;G ngsjPf uPjpahf tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Gtpapay;
gpuNjrq;fSf;Fs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

3.6 epiyngwj;jf;f nghUshjhuj;jpd; njhiyNehf;F

nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
#oy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Kuz;gLfpd;w ,UJiwfs; vd;gNj fle;j fhyg;
nghUs;NfhlyhFk;. MdhYk; ,uz;Lk; xd;W kw;nwhz;Lf;F ed;ikgaf;Fk; tpjj;jpy;
xUq;fpizf;fg;glf;$bad vd;gij xl;Lnkhj;j cyfKk; ,d;W ek;Gfpd;wJ. epiyngwj;jf;f
mgptpUj;jpapd; Nehf;fpy; cyfk; efu;e;Jnfhz;bUf;fpd;w Ntisapy; nropg;Gkpf;f ,aw;if
tsq;fisAk; capu;gy;tifik KiwikiaAk; nfhz;l vkJ ghuk;gupaj;ij ehk;
Ngzpf;fhf;f Ntz;Lk;. vkJ ehl;bd; xl;Lnkhj;j nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp cghaq;fSk; #oy;
kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp Mfpatw;wpy; Kuz;gLfpd;w Fwpf;Nfhs;fis cfg;ghd tpjj;jpy; Kfhik
nra;tjD}lhfj; J}z;lg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gij ,q;F ehd; gpufldg;gLj;Jfpd;Nwd;. “RgPl;rj;jpd;
Nehf;F” murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;ifg; gpufldj;jpD}lhf gRikg; nghUshjhunkhd;wpid
fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpid ehk; Vw;fdNt gpufldg;gLj;jpAs;Nshk;. 2022
tUlj;jpw;fhd tuTnryTj;jpl;lkhdJ ,t;ntz;zf;fU gw;wpa ePbg;nghd;NwahFk;.

3.7 Njrpa ghJfhg;Gf;fhd Kd;Dupik

nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
rkhjhdj;jpidAk; Njrpa ghJfhg;gpidAk; ,yq;ifapy; ehk; cWjpahf
xUq;fpizj;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;. ehl;by; jPtputhjj;jpw;Fk;; gaq;futhjj;jpw;Fk;; ,dpNkYk;
,lkpy;iy. ,d;W vkJ ehL cyfpYs;s kpfTk; rkhjhdk; kpf;f cWjpahd ehLfspy;
xd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. gaq;futhjk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; rkhjhdj;jpd; ed;ikfUjp ehk;
jw;NghJ mWtil nra;fpd;Nwhk;.

gps;isfSf;fhd rpwe;j vjpu;fhynkhd;wpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd ,aYikia ehk;

nfhz;Ls;Nshk;. vt;thwhapDk;> cyfstpyhd rpy mr;RWj;jy;fis ehk; vjpu;nfhs;s
Ntz;bAs;sjid mtjhdj;j
; py; nfhz;Ls;Nshk;. mj;jifa mr;RWj;jy;fspypUe;J
ghJfhf;fg;gLtJk;; Njrpa ghJfhg;gpid cWjp nra;tJk; vkJ Kjw;nghWg;G vd ehk;
fUJfpd;Nwhk;.

5
 Rje;jpuj;jpdJk;; RgPl;rj;jpdJk; mbj;jskhfTs;s Njrpa ghJfhg;gpw;fhd vkJ
nghWg;GlikapypUe;J ehk; tpyfkhl;Nlhk;. Njrpa ghJfhg;gpid> kf;fspd; mgpyhirfSf;F
Vw;wtpjj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpa g+uz ghJfhg;ghf khw;Wtjw;F
vkf;F ,aYkhfTs;sJ. ,jw;fhf nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J msTfle;j MjuTs;sJ. vdNt> ehk;
ehl;by; ,d If;fpaj;jpidAk;> murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu cWjpg;ghl;bidAk; rpwg;ghf
tYg;gLj;jp gaq;futhjj;ij ,y;yhnjhopj;J jPtputhjj;ij Kwpabj;Js;Nshk; vd;gjid
mwptpg;gjpy; kfpo;r;rpailfpd;Nwd;.

3.8 jLg;G+rp toq;Ftjpy; Kd;dzpapy;

nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
vkJ murhq;fkhdJ 2020 Nk khjj;jpypUe;J nfhtpl; cyfshtpa Neha;j;njhw;Wg; gutiy
jLg;gjw;F fLikahd topKiwfis Kd;ndLf;fNtz;bapUe;jJ. vkJ kf;fisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ehl;il KOikahf Klf;Ftjw;Fk; ehk; eltbf;if vLj;jpUe;Njhk;.
ehL g+uhfTk; gazj;jilfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;l mNjNtis> gpuNjrq;fisj; jdpikg;gLj;jYk;
mKy;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. %d;whtJ miyapd;NghJ Neha;j;njhw;wpidj; jLg;gjw;F Rfhjhu
xOq;Ftpjpfis mKy;gLj;jy; jPtpug;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
ehk; ehLKOtJk; nfhtpl; rpfpr;ir ikaq;fisAk;; mjw;fhd trjp toq;fy;fisAk;
tYg;gLj;jpNdhk;. jLg;g+rp toq;fy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; tpNrlkhf mjpf Mgj;Jkpf;f
gpuNjrq;fspYk; cau; Mgj;J kpf;f Fbj;njhifapidAk; Neha; vjpu;g;Gf;Fl;gLj;JtJ
njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. cyfshtpa Neha;j;njhw;wpdhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Rfhjhu
kw;Wk;; nghUshjhu rthy;fSf;F gjpypWj;Jtjw;fhd tsq;fis jpul;bf; nfhs;tjw;fhd
eltbf;ifapidj; Jupjg;gLj;Jtjw;F murhq;fk; gy;NtW jug;gpdUlDk; ,ize;J
gzpahw;wpaJ. Vwj;jhs miu kpy;ypad; kf;fis njhw;WNehapypUe;J fhg;gjw;F vkf;F
,aYkhf ,Ue;jJ.
ehNk nrhy;iy nraypy; fhl;ba murhq;fnkhd;whNthk;. ,d;W ehk; jLg;g+rp ,yf;Ffis
va;jpAs;Nshk;. vdNtjhd; “Mrpahtpy; jLg;g+rpNaw;wpa Njrk;” vd;w ngUikAld;
tpsq;Ffpd;Nwhk;. jLg;g+rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpw;F jiyikj;Jtk; toq;fpaikf;fhf mjpNkjF
rdhjpgjp mtu;fSf;F ehk; tpNrl nfsutj;ijAk; ed;wpiaAk; nrYj;j Ntz;batu;fshf
,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;.
3.9 nfhtpl;bidj; Njhw;fbj;J gzpf;Fj; jpUk;Gjy;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
nfhtpl; Neha;j;njhw;wpypUe;J vkJ ehl;ilf; fhg;gjd; %yk; jdpj;Jtkhd mD$yj;jpid
va;Jtjw;F vkf;F ,aYkhf ,Ue;jJ. vkJ kf;fspd; tho;it Gj;Japuspg;gjw;Fk;
Rw;Wyhj;Jiw cs;slq;fshf nghUshjhuj;jpd; Kf;fpa Jiwfis kPl;nlLg;gjw;Fk; vkf;F
,aYkhftpUe;jJ. NkYk; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; NtW ehLfSf;Fk; Kd;du; nfhNwhdhTf;Fg; gpe;jpa
nghUshjhu kPl;rpnahd;Wf;fhf Kd;dzpapw; nry;tjw;F ,J vkf;F typikiaj; je;Js;sJ.
kf;fspd; mjpf vz;zpf;ifahNdhu; mtu;fsJ toikahd tho;f;if Kiwf;F jpUk;Gfpd;wdu;.
mtu;fs; jhk; gzpahw;Wk; ,lq;fSf;F gazpf;fpd;wdu;. tUkhdk; ciof;Fk; topfs;
jpwf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kf;fspd; tho;f;if ,ay;G epiyf;Fj; jpUk;gpAs;sJ. vdNtjhd; vkJ ehL
kPz;LnkhUKiw gzpahw;Wkplnkhd;whf cUntLf;fpd;wJ.

6
3.10 cs;ehl;L njhopy;Kaw;rpapid tYg;gLj;jy;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
nfhtpl; njhw;W fhyg;gFjpapy; vk;ikf; ftdpg;gjw;F Kd;dzpapypUe;j kUj;Jtu;fs;>
ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdu;; kw;Wk; mur Copau;fs; ,d;Wk; vk; fz;Kd; Njhd;Wfpd;wdu;. vkf;Fj;
njspthfj; njd;gltpy;iyahapDk; ,d;DnkhU mzpapdUk; vkf;Fg; gpd; gf;fgykhf
epd;wdu;. mtu;fs; vkJ tu;j;jf r%fj;jpduhtu;. mtu;fs; jkJ Copau;fis njhopypUe;J
ntspNaw;wtpy;iy. rhj;jpakhd vy;yhtopfspYk; cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLj;jy;
%yk; mj;jpatrpa Nritfspid kf;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;F Mjutspj;jdu;.
Vw;Wkjp njhopw;WiwfSk; mtw;wpd; Njrpa nghWg;Glikapid epiwNtw;wpd. ,J tu;j;jf
kPjpapid Kfhiknra;tjw;F cjtpaJ. rhj;jpakhd xt;nthU topapYk; vkJ tu;j;jf
r%fj;jpw;F ehk; mtrpakhd Nritfis toq;fpaJld; mtw;iw ehl;bd; ,d;wpaikahj
Jiwfshf;fpNdhk;. ,e;jtifapy;> vkJ murhq;fk; mtu;fSf;nfd rhj;jpakhd midj;J
trjpfisAk; toq;Ftjw;F jPu;khdpj;Js;sJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
,t;thW> vkf;Fs; kiwe;jpUf;Fk; mj;jifa typikfs; gytw;iw ,dq;fhzf;
$bajhfTs;sJ. vdpDk;> ,itgw;wp NkYk; ehd; tpgukhf njspTgLj;j tpUk;gtpy;iy.
4. vkf;F Kd;Ds;s rthy;fs;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
Jujp~;ltrkhf vkJ mgptpUj;jp gazj;jpw;F jilNaw;gLj;jf;$ba gy ,ilA+WfSk;
rthy;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iw ehk; rthy;fshf vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltjpy; vt;tpj jtWk;
,y;iynad ehd; ek;Gfpd;Nwd;. ,r;r ; thy;fs; gw;wp ,r;rigf;F njupag;gLj;Jtjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid ehk; Fiwj;J kjpg;gplTkpy;iy. Mjyhy; ,r;rthy;fs; gw;wp RUf;fkhf
Fwpg;gpl tpisfpd;Nwd;.
4.1 ru;tNjr Nghijg;nghUs; khgpah
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
ru;tNjr Nghijg;nghUs; flj;jypy; ,yq;ifapid <LgLj;Jtjw;fhd Kaw;rpNa midj;J
rthy;fSf;Fk; Kd;dzpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J kpfTk; Mgj;jhd epiyikahFk;. vkJ
ehl;ilg; nghWg;Ngw;fTs;s ,isQu;fNs ,j;Jauj;jpd; Kf;fpa ,yf;fhFk;. rdhjpgjp>
Kw;gilfs; kw;Wk; nghyp]; cs;slq;fshf xl;Lnkhj;j mur ,ae;jpuKk; ru;tNjr Nghijg;
nghUs; khtpahTf;nfjpuhf Jzpr;ryhf NghuhbtUfpd;wJ. mjw;fhf ehk; mtu;fSf;F
ed;wp$wNtz;Lk;. Nghijg;nghUs; flj;jYf;nfjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy;
jPu;f;fkhd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhz;lthW ,yq;if ru;tNjr mq;fPfhuj;jpidg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
4.2 Nkhrbahd tpahghu njhopw;ghLfs;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
tpNrl ftdk;; nrYj;jg;glNtz;ba kw;WnkhU jPtpu gpur;rpid rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghd
,yhgq;fis ehLfpd;w jdpg;gl;ltu;fspdJk; epWtdq;fspdJk; Nkhrbahd tpahghu
eltbf;iffSf;$lhf ,e;ehl;Lkf;fspd; tho;f;if kPjhd jhf;fkhFk;. tpNrlkhf
nghUl;fisg; gJf;fy;;> nraw;ifahd nghUl; jl;Lg;ghl;bid Vw;gLj;jy;> cau; tpiyfs;
Clhf fWg;Gr; re;ijapid Njhw;Wtpj;jy; vd;gd fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; ,e;ehl;L kf;fspdhy;

7
 Kfq;nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;w Jauq;fshFk;. mj;jifa epahakw;w tu;j;jfu;fSf;nfjpuhd vkJ
Nghuhl;lk; ,d;Dk; Kw;Wg; ngwtpy;iy.
mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> kf;fs; rhu;gpy; cghaKiwfs; gpd;dilTf;Fl;gl;lik
cz;ikahapDk;> ,jid gytPdnkhd;whff; fhzNtz;lhnkd cq;fis ehd; Nfl;Lf;
nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. ,jw;F epue;ju jPu;nthd;wpid cUthf;Ftjw;F kWrPuikg;Gfis
mwpKfg;gLj;JtjpD}lhf rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;justpyhd njhopy;Kaw;rpfSld; ,ize;J
jdpahu; Jiwapidg; Nghd;W Nghl;br; re;ijapy; epWtdj;Jiwapd; VfNghfj;jpid
khw;wpaikj;J Rje;jpukhd re;ij epiyiknahd;wpid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F ehk; eltbf;if
vLj;Js;Nshk;.
4.3 ehl;Lf;Fj; jPq;Ftpistpf;Fk; rf;jpfs;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
mNjNghd;W r%f nraw;ghl;lhsu;fshf ,dq;fhl;bf; nfhs;fpd;w ntspehl;Lr; rf;jpfspd;
Kftu;fs; vkJ r%fj;jpd;kPJ kpfg;ngupa jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jptUfpd;wdu;. ,d;DnkhUgb
Nky;nrd;W> ,d;W mj;jifa ngaustpyhd nraw;ghl;lsu;fs; cWjpahdJk; kf;fs;rhu;
murhq;fq;fisAk; ftpo;j;Jtpl KbAkhdtufshf Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sdu;. murhq;fk; khj;jpuk;
,jid Kfhik nra;tJ rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;. vdNt> nghWg;Gs;s Fbkf;fs; vd;wtifapy;>
,e;epiyikgw;wp tpopg;ghf ,Uf;FkhW ,e;ehl;bd; Fbkf;fs; midtUf;Fk; miog;G
tpLf;fpd;Nwd;.
4.4 nghJthd cyfshtpa rthy;fs;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
cyfpYs;s mNefkhd ehLfs; vjpu;nfhs;Sfpd;w gy rthy;fis tpjptpyf;fpd;wp ehKk;
vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ. czT cw;gj;jpr; rq;fpypf;fhd ,ila+Wfs;> fhyepiy khw;wk;>
,aw;if Ngudu;j;jq;fs;> rf;jp neUf;fbfs; cs;sf uPjpahf fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj fhuzpfspd;
tpisthf nghUl;fspd; tpiyfspy; jsk;gy;fs; vd;gd nghJthditahfj; Njhw;wk;
ngw;Ws;sd. ,it cs;ehl;L toptiffspy; khj;jpuk; jPu;f;fg;gl KbahjitahFk;. ,it
ru;tNjr xj;Jiog;gpidAk; Ntz;bepw;fpd;wd. cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ru;tNjr jiyaPLfs;
jw;nghOJ ,lk;ngw;WtUfpd;wd. ehk; ,t;tizj;Jj; jug;gpdu;fSlDk;
gq;fhsu;fshftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
4.5 mjpfupf;Fk; tho;f;ifr; nryT gw;wpa rthy;fs;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
ePz;lfhykhf nghUl;fs; kw;Wk;; Nritfspd; tpiyfspy; njhlu;r;rpahd jsk;gy;fs; gw;wp
ehk; NgrpAs;Nshk;. MapDk;> xt;nthU murhq;fKk; ,Wjpj; jPu;tpidg; ngw;Wj; jUtjw;F
jtwpAs;sd. mjid ehk; Neu;ikAld; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. re;ijapy; tpiyfs; kw;Wk;;
msTfspy; mj;jifa jsk;gy;fs; Vd; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd ehk; tpdtNtz;Lk;. Efu;;T
tbtq;fspd; khw;wy;fs;> cw;gj;jp tpisTfspy; mjpfupg;G Nghjhik etPd njhopy;El;gj;ij
gpd;gw;Wtjw;F ,ayhik Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nra;jy; kw;Wk; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jYldhd
gpur;ridfs;> ,ilj;jufu;fspd; nry;thf;F> cw;gj;jpr; rq;fpypapDs; nrk;ikahd juTfisg;
gug;ghik vd;gd nghUl;fspd; tpiy mjpfupg;Gf;F gq;fspj;Js;sd.

8
4.6 tof;nfhope;j nghUshjhuf; fUtpfs;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
rdj;njhif tsu;r;rpAld; rkhe;jukhd jahupg;Gj; Jiwfspy; Nghjpa tsu;rr ; pnahd;wpid
miltjw;F vkf;F ,ayhjpUf;fpd;wJ. ,e;epiyikfis rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;shJ
kuGrhu;e;j fUtpfspypUe;J re;ij tpiyfisAk; epuk;gy;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
Kaw;rpfs; jtpu;f;fKbahj tpjj;jpy; tpku;rpf;fg;gLk;. nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd;
tpiyfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F kuGrhu;e;j fUtpfs; NghjhJs;sJ vd;gJ vkJ
ek;gpf;ifahFk;. ,jdhNyNa mz;ik fhyj;jpy; vkJ murhq;fKk; tu;j;jkhdp
mwptpத்jy;fis mr;rpLtJ njhlu;gpy; gy;NtW tpku;rdq;fSf;F cs;shfpapUe;jJ.
mNjNghd;W tpiyapidAk; epuk;giyAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l topKiwfspy;
rpyTk; epr;rakw;w Iag;ghLfis Njhw;Wtpj;jd.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
cw;gj;jpapid mjpfupj;jy; jahupg;ghsu;fis NghjpasT Cf;Ftpj;jy;> toq;fy; rq;fpyp
gw;wpa rupahd jfty;fisg; gug;Gjy; mj;Jld; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wp
jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;shik Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhf murhq;fk; mjpfsT
tpku;rdj;Jf;Fs;shdJ. Mjyhy; ehk; jw;NghJ ,Ul;by; JshTtij epWj;jpf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
nghUl;fs; gw;whf;Fiw> ,wf;Fkjp tiuaiwfis tpjpj;jy;> ,wf;Fkjpfs; kPJ Kw;whfj;;
jq;fpapUj;jy;> &gh kjpg;gpoj;jy; mj;Jld; jahupg;ghsu;fis NghjpasT Cf;Ftpf;fj;
jtwpaik vd;gd tpiy mjpfupg;gpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; vd;gjidAk; ehk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; re;ijfspd; Nghf;fpidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F
fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;w jPu;Tfs; ePz;lfhyj;jpw;fhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid fl;lhak; Gupe;J
nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
4.7 tu;j;jfg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; mjpfsT ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
jw;NghJ vkJ nghUshjhukhdJ tu;j;jf Nritg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F mjpfrhu;gpidf;
nfhz;l nghUshjhukhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;epiyik epiyNgwhdjd;W. ,J rthy;
kpf;fjhdJ. vkJ nghUshjhuj;jpid Kd;Ndw;wkile;j tu;j;jfg; nghUshjhukhf khw;Wfpd;w
jpl;lnkhd;wpid Nehf;fp ehk; efu Ntz;bAs;sJ. mJ etPd kakhf;fg;gl;l Gj;jhf;fq;fSld;
$ba “RgPl;rj;jpd; Nehf;F” nfhs;ifj; jpl;lj;jpd; kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtjw;F ehlg;gLfpd;w
nghUshjhukhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
kpfr; rpwpa (Micro) cw;gj;jpahsuplkpUe;J rpwpa> eLj;ju kw;Wk; ghupastpyhd
cw;gj;jpahsUf;F jkJ gzpfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F ,ilj;jlq;fsw;w trjpfis
toq;Ffpd;w nghUshjhu Kiwiknahd;wpid ehk; cUthf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,J kuG rhu;e;j
rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;Ftpjpfspy; khw;wnkhd;Wf;F miog;G tpLf;fpd;wJ. jfty; kw;Wk;
njhlu;ghly; topKiwfs; tpupTgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xl;Lnkhj;j murhq;f NritAk; cw;gj;jpg;
nghUshjhu nrad;Kiwapd; trjpg;gLj;Jeuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

9
4.8 ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzp rk;ghj;jpak; njhlu;ghd rthy;fs;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
vkJ ntspehl;L xJf;Ffs;> ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzp tPjj;jpid Kfhik nra;jy; mj;Jld;>
ehl;bd;; jw;Nghija gLfld; neUf;fb vd;gd gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLtJ kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhdnjd ehd; fUJfpd;Nwd;. murhq;fk; vd;w tifapy;> vkJ ntspehl;L xJf;Ffs;
rthy;fSf;Fl;gLtjidAk;> mjd; %yk; ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpg; gad;ghl;by; rpy
tiuaiwfis tpjpf;f Ntz;ba epiyAk; Vw;gl;lJ vd;gjidAk; ehk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
Rw;Wyhj;JiwapypUe;J Vwj;jhs I.m.nlhyu; 5 gpy;ypad; nfhz;l tUlhe;j tUtha;fs;
fle;j ,uz;L tUlq;fshf my;yJ ,JtiuapYk; ehl;Lf;Ff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. NghJkhd
ntspehl;L Neub KjyPLfs; ehl;bDs; cl;nrYj;jg;gltpy;iy. ntspehl;L njhopy; %yk;
vkJ kf;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l tUkhdk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cs;ehl;by; tUkhdkPl;Lfpd;w
gy topfSk; tPo;rr
; paile;Js;sd.
,t;thW Vw;Wkjp tUkhdk; kw;Wk; ,wf;Fkjpr; nrytpdq;fSf;fpilapy; ehl;bd; Njrpa
neUf;fbfistpl gy jrhg;jq;fshf jPu;f;fg;glhJs;sJld; nghUshjhuKk; neUf;fbfSf;F
cs;shfpAs;sJ. 2018 tiuahd xU jrhg;jj;jpw;Fs; Rw;Wyh tUkhdk; mjpfupj;jik>
ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gfspd; %yk; vkJ ehl;L kf;fs; rk;ghjpj;J toq;fpa cau;e;j
ntspehl;Lr; n;ryhtzp> Fwpg;ghf Mil kw;Wk; Njapiy Vw;Wkjpapd; %yk; ngw;w
ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzp %yk; Vw;Wkjp nrytpdj;jpidr; nrYj;jpaJld; khj;jpukd;wp
mgptpUj;jpaile;j eLj;jutUkhd ehnlhd;whf khw;wg;gl;lJld; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nrit
Vw;Wkjp kpifapid Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F vkf;F KbAkhftpUe;jJ.
4.9 mur gLfld; tpupthf;fk;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
njhlu;e;J Vw;gLfpd;w murpiwg; gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf vkJ ehl;bd; fld; jhq;fpf;
nfhs;sKbahj msT Rikahf mjpfupj;jJ. mJ Njrpa tUkhdj;jpy; 100 rjtPjk;tiu
Kjw;jlitahf mjpfupj;jJ. 1988-1989 fhyg;gFjpapy; ehL KOtJk; gutpf; fhzg;gl;l
gaq;futhj nraw;ghLfspdhyhFk;. 1998 Kjy; 2004 tiu tuTnryTj;jpl;lg;
gw;whf;FiwahdJ kPz;Lk; 100 rjtPjk; mjpfupj;jJ. ,jd; %yk; njupatUtJ vd;dntdpy;>
vkJ nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpf;F mjpfkhf ehk; fld; ngw;Ws;Nshk; vd;gjhFk;.
2014 ,y; k`pe;j uh[gf;~ rdhjpgjp mtu;fs; fle;j murhq;fj;jplk; ehl;il xg;gilf;Fk;
re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ehl;bd; xl;L nkhj;j fld; &gh 7>487 gpy;ypad; MFk;. mJ nkhj;j cs;ehl;L
cw;gj;jpapd; 72.3 rjtPjkhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. jw;Nghija rdhjpgjp 2019 ,d; ,Wjpapy;
mjpfhuj;jpw;F tUk; NghJ mJ &gh 13>032 gpy;ypad; tiu mjpfupj;jpUe;jJ. ,t;thWjhd;
ey;yhl;rp murhq;fk; flid cUthf;fpaJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
,jd; fhuzkhf nghJ gLfld; kPjhd tl;br; nrytpdk; tuT nryTj;jpl;lj;jpy; jdpnahU
ghupa nrytpdkhf khwpaJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf fld; jtizia jpUg;gpr; nrYj;Jjy;
Ntz;Lk;. Cs;ehl;L Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; tq;fpfspypUe;J murhq;fk; vLf;fpd;w fld;
mjpfupj;Js;sjdhy; kf;fspd; Nrkpg;ig mtu;fspd; Njitf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ. tl;b tPjk; mjpfupj;jJ. mNjNghd;W nkhj;jf; fld; njhifapy; 50
rjtPjj;jpw;Ff; fpl;ba msT ntspehl;Lf; fld;fs; MFk;. nryhtzp tPjk;
Nja;khdkilfpd;w xt;nthU &gha;fF; k; tuT nrytpd; %yk; &gh 50 gpy;ypad; flidr;
10
 nrYj;Jtjw;fhf epjpiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;bNaw;gLfpd;wJ. mjdhy; nryhtzpr; re;ij>
epjp kw;Wk; tq;fp eltbf;iffs;> tl;b kw;Wk; md;dpar; nryhtzp tPjhrhuk; vd;gd
xd;Wf;nfhd;W jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp tuTnryT Kfhikj;JtKk;> tq;fp kw;Wk; epjp
Kfhikj;JtKk;> rpf;fyhfpAs;sJ vd;gJ ehk; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba gpujhd rthy; MFk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
nfhtpl; njhw;Wf;F kj;jpapy; rfy tUkhd topfSk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy;
murpiw eltbf;iffspd; kPJ fLk; jhf;fk; Vw;gLk; vd;gij ehk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.
nfhtpl; njhw;WNehiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; murhq;f Nritia njhlu;r;rpahf Kd;ndLj;Jr;
nry;tjw;Fk; murhq;f Copau;fspdJk; Xa;T+jpak; ngWeu;fspdJk; rk;gsq;fis cupa
Neuj;jpy; toq;Ftjw;Fk; fld; jtiz kw;Wk; tl;b Mfpatw;iw cupa tpjj;jpy;
nrYj;Jtjw;Fk; tUkhd topfis ,oe;j FLk;gq;fSf;F epthuzq;fis toq;Fjy;
cs;spl;l Vida epthuz cjtpfis toq;Ftjw;Fk; ghupa nryTfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;b
Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
mNjNghd;W ,f; fhyfl;lj;jpy; If;fpa mnkupf;f nlhyu; ,uz;L gpy;ypad; ngWkjpiaf;
nfhz;l ehl;Lf;fhd gd;dhl;L Kwp ,uz;bid jPu;g;gdT nra;J ehl;bd; gLfld; jPu;g;gdT
,aYik gw;wpa ru;tNjr ek;gpf;ifapid ehk; cWjp nra;Js;Nshk;. vkJ tq;fpj; njhopy;
Kiwikia ehk; ghJfhj;Njhk;. rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju mstpyhs ifj;njhopy;fSf;F
mtrpakhd epthuzj;jpid toq;Ftjw;F &gh 300 gpy;ypad; rYif tl;b tPjj;jpy;
njhopw;gL %yjd trjpfis toq;fpNdhk;. fld; kw;Wk; Fj;jiff; fl;lzq;fis
fhye;jho;j;jp nrYj;Jtjw;F rYif toq;fpajd; %yk; jdpahu; njhopy;Kaw;rpahsu;fis
ghJfhg;gjw;F Rkhu; &gh 700 gpy;ypaid toq;fpNdhk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
mJ khj;jpuky;yhky;> 2018 Vg;uy; khjj;jpypUe;J 2019 [_iy 15 Mk; jpfjp tiu 15 khj
fhyj;jpy; fle;j murhq;fj;jpdhy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l If;fpa mnkupf;f nlhyu; 6.9 gpy;ypad;
ghupa fld; njhifiar; nrYj;Jk; nghWg;Gk; vkJ murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ
vd;gij ,e;j cau; rigf;F epidT+l;l tpUk;GfpNwd;.
4.10 ntspehl;L xJf;F Kfhikj;Jtk;
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; rfy murhq;fKk; ntspehl;L xJf;F Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; vjpu;fhy
Nehf;iff; nfhz;ljhf eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ 1970/71
tuTnryTj; jpl;l ciuia Nkw;nfhz;L epjp mikr;ru; fyhepjp vd;.vk;. ngNuuh mtu;fs;
kpfTk; Mokhf tptupj;Js;shu;. me;j tuTnryTj; jpl;l ciuapd; 5 Kjy; 15 tiuahd
gf;fq;fspy; nra;Js;s tpgupg;ig ,e;j cau; rigapd; ftdj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;LtUfpNwd;. mtu;
$Wtijg; Nghd;W Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzp xJf;fj;ijf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fg; gjpyhf mjid ,wf;Fkjpf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jp xJf;f neUf;fbnahd;iw
Vw;gLj;jpnfhz;L ru;tNjr ehza epjpaj;jpd; jaitg; ngWtjw;fhd Kaw;rpfisNa
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu;. 1961 ,w;F Kd;du; ru;tNjr ehza epjpak; fld; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpypUe;J
,e;j eilKiwf;F rfy murhq;fq;fSk; gpuNtrpj;jgbapdhy; ehl;bd; FWfpa fhy ru;tNjr
ehza epjpa epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fsd;wp ePz;lfhy epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSf;F gpuNtrpg;gjw;F vkJ
jiytu;fspdhYk; epjpj;Jiw mjpfhupfspdhSk; Kbatpy;iy. mjpNkjF rdhjpgjp
Nfhl;lhgha uh[gf;~ mtu;fspd; murhq;fk; ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzp xJf;fj;Jf;F
Nkyjpfkhf NtW xJf;fq;fs; gytw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F vjpu;ghu;ff ; pd;wJ. mtw;Ws;

11
 KjyhtJ ,aw;ifapdhy; vkf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s epyk;> ePu; `kw;Wk; vuprf;jp %yk;
fl;bnaOg;gf; $ba ePu;> czT kw;Wk; vuprf;jp xJf;fkhFk;.
4.11 Vw;WkjpfSf;fhd Mw;wy;fis ,dk;fhzy;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpia rk;ghjpg;gjw;fhf ehk; Gjpa topfisf; fz;lwpjy; mtrpakhFk;.
,g;gpur;rpidapid ru;tNjr fld;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; khj;jpuk; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s
KbahJ. mjdhy; ehk; ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpiar; rk;ghjpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf tu;j;jfg;
gz;lq;fspd; Vw;Wkjpia Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf tpNrl Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw gpd;gw;Wjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
Gilit kw;Wk; Mil> ,uj;jpdq;fs; kw;Wk; Mguzq;fs;> ,wg;gu; kw;Wk; ,wg;gu; rhu;e;j
cw;gj;jpfs; mNjNghd;W ngWkjp Nru;f;fg;gl;l Njapiy> njq;F kw;Wk; njq;F rhu;e;j
cw;gj;jpfs;> kPd; kw;Wk; kPd; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfs;> thrid jputpaq;fs;> gjdplg;gl;l czT>
goq;fs; kw;Wk; Fbghdq;fs;> myq;fhug; G+f;fs; kw;Wk; jhtu tiffs;> ,yj;jpudpay; kw;Wk;
kpd;dpay; cw;gj;jpfs;> glFj; jahupg;G> nghwpapay; cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; Nghd;w
Jiwfs; Fwpj;J ehk; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ehd; ek;GfpNwd;.
4.12 fld; my;yhj topfspy; Nghjpa ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp tu;j;jf gw;whf; Fiwiaj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf Nritj; Jiwapd; gq;fspg;ig
gue;j mstpy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; ehk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpNwhk;. Nrit Vw;Wkjpia
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf tpNrl Ntiyj;jpl;lk; xd;iw ehk; jahupf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. tpNrlkhf
Rw;Wyh tpahghuj;ij ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;> jfty; njhopy;El;gj; Jiwia tpupTgLj;Jjy;>
tpahghu nray;Kiwf;F Gwtbtk; nfhLg;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> JiwKfq;fs;
kw;Wk; tpkhd epiyaq;fs; rhu;e;j Nritfis mgptpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ mJgw;wp
,e;j tuT-nryTj; jpl;lj;jpd; NghJ ehk; tpNrl ftdj;ij nrYj;jpAs;Nshk;.
4.13 ,wf;Fkjp gjpyPLfs;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
ehk; ePz;l fhykhf ,wf;Fkjp gjpyPl;Lf; ifj;njhopiy Nkk;gLj;Jjy; rk;ge;jkhf gy
mDgtq;fis ngw;Ws;snjhU ehlhFk;;. xU rpy Jiwfspy; ehk; ntw;wp mile;J ,Ug;gJ
Nghd;W mur nfhs;ifAld; Vw;gl;Ls;s Kuz;ghLfs; fhuzkhf Njhy;tpaile;j
re;ju;g;gq;fSk; ,y;yhkypy;iy. “RgPl;rj;jpd; Nehf;F” nfhs;ifg; gpufldj;jpy; ,wf;Fkjp
gjpyPLfshf milahsk; fhzg;gl;l tptrha kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;tjw;fhf gue;Jgl;l ,ltrjpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
fhyepiy khw;wj;jpw;fhd gRikg; nghUshjhuk; xd;Wf;F mjpNkjF rdhjpgjp mtu;fs;
Kd;ndLj;Js;s Nrjdg; gris ifj;njhopy;> GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f vuprf;jp cw;gj;jp> ghy;>
rPdp kUe;J cw;gj;jp vd;gtw;wpid vkJ ehl;bd; tYthd ,wf;Fkjp gjpyPl;L ifj;njhopyhf
khw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;%yk; ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpia Nrkpf;Fk; mNjNtis> cs;ehl;L
tUkhdj;jpid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cWjpahd jpl;lq;fs; gw;wp vkJ ftdj;ij nrYj;Jjy;
Ntz;Lk;. mjd; %yk; ntspehLfSf;F ntspg;gha;r;rg;gLfpd;w ghupa njhifia ,e;ehl;L
12
 tptrhapfSf;Fk;> njhopyhsu;fSf;Fk;> me;jj; Jiwfspy; Nritahw;Wfpd;w kf;fSf;Fk;
nry;yf;$bajhf trjpfis Vw;ghL nra;a KbAk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
mJ khj;jpuky;yhky;> Gjpa ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gfis ,jd; %yk; cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s
KbAk;. ,Ug;gpDk; nraw;gLj;Jif kl;lj;jpy; ,J ehk; Kfq;nfhLf;fpd;w Fwpg;gplj;jf;f
rthyhFk;.
4.14 ntspehl;L Neub KjyPl;il Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F tiuaiwfs;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
ntspehl;L Neub KjyPli ; l ,e;ehl;Lf;F ftu;e;jPu;g;gJ gw;wpa vkJ mDgtk; %d;W
jrhg;jj;jpw;Fk; NkyhdjhFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; mJ vg;NghJk; rthy; kpf;fjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
Rje;jpu tu;j;jf tyaq;fs; kw;Wk; vida cghaj;jpl;l KjyPLfshf mit ,e;ehl;Lf;F
cl;gha;rr; g;gl;ld. ,Ug;gpDk; ehk; vjpu; ghu;j;j kl;lj;jpw;F mjid tpupthf;f Kbahkw;
NghAs;sJ. fle;j xd;wiu tUlq;fSf;Fs; ntspehl;L Neub KjyPL njhlu;gpy; XusT
Kd;Ndw;wnkhd;iw vk;khy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbe;jJ. Vw;fdNt [.m.nlhyu; 1>076 kpy;ypad;
ngWkjpahd KjyPlL ; f; fUj;jpl;lq;fis ehk; Muk;gpj;Js;Nshk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
,Ug;gpDk; KjyPL vd;why; vd;d> tpw;gid vd;why; vd;d> mjw;fhfg; gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba
Kiwikfs; ahit> vd;gJ Fwpj;J vkJ r%fj;jpYs;s rpy gpuptpdUk; murpay; FOf;fSk;
rupahf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ.
4.15 nghJthd r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu rthy;fs;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
fPo; ciog;G> Ntiyapd;ik> tWik kw;Wk; Nghrhf;fpd;ik Nghd;w rthy;fis vkJ r%fk;
kpf ePz;lehl;fshf vjpu;Nehf;fptUfpd;wJ. Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; Ml;rpf;F te;j xt;nthU
murhq;fKk; ,g; gpur;ridfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F gy;NtWgl;l Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ.
vt;thwhapDk;> ,jd; tpisTfs; jpUg;jpfukhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. vdNtjhd;> ,d;Wtiu
rKu;j;jp gadhsu;fis ehk; guhkupj;J tUfpd;Nwhk;. ,J nkhj;j rdj;njhifapy;; 23
rjtPjkhFk;. 2021 ,y; murhq;fj;jpdhy; nrytplg;gl;l nkhj;j r%f eyd;Gupr; nrytpdkhdJ
kPz;nlOk; nrytpdj;jpy; 20 rjtPjkhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. mLj;j rpy jrhg;jq;fspy;> mjpfupj;J
tUfpd;w taJ Kjpu;e;Njhu; rdj;njhifAld;> Fbrdj;njhifg; guk;gypy; Vw;gLk;
khw;wq;fSk; vkf;F rthyhf mikAnkd vjpu;ghu;ff ; g;gLfpwJ.
4.16 czTg; ghJfhg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
czTg; ghJfhg;ghdJ> ghJfhg;ghd Nghrhf;F epiwe;j cztpid vt;tpj jlq;fSkpd;wp
ehl;bd; gpuirfs; midtUf;Fk; toq;FtjhFk;. FLk;gnkhd;W mjd; cWg;gpdu;fs;
gl;bzpapd;wp thOjy; my;yJ gl;bzp gw;wpa gakpd;wp thOjy; vd;gJNt czTg; ghJfhg;G
vd;gjhFk;. nfhtpl; njhw;W Neha; fhuzkhf vkJ ehL Kd;ndg;nghOJk; ,y;yhjthW
czTg; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd mf;fiw nfhs;s Ntz;b Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. Vnddpy; czT
ghJfhg;gw;w epiyapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; vkf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wik mjpfkhFk;.

13
 tUkhdkPl;Lfpd;w %yq;fs; fpilf;fg;ngwhj Kiwrhuhj; Jiwapy; <Lgl;Ls;stu;fs; kw;Wk;
thq;fy; tpw;wy; nraw;ghLfspy; KOikahfj; jq;fpAs;s r%fq;fSk; kpfTk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fspy; cs;slq;Ffpd;wdu;.
4.17 nghUshjhuj;jpw;F RikahfTs;s mur njhopy;Kaw;rpfs;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
vkJ ehl;by; Vwf;Fiwa 300 mur njhopy;Kaw;rpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mj;njhopy;Kaw;rpfs;
gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; Nritfspy; <Lgl;Ls;sd. ,j;njhopy; Kaw;rpfspy; murhq;fk;
&gh 670 gpy;ypaDf;F mjpf KjyPPl;bidr; nra;Js;sJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf Vwf;Fiwa
75 gpy;ypad; mtw;wpid guhkupg;gjw;fhf nrytplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e; epWtdq;fspy;
ngUk;ghyhdit murhq;fj;jpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l KjyPLfSf;fhd tUkhdq;fis
jpUg;gpr; nrYj;Jtjpy;iy.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
,e;j tifapy; vkJ ehL jw;nghOJ vjpu; Nehf;Ffpd;w r%fg; nghUshjhu epiyikfis
jw;nghOJ tpupthf tpsf;Ftjw;F Kidfpd;Nwd;.
5. nfhs;ifg; nghopg;G
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
5.1 ehL vjpu;nfhs;fpd;w rthy;fisg; gw;wpAk; mj;jifa rthy;fis ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;F
vk;ik ,ayr;nra;;fpd;w vkJ typikfs; gw;wpAk; ehd; Fwpg;gpl;Nld;. ,r;rthy;fis
ntw;wpfukhf Kwpabg;gjw;F ehl;il mgptpUj;jp nra;tjpy; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
rhjdq;fis jFe;jtpjj;jpy; Kfhiknra;tjpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;w nfhs;iffs;>
topfhl;ly;fs;> rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;Ftpjpfs; Nghd;w mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
njhlu;gpy; ,e;j caupa rigf;F njupag;gLj;j Ntz;baJ vdJ nghWg;ghFk;.

nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>

5.2 jiytu;fs; vd;W tUfpd;w NghJ> jiytu;fs; mtu;fis gpd;gw;Wgtu;fistpl

Kd;Ndhf;fp ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd xU fhyj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;lJld;> mtu; gpd;gw;WNthUf;F
,izahf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd NtnwhU fhyj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;lhYk;> mtiu gpd;
njhlu;gtu;fSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd NtW rpy fhyj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
jiytu; vd;gtu; vg;NghJk; ,yf;Ffis va;Jfpd;w nghJthd Fwpf;NfhSld;
fliknghWg;GlDk; ijupaj;JlDk; Neu;ikahfTk; gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;. mjpNkjF
rdhjpgjp Nfhl;lhgha uh[gf;~ mtu;fs; rdhjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J vg;NghJk;
,f; nfhs;ifapidNa filg;gpbj;JtUfpd;whu;.

nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>

5.3 tuTnryTj; jpl;lj;jpw;fhd Kd;nkhoptpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ehk; midj;J

FOf;fSlDk; vy;yhf; Nfhzq;fspYk; MNyhrid ngw;Nwhk;. ntFrd Clfk; kw;Wk;
r%f tiyj;jsk; vd;gd Clhf gy;NtW Mu;tyu;fshy;; Kd;itf;fg;gl;;l
MNyhridfisAk; ehk; nrtpkLj;Njhk;. mk;Kd;nkhopTfis jw;NghJ ehk; epiwNtw;wf;
$baitahf> epiwNtw;Wtjw;F fbdkhditahf kw;Wk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy;
eilKiwg;gLj;jf; $baitahf tifg;gLj;jpNdhk;. mjw;fika> ehk; midj;ijAk;
cs;slf;fpa nfhs;iffisf; nfhz;l njhlnuhd;iw njhFj;Js;Nshk;. mj;jifa
14
 midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpa nfhs;ifj; njhFjpapidg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wNghJ FWfpa
fhyj;jpy; rpy ,lu;ghLfs; Njhd;wf; $bajhapDk; eLj;jufhy kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; Mw;wy;tha;e;jdthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;w uPjpapy; gpd;dilTlDk;$l
ajhu;j;jj;jpidg; Gupe;J nfhs;tJ vkJ $l;lhd flikahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>

“RgPl;rj;jpd; Nehf;F” Njrpaf; nfhs;iff; fl;likg;ghdJ 2022 tuTnryTj;jpl;lj;jpidj;
jahupf;ifapy; KOikahf guprPyidf;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd;gjid Qhgf%l;l
tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
murhq;f nrytpdj;jpid Kfhiknra;tjw;Fj; jtwpaik> murhq;fr; nrytpdj;ij murpay;
kakhf;fy; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwdw;w cau;thd murhq;f nrytpdk; vd;gd fhuzkhf murhq;f
epjp Kfhikj;Jtk; eyptile;Js;sJ. mNefkhf xt;nthU murhq;fKk;> Fiwthd murhq;f
tUthapidf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L tup tPjq;fis mjpfupj;Js;sJld; gy;NtW Gjpa tupfis
mwpKfg;gLj;jpd. tup nrYj;JNthupd; tUkhdj;jpd; xUghfk; murhq;fj;jpdhy; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij khj;jpuk; ,J Fwpj;Jf; fhl;LtJld; nkhj;j> jdpahu; kw;Wk;
murhq;f tUtha; mjpfupj;Js;sJ vd;gjhf mu;j;jk; jutpy;iy. ,jdhNyNa> murhq;f
tUthia mjpfupj;J mjD}lhf Nrkpg;GfisAk; KjyPlb ; idAk; mjpfupf;fpd;w fl;likg;G
rhu;e;j khw;wnkhd;wpidf; nfhz;LtUfpd;w tpjj;jpy; Njrpa tuTnryTj;jpl;lf; nfhs;iffs;
tFf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
5.4 Mifapdhy;> nrytpd Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd gy Kd;nkhopTfis ,e;j caupa rigf;F
ehd; rku;g;gpf;f tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;.

nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>

5.4.1 mj;jifa Kd;nkhopTfspy; KjyhtJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; tUlhe;j xJf;fl P ;Lr;

rl;l%yk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gpd;du; KO Mz;Lf;Fkhd murhq;f epWtdq;fspd; nrytpdk;
njhlu;gpy; epjp mikr;rupdhy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s tUlhe;j Mizg;gj;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf
fhyhz;L Mizg;gj;jpunkhd;iw toq;FtjhFk;. mjw;fika> ngWif> rk;gsq;fs; kw;Wk;
gbfs;> mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; guhkupg;G vd;gd njhlu;gpy; mtu;fsJ jpl;lq;fis ed;F
Kd;$l;bNa jahupg;gjw;F midj;J murhq;f epWtdq;fisAk; Ntz;Ltjd; thapyhf
epjpapay; xOf;fj;jpid cUthf;Ftjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cw;gj;jpf;F mikthf
nryTf; fl;Lg;ghL kw;Wk; ngWifr; nrad;Kiwapid topelhj;jy; vd;gd midj;J
nrytpd myFfspdJk; epWtdj; jiytu;fspdhYk; Ntz;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

5.4.2 murpiwf; nfhs;if njhlu;gpy; vdJ ,uz;lhtJ Kd;DupikahdJ ehl;by; mNdfkhNdhu;

kj;jpapy; Nrkpg;G fyhrhuj;ij kzjpw; gjpar;nra;tjhFk;. midj;J gpuirfSk;
mjhtJ> gzpahw;Wfpd;w r%fk;> cau; tUkhdkPl;LNthu; kw;Wk; njhopy; Kaw;rpahsu;fs;
midtUk; jkJ ,aYikf;Nfw;g Nrkpg;gjidAk; ,jd; %yk; KjyPl;L
,aysnthd;wpid cUthf;FtjidAk; ,ayr;nra;fpd;w #o;epiyiaj; Njhw;Wtpg;gij
,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ. muRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd njhopy;Kaw;rpfspd; kPz;nlOk; nrytpdj;ij
rkhspg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf %yjdr; nrytpd Mjutpd; thapyhf murhq;fk;> jdpahu; epu;khz
eltbf;iffis nghWg;Ngw;W Vida Nritfis toq;Ftjd; %yk; tUkhdkPl;Ltjw;F
mtw;Wf;F ,lkspg;gjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

15
5.4.3 Njrpa nghUshjhhuj;jpw;F Rikiar; Nru;f;fpd;w njhlu;r;rpahf el;lNkw;gLfpd;w
Fiwthfj; njhopw;gLk; murhq;f njhopy;Kaw;rpfis ikag;gLj;jp jw;fhy fhuzpfspd;
mbg;gilapy; murhq;f njhopy;Kaw;rpfspd; njhopy; ftdj;jpidAk; epjpapay;
xOf;fj;jpidAk; mjpfupf;Fk; nghUl;L Fwpg;ghd fhy tiuaiwapDs; gy;Jiw
MNyhridf;FOnthd;wpd; fPo; cghafukhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iw
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.4 ,j;njhopy;Kaw;rpfspy; mNdfkhdit mtw;wpd; nrhj;Jf;fis FiwthfNt

gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mtw;wpd; nrhj;Jf;fis KOikahfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F jkJ
nrayhsu;fSf;Fk; jpizf;fsj; jiytu;fSf;Fk; vdJ rf mikr;ru;fs;
topfhl;ly;fis toq;Fthu;fnsd vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwd;. jw;NghJ epu;khzk;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;w mYtyff; fl;llq;fs; jtpu Gjpa mYtyf tshfq;fis
epu;khzpg;gij ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;F ,ilepWj;Jtjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
nghJkf;fSf;F Neubahf ed;ikaspf;fpd;w mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffSf;fhf xJf;fPL
nra;ag;gl;l %yjdr; nrytpdj;ij gad;gLj;Jfpd;w mNjNtis Vw;fdNt
fhzg;gLfpd;w mYtyf trjpfis cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; kpf;fthW gad;;gLj;Jtjw;F
Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. midj;J mikr;Rf;fshYk; 2022 Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd Fiwepug;G
kjpg;gPLfSf;fhd Nfhupf;iffis jLf;fpd;w xJf;fl P ;Lr; rl;l%yj;jpw;fhd jpUj;jq;fis
cs;slf;Ftjw;Fk; ehd; NkYk; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.5 Njrpa Nrkpg;Gfis Cf;Ftpf;fpd;w NghJ murhq;fj; JiwAk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;aNtz;Lk;

vd;gij ehd; cWjpahf ek;Gfpd;Nwd;. ,J njhlu;gpy;> kPz;nlOk; nrytpdj;ij
Fiwg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt> nfsut ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk;
murhq;f Copau;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;gLfpd;w vupnghUs; nfhLg;gdit khjnkhd;Wf;F 5
yPw;wu;fspdhy; Fiwg;gjw;Fk;> murhq;f epWtdq;fspd; njhiyNgrp nrytpdq;fis 25
rjtPjj;jpdhy; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; #upa rf;jp gyfq;fspD}lhf kpd;rhuj;jpidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nghUl;L kpd;rhuj;jpw;fhd epjp Vw;ghLfis 10
rjtPjj;jpdhy; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;. ,r;nraw;ghLfSf;F rkhe;jukhf>
efu Nritepiyaq;fspy; flikGupfpd;wtu;fis fpuhkpa gpuNjrq;fSf;F mDg;Gtjw;F
mikr;Rf;fspd; nrayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; epWtdj; jiytu;fs; Njitahd eltbf;iffis
vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>

5.4.6 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; xUtu; Xa;t+jpankhd;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F 5 tUlq;fSf;F

njhlu;r;rpahf ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JtJ jw;nghOJ NghJkhdjhfTs;sJ.
Fwpj;j Ie;J tUlq;fis 10 tUlq;fshf ePbg;gjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;. ,k;
Kd;nkhopthdJ jpul;L epjpaj;jpd; fPo; rk;gsq;fs; nfhLg;gdT nra;ag;gLfpd;w rdhjpgjp
cs;slq;fshf midj;Jg; gjtpfSf;Fk; nry;YgbahdjhFk;. ,k; Kd;nkhoptpid nray;
tbtk; nfhLg;gjw;F rl;luPjpahd Vw;ghLfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba NjitAs;sJ.

5.4.7 vkJ ehl;bd; murhq;f NritahdJ xl;Lnkhj;j nghUshjhuj;jpidAk;

cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. murhq;f Nritapd; tpidj;jpwDk; jdpahu; Jiwapd; tpidj;jpwid
ghjpf;fpd;wJ. nghJkf;fs; vspjhf mZff;$ba tpjj;jpy; murhq;f Nritapid
tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f Nritnahd;whf khWjyilar; nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid ehk;
cWjpahf mq;fPfupj;Js;Nshk;;. midj;J murhq;f epWtdq;fSk; rpNefkpf;fitahfTk;
Nritapidg; ngWgtUf;F Kd;Dupik mspg;gitahfTk;; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. vdNt>
xt;nthU murhq;f epWtdj;jpw;Fnkd murhq;f Nrit thf;Fg;gj;jpunkhd;wpidj;
16
 jahupg;gjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;. NkYk; nghJkf;fspd; jftYf;fhf mJ tshfj;jpy;
fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

5.4.8 Nrit ngWeu;fspd; jpUg;jpapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L murhq;f Nritf;fhd kjpg;gPl;L

Kiwiknahd;wpidAk; Kf;fpa nrayhw;Wif Fwpfhl;bfisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
mjD}lhf murhq;f Nritapd; tpidj;jpwidAk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwidAk; cfe;j
kl;lnkhd;Wf;F mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.9 Kuz;ghLfis ,y;yhnjhopj;J> murhq;f Nritapd; rk;gsq;fs; kw;Wk; Xa;t+jpaq;fs;

njhlu;gpy; jpUj;jq;fisf; nfhz;LtUtJk; rk;gs fl;likg;Gfisj; jhgpg;gJk; Njrpa
rk;gs Mizf;FOtpd; nghWg;ghFk; vd;gij ehd; kPsTk; typAWj;Jfpd;Nwd;. mj;jifa
epWtdq;fs; nghJthd fl;likg;gpypUe;J tpyFk; NghJ rk;gsf; fl;likg;gpDs;
Ntz;lhj rk;gs msTj;jpl;lq;fSk; KiwNfLfSk; Gjpjhfj; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
vd;gjid ehk;; Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy;> mLj;j epjpahz;L njhlf;fk;
eilKiwf;FtUk; tifapy; murhq;f Nrit rk;gsq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w Kuz;ghLfis
mfw;Wtjd; %yk; murhq;f Nritf;fhd Gjpa rk;gsf; fl;likg;G xd;wpid epWTtjw;F
ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

xOf;fhw;W eilKiwapd; fPo; cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;stu;fs; jtpu> midj;J murhq;f

Copau;fSf;Fk; kjpg;gPl;L mwpf;iffspd; Njitapd;wp rk;gs Vw;wj;jpfjpad;W rk;gs
Vw;wj;jpid toq;Ftjd; %yk; rk;gs epu;thf eilKiwfs; vspikg;gLj;jg;glTs;sd.

5.4.10 eLj;jufhy tuTnryTj;jpl;lf; fl;likg;G 2022–2024 ,w;Fs; ,yq;if vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;w

mgptpUj;jpf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> ,yl;rpaq;fs; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpidf;
fz;fhzpfpd;w mNjNtis> Njrpa mgptpUj;jp Kd;Dupikfs; mj;Jld;
mt;tplag;gug;;Gfs; njhlu;gpyhd tplaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; Kd;Dupikfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F
mikthf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; milTfis gpd;njhlu xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l
ngWNgWfspd; mbg;gilapyhd Kfhikj;Jt Kiwik xd;wpidj; jhgpg;gjw;Fk;
mikr;Rf;fis xd;wpizg;gjd; %yk; jw;NghJ jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Ie;J (5) Njrpa
xUq;fpizg;G cg FOf;f@lhf ,k;Kiwikapid eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F ehd;
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.11 gpwg;gpd; NghJ MAs; vjpu;ghu;f;if mjpfupj;Js;sJ. mNjNtis> taJKjpu;e;j

rdj;njhifAk; mjpfupg;Gk; ,lk;ngw;WtUfpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf taJ Kjpu;e;Njhu;
Kd;diutpl kpf ePz;lfhyk; nraY}f;fkpf;f Nritapy; njhlu;e;jpUg;gjw;fhd
,aYikiaf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. mtu;fspd; Kaw;rpapid cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; kpf;fthW
cgNahfg;gLj;JtJ kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpf;fjhFk;. vdNt> njhopw;gilapid
typikg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L murhq;f NritapypUe;J Xa;TngWk; tajpid 65 tUlq;fshf
ePbg;gjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.12 eilKiwrhu;e;j r%f epiyikfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L rKu;j;jp ,af;fj;jpid

etPdkag;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;. rKu;j;jp ,af;fj;jpid ntWkNd tWik
epthuzj;jpd;kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jnkhd;whf kl;Lg;gLj;jhJ> nghUshjhu kPl;rpapidAk;
czTg; ghJfhg;gpidAk; cWjpnra;fpd;w mNjNtis> etPd Nghf;FfSld;
xj;JNru;e;jjhf ,Uf;fpd;w fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp ,af;fnkhd;whf mjid
khw;wpaikg;gjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwd;. ,J njhlu;gpyhd nghWg;gpid ,af;fj;jpd; rpNu~;l
Kfhikj;Jtj;Jld; xg;gilf;fpd;Nwd;. r%f eyd;Nehk;Giff;Fk; cjtp

17
 epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSf;Fkhd gad;ngWeu;fis ju;f;fuPjpahd kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd
nghwpKiwnahd;wpd;fPo; njupTnra;tjw;Fk; ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.13 fpuhkpa r%fj;jpd; epjpapaw; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wfpd;w mUfhikapYs;s epjpapay;

Nrit toq;Feuhff; fhzg;gLfpd;w rKu;j;jp tq;fpj; njhopy; ,af;fj;jpid
kPsf; l;likg;gjw;Fk; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ. rKu;j;jp tq;fpfis Ez;ghf kw;Wk; rpwpa
njhopy;Kaw;rpfspd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd epjpapay; trjpfs; kw;Wk; tpahghu MNyhrid
vd;gd cs;slq;fshf midj;J NritfisAk; trjpfisAk; toq;Ffpd;w xU
,lj;jpyhd ikaq;fshf khw;Wtjw;Fk; ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.14 $l;LwT kw;Wk; fpuhkpa tq;fpfspd; itg;ghsu;fSf;F Neu;e;jjhff; $wg;gLfpd;w

Nkhrbfs; gw;wp Kiwahd tprhuizfis elhj;Jtjw;Fk; mj;jifa Nkhrbfs;
,lk;ngw;wpUg;gpd; epjpapay; Nrjq;fSf;F ,og;gPlspg;gjd; %yk; mj;jifa
itg;ghsu;fSf;F cjTtjw;Fk; mNjNghd;W $l;LwT mikg;gpid NkYk;
typikg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Njitahd kPs;fl;likj;jy; eltbf;iffis
eilKiwg;gLj;jiy tpiuthfj; njhlq;Ftjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.15 muRf;F nrhe;jkhd Clf epWtdq;fs; njhopy; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jy;> kw;Wk; epjpapay;
xOf;fk; vd;gtw;iw cWjpahd mbg;gilapy; kPsha;Tnra;jy; mj;Jld; FWfpa
fhyg;gFjpnahd;wpDs; cghaj;jpl;lnkhd;wpid eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Ntz;g;gl;l
ngWNgWfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;jy; Mfpa nghWg;Gfs; mj;jifa epWtdq;fspd;
Kfhikj;Jtj;jplk; nghWg;gspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

5.4.16 Gjpa fhg;GWjpj;jpl;lnkhd;wpd; fPo; ,yq;if fhg;GWjpf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; tpahghu

Eiotpid tpupTgLj;Jtjd; %yk;> ,d;Wtiu fhg;GWjpj; Jiwapdhy;
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;s gpuNjrq;fSf;F ngWntopapid toq;fp Nghl;br; re;ijapd; fPo;
fhg;GWjpapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F xt;nthUtiuAk; ,ayr;nra;tjw;F fhg;GWjpj;
Jiwapid NkYk; Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;. ,yq;if fhg;GWjpf;
$l;Lj;jhgdj;jpd; MAs; kw;Wk; Mjdf; fhg;GWjpia xd;WNru;f;Fk; nghUl;L
njhlu;Gila rl;lq;fisj; jpUj;Jtjw;Fk; ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.17 ,yq;ifr; Rq;fj;jpdhy; jw;nghOJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;LtUfpd;w vr;v]; FwpaPl;L

Kiwikapid ,w;iwg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mwtplg;gLfpd;w Rq;fj; jPu;itfspy; Vw;gLfpd;w
my;yJ Vw;glf;$ba FiwghLfis jtpu;g;gjw;Fk; ,jD}lhf ,yq;ifr; Rq;fj;jpw;fhd
Rq;fj; njhopw;ghLfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cyfshtpa Kd;Ndw;wfukhd
njhopy;El;gq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; vjpu;ghu;ff ; g;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf>
,yq;ifr; Rq;fj;Jld; gzpahw;Wfpd;w midj;J epWtdq;fisAk; Kiwiknahd;wpdhy;
xUq;fpizg;gjd; %yk; ,wf;Fkjp – Vw;Wkjpr; nrad;Kiwapid trjpg;gLj;;Jtjw;F
jdprhsu nghwpKiwnahd;W epWtg;gLk;. Vw;Wkjpahsu;fis jug;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cau;
juj;jpidg; ngw;w Vw;Wkjpahsu;fSf;F ,ytr Rq;f trjpfis toq;Ftjw;Fk; ehd;
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

,wf;Fkjpf; fl;Lg;ghl;lhsupdhy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gLfpd;w 1766 vr;v]; FwpaPLfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,wf;Fkjpahsu;fs; gy;NtW epWtdq;fspypUe;J Njitahd
mDkjpapidg; ngwNtz;Lk; vd;wtifapy; mjpfsthd gpur;rpidfis
vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;wdu;. mNjNtis> ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapyhd vr;v]; FwpaPLfs; nr];
tupf;Fl;gLtjdhy; ,wf;Fkjp kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjpr; nrytpdk; mjpfupj;Js;sJ. kJghdk;>
rpful;Lfs;> Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fs; kw;Wk; cs;ehl;by; jahupf;fg;gl;l tptrha cw;gj;jpfs;
18
 njhlu;ghd vr;v]; FwpaPLfs; ePf;fg;gLtJld;> Rq;fj; jPu;it kw;Wk; nr]; tup tPjk;
kw;Wk; ,wf;Fkjpahsu;fSf;fhd mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ngWjy; nrad;KiwAk;
,yFgLj;jg;gLj;jg;gLk;. jug;gLj;jy; epWtdk; kw;Wk; njhw;Wj; jilf;fhg;G
mjpfhurigfsplkpUe;J mDkjp ngwg;gl;bUg;gpd; mj;jifa ,wf;Fkjpahsu;fSf;F Rq;f
mDkjp toq;fg;gLk;.

5.4.18 tup nrYj;Jeu;fspd; 20 rjtPjk; nfhz;l tup Nrfupg;gpid Kfhik nra;fpd;w MapDk;
cs;ehl;L ,iwtupj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; <l;lg;gLfpd;w 80 rjtPj tUtha;f;F
tif$Wfpd;w ghupa tup nrYj;Jeu; myFfspd; xd;Wjpul;ba epu;thfj;jpD}lhf
murhq;fj;jpd; tup Nrfupj;jypid tYg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> mjD}lhf mj;jifa tup
nrYj;Jeu;fsplkpUe;J fpilf;fg;ngwNtz;ba tupfis Kiwahf Nrfupg;gjw;Fk; ehd;
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>

nfsut gpujku; k`pe;j uh[gf;~ mtu;fspdhy; 2013 ,y; Kjd;Kaw;rpnaLf;fg;gl;L 2018
a+iyapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l murpiw epUthf Kfhikj;Jt jfty; Kiwik (RAMIS)
fUj;jpl;lk; gy;NtW fhuzq;fspdhy; KOikahf nraw;gLj;jg;gl Kbahkw; NghdJ.
nfhtpl; - 19 fhuzkhf fle;j fhyq;fspy; jhkjkile;j fUkq;fSf;F tpiuthf ftdk;
nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; Kiwikapid tpiuthf eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F xOq;Ffs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,izatop tupf;nfhLg;gdT jsj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jp yq;fh
fpspaUld; (Lanka Clear) midj;J tq;fpfisAk; epjp epWtdq;fisAk;
xUq;fpizj;jyhdJ tup epu;thfj;jpd; mbg;gil $nwhd;whf mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
b[pl;ly; milahs ,yf;fq;fspd; gad;ghL kw;Wk; NtW rl;l Njitg;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy;
tupr; rl;lj;jpw;fhd jpUj;jq;fisj; Jupjkhf mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
mjpNkjF rdhjpgjp Nfhl;lhgha uh[gf;~ mtu;fspdhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l
vspikg;gLj;jg;gl;l tupKiwikapd; fPo;> tupfisr; nrYj;Jtjw;F Ntz;lg;gl;l
Ml;fSk; fk;gdpfSk; tupfisr; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs; vr;nrad;Kiwapd; fPo; tup
nrYj;Jfpd;whu;fNsh mr;nrad;Kiw NkYk; vspikg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUtJld; jkJ
cau;thd tUkhdq;fis Fiwj;Jf; fhl;LtjpypUe;Jk; gy;NtW Kiwfisg;
gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; tupf; nfhLg;gdTfisg; gpw;NghLtjpypUe;Jk; mtu;fs;
jtpu;e;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jdpg;gl;l tUkhd tup nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wik njhlu;gpy; tup
nrYj;Jeu;fs; xU tUkhd %yj;ij khj;jpuk; nfhz;bUg;ghu;fshapd; mJ tq;fpfSf;F
njupag;gLj;jg;glyhk; vd;gJld; tupfs; khjhe;j mbg;gilapy; nrYj;jg;glf; $bajhf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

tup ,zq;Ftpj;jYf;Fk; tup nrYj;Jeupd; ek;gpf;iff;Fk; cj;juthjkspf;fpd;w tpjj;jpy;

Kf;fpa Neubaw;w tupfspy; xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;w ngWkjp Nru;f;fg;gl;l tup
epu;thfj;jpid tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Njit fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

tup epYitahf ,Ue;J Nrfupf;fg;glhj tup tUkhdk; &gh 200 gpy;ypaDf;FNky; vd;gij
jpiwNrup mwpf;iffs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,J nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy; Vwj;jho 1.5
rjtPjkhFk;. gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp> nrYj;jNtz;ba tupiar; nryj;Jtij
tupnrYj;Jeu;fs; jtpu;f;fpd;wdu;. NkYk;> tup Va;g;ghsu;fs; cs;ehl;L ,iwtupj;
jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; tup kjpg;gPl;L mwptpj;jy; mDg;gg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk; jpizf;fsj;jpw;F
Fwpj;j jz;lg;gznkhd;wpidr; nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; nrYj;jNtz;ba tupf; nfhLg;gdT
jtpu;f;fg;glyhk; vd;w ek;gpf;if fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;eilKiwfis khw;Wk; nghUl;L

19
 tup epu;thfj;jpw;F njhopy;El;g nrad;Kiwfis gpuNahfpg;gjw;fhd rl;luPjpahd
Vw;ghLfis jhgpg;gjw;F ehd; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwd;.

5.4.19 2021 tuTnryTj;jpdhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;lthW> tpNrl gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfs;

tupapid mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;. 2022 rdtupapypUe;J eilKiwf;F
tUk; tifapy; rl;lj;jpdhy; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;w midj;J nghUl;fs; kw;Wk;
NritfisAk; cs;slf;Ftjw;F ,jw;fhd rl;l Vw;ghLfs; Vw;fdNt tiuag;gl;Ls;sd.

5.4.20 nry;ypl njhiyNgrpfspdJk; ,izaj;js rkpf;iQfspd; Nghjhikapd; jPtpuk; nfhtpl;-

19 cyfshtpa Neha;j;njhw;W fhyg;gFjpapy; eilKiw uPjpahf czug;gl;lJ. KO
ehl;Lf;Fk; nraw;gug;gpid tp];jupg;gjw;Fk; ehl;bYs;s midj;J 10>155
ghlrhiyfSf;Fk; iggu; xg;bf; njhopy;El;gj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jp mjpNtf mfyg;gl;il
,iza ,izg;Gfis toq;Ftjw;Fk; njhiyj;njhlu;G tiyaikg;gpid epWTtjw;F
njhiyj;njhlu;G xOq;FgLj;jy; Mizf;FOTf;Fj; Njitahd epjpapay; kw;Wk;
njhopy;El;g cjtpfis toq;Ftjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.21 Kr;rf;futz;br; NritahdJ ehLg+uhfTk; mjpfsT gutpAs;s NghjpYk;> ,r;

Nritapid xUq;FKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,JtiuapYk; nghwpKiwnahd;W
fhzg;gltpy;iy. ghupastpy; mJ tpuptiljy; kw;Wk; mjDld; ,ize;j gpur;ridfs;
fhuzkhf ,r;Nritapid xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhd Njit Njhw;wk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
,e;Nehf;fpy;> Kr;rf;futz;b xOq;FKiwg;gLj;jy; mjpfhurignahd;wpid jhgpg;gjw;Fk;
mjpfhurigapD}lhf Kr;rf;futz;bf; fl;lzq;fs; kw;Wk; Nritapidj; jug;gLj;jy;
njhlu;gpy; jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.22 mikr;Rf;fs;> jpizf;fsq;fs;> $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs; kw;Wk; epajpr;rl;l epWtdq;fs; %yk;

tuTnryTj;jpl;lk; jahupj;jy; epjpaq;fis xJf;fL
P nra;jy; mj;Jld; tuTnryTj;jpl;l
Kd;nkhopTfis eilKiwg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpy; ghy; kw;Wk; ,d uPjpahd kw;Wk; NtW
fyhrhu uPjpahd NtWghLfs; mj;Jld; taJf;FO vd;gd fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd ehk; ek;Gfpd;Nwhk;. njhlu;Gila mikr;Rldhd ,izg;Gld; njhlu;Gila
fz;fhzpj;jy; nghwpKiw eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.23 rdj;njhif kjpg;gPLfspd; gpufhuk; Jupjkhf tajilfpd;w rdj;njhifapidg;

ghJfhg;gjw;fhf jzpj;Jtkhd r%fg; ghJfhg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;Wf;fhd Njit
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;Nehf;fpy;> jw;NghJ Xa;t+jpaq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;shj rpNu~;l
gpuirfSf;nfd gq;fspg;G Xa;t+jpaj; jpl;lnkhd;iw epWTtjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf ,iaGila rl;l kw;Wk; epu;thf eilKiwfis jhgpf;fpd;w
nghWg;gpid ehd; Xa;t+jpaj; jpizf;fsj;jpw;F nghWg;gspf;fpd;Nwd;.

5.4.24 ,yq;ifapy; fzprkhd vz;zpf;ifahd khw;Wj; jpwdhspfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtu;fSk;

rktha;g;GfisAk;> rkkhd rYiffisAk; rkkhd nghWg;GfisAk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Mifapdhy;> midj;J gpuirfisAk; rkj;Jtkhf elj;Jjy; kPjhd ,yq;if rdehaf
Nrhryprf; Fbaurpd; murpayikg;gpd; 12 Mk; cWg;Giuf;F mikthf khw;Wj;
jpwdhspfspd; cupikfs; kPjhd rl;lj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F ehd;
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;. mtu;fsJ njhopy;Kaw;rpf;Fk; jpwd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;wpidj; njhlq;Ftjw;Fk; ehd; NkYk; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

20
5.4.25 gps;is kw;Wk; cseyk; njhlu;gpy; jw;NghJ epyTfpd;w mbg;gilg; gpur;ridfis
,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk; mg; gpur;ridfisj; jPu;g;gjw;Fkhd rPuhd eltbf;iffis
vLg;gjw;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.26 Nritg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;w tha;g;Gf;fis mjp$ba tpidj;jpwDld;

gad;gLj;Jfpd;w mNjNtis> cw;gj;jpg; nghUshjhuj;jpd; kPJ mjpf ftdj;ij
,lk;ngwr;nra;tjw;F ,yq;if cldbahf eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,e;ehl;bd;
gbj;j ,sk; re;jjpapdu; njhopy; Njbr;nry;fpd;w kdg;ghq;fpypUe;J tpLgl;L
njhopy;Kaw;rpahsu;fshfTk; njhopy; toq;Feu;fshfTk; khw;wk;ngWtjw;F ghLgLfpd;w
Nghf;fpid ehk; cUthf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. mjw;fikthf> Gjpa njhopy;
Kd;ndLg;GfSf;F J}z;Ljiy toq;Ftjid Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> 2022 Mk;
Mz;bypUe;J tpahghug; gjpT fl;lzj;ij mwtplhjpUg;gjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.27 KjyPlL; r; rig kw;Wk; ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpj; jpizf;fsk;> Vw;Wkjp mgptpUj;jpr; rig
Mfpatw;wpy; Gjpa tpahghug; gjptpw;fhf jw;NghJ fhzg;gLfpd;w rpf;fyhd Kiwikia
,yFgLj;Jtjw;Fk; mjw;fhf gy;NtW epWtdq;fshy; mwtpLfpd;w fl;lzq;fis
xd;wpizg;gjw;Fk; epjpr; rl;lj;jpw;F jpUj;jk; nfhz;L tug;gLk;.

5.4.28 cw;gj;jpg; nghUshjhuj;jpid Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nghUl;L goq;fs;> kuf;fwp tiffs;> kPd;

mbg;gilapyhd cw;gj;jpfs;> jputg; ghy; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tu;j;jfg;; gapu;r; nra;ifapYs;s
gpur;rpidfs;> Njitg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; FiwghLfs; vd;gtw;iw kPsha;T nra;tjw;Fk;
cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L re;ijfis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l cw;gj;jpfis
tpupTgLj;Jtjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;.

5.4.29 kyu;fs; kw;Wk; ,iytiffs; gapu;r;nra;ifj; Jiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w FiwghLfis

,dq; fz;L kyu;r;nra;ifahsu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd mwpit toq;Ftjw;Fk;>
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk;> Vw;Wkjpr; re;ijfis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l cw;gj;jpfis
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk; Gjpa epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iw Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;. ,g;gzpf;fhf
jiyiktfpg;gjw;Fk; nghWg;gpiz Rw;Wyhj;Jiw mikr;rpd;fo P ; fhzg;gLfpd;w Njrpa
jhtutpay; g+q;fhj; jpizf;fsj;jplk; xg;gilf;fpd;Nwd;.

5.4.30 jw;NghJ murhq;fk; kUe;Jg; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jpf;fhf vLj;Js;s topKiwfis

njhlu;e;Jk; Nkk;gLj;jp ,yq;ifapy; ru;tNjr mq;fPfhuj;ijf; nfhz;l epWtdq;fSld;
xd;wpize;J ru;tNjr re;ijfis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l mjp$ba juj;ijf;nfhz;l kUe;J
tiffis ,yq;ifapy; jahupg;gjw;fhf jdpahu;j; Jiwf;Fj; Njitahd trjpfis
toq;fp mtu;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;. kUe;Jfspd; tpiyia epiyahfg;
NgZtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpiyg; nghwpKiwnahd;iw rku;g;gpg;gjw;fhf Vw;fdNt
epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rfy jug;gpdu;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa FOtpd; MNyhridfis Jupjkhf
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.31 Vw;WkjpiaAk; cs;ehl;Lj; NjitfisAk; Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l fUj;jpl;lkhf Milf;

ifj;njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd %yg; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jpnra;J Mil cw;gj;jpfis
Cf;Ftpg;gjD}lhf ru;tNjr re;ijapy; Gjpa re;ij tha;g;Gf;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;. mNjNghd;W cs;ehl;Lf; ifj;jwp nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; gj;jpf;
cw;gj;jpf; ifj;njhopiy Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F 2025 Mk; Mz;lstpy; I.m. nlhyu; 1 gpy;ypad;
tUlhe;j tUkhdj;ij <l;Ltjw;F Njitahd Jupj epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

21
5.4.32 ,uj;jpdf;fy; kw;Wk; ,aw;if fdpa tsq;fSf;F cyfr; re;ijapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w
,yq;ifapd; gq;if mjpfupg;gjw;fhf jw;NghJ vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s toptiffisj;
njhlu;e;Jk; mjpfupg;gjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;. cyfr; re;ijapy; ,uj;jpdf;fw;fisf;
nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;fhd Kf;fpa ikakhf ,yq;ifia khw;Wtjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.33 vkJ ehL cyfj;jpy; ,wg;gu; nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghd cw;gj;jpfspy; rpwe;j juj;ijf;
nfhz;l xU ehlhf milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,wg;gu; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfspd;
,wf;Fkjpia fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> cs;ehl;L ,wg;giu %yg;nghUshf Vw;Wkjp
nra;tjw;F gjpyhf ,wg;gu; rhu;e;j Kbg;Gg; nghUs; cw;gj;jpf;fhd KjyPlb ; id
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk; Kd;nkhopfpNwd;.

5.4.34 kpd;rhu kw;Wk; ,yj;jpudpay; cgfuzq;fs; cw;gj;jpw;F NghJ Njitahd %yg;

nghUl;fis nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;Fs;s jilfis ePf;Ftjw;Fk;> ru;tNjr re;ijapy;
,yf;Ffis ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;Fk; jdpahu; Jiwapy; KjyPl;il Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk;
eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;. kPs; GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f vuprf;jpia Nkk;gLj;jp> fupakpy thAit
ckpOk; vupnghUs; vuptijAk; ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzp ntspg;gha;r;riyAk; Fiwj;J> kPs;
GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f vuprf;jp cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd Jizg; ghfq;fisAk; fUtpfisAk;
cs;ehl;by; cw;gj;jpnra;tjw;F Kd;nkhopfpNwd;.

5.4.35 MNuhf;fpar; Rw;Wyh ikakhf ,yq;ifia mgptpUj;jpnra;tjw;F Njitahd

gpd;Gyj;ij Jupjkhf cUthf;fp> I.m. nlhyu; 700 gpy;ypad; ngWkjpahd cyfshtpa
MNuhf;fpar; Rw;Wyhj;JiwAld; vkJ ehl;ilAk; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Njitahd
eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. mNjNghd;W> Rw;Wyhj;Jiw ed;ikfis nghJkf;fSf;F
fpilf;fr;nra;tjw;fhf fz;fhl;rp> khehLfs; Nghd;w epfo;Tfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L Rw;Wyh epfo;TfisAk; miltpl Rw;Wyh eltbf;if kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh
gazpfSf;F tPLfs; rhu;e;j jq;Fkpl trjpfs; Nghd;w Rw;Wyh khjpupfis
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitahd eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gLk;.

5.4.36 MAu;Ntj rpfpr;ir epiyaq;fis Gjpjhf Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> ghuk;gupa RNjr

kUj;Jtj;ijAk; ,aw;if rpfpr;ir KiwiaAk; Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf Gjpa
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iw Kd;nkhopfpNwd;.

5.4.37 epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp nfhs;iffspd; Clhf nghJkf;fspd; Rfhjhu kw;Wk;

Nghrhf;fpid Nkk;gLj;Jtjid Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> Nrjdg; gris cw;gj;jpapd;
,aysit mjpfupg;gjw;Fk;> Njitahd njhopy;El;g mwpit toq;fp ,yf;fplg;;gl;l
Ntshz;ikfSf;F / gapu;fSf;F tpNrl gris khjpupfis jahupg;gjw;Fk; Njitahd
fUj;jpl;lq;fis fpuhkNrtfu; gpupT kl;lj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;nkhopfpNwd;.

5.4.38 Muha;r;rp uPjpahd fl;lq;fisf; nfhz;l Kiwahd Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpD}lhf tptrha

cw;gj;jpfis gy;tifg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; ngWkjp Nru;f;fg;gl;l cw;gj;jpfis
Cf;Ftpj;jy; Mfpatw;wpD}lhf ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzp <l;Lfpd;w Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;nkhopfpNwd;.

5.4.39 ngz;fSf;Fk; ,isQu;fSf;Fk; tpNrl mbg;gilapy; gapuplg;glhj fhzpfis toq;fp

Gjpa tptrha njhopy;Kaw;rpahsu;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; cau; njhopy;El;g tptrha
G+q;fhf;fis Vw;gLj;jp tptrha kw;Wk; ngUe;Njhl;lj; Jiwapy; gapuplg;gl;Ls;s fhzpapd;
msit tpupthf;fk;nra;tjw;F Kd;nkhopfpNwd;.

22
5.4.40 ngUe;Njhl;lf; fk;gdpfSf;Fk; mNjNghd;W nghJ kf;fSf;Fk; nrhe;jkhd fhzpfisg;
gad;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; jdpahu; fhzpfs;; mj;Jld; fl;llq;fspdJk; NtW nrhj;Jf;fspdJk;
cau;e;jgl;r gad;ghL njhlu;ghd rl;lq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ehd; NkYk; Kd;
nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.41 vkJ murhq;fkhdJ vg;NghJk; tptrhapfis ghJfhg;gjw;F mu;g;gzpj;Js;sJ. MdhYk;

mjw;fhd njspthd rl;lk; ,Jtiu tFf;fg;g ; ltpy;iy. tptrhapfspd; eyd;fis
ghJfhf;fpd;w tptrha cw;gj;jpfSf;F epahakhd tpiyfis ngw;Wj; jUfpd;w>
tptrhaj; Jiwapd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid mjpfupf;fpd;w> tptrha ,lu;Neu;it
Kfhiknra;fpd;w tptrha> ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w Njrpa Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;W
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,Jnjhlu;gpy;> kz; kw;Wk; ePu; tsq;fspd; ghJfhg;G> tdrPtuhrpfspd; Nrj Kfhikj;Jtk;

gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;jp> vkJ czTg; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ. kugZg;
nghwpapay; uPjpahd tptrha cw;gj;jpfspd; cw;gj;jpj;jpwid mjpfupf;fpd;w mNjNtis
mtw;wpd; %yk; Vw;glf;$ba Nrjq;fis jtpu;g;gjw;Fk; %Nyhghaj; jpl;lnkhd;W fhzg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

Mjyhy;> vkJ tptrhapfspd; ghuk;gupa mwpit ghJfhf;fpd;w> mtu;fspd; fhzp cupik

kw;Wk; gfpug;gl;l ePu; tsq;fSf;fhd cupikia ghJfhf;fpd;w> tptrhak; njhlu;gpy;
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w nray;Kiwf;F tptrhapfspd; gq;Fgw;Wjiy cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w gRik
tptrha mgptpUj;jp rl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupg;gjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpNwd;.

5.4.42 ,yq;if Mrpahtpd; ikaj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. fpof;fhrpahtpypUe;J Nkw;fhrpahtpid

,izf;fpd;w ghij ,yq;iff;F kpf neUf;fkhf mike;Js;sJ. ,J 2010 Mk; Mz;by;
“k`pe;j rpe;jid” vjpu;fhy Nehf;F nfhs;if gpufldj;jpd; %yk; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l Ie;J
ikaq;fspd; fPo; Kjw;jlitahf ,dq;fhzg;gl;lJ. vkJ vjpu;fhy cyfshtpa
nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfis cWjpg;gLj;Jk; epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,e;jtifapy;> ,yq;ifapid Mrpahtpd; ikakhf khw;Wtjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
JiwKf ikak;
5.4.42.1 fpof;fhrpahtpypUe;J Nkw;;fhrpahit ,izf;Fk; fg;gw; ghijapy; ,yq;ifapd;
miktplj;jpid fUj;jpw;nfhz;L Fjg;gLj;jy;> czT kw;Wk; toq;fy;fs;
vd;gtw;Wf;fhd ikakhf khj;jpukpd;wp khYkpfis khw;Wtjw;fhd kj;jpa
epiyakhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf ehl;by; fg;gw; jpUj;jj;njhopy;fis
Nkw;nfhs;sTk; KbAk;.

nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfk; njw;fhrpahtpy; EioTj; JiwKf tu;j;jfj;jpw;;fhd ikakhf

Vw;fdNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfj;jpy; fpof;F kw;Wk; Nkw;F
Kidaq;fspd; epu;khzg; gzpfs; epiwTw;wJld; EioTj;JiwKf tu;;j;jfk;
tpupthf;fg;gLnkd vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;fika nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfj;jpid
EioTj; JiwKf ikakhf mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfj;ij
ifj;njhopy; JiwKfkhfTk;> fhyp JiwKfj;ij Rw;Wyhj; JiwKfkhfTk;
mk;ghe;Njhl;ilj; JiwKfj;jpid Nritj; JiwKfkhfTk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

23
 JiwKfq;fspd; Vw;fdNt mgptpUj;jpnra;ag;gl;Ls;s cl;fl;likg;G trjpfSld;
,ize;J ,yq;ifapd; cghauPjpahd miktplj;jpidf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;Sk;NghJ>
,yq;ifia ru;tNjr Rje;jpu JiwKfkhf jhgpg;gjw;fhd rfy tha;g;GfSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjw;fikthf> Gjpa epjpr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Rje;jpu JiwKfk; xd;iw
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd rl;l uPjpahd Vw;ghLfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F ehd;
Kd;nkhopfpNwd;. NkYk; fg;gy;fis gjpTnra;tJ njhlu;gpy; jw;NghJ fhzg;gLfpd;w
fLikahd tpjpfis ,yFgLj;jp> jpl;lq;fis ,yFgLj;jp> ,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf ftdk;
nrYj;Jtij trjpg;gLj;jp mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; Kd;nkhoptJld; mjd;%yk; ru;tNjr
muq;fpy; ngsjPf uPjpapy; fly;rhu; Nfe;jpuikakhf ,yq;ifia khw;Wtjw;F ehd;
Kd;nkhopfpNwd;.
Mfha ikak;
5.4.42.2 Lgha; kw;Wk; rpq;fg;g+u; vd;gd Mrpahtpd; Mfha ikahkhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; mtw;wpd;
miktplk; ePzl ; tpkhdq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu gy gpur;ridfis nfhz;Ls;sd.
vt;thwhapDk;> ,yq;ifapd; miktplk; ikag; Gs;spapy; ,Ug;gjdhy; mt;thwhd ePz;l
tpkhdq;fs; kpf ,yFthf te;J nry;y KbAkhf cs;sJ. mNjNtis> cyfj;jpy;
,uz;lhtJ ngupa rdj;njhifiaf; nfhz;l ,e;jpahTf;fhd ikakhfTk; ,yq;if
fhzg;gLfpwJ. kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd ,e;jpau;fs; thOfpd;w Mgpupf;fhtpw;fhd kpff;
FWfpa ghij ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,yq;ifA+lhf mike;Js;sJ.

jw;nghOJ gz;lhuehaf;f ru;tNjr tpkhd epiyaj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ XL ghij

epu;khzpf;fg;gl;LtUk; mNjNtis Nritfspd; Vw;ghLfSf;fhd cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;
Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. mNjNeuk; kj;jis tpkhd epiyak; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis
kpfTk; ftUk; tifapy; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;L tUfpd;wJld; nghUl;
Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;Fk; nghUj;jkhdjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;F mz;ikapy;
itj;jparhiy kw;Wk; N`hl;ly;fis epu;khzpg;gjw;Fk; cjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rf;jp ikak;
5.4.42.3 jdJ flw;fiuapy; xU nrhl;L vz;nza;ahtJ rpe;jhky; rpq;fg;g+u; cyfj;jpy;
Fjg;gLj;jy; eltbf;iffspy; 25 rjtPjj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. rpq;fg;g+u; krF
vz;nzapid ,wf;Fkjp nra;J ngw;Nwhy;> Bry;> Fjg;gLj;jy; vz;nza; vd;gtw;Wld;
Vw;Wkjpf;fhd gpl;Lnkd;> gpsh];jpupf;F kw;Wk; ieNyhd; Mfpa Jiz cw;gj;jpg;
nghUl;fisAk; jahupf;fpd;wJ.
,yq;ifapd; cghauPjpahd miktplk; krF vz;nza; ,wf;Fkjp nra;J ngw;Nwhypag;
nghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;tjd; %yk; Mrpahtpd; rf;jp ikakhf khw;Wtjw;fhd
Mw;wy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;gpd;ddpapy; 8 kpy;ypad; gPg;gha; vz;nzapid
fsQ;rpag;gLj;jf;$ba jpUNfhzkiy vz;nza;jhq;fp gz;iz gad;gLj;jg;
glhjpUg;gJ kpfTk; ftiyf;Fupa tplakhFk;.
Vw;Wkjpfs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jf;$ba ,uz;L Gjpa vz;nza; Rj;jpfupg;G epiyaq;fis
mk;ghe;Njhl;il kw;Wk; jpUNfhzkiyapy; jhgpg;gjw;F jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNjNtis
,yq;ifapd; rf;jp Njitapid fhw;W> rKj;jpu miy kw;Wk; #upa rf;jp Nghd;w
GJg;gpf;ff;$ba %yq;fspypUe;J kpd;rhuj;jpid cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd Mw;wypidAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.

24
tu;j;jf ikak;
5.4.42.4 cyfj;jpy; ngupa ,uz;L re;ijfshd ,e;jpah kw;Wk; rPdhTf;F kpfTk; neUf;fkhf
,yq;if mike;Js;sJ vd;w tifapy; jkJ nghUl;fSf;fhd tpw;gid epiya
nkhd;whf ehl;bid cUthf;Ftjw;fhd tha;g;G Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf>
mgptpUj;jpaile;j gpizaq;fs; kw;Wk; epjpj;Jiw re;ijAld; tq;fpj; njhopy;>
fhg;GWjp> eLj;jPu;g;G kw;Wk; rl;l Nritfs; Nghd;w cau; njhopy; Nritfis toq;f
KbAk;.
mwpT ikak;
5.4.42.5 ,uz;L kpy;ypad; tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; mDuhjGuj;jpYs;s k`h tpfhiu Mrpahtpd;
mwpT ikakhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. Mrpahtpy; khj;jpukpd;wp INuhg;ghtpy; cs;stu;fSk;
mwpT Njb ,Wjpapy; ,yq;iff;F te;Js;sdu;. ntspehl;L khztu;fs;> fy;tpahsu;fs;
kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpahsu;fis ftUk; Nehf;fj;Jld; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; cl;fl;likg;G
trjpfs; kw;Wk; juj;jpid mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F ehk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;. ngsj;jk;>
RNjr kUj;Jtk;> jpahdk; kw;Wk; #oy; el;G tho;f;ifKiw njhlu;fhd mwptpid
cyfpy; Vida gFjpapdUld; gupkhwpf;nfhs;tjw;;fhd re;ju;g;gj;jpid ehk;
nfhz;Ls;;Nshk;.

5.4.42.6 jfty; njhopy;El;g mwpT kw;Wk; nraw;if Ez;;kjp Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; cUthFfpd;w
Gjpa nkd;nghUisAk; mtw;wpd; mgptpUj;jpfis jug;gLj;jy; %yk; RahjPd ,isQu;
njhopy;Kaw;rpahsu;fshy <l;lg;gLk; ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpia ehl;Lf;Fs;
nfhz;LtUtjw;F jilahf ,Uf;fpd;w rl;lq;fisAk; xOq;FtpjpfisAk;
jpUj;Jtjw;F Kd;nkhopfpNwd;.

Gjpa njhopy;El;gj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; jkJ tpahghuq;fs;> cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk;

Nritfis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fSf;fhd Njit
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt> b[pl;ly; kag;gLj;JtJ njhlu;e;Jk; tpUg;gj; Nju;nthd;whf
,Uf;fkhl;lhJ.

tpidj;jpwd;> njhopw;ghl;L tpidj;jpwd;> nrytpd Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gtw;wpid

Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; cs;sf Kiwikapid tYg;gLj;Jtjw;F jLg;Gr; rq;fpypahf
njhopy;El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;nkhopag;gLfpd;wJ.

ghuk;gupa tq;fpfs; njhopy;El;gj;jpidg; gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy; jk;ik khw;Wjy;

Ntz;Lk;. Gj;jhf;fq;fs; kpfTk; tpiuthd re;ijapy; Njitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j
tifapy; tq;fpfs; jkJ fpisfis b[pl;ly; kag;gLj;jypidg; gad;gLj;jp ];khl;
tq;fpfshf khw;Wtjw;fhf Cf;fkspg;gjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;. vdNt> kj;jpa
tq;fp %yjd Njitg;ghLfs;> mDkjp toq;Fjy; cs;slq;fshf Njitahd rl;lq;fs;>
xOq;Ftpjpfis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

njhopy;El;g njhopy;Kaw;rpahd;ik nghUshjhuj;jpid Cf;fk; ngwr; nra;tjw;F 2021

tuTnryTj; jpl;lk;> 2023 mstpy; FUehfy; (uj;fy;y) kw;Wk; fhyp (mf;kPkd) Mfpa
gpuNjrq;fspy; Vw;fdNt jhgpf;fg;gl;l ,uz;L njhopy;El;gg; G+q;fhf;fSld; `gud>
Etnuypah (k`f];njhl;l)> fz;b (jpfd) Mfpa ,lq;fspy; %d;W Gjpa njhopy;El;gg;
G+q;fhf;fisj; jhgpg;gjw;F Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sJ.

25
5.4.43 ,yq;iff;F Neub ntspehl;L KjyPl;ilf; ftUtjpy; ,yq;if KjyPl;Lr; rig
gpd;gw;Wfpd;w eilKiwfs; gw;wp Mokhd gFg;gha;tpidAk; kPsha;tpidAk;
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;. ntspehl;L KjyPLfisf; ftu;e;jPu;g;gjid
trjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F jw;NghJ tpjpf;fg;gLfpd;w epge;jidfs; vspjhf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJ
gw;wpAk; Jupjkhf Muha;e;J nghUj;jkhd Kiwfis milahsq;fz;L mjw;fhd
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;iwj; jahupg;gjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.44 cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L Vw;Wkjpahsu;fspd; ghJfhg;gpid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F>

ntspehl;L eilKiwf; fzf;Ffspd; nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fspd; ghJfhg;gpid
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; kw;Wk; ntspehl;L ehzakhw;wy;fs; njhlu;gpy; Vw;Wkjpahsu;fs;
kPJ kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l epiyikfis ,yFgLj;Jtjw;Fk; tpNrl
epjpr;rl;l%ynkhd;wpid rku;g;gpg;gjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.45 fy;tp kw;Wk; Rfhjhu trjpfspy; milahsq;fhzg;gl;l khtl;l Vw;wj;jho;itf;

Fiwg;gjw;fhf vg;NghJk; vkJ murhq;fk; mf;fiw nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhf> jdpahu;
JiwAk; vg;NghJk; jkJ gq;fspg;ig toq;fpAs;sJ. ,k;Kaw;rpfis NkYk; tpupTgLj;Jk;
Nehf;fj;Jld;> xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; etPd ghzpapy; ru;tNjrg; ghlrhiy xd;iwAk;
itj;jparhiy xd;iwAk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F KjyPll ; hsu;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
fhzpfisAk; tupr; rYiffisAk; toq;Ftjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.46 Gifapujj; jpizf;fsj;jpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd Mdhy; tpidj;jpwdhd Kiwapy;

gad;ghl;Lf;F vLf;fg;glhj fhzpfisg; gad;gLj;jp filj; njhFjpfs;> epjpr;Nritfs;>
N`hl;ly;fs;> mYtyf trjpfs;> jpiuauq;Ffs;> nghOJNghf;F ikaaq;fs; kw;Wk;
njhlu;khb tPLfs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa fyg;G mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lk; xd;iw
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murhq;f kw;Wk; jdpahu; xj;Jiog;G KjyPLfs; kw;Wk; my;yJ
cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L %yq;fspy; ,Ue;J KjyPLfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.47 gzp tiya Kfhikj;Jtk;> r%f kw;Wk; njhopyhsu; ghJfhg;G Rw;whly; czu;jpwd;
vd;gd kPjhd fl;Lkhdjhuu;fspd; flikg;nghWg;gpid njhlu;rr ; pahfg; NgZtjw;Fk;
mj;jifa fUj;jpl;lq;fis tpiuthfTk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; kpf;fthWk;
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; murhq;fj;jpd; midj;J cl;fl;likg;G mgptpUj;jpj;
jpl;lq;fspdJk; fz;fhzpj;jypid gutyhf;Ftjw;Fk; ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.48 tpidj;jpwd;> nraw;wpwd; kw;Wk; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik vd;gtw;wpidg; Ngzp nghJ KjyPl;L

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpid Jupjg;gLj;Jtjw;F gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l nrad;Kiw kw;Wk;
,yj;jpudpay; ngWif nrad;Kiw vd;gtw;iw mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjd; ClhfTk; ngWifr;
nrad;Kiw etPdkag;gLj;jg;gLk;. cyf tq;fp kw;Wk; Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Nghd;w
gy;jug;G epWtdq;fspdhy; Vw;fdNt gpd;gw;wg;gl;l mr; nrad;Kiwfis Gjpa
nrad;Kiw cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;. mNjNtis rl;luPjpahd ,ilA+Wfis ePf;Ftjw;Fk;
KjyPLfis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk; KjyPlL ; epiyapaw;; FOnthd;W cUthf;fg;gLk;.

5.4.49 ntspehl;L Ntiytha;g;Gg; gzpafj;jpd; %yk; fpilf;fpd;w ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzpia

mjpfupf;Fk; nghUl;L njhopYf;fhf ntspehLfSf;Fr; nry;tjw;Fj; Njitahd mwpT>
gapw;rp kw;Wk; Vida Njitfis toq;Ftjw;Fk; ntspehLfspy; cs;s
J}Jtu;fSldhd MNyhridAld; mjw;fhf fhzg;gLfpd;w tha;g;Gf;fis mjpfupg;gjw;F
ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

26
 5.4.50 epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf jw;NghJ
njhopw;gLfpd;w gRik epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; fUj;jpl;lq;fisAk; mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L gRikg; Kwp epjpaply; trjpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mjw;F tpUg;gj;ijj;
njuptpf;fpd;w ntspehl;Lj; jug;gpdUld; fye;Jiuahly;fisj; njhlq;Ftjw;Fk; me;jf;
fUj;jpl;lq;fspd; Clhf fhyepiy khw;wq;fSf;F gjpypWj;Jtjw;Fk; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
mur tq;fpfSf;Fk; mNjNghd;W jdpahu; tq;fpfSf;Fk; ,e;j epjpaply; trjpfis
tpUj;jpnra;tjw;F Njitahd Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis toq;Ftjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.51 cyfshtpa fhyepiy khw;wq;fSld; ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; mjpfupj;jjd; fhuzkhf

kz;rupT Nghd;w jpBu; mdu;j;jq;fs; ghupastpy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wik
mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjdhy;> jdpahu; tPLfs;> njhopw;rhiyfs;> nghJ trjpfs;
cl;gl rfy epUkhzq;fSf;Fkhd gupe;Jiufis njhlu;Gila epWtdq;fsplkpUe;J
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjid fl;lhag;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

5.4.52 1935 Mk; Mz;bd; 14 Mk; ,yf;f njhopw;rq;ff; fl;lisr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; 1970 Mk;
Mz;bd; 24 Mk; ,yf;f jpUj;jr; rl;lj;Jf;F mikthf> murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;ju;
xUtUf;F mtu; cupj;jhd Nritf;Fupa njhopy;rhu; mikg;nghd;wpy; mq;fj;Jtj;ijg;
ngw;Ws;sNghJ gpwpnjhU njhopy;rhu; mikg;nghd;wpy; mq;fj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ
mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. NkYk;> NtWgl;l Nritfspy; cs;s gy;NtW njhopy;rhu;
mikg;Gf;fis xUq;fpizjy;> xd;Wjpul;ly; kw;Wk; kj;jpakag;gLj;Jjy; vd;gdTk;
mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tpjkhf tiuaiwfis njhopw;rq;fr; rl;lj;jpw;F
nra;fpd;w jpUj;jq;fs; %yk; Fiwg;gjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6. Njrpa nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
6.1 murhq;fj;jpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; rfy nrytpdq;fisAk; nghJ kf;fSf;fhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; KjyPlhfNt ehd; fhz;fpNwd;. ,k;KjyPlb ; d; %yk; nghJkf;fspd;
Njitfs; epiwNtw;wg;gLtJld;> nrhj;Jf;fisAk; cUthf;FfpwJ. Fwpj;j nrhj;Jf;fs;
ehl;L kf;fSf;F ePz;lfhyj;jpy; ed;ik gaf;ff;$ba epue;ju %ytsq;fshf mikAk;.
mt;thwpd;Nwy;> Fwpj;j nrhj;Jf;fis FWfpafhy ed;;ikahf ehzag; ngWkjpf;F
khw;Wtjw;F KbAk;. ,jid murhq;fj;jpd; epjp Kfhikj;Jt epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; gykhf
ehk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;Nwhk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
6.2 ,jd; mbg;gilapy;> 2022 epjp Mz;Lf;fhf murhq;fj;jpd; epjp Kfhikj;Jt
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; nrytpd Kd;nkhopTfis my;yJ KjyPlL
; j; jpl;lj;jpid ehd;
,t;tplj;jpy; rku;g;gpg;gjw;F jahuhf ,Uf;fpd;Nwd;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
6.3 ehk; 2021 xf;Nlhgu;; 07 Me; jpfjp murhq;f nrytpdk; njhlu;ghd xJf;fl P ;Lr; rl;l
%yj;jpid ,e;j caupa rigf;F rku;g;gpj;Js;Nshk;. murhq;fk; mLj;j tUlj;jpd; NghJ
Njrpa tuT nryTj;jpl;ljpy; nrytpLtjw;F vjpu;ghu;j;Js;s gpujhd nrytpdj;
jiyg;Gfis mJ nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J ghuk;gupankhd;whkhFk;. ehk; mjidg; ghJfhf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ehk; ,e;j rk;gpujhaj;jpw;Fs; ,Ue;Jnfhz;L Fwpj;j nrytpdj; jiyg;Gfis
NkYk; tYg;gLj;Jtjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;. ,e;j nrytpd Kd;nkhopTfSf;Fs;> my;yJ
KjyPlL; j; jpl;lj;jpw;Fs; gpujhd 10 JiwfspD}lhf ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpapid
xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F ehk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;.
27
 6.4 cw;gj;jpg; nghUshjhuKk; tho;thjhu mgptpUj;jpAk;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
1960 Mk; Mz;by; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuk; rpq;fg;G+u; kw;Wk; kNyrpahtpd;
nghUshjhuq;fis tpl cau;thff; fhzg;gl;lJ. 1961 ,y; rpq;fg;g+upd; nghUshjhuk; 0.76
gpy;ypad; If;fpa mnkupf;f nlhyuhFk;. mt;Ntisapy; ,yq;;ifapd; nghUshjhuk; 1.44
gpy;ypad; If;fpa mnkupf;f nlhyuhFk;.
MapDk;> 2020 ,y; rpq;fg;g+upd;; nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jp If;fpa mnkupf;f nlhyu; 340
gpy;ypadhFk;. ,yq;ifapd; nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jp 81 gpy;ypad; If;fpa mnkupf;f
nlhyuhFk;. ,jd; %yk; vkJ ehl;Lf;Fs; vt;thwhd nghUshjhu tPo;rr ; pnahd;W
Vw;gl;Ls;snjd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
,jd; %yk; vkf;F mtrpakhtJ gpd;dilTfspypUe;J kPz;l KO nkhj;j kf;fspd;
mgpyhirfis epiwNtw;Wfpd;w gy;tifj; jd;ikf;Fl;gl;l> Jupj nghUshjhu
mgptpUj;jpf;fhd Muk;gkhFk;.
6.4.1 tptrhaj; Jiw
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;;fNs>
vkJ rdj;njhifapy; 80 rjtPjj;jw;F mjpfkhdtu;fs; tptrhaj; Jiwiar; rhu;e;j
njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;sdu;. cw;gj;jpg; nghUshjhuj;jpid mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ
tptrhaj;Jiwf;F fl;lhakhf Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt>
tptrhaj;Jiwf;F vd;Wkpy;yhjthW KjyPL nra;tjw;F murhq;fk; jPu;khzpj;;Js;sJ.
tptrhaj;Jiwapy; murhq;fj;jpdhy; jPu;f;fg;gl Ntz;ba gy gpur;ridfis ehk;
,dq;fz;Ls;Nshk;. mit;
 epu;zapf;fg;glhj fhzp cupj;J
 gapu;r;nra;iff;Fg; Nghjpa ePu;fpilf;fhik
 cau;juKila tpijfs; fpilf;fhik
 cuk; njhlu;ghd gpur;ridfs;
 Njitaw;w epu;thf rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;Ftpjpfs;
 tptrha tpupthf;fy; Nritfspd; gw;whf;Fiw
 etPd njhopy;El;gg; gad;ghl;Lg; gw;whf;Fiw
 tptrha ,ae;jpuk; kw;Wk; cgfuzk; fhzg;glhik
 tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fspdhy; Vw;gl;l ghjpg;Gfs;
 Nghjpa re;ijg;gLj;jy; trjpfs; fhzg;glhik
 fpuhkpa tptrha cw;gj;jpfSf;fhd cs;sf cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;
fhzg;glhik.
 tptrha eltbf;iffSf;fhf Nghjpa kw;Wk; Jupjkhd epjpf; fld; trjp
fhzg;glhik

28
6.4.2 er;rw;w fisehrpdp gad;ghl;bid Cf;Ftpf;f tptrhapfSf;fhd epthuzk;
mjpf er;Rj;jd;ikAila ,urhaz ghtidapidj; jtpu;j;jYk; khw;W fisehrpapid
Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;jYk; gpd;gw;wNtz;ba rpwe;j tptrha eilKiwfshFk;. vdNt>
khw;W fisehrpfspd; gad;ghl;bid Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf &gh 4>000 kpy;ypad; xJf;fL
P
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jtifapy;> tptrha epyq;fis jahu;gLj;Jk;NghJ fisfisAk;
fisehrpfspd; ghtidapidf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk;> Mff;$baJ 2 n`f;Nuau;fSf;F>
n`f;Nuau; xd;Wf;F &gh 5>000 epjp cjtp toq;Ftjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.4.3 Nrjdg; grisg; ghtidapid Cf;Ftpj;jy;
“RgPl;rj;jpd; Nehf;F” nfhs;ifg; gpufldk; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ> kf;fSld; ,lk;ngw;w ePz;l
fye;Jiuahlypd; gpd;duhFk;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; er;rw;w czitg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd kf;fspd; cupikapidr; rhd;Wg;gLj;Jtjw;F njspthd kf;fs;
Miznahd;W ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ehnlhd;wpd; mgptpUj;jp jq;fpapUg;gJ ePz;lfhy
Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; mu;g;gzpg;Gld; gzpahw;WtNjad;wp FWfpa fhy jPu;Tfspdhyy;y.
vdNt rpwe;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf ehk; mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gLNthk;. xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l
tptrhapfspd; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf ehk; Kd;dpw;gjw;F jahuhf ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;.
vdNt> Nrjdg; grisg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpw;F ,Jtiu fhzg;gl;l
,urhazg; gris epthuzj;jw;Fg; gjpyhf 2021/2022 ngUk;Nghfj;jpypUe;J tptrhap
xUtUf;F jkJ gapu;r;nra;iff;Fj; Njitahd cs;ehl;L Nrjdg; grisapid cw;gj;jp
nra;tjw;Fk; ,urhaz fpUkp ehrpdpfSf;Fg; gjpyhf Nrjd fpUkpehrpdp jahupg;gjw;Fk;
Njitahd Muk;g njhopw;gL %yjdj;jpid toq;Ftjw;Fk; fisehrpdpapisg;
gad;gLj;jhky; tay;fspy; fisfisg; gpLq;Ftjw;F tptrhapfSf;F Vw;gLfpd;w Nkyjpf
nrytpid <L nra;tjw;F epthuzk; toq;Ftjw;F jw;nghOJ &gh 35>000 kpy;ypad;
xJf;fL
P nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
6.4.4 Gjpa tptrhaj; njhopy;El;gj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;jy;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
cyfpy; tptrhaj;;Jiwapy; Kd;Ndw;wkile;;j ehLfSld; xg;gpLifapy; ehk; tptrhaj;
Jiwapid etPdkag;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitahd eltbf;iffis Jupjkhf Kd;ndLj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. Gjpa tptrhaj; njhopy;El;gj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,Jtiu xJf;fl P ;Lr;
rl;l%yj;jpy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;l &gh 17>005 gpy;ypaDf;F Nkyjpfkhf NkYk; &gh 5>000
gpy;ypaid xJf;fPL nra;tjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.4.5 ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
ru;tNjr re;ijapid ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;F Gjpa njhopy;El;gj;Jld; $ba> ngWkjp
Nru;f;fg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapid cUthf;FtJ vkJ Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jd; %yk; ehk;
vjpu;ghu;g;gJ>
 ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzp tUkhdj;jpid mjpfupj;jy;;> kw;Wk;
 gapu;r;nra;ifahsu;fspd; tUkhdj;jpid mjpfupj;jy;.
vdNt> ngUe;Njhl;lj; JiwapypUe;J Mff;$ba gaidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F jw;nghOJ
gapuplg;gl;Ls;s Njapiy> njq;F> ,wg;gu;> fWth> kpsF> Nfhg;gp> rpl;u]; ntdpyh> Vyf;fhqa;>

29
 fuhk;G cs;slq;fyhd Vida Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;r;nra;ifapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s gpd;diltpid ,dk;
fhZjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jdbg;gilapy; gpd;tUtdtw;Wf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 kPs; gapuply;
 ,ilg; gapuply;
 Gjpa gapu;r;nra;if
ePu; toq;fypid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Fwpj;j gapu;fspd; cw;gj;jpapid tpidj;jpwd;
kpf;fjhf mjpfupf;f KbAk;. NkYk;> jdpahu; KjyPlb ; id Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk; Vw;Wkjpr;
re;ijapid cgha uPjpapy; ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;Fk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjw;fhf xJf;fl P ;Lr; rl;l %yj;jpy; xJf;fL
P nra;ag;gl;l epjpNaw;ghl;Lf;F Nkyjpfkhf NkYk;
&gh 10>000 kpy;y
; paid xJf;fL P nra;tjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.4.6 flw;nwhopy; kw;Wk; ePupapay; tsj;Jiw
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs
 kPd; cw;gj;jp
 ed;duP ; kPd; tsu;g;G
 ctu; ePu; ,why; tsu;g;G
 myq;fhu kPd; tsu;g;G> kw;Wk;
 cs;ehl;L Fsq;fspy; kPd; tsu;g;G
vd;gd vkJ nghUshjhuj;jpy; ifj;njhopy; vd;w tifapy; Kf;fpa Jiwahf khwpAs;sJ.
mNjNghd;W> vkJ myq;fhu kPdf ; Sf;F INuhg;gh kw;Wk; mnkupf;fhtpy; ngUksT Nfs;tp
fhzg;gLtjid kfpo;r;rpAld; njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;s tpUk;GfpNwd;. fle;j njhw;WNeha;f;
fhyj;jpy; ,tw;wpd; Vw;Wkjp eltbf;iffSf;Fj; Njitahd midj;J trjpfSk;
murhq;fj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gl;lJ. gjdplg;gl;l kPd;> fUthL> khrpf; fUthL> jfuj;jpy; milj;j
kPd; cw;gj;jpapid mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F Njitahd trjpfs; NkYk; tpupthf;fg;gLk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
flw;nwhopy; kw;Wk; ePupapaw;; Jiwapid NkYk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd eltbf;iffs;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,jdbg;gilapy;>
 2022 epjp tUlj;jpy;> 200>000 n`f;NlausT ed;dPu; epiyfspy; 196 kpy;ypad; kPd;
FQ;Rfs; tpLtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;%yk; &gh 18>000 kpy;ypad; ngWkjpahd 125>000
nkw;wpf; njhd; mWtilapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

 kPdg
; pb eq;$uj;jsq;fs; kw;Wk; kPdg; pb JiwKfq;fspd; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;
epUkhzk; Nghd;w gy;NtW epfo;rr ; pj;jpl;lq;fs; jw;NghJ nraw;gLj;jg;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.
,e; eltbf;iffSf;fhf jw;nghOJ xJf;fl
P ;Lr; rl;l %yj;jpy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;s epjp
XJf;fPl;Lf;F Nkyjpfkhf NkYk; &gh 1>000 kpy;ypaid xJf;fPL nra;tjw;F ehd;
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

30
6.4.7 fhy;eil tsj;Jiw
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
,yq;if Vw;fdNt Kl;il kw;Wk; Nfhop ,iwr;rp Mfpatw;wpy; jd;dpiwT ,yf;if
mz;kpj;Js;sJ. ePz;l fhykhf nghJkf;fspd; Gujj; Njitg;ghl;il g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf
murhq;fk; gy;NtW epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jp cs;sJ. mtw;wpd; ngWNgwhf
Kl;il kw;Wk; Nfhop ,iwr;rp cw;gj;jpia ehk; ghupastpy; mjpfupj;Js;Nshk;. 2021 Mk;
Mz;by; Nfhop ,iwr;rpia vk;khy; Vw;Wkjp nra;aTk; Kbe;jJ.
,Ug;gpDk; ghy; cw;gj;jp rk;ge;jkhf njhlu;e;Jk; ehk; Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ vd;gij
czu;fpNwd;. ngUe;njhifapid ghy;kh ,wf;Fkjpf;fhf nrytpLfpNwhk;. mjd; fhuzkhf
ghy; cw;gj;jp mjpfupj;J jputg;ghy; Efu;it mjpfupg;gjw;F ehk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;.
NkYk; ghy;> Kl;il kw;Wk; Nfhop ,iwr;rp cw;gj;jpf;fhf jdpahu; Jiwapd; eLj;ju kw;Wk;
ghhpasT KjyPLfisAk; Cf;fptpf;fpd;w mNj Ntisapy; me;j cw;gj;jpf;fhf nrythfpd;w
%yg;nghUs; kw;Wk; Gjpa njhopy;El;g cgfuzq;fspd; nryit Fiwg;gJ mtrpakhFk;.
mjw;fikthf> fhy;eil tsj;Jiw mgptpUj;jpf;fhf njhlu;e;Jk; KjyPL nra;aNtz;ba
Njit fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;fhf jw;NghJ xJf;fl P ;Lr; rl;l%yj;jpd; %yk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s
njhiff;F Nkyjpfkhf NkYk; &gh 1>000 kpy;ypaid xJf;Ftjw;F ehd; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwd;.
6.4.8 ghuk;gupa Fbirf; ifj;njhopy;Jiw
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
,yq;if Guhjd fhyj;jpypUe;J tptrha fyhr;rhuj;jpd; %yk; Nghrpf;fg;gl;l ehL MFk;. vkJ
kf;fs; Xa;T fpilf;fpd;w vy;yh re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; fiy tbthd jahupg;Gfis
Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; <Lgl;L ,Ue;jdu;. mjd; ngWNgwhf me;j fiy tbthd jahupg;Gfs;
ghuk;gupa Fbirf; ifj;njhopyhf tsu;r;rpaile;jJ. ,Njtpjkhf gpuk;G> gz; gha; kw;Wk;
gpj;jis Nghd;w ifj;njhopYf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l `d;nj];]> jsFNz> jpj;jfy;y> guJ}t
kw;Wk; gk;gf`njdpa Nghd;w Rkhu; 273 fpuhkq;fs; ehL KOtJk; gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
vd;gij jw;NghJ ehk; milahsk; fz;Ls;Nshk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
,e;jg; ghuk;gupa ifj;njhopypy; vkJ ,yq;ifapd; mgpkhdk; kw;Wk; milahsk; nghjpe;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mtu;fsJ jahupg;GfSf;fhff; fhzg;gLfpd;w gy gpur;ridfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
%yg;nghUs; NghJkhdjhf ,y;yhik mtw;wpy; gpujhdkhdjhFk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
etPd njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; juj;ij cw;gj;jpAld; xd;wpizg;gJ mtrpakhdjhFk;. jkJ
jahupg;GfSf;F Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr re;ijfspy; gpuNtrpg;gjw;Fs;s jilfis ePf;fpf;
nfhLg;gJ vkJ nghWg;ghFk;.
mjdhy; cs;ehl;L ghuk;gupa Fbirf; ifj;njhopiyg; ghJfhj;J mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak;nghUl;L
Xu; mikr;Rf;F ehk; nghWg;Gf;fis xg;gilj;Js;Nshk;. mjw;fikthf gpuk;G> fspkz;>
gpj;jis> muf;F> Kf%b> rpul;il> Mguzq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs; kw;Wk; gz; tbtk; Nghd;w
ghuk;gupa Fbirf; ifj;njhopiy tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf jw;NghJ xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s njhiff;F
Nkyjpfkhf NkYk; &gh 1>000 kpy;ypaid xJf;Ftjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpNwd;.

31
6.4.9 ifj;jwp> gj;jpf; cl;gl Gilitf; ifj;njhopy;Jiw
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,e;jpah> rPdh Nghd;w ehLfisg; Nghd;W ,yq;ifAk; Gilitf;
ifj;njhopYf;F gpurpj;jp ngw;wpUe;jJ. ifj;jwpg; Gilitf; ifj;njhopypYk; vkJ ehl;by;
ePz;l tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;s ghuk;gupa ifj;njhopyhFk;. fle;j fhyq;fspy; Rw;Wyhf;
ifj;njhopypy; Vw;gl;l gpd;dilTk; ,e;jf; ifj;njhopYf;F Neubahfj; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ.
mNjNghd;W ,yq;ifapd; gj;jpf; fiyf;Fk; ePzl ; tuyhW ,Uf;fpd;wJ. mJ vkJ kuGupik
MFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; me;jf; fiyiag; gapy;fpd;w egu;fspy; Fiwghl;ilf; fhzf;$bajhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w %yg; nghUl;fspd; tpiy mjpfupj;jik mjw;Ff;
fhuzkhf ,Uf;f KbAk;. ,Ug;gpDk; me;jf; fiyia Nerpf;fpd;w jug;gpdu;fSk; vk;kpilNa
,Uf;fpd;wdu;. ,e;j gj;jpf; fiyapy; njhopy; uPjpahf my;yJ Ranjhopy; uPjpahf <LgLfpd;w
gy egu;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. jpl;lkplg;gl;l Ntiyj; jpl;lnkhd;wpD}lhf ,e;jf;
ifj;;njhopy;fspd; jahupg;gfSf;F Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr re;ijfspy; ey;y Nfs;tpiag;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. 2025 Mk; Mz;lstpy; ifj;jwp kw;Wk; gj;jpf; cs;spl;l
jahupg;GfSf;fhf If;fpa mnkupf;f nlhyu; xU gpy;ypaid Vw;Wkjp tUkhdkhf ,yf;F
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjdhy; ,e;j ifj;jwp kw;Wk; gj;jpf; cs;spl;l Gilitf; ifj;njhopiy Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F
&gh 1>000 kpy;ypaid xJf;Ftjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.5 Gjpa cw;gj;jp KjyPlL
; tyak;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
czT> thA kw;Wk; ePu; Nghd;w kdpjdpd; mbg;gilj; Njitfs; g+u;j;jpahdjd; gpd;du;
mtu;fs; cau; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijf; nfhz;l tho;f;if Kiwnahd;iw vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wdu;.
mjdhy; me;jf; Nfs;tpia g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd jahupg;Gfis cUthf;Ftjw;F
vkf;F tha;g;G ,Uf;fpd;wJ. me;jj; jahupg;Gfspd; %yk; cs;ehl;Lj; Njitia g+u;j;jp
nra;jjd; gpd;du; mtw;iw Vw;Wkjp nra;tjd; %yk; ghupastpy; me;epar; nryhtzpia
rk;ghjpf;ff; $bajhf cs;sJ. mjdhy; cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L re;ijfis ,yf;fhff;
nfhz;l cw;gj;jpfs; kw;Wk; ngWkjp Nru;f;fg;gl;L kPs; Vw;Wkjp nra;fpd;w cw;gj;jpfs; Fwpj;J
ehk; ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;Nshk;.
mjd; Clhf Vw;Wkjpia ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l nghUshjhuk; xd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf
ehk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. mjw;fhf murJiw> jdpahu; Jiw Mfpait
xd;wpize;j nghwpKiwnahd;iwj; jahupj;J xt;nthU Vw;Wkjpj; Jiwf;Fk; cupa tUlhe;j
,yf;Ffis toq;fp mtu;fs; Kfq; nfhLf;fpd;w gpur;ridfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf vg;NghJk;
jiyaPL nra;fpd;Nwhk;.
mjw;fikthf cw;gj;jpfis tpupTgLj;Jtjw;fhf milahsk; fhzg;gl;l gy Jiwfs;
,Uf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpdpilNa gpd;tUk; cw;gj;jpj;Jiwfs; fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g kpf
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
 Nrjdg; gris cw;gj;jp ifj;njhopy;fs;
 kUe;Jg;nghUs; cw;gj;jp
 Gilit> Milf; ifj;njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd %yg;nghUs; cw;gj;jp
 ,wg;gu; rhu;e;j cw;gj;jpfs;
 Vw;Wkjpf; ifj;njhopy; jpl;lq;fs;

32
  fhy;eil tsq;fs;
 tptrha cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; ,ae;jpu rhjd jahupg;G
 kPdg
; pb kw;Wk; ePu;tho; cw;gj;jpfs;
 kpd;rhu kw;Wk; ,yj;jpuzpay; cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty; njhopy;El;g
cw;gj;jpfs;
 tpisahl;Lg; nghUl;fs; jahupg;G
 cUf;F kw;Wk; ghu cNyhff; ifj;njhopy;
,e;jj; Jiwfspy; KjyPLfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F jdpahu;Jiwf;F miog;G tpLf;fpd;Nwd;. ,e;j
cw;gj;jpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F KjyPll ; hsu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gil trjpfis
toq;FtJ vkJ nghWg;ghFk;. mjw;fikthf Gjpjhf cUthf;Ffpd;w cw;gj;jp KjyPl;L
tyaj;Jf;F Njitahd fhzp> kpd;rhuk;> ePu;> cs;sf kw;wk; ntspaf mZFif tPjp Nghd;w
mbg;gil cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis nra;JnfhLf;Fk; nghUl;L &gh 5>000 kpy;ypaid
xJf;Ftjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
,jd;NghJ milahsk; fhzg;gl;l xt;nthU cw;gj;jpj; Jiwf;Fk; mikthf jhgpg;gjw;F
cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;s cw;gj;jp KjyPl;L tyaq;fshf
 Nrjdg; gris cw;gj;jpf;fhf - tptrha khtl;lq;fs; midj;Jk;
 kUe;J cw;gj;jpf;fhf - xahkLt> kpy;nydpa kw;Wk; MUfk;nghf;f gpuNjrq;fSk;
 Gilit kw;Wk; Milf; ifj;njhopy;fs; Njitahd %yg; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;tjw;F - Vwht+u;> nkhduhfiy> Gj;jsk; kw;Wk; fpspnehr;rp Mfpa
gpuNjrq;fSk;
 Vw;Wkjp> tptrha gjdply; tyaj;Jf;F - kj;jis> my;gpl;ba> mk;ghe;Njhl;il
kw;Wk; aho;g;ghzk; Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fSk;
 fhy;eil tsq;fs; tyaj;jpw;F - ehtyg;gpl;b> thupanghy> nghyeWit Mfpa
gpuNjrq;fSk;
 jdpahu; KjyPlb ; d; Clhf jhgpf;fg;gLfpd;w kPdg ; pb kw;Wk; ePu;tho; cw;gj;jp
tyaj;jpw;F- Gj;jsk;> kd;dhu;> mk;ghe;Njhl;il> aho;g;ghzk; kw;Wk;
nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fSk;
 ,urhazg; nghUs; cw;gj;jpf;F - gue;jd;> Gy;Nkhl;il kw;Wk; vg;ghty Nghd;w
gpuNjrq;fSk;
 kpd;rhu kw;Wk; ,yj;jpuzpay; cgfuzq;fs; jahupg;G kw;Wk; jfty; njhopy;El;g
cw;gj;jp KjyPl;L tyaj;jpw;F - N`dafk> #upantt> Fz;lrhiy kw;Wk;
N`hkhfk gpuNjrq;fSk;
 tpisahl;Lg; nghUs; cw;gj;jpf;fhf - mk;ghe;Njhl;il> #upantt Nghd;w
gpuNjrq;fSk;
 cUf;F kw;Wk; ghukhd cNyhff; ifj;njhopYf;F - kpup[;[tpy gpuNjrq;fSk;
milahsq; fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.
6.5.1 gpuNjr kw;Wk; khtl;l kl;lj;jpy; rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju ifj;njhopy; tyak;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
NkNy $wg;gl;l Gjpa cw;gj;jp KjyPl;L Vw;Wkjp tyaq;fspy; ghupasT cw;gj;jpahsu;fSf;F
trjpfis toq;fpaijj; njhlu;e;J rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT cw;gj;jpahsu;fSf;F
Njitahd trjpfisr; nra;J nfhLg;gJk; murhq;fj;jpd; flikahFk;.
33
 jw;NghJ mt;thwhd ifj;njhopyhsu;fs; Nky; khfhzj;jpy; nfhOk;G> fk;g`h kw;Wk;
fSj;Jiw Mfpa ,lq;fspy; rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT ifj;njhopy;fis jhgpg;gjw;F
Mu;tk; fhl;Lfpd;wdu;.
mjdhy;> Nky; khfhzj;jpw;F ntspapy; mtu;fspd; ifj;njhopy;fis jhgpg;gjw;F Njitahd
fhzpfis toq;Fjy;> kpd;rhuk;> ePu;> ghijfs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G Ntypfs; Nghd;w mbg;gil
trjpfis toq;FtjpD}lhf ifj;njhopy; efuq;fspypUe;J fpuhkj;jpw;F nfhz;L nry;tjw;F
Njitahd eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
mjdhy;> gpuNjr kw;Wk; khtl;l kl;lj;jpy; rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju msT ifj;njhopy;
tyaq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F murhq;fk; ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;sJ. ,jD}lhf gpuNjr kl;lj;jpy;
Neubahd kw;Wk; kiwKfkhd njhopy;fis ghupa mstpy; cUthf;f KbAk;. mjw;fhf &gh
5>0000 kpy;ypad; Vw;ghl;bid xJf;Ftjw;F Kd;nkhopfpNwd;.
6.6 mbg;gil cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; mgptpUj;jp
“RgPl;rj;jpd; Nehf;F” nfhs;ifapid ajhu;j;jkhdjhf khw;Wk; gzpf;F cd;djkhd
Muk;gj;ij toq;fp gpujku; nfsut k`pe;j uh[gf;~ mtu;fs; epjp mikr;ruhf 2021 Mk;
Mz;L tuT nryTj; jpl;l ciuapy; ,t;thW Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
“,e;ehl;bd; nghJkf;fs; epthuz cjtpfis my;yJ ,ytrkhf vJ vjidAk;
murhq;fj;jplk; Nfhup ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mtu;fs; jkJ gps;isfspd; fy;tpf;fhf fpuhkj;jpy;
cs;s ghlrhiyf;F Mq;fpy> tpQ;Qhd> njhopy;El;g kw;Wk; tpisahl;L Mrpupau;fis
ngw;Wj;jUkhWk; fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s itj;jparhiyia nra;J jUkhWk; xNu Fuypy;
Nfhupf;if tpLj;jdu;. ghlrhiy tpisahl;L ikjhdk; kw;Wk; Jg;GuT Vw;ghl;L trjpfis
nra;JjUkhW gps;isfs; Fuy; vOg;gpdu;. Rakhd rf;jpapd; %yk; jkJ tho;thjhuj;ij
Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F Fsq;fspd; mizf;fl;Lfs;> fhy;tha; mizfs; Mfpatw;iw
nra;JjUtJ Nghd;W td tpyq;FfsplkpUe;J jkJ gps;isfis nrhj;Jf;fis kw;Wk;
jkJ gapu;r; nra;iffis ghJfhj;Jj; jUkhW mtu;fs; Nfhup epd;wdu;. mNjNghd;W
jkJ md;whl flikfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; ekJ jahupg;Gfis efuj;jpYs;s
re;ijfSf;F nfhz;L nry;tjw;F fpuhkj;jpw;F jukhd tPjp xd;iw mikj;J jUkhWk;
FbePiu ngw;Wj; jUkhWk; mtu;fs; NkYk; NfhupapUe;jdu;.”
me;j cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;> kpd;rhuk;> njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g trjpfs;>
nghUshjhuk;> r%f eltbf;iffs; Mfpatw;Wf;fhf epjpia ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba
Kiwfs; mtu;fSf;Fk; Njitg;gl;bUe;jJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
r%f mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspdJk; mj;jpthuk;> mbg;gil trjpfspd; mgptpUj;jpapd; kPJ
jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ. mjdhy; murhq;fk; ,e;j tUlj;jpy; cl;fl;likg;G trjpfspy;
mgptpUj;jpia 05 Jiwfspd; Clhf cs;slf;Ftjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wJ.
6.6.1 midtUf;Fk; FbePu;
gy jpirfspypUe;Jk; rKj;jpuj;Jf;F tope;NjhLfpd;w ngUksthd ePiuf;nfhz;l Mw;Wj;
njhFjpf;F cupik NfhUfpd;w xU ehlhftpUf;fpd;w NghjpYk; vkJ ehl;bd; kf;fs;
njhifapd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f kf;fs; Rj;jkhd FbePu; trjpfs; ,y;yhikapdhy; Jd;gj;Jf;F
cs;shfpAs;sdu;. kf;fs; njhifapy; 6 rjtPjj;jpdUf;F khj;jpuNk J}a;ikahd FbePu;
toq;fy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjdhy; FbePu; Njitg;ghl;ilg; g+u;j;jp nra;tJ vk;kplk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kd;Dupikg; nghWg;ghFk;. “midtUf;Fk; ePu;” vDk; murhq;fj;jpd;

34
 ,yf;if epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf 2021 Mk; Mz;by; 200>000 fpl;ba tPLfSf;F Foha; ePu;
trjpfis toq;Ftjid njhlu;e;Jk; tpupTgLj;jp kf;fs; ePu;f;fUj;jpl;lj;ijAk;>
ePu;j;Njf;fq;fisAk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; ePu; %yq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; ftdk;
nrYj;JfpNwhk;.
mjdhy; jw;NghJ Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;s mj;jdfy;y> kpDthq;nfhl> FUehfy;> fz;b>
mDuhjGuk; tlf;F> aho;g;ghzk; kw;Wk; fpspnehr;rp cs;spl;l ePu;toq;fy; jpl;lq;fis
Jupjkhf epiwT nra;J ehL g+uhTk; ,yf;F itf;fg;gl;Ls;s 3>314>500 Gjpa ePupizg;Gf;fis
toq;Ftjw;F eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;Nshk;.
mjw;fikthf 24 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; KOtJk; Rj;jkhd ePiu njhlu;r;rpahf toq;Ftjid
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf “RgPl;rj;jpd; Nehf;F” nfhs;ifg; gpufldj;Jf;F mikthf
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l “midtUf;Fk; ePu;” epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
nghUl;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;s gpujhd ePu; toq;fy; jpl;lq;fis Jupjg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 2022 Mk;
Mz;by; tuTnryTj;jpl;l kjpg;gPl;bd; %yk; &gh 33>963 kpy;ypad; Vw;ghl;Lf;F Nkyjpfkhf
NkYk; &gh 15>000 kpy;ypaid xJf;Ftjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopf;fpd;Nwd;. mjw;fikthf FbePu;j;
Njitg;ghl;il G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; 90 rjtPj ,yf;if ehk; 2024 brk;gu; 31 Mk; jpfjpastpy;
mile;J nfhs;Nthk;.
6.6.2 ePu;g;ghrd RgPl;rk; (thup-nrsghf;fpah)
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
rpWNghfk; kw;Wk; ngUk;Nghfk; Mfpa ,uz;L Nghfq;fSf;Fk; ePu;g;ghrdj;ij toq;fp
tptrhaj;ij tho;thjhukhff; nfhz;l tptrhapfspd; nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f me;j];ij
mjpfupf;Fk; nghUl;L>
 ePu;g;ghrdj;ij toq;fp ehl;bd; czT cw;gj;jpia mjpfupj;J czTg;
ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;jy;.
 FbePu;j; Njitiag; g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;F trjpfis toq;Ftijg; Nghd;W>
 ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; NritfSf;fhd ePu;j; Njitiag; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;Fk;>
 Njrpa GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f kpd;rf;jp cw;gj;jp ,yf;if epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L
cjtpaspg;gJ thup-nrsghf;fpa (ePu;g;ghrd RgPl;rk;) epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kd;ddpf;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fshFk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
mNjNghd;W>
 ckh Xah gd;Nehf;f mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lk;
 ahd; Xah Nghd;w ghupasT ePu;g;ghrd mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd;
epu;khz eltbf;iffspy; jw;NghJ Rkhu; 90 rjtPjk; epiwT nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
tlNky; ngupa fhy;tha;> tlkj;jpa ngupa fhy;tha;> kpdpg;Ng fhy;tha;> Ke;jdp MW
ePu;j;Njf;fj; njhFjp ky;tj;JXah fPo; gs;sj;jhf;F ePu;j;Njf;fk; kw;Wk; rpwpa tpyr;rpa
ePu;j;Njf;fk; Nghd;w mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; jpl;lkpl;lthW jw;NghJk;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

35
 nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
NkYk; mjpNkjF rdhjpgjp mtu;fspd; “fkrkf gpypre;juf;” (fpuhkj;Jldhd fye;Jiuahly;)
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpy; fpuhk kf;fspdhy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;s Fsq;fs; kw;Wk;
fhy;tha;fis Gduikj;jy; cs;spl;l>
 ckh Xah fPo; gs;;sj;jhf;F mgptpUj;jp
 `pk;gpspahfl tj;Njnfju ePu;g;ghrd trjpfspd; mgptpUj;jp
 Fr;rntsp NguhW ePu;g;ghrd mizia epu;khzpj;jy;
 Fk;Gf;fd; Xah ePu;j;Njf;f mgptpUj;jp
 khJW Xah njw;Ff;fiu mgptpUj;jp
 epy;ts fq;if fPo; gs;sj;jhf;F mgptpUj;jp
2022 Mk; Mz;by; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;s eLj;ju kw;Wk; ghupa msT
fUj;jpl;lq;fshFk;.
fhy;thapd; fiu> Fsf;fl;L kw;Wk; tuk;G Mfpatw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; kioePiu
Nrfupg;gjw;Fk; jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; Fsq;fs; kw;Wk; ePu;j;Njf;fq;fspd; ePu;f; nfhs;ssit
mjpfupg;gjw;fhf “ePu;g;ghrd RgPl;rk;” epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd;fo
P ; milahsq; fhzg;gl;Ls;s 5>000
rpwpa Fsq;fis / mizf;fl;Lfis Gduikg;gjw;F vjpu; ghu;j;Njhk;. mjpy; jw;NghJ
epiwTnra;ag;gl;Ls;s 1>050 rpwpa Fsq;fSf;F / mizf;fl;LfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf 2>000 rpwpa
Fsq;fis / mizf;fl;Lfis mLj;j tUlj;jpy; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;.
mjw;fikthf thup-nrsghf;fpa (ePu;g;ghrd RgPl;rk;) epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 2022 Mk; Mz;by;
tuTnryTj;jpl;l kjpg;gPlb
; d; %yk; &gh 48>237 kpy;ypad; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjw;F
Nkyjpfkhf NkYk; &gh 20>000 kpy;ypad; Vw;ghnlhd;iw xJf;Ftjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
KOehl;ilAk; cs;slf;Fk; tpjkhf eilKiwapYs;s ,e;j ePu;g;ghrdf; fUj;jpl;lk;
midj;Jk; mLj;j %d;W (03) tUlq;fSf;Fs; mjhtJ 2024 Mk; Mz;lstpy;
KbTWj;Jtjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;.
6.6.3 tPjp mgptpUj;jp
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
nghJ kf;fSf;Fj; jkJ md;whl NjitfSf;fhfTk; njhopy; NjitfSf;fhfTk; nghUl;fs;
kw;Wk; Nritfs; tpepNahfg; nghwpKiwia tYT+l;Ltjw;fhfTk; njhiytpYs;s fpuhkq;fs;>
miur;rhu;G efuq;fs;> efuq;fs; kw;Wk; jiyefuq;fis xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,izj;J etPd tPjpj;
njhFjpia cUthf;Fk; nghUl;L vk;khy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Njrpa tPjp mgptpUj;jp
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;ljij mLj;j %d;W (03) tUlq;fSf;Fs; g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;.
rfy fpuhkq;fisAk; cs;slf;Fk; tpjkhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w 100>000 fpNyh kPw;wu;
tPjp mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd;fo
P ; ,e;j tUlj;Jf;Fs; Kbtilfpd;w 18>000 fpNyh
kPw;wu;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf 2022 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J tUlj;Jf;F 25>000 fpNyh kPw;wu; tPjk; tPjp
mgptpUj;jp fUj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;JNthk;.
gpd;jq;fpa fpuhkq;fSf;F Eiotjw;F milahsk; fhzg;gl;Ls;s 10>000 fpuhkpag; ghyk;
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; jw;NghJ G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;s 200 ghyq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf vQ;rpa
ghyq;fis Jupjkhf epu;khzpg;gjw;F Njitahd Vw;ghLfis xJf;FNthk;.
nfhOk;Gj; JiwKf EioT tPjp Ngypanfhl-mj;JWfpupa mjpNtf neLQ;rhiy> fz;b
mjpNtf neLQ;rhiy> FUehfy;-jk;Gs;s mjpNtf neLQ;rhiy> Utd;Gu mjpNtf

36
 neLQ;rhiy> nfhOk;G-nkhwl;Lt fiuNahu tPjp kw;Wk; nfhOk;G efupd; Nkk;ghyq;fis 2024
brk;gu; 31 Mk; jpfjpastpy; G+u;j;jp nra;Nthk;.
,jw;fhf 2022 Mk; Mz;Lf;F &gh 260>000 kpy;ypad; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;fhf
NkYk; &gh 20>000 kpy;ypad; xJf;fPLnra;ag;gLk;.
6.6.4 kPsG
; Jg;gpf;fj;jf;f rf;jp mgptpUj;jp - midtUf;Fk; kpd;rhuk;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr Gjpa mgptpUj;jpf; nfhs;iffSf;F ,zq;fpajhf #oy; el;ghd Jupj
mgptpUj;jpia Nehf;fp gazpg;gJ vkJ murhq;fj;jpd; Kd;ddp Nehf;F MFk;. ,jd;NghJ
kPs; GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f rf;jp kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. kpd;rhuj;jpd; %yk; ,aq;Ffpd;w Kr;rf;fu
tz;bfs; kw;Wk; Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fspd; gf;fk; vkJ ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpAs;Nshk;.
fupakpythAit ntspNaw;Wk; vupnghUspd; %yk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;w kpd;rhuj;jpypUe;J
kpd;D}l;lk; nra;ag;gl;l Nkhl;lhu; thfd Nghf;Ftuj;jpypUe;J nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fk; #oYf;Fk;
gpuNahrdk; fpilahJ. ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; vupnghUSf;Fr; nrythfpd;w me;epar;
nryhtzpiag; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; gRikg; nghUshjhuk; xd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; kPs;
GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f rf;jpAk; (Renewable Energy) J}a rf;jpAk; (Clean Energy) kpfg;
gpuNahrdkhdjhFk;.
mjw;fhf jdpahu;Jiwf;F kPs; GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f rf;jp Jiwapy; KjyPlL ; tha;g;Gf;fs; jpwe;J
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjD}lhf 2030 Mk; Mz;lstpy; nkhj;j rf;jp Njitapy; 70 rjtPjj;ij
kPs; GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f rf;jp %yq;fspd; Clhf G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;Fj; Njitah KjyPLfis 2022
Mk; Mz;by; Jupjg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
kPs; GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f rf;jpia Nkk;gLj;jp jdpahu;Jiwapd; KjyPli
; l Cf;Ftpf;Fk; nghUl;L
Njitahd trjpfis toq;Ftjw;fhd jw;NghJ xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s &gh 190 kpy;ypaDf;F
Nkyjpfkhf NkYk; Rkhu; &gh 500 kpy;ypad;fis xJf;Ftjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
mjw;fikthf jdpahu;; Jiwapd; xj;Jiog;Gld; mLj;j %d;W (03) tUlq;fSf;Fs; Njrpa
kpd;rhuj; njhFjpf;F fpl;lj;jl;l 2>000 nkfh Nthl; Nkyjpf kpd;rhuj;ij ckh Xah> g+efup>
rpak;gyhz;Lt> kd;dhu;> GNuhl;yhz;l;> nkhwnfhy;y kw;Wk; rPjhtf;f Mfpa kPs; kpd;
GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f kpd; epiyaq;fspypUe;J cw;gj;jp nra;J kpd;rhuj;; njhFjpf;F
Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;.
cyfpy; vz;nza; cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;w gpujhd ehLfs;$l 2030 Mk; Mz;lstpy; me;j
cw;gj;jpiaf; Fiwj;J kPs; GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f rf;jpfSf;Fs; gpuNtrpj;J tUfpd;wd. vz;nza;
,wf;Fkjpapd;kPJ jq;fpapUf;fpd;w vkJ ehl;bd; rfy mur kw;Wk; cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fis
NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth #upa rf;jpfSf;F Jupjkhf <LgLj;Jtjw;F
cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; %yk; toq;fg;gLfpd;w tPjp xspA+l;ly; (Streets Lighting) kPs;
GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f vuprf;jp fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;F khWtjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.6.5 tPlikg;G kw;Wk; efu mgptpUj;jp
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
“RgPl;rj;jpd; Nehf;F” murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if Mtzj;jpw;Nfw;g midj;Jf; FLk;gq;fSk;
jkJ nrhe;j trjpahd tPLfspy; tho;tjw;fhd #oy; xd;wpid cUthf;FtJ vkJ
Nehf;fkhFk;.

37
,jid ajhu;j;j g+u;tkhf khw;Wk; tifapy; efu> fpuhkpa kw;Wk; Njhl;lj;Jiwfspy;
FiwtUkhdk; ngWk; FLk;gq;fis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L midj;Jf; fpuhk Nritahsu;
gpupTfisAk; cs;slf;fp tPlikg;G fUj;jpl;lq;fs; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
rpyu; jkf;fhd nrhe;j tPLfis epu;khzpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd nghUshjhu Mw;wypidf;
nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ,d;Dk; rpyu; tPLfis epu;khzpg;gjw;F tq;fpfspypUe;J flidg; ngw
KbAkhf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. ,Ue;jNghjpYk; efu> fpuhkpa kw;Wk; Njhl;lj;Jiwfspy; tho;fpd;w
mg;ghtp r%fq;fs; jkJ tPLfis epu;khzpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd cjtpapid
murhq;fk; toq;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
vdNt> Vw;fdNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l epjp xJf;fl P ;Lf;F Nkyjpfkhf efu tPlikg;Gf;fhf &gh
2>000 kpy;ypad; Nkyjpfkhf xJf;fL P nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJld; Nkyjpfkhf &gh 5>000 kpy;ypad;
fpuhkpa tPlikg;G mgptpUj;jpf;fhf xJf;fL
P nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
nfhOk;G kw;Wk; mjidr; #oTs;s Gw efu;g; gFjpfspy; Vw;fdNt> epu;khzg;gzpfs;
,lk;ngw;WtUk; $l;lhjdq;fspd; epu;khzj;jpid 2024 tUlkstpy; mstpy;
g+uzg;gLj;Jtjw;F jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
Njhl;lkf;fspd; tPlikg;G epiyikgw;wp tpsf;Ftjw;F Njitapy;iynad ehd;
epidf;fpd;Nwd;. mtw;wpd; epiyik kpfTk; Nkhrkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwp;j;j Copau;fs;
gpujhd Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;fspy; xd;whd Njapiyf;fhd mbg;gilapid toq;Ffpd;wdu;. vdNt>
me;j r%fj;jpd; tho;f;ifj; juj;jpid cau;j;JtJ vkJ xt;nthUtupdJk; nghWg;ghFk;.
vdNt> Njhl;lj;Jiwapy; tPlikg;G mgptpUj;jpf;fhf mLj;j %d;W (03) tUlj;jpw;Fs; &gh
500 kpy;ypad; xJf;fLP nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
efu mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ vkJ mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rp epuypy; gpujhdkhdnjhU mq;fkhFk;.
xUq;fpize;j tPjp kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J tiyaikg;G> trjpahd tPL kw;Wk; #oy; el;G efuf;
fhLfs; cs;slq;fshf efu mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis ehk; Muk;gpj;Js;Nshk;.
tj;jis> [hvy> fl;lhd> fk;g`h kw;Wk; fsdp Nghd;w nts;sj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; jho;
epyq;fspy; Fsq;fs; kw;Wk; fhy;tha;fs; mNjNghd;W `kpy;ld; fhy;tha;f;F
mUfhikapYs;s gpuNjrq;fisAk; #oy; el;G Kiwapy; mgptpUj;jp nra;jy; ,e;j tifapy;
2022 tuTnryTj;jpl;l kjpg;gPLfspy; &gh 7>000 kpy;ypaDf;F mjpfkhd epjp xJf;fL P
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJld; cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L KjyPLfSk; ,jw;fhfg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gLk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
mLj;J fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisr; rku;g;gpg;gjw;F tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;. Vw;fdNt
rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l cw;gj;jp nghUshjhu kw;Wk; tho;thjhu mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;Jld; ,J
njhlu;GgLtJld; mbg;gil cl;fl;likg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

38
6.7 “fkrkf gpypre;ju” (fpuhkj;Jldhd fye;Jiuahly;) – fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>

kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juj;ij cau;j;Jtjw;Fk;> fpuhkpa cl;fl;likg;G trjpapid mgptpUj;jp

nra;tjw;Fk; fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg; gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ehd;F-Kid
Kiwik Vw;fdNt Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mitahtd
 tho;thjhu mgptpUj;jp
 nghJ cl;fl;likg;G trjp mgptpUj;jp
 Rw;whly; kw;Wk; epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp
 r%f eyNdhk;Gif kw;Wk; r%f mgptpUj;jp
fpuhkpaf; FOf;Fs; Clhf r%fg;gq;Nfw;gpd; thapyhd nrhy;yg;gl;l Jiwfspy; fpuhkpa
mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; Vw;fdNt ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
vkJ murhq;fkhdJ r%f mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;> Gjpa Nghf;Ffs;> cyfshtpa r%f – nghUshjhu
kw;Wk; murpay; khw;wq;fSf;F xj;jpUf;fpd;w czu;jpwd;kpf;fjhfTs;s nfhs;if
jPu;khdq;fis vLf;fpd;wJ.
vdNt> Fwpf;Nfhs; rhu;e;j jPu;khdq;fs; vLg;gjpy;> jw;rhu;G kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa
Kd;Dupikfs;>Nghd;w kuGrhu;e;j fhuzpfSf;Fg; gjpyhf> tpQ;Qhdf; fhuzpfs; guprPyizapy;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. mjd; ajhu;j;jk; cq;fSf;F njspthfpAs;sJ vd ek;Gfpd;Nwd;. fpuhkpa
mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd epjpaq;fis xJf;fPL nra;ak; tpjk; gy;NtW epu;thf
myFfs; Clhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd ehk; fUjpNdhk;.
6.7.1 fpuhk Nritahsu; gpupT
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
ehk; midtUk; mwpe;jijg;Nghd;W kpfr;rpwpa epUthfg; gpupTk; nghJ kf;fSf;F kpfTk;
mz;kpj;jJk; fpuhk Nrtfu; gpupthFk;. xl;Lnkhj;j epu;thff; fl;likg;Gk; 14>024 fpuhk Nrtfu;
gpupTfisf;nfhz;L Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. midj;J fpuhk Nrtfu; gpupTfSf;Fk; mgptpUj;jp
epjpapay; xJf;fPLfs; ntt;Ntwhf Vw;ghLnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
mjpfhukpf;ftu; ,Ug;gjdhy; mg;gpupTf;F mjpf epjpaq;fs; xJf;FtJk; mjpfhukpf;ftu;fis
nfhz;buhj gpupntd;gjhy; Fiwthd epjpaq;fis xJf;FjYk; ,k;Kiw epfohJ. 399
nkjKyd vd;w vdJ fpuhk Nrtfu; gpupT cs;slq;fyhf midj;J fpuhk Nrtfu;
gpupTfSf;Fk; rkkhd njhiffNs xJf;fL P nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,J murhq;fj;jpd; rkj;Jtkh
my;yJ epahaj;jd;ikah my;yJ rdehafkh vd ,J vt;thW miof;fg;gLtnjd;gij
vjpu;fhyNk jPu;khdpf;Fk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
xt;nthU gpupTf;Fk; &gh 3 kpy;ypad; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.,jd; mu;j;jk; xt;nthU
fpuhkKk; &gh 30 ,yl;rj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; vd;gJld; nkhj;j xJf;fPL &gh 42>063
kpy;ypadhFk;. mgptpUj;jp fUj;jpl;lq;fisj; jPu;khdpf;fpd;w rf;jp mf;fpuhkj;jpd; kf;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fpuhkpa tpfhiuapd; gpujk kjFU> Nfhtpypd; my;yJ fpwp];jt
Njthyaj;jpd; g+rfu;> fpuhkpa r%fj;jiytu;fs; mj;Jld; fpuhkthrpfs; midtUk;
39
 ,r;nray;Kiwapy; jhkhf <Lglyhk;. murhq;f mYtyu;fs; kw;Wk; murpay;
jiytu;fisf;nfhz;l mikg;nghd;wpd; %yk; fpuhkpa Njitfs; ,dq;fhzg;glyhk;.
6.7.2 cs;@uhl;rpg; gpupTfs;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fspd;fPo; tUfpd;w cs;@uhl;rpg; gpupT murpay; fl;likg;gpd; kpfr; rpwpa
gpupthFk;. cs;@uhl;rpg; gpupTfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if 4>917 MFk;. xt;nthU cs;@uhl;rpg;
gpupTf;Fnkd ntt;Ntwhf tuTnryTj;jpl;l xJf;fL P fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. xt;nthU
gpupTf;Fk; 4 kpy;ypad; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ 40 ,yl;rkhFk;. mjw;fika 4>917
cs;@uhl;rpg; gpupTfSf;F &gh 19>668 kpy;ypad; toq;fg;gLnkd;gijf; Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
murpay; uPjpahfNth md;wp NtW VJk; fhuzq;fSf;fhfNth ghugl;rk; fhl;LtJ vkJ
Kiwikapy; fhzg;glhJ vd;gjid ,t; nfsutk;kpf;f rigf;F gzpTld;
typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. MfNt> mgptpUj;jp vjpu;ghu;f;iffSf;F cUf;nfhLg;gjw;F
gpupTfSf;F murpay; fl;rpapidf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;shJ 2022 kjpg;gPLfs; Clhf xJf;fL P fs;
fpilf;fg;ngwr; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,Nj tpjj;jpy; ,t;turhq;fkhdJ Gjpa murpay;
fyhrhuj;jpidj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ. ,k;Kd;khjpupfs; vjpu;fhyj;jpYk; gpd;gw;wg;gLnkd ehd;
vz;Zfpd;Nwd;.
6.7.3 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspd; gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l tuTnryTj;jpl;lk;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
,jD}lhf ePq;fs; cs;slq;fshf 225 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspd; vjpu;ghu;f;iffs;> khtl;l
kl;lj;jpy;> gue;jstpy; va;jg;glf;$bajhftpUf;Fnkd ehd; cWjpahf ek;Gfpd;Nwd;.
midj;Jg; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; mtu;fsJ cupa gpupTfspd; mgptpUj;jp
eltbf;iffSf;fhd tuTnryTj;jpl;l xJf;fL
P fis &gh 5 kpy;ypadhy; xJf;Ftjw;Fj;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jd;%yk; 2022 Mk; Mz;Lf;fhf mgptpUj;jp tuTnryTj;jpl;l xJf;fL P fisf;nfhz;l &gh
15 kpy;ypad; xt;nthU ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;gLnkd;gJld; nkhj;j xUf;fPL
&gh 3>375 kpy;ypadhftpUf;Fk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
,e;j caupa rigapd; mDkjpf;Fl;gl;L fz;bg;ghd epjpapay; xOf;fk;> epjpapay;
Kfhikj;Jt ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ik vd;gtw;Wld;
tuTnryTj;jpl;lk; tuTnryTj;jpl;l xJf;fL
P fis KjypLtjw;F Mf;fg+u;tkhd #o;epiy
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
6.7.4 gpuNjr kw;Wk; khtl;l KjyPLfs;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpf;fhf mj;jifa ghhpa njhif epjpaq;fis xJf;fL P nra;tjd; %yk;
vjid vjpu;ghu;f;fshk;> vd;w Nfs;tpf;F njspthd gjpy;xd;iw jUtjw;F mLj;j rpy
epkplq;fis ehd; gad;gLj;j tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;. vkJ Kjd;ikf; Fwpf;NfhshdJ fpuhkpa
nghUshjhuj;ij tYg;gLj;JtJk; fpuhkpa FLk;gq;fspd; tUkhd kl;lj;jpid cau;j;JtJk;
40
 gpioj;jhy; NghJnkd;w vz;zg;ghq;fpypUe;J mtu;fis tpLtpg;gJk; mtu;fspd; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffis Kf;fpa eltbf;iffSf;F cl;nrYj;JtJk; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L
cw;gj;jpapid mjpfupg;gJk; tUkhd Vw;wj;jho;tpidf; Fiwg;gJkhFk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
Mifahy;> nghUshjhu nrad;Kiwfs;> tPl;Lj;Njhl;lk; njhlf;fk; ghupa gz;izf; fhzpfs;
tiuAk; tPl;L cw;gj;jpfs; njhlf;fk; njhopw;rhiy cw;gj;jpfs; tiuAk; fl;likg;G rhu;e;j
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l%lhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,t;tuTnryTj;jpl;lkhdJ mt;thwhd tuyhw;W uPjpahd nghWg;gpid Vw;wpAs;sJ. ,g;gue;j
vz;zf;fU Kk;Kid vjpu;ghu;f;iffs; xd;wpD}lhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ.

 ,oe;j tUkhd %yq;fis kPsg;ngWjy;

 fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;w tUtha; %yq;fis tpUj;jpnra;jy;
 Gjpa tUthaPl;Lk; %yq;fis cUthf;Fjy;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
midj;J khtl;lr; nrayhsu;fSf;Fk; gpuNjrr; nrayhsu;fSf;Fk; ,Jgw;wp
tpopg;g+l;lg;gl;Ls;sJld; mwpTWj;jy;fSk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mjw;fika> mtu;fs;
cs;slq;fshf midj;J mYtyu;fSk; GJ cl;rhfj;Jld; fpuhkpa tho;thjhu mgptpUj;jp
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis njhlq;Ftjw;F vjpu;ghu;j;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. midj;J 335 gpuNjr nrayhsu;
gpupTfisAk; 25 khtl;lq;fisAk; cs;slFfpd;w nkhj;j xJf;fL P NkYk; &gh 19>894
kpy;ypad; njhifapid vl;Lfpd;wJ. ,t;nthJf;fPLfSf;fhd Vw;ghlhdJ>fhzp> rdj;njhif
kw;Wk; Vida r%f – murpay; fhuzpfspd; fhuzq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
“fkrkf gpypre;ju” fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhf &gh 85>000 kpy;ypad; xJf;fPL
nra;tjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
1886 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J mz;ikf; fhyk;tiu midj;J tuTnryTj;jpl;l kjpg;gPLfisAk;
ehk; Njbg;ghu;ff
; KbAk;. fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpf;nfd mj;jifa ghupa xJf;fl P ;Lj; njhif
toq;fg;gLfpd;w KjyhtJ re;ju;g;gk; ,JthFnkd ehd; Fwpg;gpl tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;.
6.8 nfhtpl;- 19 cyfshtpa Neha;j;njhw;wpdhy; epthuzk; toq;fy;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
tuyhw;wpy; ve;jnthU murhq;fj;jpdhYk; xUNghJNk vjpu;nfhs;shj Nkhrkhd rthy;fis
jw;Nghja murhq;fk; vjpu;nfhz;lJ. Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tPo;rr ; paile;jJ. murhq;f tUtha;
Fiwtile;jJ. tUthapy; mj;jifa FiwTld; xg;gpLifapy; murhq;f nrytpdk;
vjpu;ghuhjsT cau;tile;jJ.
vt;thwhapDk; mj;jifa rthy;fSf;F kj;jpapy; jLg;G kUe;J kPJk; cyfshtpa
Neha;j;njhw;wpypUe;J kf;fisf; Fzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Rfhjhu trjpfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
ghupa njhif nryTnra;ag;;gl;lJ. gzj;njhifapd; 75 rjtPjkhNdhUf;F jLg;G kUe;Njw;wy;
kf;fspd; kpfg;ngupa ntw;wpahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

41
 ghjpf;fg;gl;l mj;Jld; jkJ tho;thjhuq;fis ,oe;j midtUf;Fk; epthuzg; nghjpfis
toq;Ftjd; %yk; midtiuAk; murhq;fk; ftdpj;jJ. MapDk; NkYk; rYiffis
toq;FtJ %yk; ,d;Dk; nraY}f;fk; kpf;ftu;fshf Mf;fNtz;ba rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju
tpahghu r%fq;fspd; Kf;fpa nghUshjhuj;jpw;F kPsTk; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Njit
,d;Dk; epiyj;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
6.8.1 Ez;ghf> rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju mstpyhd tu;j;jfu;fSf;fhd epthuzk;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
Ez;ghf kw;Wk; rpwpa tu;j;jfu;fSf;F tpNrlkhf fliy> ntw;wpiyf;$W> til> fQ;rp>
mg;gk;> nrt;sePu;> ,sePu; tpw;gid nra;fpd;wtu;fSf;Fk; cyfshtpa Neha;j;njhw;wpdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;L tpahghuk; nra;tjw;F ,ayhky; cs;stu;fSf;Fk; epthuzk; toq;Ffpd;w
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ehq;fs; mq;fPfupj;Js;Nshk;. mNjNghd;W eLj;ju mstpy; ifj;njhopy;
nra;gtu;fSk; epthuzk; ngwNtz;batu;fNs. Mifahy;> nfhtpl;- 19 cyfshtpa
Neha;j;njhw;wpidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F murhq;fj;jpdhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffshy;
Neubahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j midj;J JiwfisAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;w Ez;ghf>
rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju tu;j;jfu;fSf;F epthuzk; toq;Ftjw;F Vw;fdNt toq;fg;gl;l
xJf;fl P ;Lf;F Nkyjpfkhf &gh 500 kpy;ypaid Nkyjpfkhf xJf;fL P nra;tjw;F
Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sJ.
6.8.2 ehL Klf;fg;gl;bUe;j fhyg;gFjpapd;NghJ tUkhdj;ij ,oe;j ghlrhiy Ntd;
cupikahsu;fSf;fhd epthuzk;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
fle;j khjq;fspd; NghJ ghlrhiyfs; %lg;gl;bUe;jikapdhy; jkJ tUkhd
%yj;jpidapoe;j ghlrhiy Ntd; cupikahsu;fSf;F epthuzk; mspg;gjw;F &gh 400
kpy;ypad; xJf;fL
P nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
6.8.3 ehL Klf;fg;gl;bUe;j fhyg;gFjpapy; tUkhdj;jpid ,oe;j Kr;rf;futz;b
cupikahsu;fSf;fhd epthuzk;
vkJ ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; Kr;rf;futz;b cupikahsu;fs; mj;jpatrpa Nrit
toq;Feu;fshf gzpahw;Wfpd;wdu;. fle;j rpy khjq;fshf jkJ thfdq;fs;
nrYj;jg;glhikapdhy; mtu;fsJ tUkhdj;jpid ,oe;j Kr;rf;futz;b
cupikahsu;fSf;F epthuzk; toq;Ftjw;F &gh 600 kpy;ypad; xJf;fL P nra;tjw;F
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.8.4 ehL Klf;fg;gl;bUe;j fhyg;gFjpapy; jkJ tUkhdj;jpid ,oe;j jdpahu; Ng&e;J
cupikahsu;fSf;fhd epthuzk;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
,Njtpjj;jpy; Klf;fy; fhyg;gFjpapd; NghJ jkJ Ng&e;Jfs; njhopw;gLj;jg;glhikapdhy;
mtu;fsJ tUkhdj;jpid ,oe;j jdpahu; Ng&e;J cupikahsu;fSf;F epthuzk;
toq;Ftjw;F &gh 1>500 kpy;ypad; xJf;fPL nra;tjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.8.5 Klf;fy; fhyg;gFjpapd; NghJ tUkhdj;ij ,oe;j tpNrl Jiwfs;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
nfhtpl; - cyfshtpa Neha;j;njhw;W fhuzkhf fiyfs; kw;Wk; nghOJ Nghf;F mj;Jld;
jpUkzq;fs; kw;Wk; epfo;T Kfhikj;Jtk; kPJ jq;fpapUe;j tUkhdj;Jiwfs; KOikahf
42
 ];jk;gpjkile;jd. njhopy; kw;Wk; tUkhdk; ,oj;jy; vd;gd kpfTk; Mgj;jhd epiyf;Fj;
js;sg;gl;L ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Jiwapy; njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; Vida rhjdq;fspd; guhkupg;G
Nghjhikapdhy; njhopiy kPsj; njhlq;Ftjpy; rpf;fyhd epiyapy; cs;sJ. rpyiug;
nghWj;jtiuapy; eltbf;iffis kPsj; njhlq;Ftjw;F Nkyjpf nryTfs; nrytplg;gl
Ntz;bAs;sJ. gy fiyQu;fs; jw;NghJ kpFe;j mOj;jj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
ehk; nra;a Ntz;baJ> midtupdJk; eyDf;fhf midj;J eltbf;iffisAk;
cldbahf kPsj;njhlq;FtjhFk;. mjid trjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F murhq;fkhdJ
jLg;GkUe;Njw;wy; cs;slq;fshf mjd; mbg;gilg; nghWg;Gfis ntw;wpfukhf epiwT
nra;Js;sJ. MdhYk; ehk; ,d;Dk; rpy gzpfis nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,j;Jiwf;F
trjpaspj;J Cf;fkspg;gjw;F &gh 500 kpy;ypad; xJf;fPL nra;tjw;F
Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sJ.
6.9 #oy; kw;Wk; epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
#oYk; mgptpUj;jpAk; neUq;fpapize;Js;s JiwfshFk;. rkfhyj;jpy; Jupjkhd
mgptpUj;jpAld; kdpjDf;Fk; #oYf;Fkpilapy; Kuz;ghnlhd;W Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wJ.
vdNt> mjid Kfhik nra;tJ vk; midtupdJk; nghWg;ghFk;.
6.9.1 #oiyg; ghJfhj;jy;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
#oYf;F Fg;igfis mfw;WtJ Njrpa gpur;ridnahd;whf Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ehk; ePu;>
kz;> ghJfhg;G> xyp Kfhikj;Jtk;> jpz;kf;fopT Kfhikj;Jtk;> MWfisg; ghJfhg;Nghk;
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; cs;slq;fshf efu tdq;fs; kw;Wk; moFgLj;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;F vkJ
ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jpAs;Nshk;. “MWfisg; ghJfhg;Nghk;” Ngzpf;fhj;jy;
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd;fo
P ; ehLg+uhfTk; Rw;whly; el;Gkpf;f tpjj;jpy; 103 ejpfisAk;
ejpg;gs;sj;jhf;FfisAk; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; Kj;Juh[td #oy; czu;jpwd;kpf;f
gpuNjrj;jpid ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; <uepykhf uk;ru; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; Kd;Dupik
mspj;Js;Nshk;. mjw;fika #oy; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf Vw;fdNt nra;ag;gl;l xJf;fL P fSf;F
Nkyjpfkhf &gh 2000 kpy;ypad; Nkyjpfkhf xJf;fg;gl;lJ
6.9.2 tdg;ghJfhg;G
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
rdj;njhif tsu;rr; p FbapUg;Gf;fs; tsu;r;rpailtjw;Nfw;g tdg;Nghu;it kPjhd jhf;fKk;
mjpfupj;Js;sJ. vdNt> vk;kplk; fpilf;fg;ngWfpd;w tdq;fis ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;

 tdg;Nghu;itapid 30 rjtPjj;jpdhy; mjpfupg;gjw;Fk;

 ePNue;J gpuNjrq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;
 CLUtp tsUfpd;w jhtuq;fis mfw;wp ed;ik gaf;fpd;w jhtuq;fisf; nfhz;L
tdg;Nghu;itapid mjpfupg;gjw;Fk;
Vw;fdNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xJf;fL
P fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf &gh 2>000 kpy;ypad; xJf;fL
P
nra;tjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

43
6.9.3 tdrPtuhrpfs; ghJfhg;G
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
kpUfq;fSf;F tdq;fSf;Fs;spUe;Nj ePupidAk; cztpidAk; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk;
nghUl;L rpwpa Fsq;fSk; tho;tplq;fSk; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. tptrhaj;jpw;F Nrjk; tpistpf;fpd;w tpyq;Ffisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w mNjNtis tdrPtuhrpfisg; ghJfhg;gJ vkJ flikAk; nghWg;GkhFk.;
Mifapdhy; tdrPtuhrpfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F Vw;fdNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xJf;fL
P fSf;F
Nkyjpfkhf &gh 1>000 xJf;fL P nra;tjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.10 nghJr; NritfSk; fpuhkpa cl;fl;likg;G trjpfSk;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
nghJr; Nritfs; kw;Wk; fpuhkpa cl;fl;likg;G trjpfspd; fPo; fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> RNjr
kUj;Jt mgptpUj;jp> tpisahl;L trjpfs; mgptpUj;jp rpW ePu;g;ghrdk;> tho;f;ifj;njhopy;
kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g gapw;rp trjpfs; kw;Wk; gazpfs; Nghf;Ftuj;J vd;gtw;Wf;F ehk;
Kjd;ikahff; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;Nwhk;.
6.10.1 fy;tp
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
ghlrhiyf; fl;llq;fspd; ngsjPf mgptpUj;jpfs; Clhf fy;tpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
KjyPLfs; fy;tpapd; cz;ikahd ed;ikfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy vd;gJ mjpNkjF
rdhjpgjpapd; “fkrkf gpypre;ju” (fpuhkj;Jldhd fye;Jiuahly;) – fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpy; mNefkhd fpuhkq;fspy; ghlrhiyg; gps;isfspd; Nfhupf;ifapd;
Clhf ep&gdkhfpAs;sJ. mjw;F ehk; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
fpuhkpa ghlrhiyfis ftu;rr ; pfuk; kpf;fjhd Nehf;Fld; “1000 Njrpa ghlrhiyfs;”
epWTk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lkhdJ Njrpa ghlrhiyfspy;yhj 123 gpuNjr nrayhsu; gpupTfspy;
Njrpa ghlrhiyfis epWTjy; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyg; ghlrhiyfspd; trjpfisj; juk;
cau;j;jy; thapyhf murhq;fj;jpd; Kd;Dupik mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lkhf
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jD}lhf> tFg;giwfs;> Nkirfs;> fjpiufs;> kyry$lq;fs;> FbePu;> kpd;rhuk;> Mrpupau;
tpLjpfis Gduikj;jy;> ghlrhiyr; rhjdq;fs;> Ma;T$lf; fl;llk;> kw;Wk; Njitahd
cgfuzq;fis toq;Fjy;> mUq;fiy myFfs; kw;Wk; Njitahd trjpfs; vd;gd
toq;fg;glTs;sJld; njhopy;El;g ghlj;Jiwapid NgZtjw;F kWrPuikg;Gfs;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
1000 Njrpa ghlrhiyfis epWTtjw;F xJf;fl P ;Lr; rl;l%yj;jpD}lhf &gh 2>200
kpy;ypad; xJf;fL P nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJld; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpid 3 tUlq;fspDs; Jupjkhf
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; epiwT nra;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpidj; Jupjg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;Lk; fy;tpj;JiwapYs;s NtW
mgptpUj;jpfSf;fhfTk; Vw;fdNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xJf;flP ;Lf;F Nkyjpfkhf
tuTnryTj;jpl;l Kd;nkhopthf &gh 5>300 kpy;ypad; nfhz;l xJf;fl P ;bid
cs;slf;Ftjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
44
6.10.2 Rfhjhu / RNjr kUj;Jt mgptpUj;jp
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
,J njhlu;gpy; gps;isfs; kw;Wk; csey rpfpr;ir epiyaq;fs;> fpuhkpa
itj;jparhiyfs;> kUe;jfq;fs;> Rfhjhu itj;jpa mYtyfq;fs;> MAs;Ntj
itj;jparhiyfs;> Nahfh kw;Wk; csey rpfpr;ir epiyaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw njhlu;e;J
Kd;ndLf;fpd;w Kftuhz;ikfspd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf &gh 32>650 kpy;ypad; nfhz;l
Vw;fdNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xJf;fLP fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf &gh 5000 kpy;ypad; xJf;fL P
nra;tjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.10.3 tpisahl;L trjpfs; mgptpUj;jp
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
tpisahl;L vd;gJ cly; uPjpahd cs uPjpahd ey;tho;it NgZtjw;F
mj;jpatrpakhdjhFk;. efuk; fpuhkk; ,uz;bYk; tpisahl;L trjpfis Nkk;gLj;JtJ
vkJ nghWg;GilikahFk;. vdNt fpuhkq;fs; kw;Wk; ghlrhiy tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fs;
mj;Jld; cs;sf tpisahl;L trjpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;;F mika Vw;fdNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xJf;fPl;Lf;F Nkyjpfkhf
tpisahl;L mgptpUj;jpf;fhf &gh 3>000 kpy;ypad; xJf;fLP nra;tjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.10.4 rpwpa ePu;g;ghrdk;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
rpwpa ePu;g;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fspd; fPo; rpwpa Fsq;fs;> mizf;fl;Lfs;> fhy;tha;fs;>
Fsf;fl;Lfs; vd;gtw;wpd; Gduikg;G cs;slq;fyhf epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F &gh 2>000 kpy;ypadhy; xJf;fl
P ;bid mjpfupg;gjw;F ehd;
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.10.5 tho;f;ifj; njhopy; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gg; gapw;rp
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
Nju;r;rp ngw;w ,isQu;fs; ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;F mj;jpatrpakhdtu;fshFk;. Nju;r;rp
ngw;w njhopw;gil ehl;bd; nrhj;njhd;whFk;. Nju;r;rpngw;w njhopyhsu;fspdhy;
nfhz;Ltug;gLfpd;w ntspehl;L tUtha;fs; kpfTk; cau;thdjhFk;. jdpahu;
JiwapYk;$l gy;Jiw Nju;rr
; pngw;w ,sk; njhopyhsu;fSf;F ghupa Nfs;tp
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gtpay; fy;tpf;fhfTk; efug; gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;fhfTk;
trjpfis toq;Ftjw;Fk; ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapd; gpd;du; tho;f;ifj; njhopy; kw;Wk;
njhopy;El;gj; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; Vw;fdNt toq;fg;gl;Ls;s trjpfis
mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; Vw;fdNt Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l xJf;fl P ;Lf;F Nkyjpfkhf &gh 2000
kpy;ypad; xJf;fPL nra;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
6.10.6 gazpfs; Nghf;Ftuj;;J (Gifapujk; kw;Wk; ,yq;if Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rig)
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
mgptpUj;jpr; nrad;KiwfSf;fhf xl;Lnkhj;j ehl;bdJk; gq;fspg;gpidg; ngw;W ehl;bd;
Njitfis epiwT nra;tjpy; fl;lhakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;w tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f kw;Wk;

45
 nray;jpwd; tha;e;j Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwikapid jhgpg;gjd; %yNk RgPl;rj;ijf; nfhz;l
Njrnkhd;iw Nehf;fpa ghijapy; nry;yKbAk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
,e;Nehf;fpy; nghJg;Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;JiwAk; jdpahu; Jiwf;Fs;s
tha;g;Gfis tpupTgLj;jYk; Kf;fpakhdjhf fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. Gjpa
njhopy;El;g KiwfSld; mit toq;Ffpd;w Nritfisg; NgZtjw;Fk; efuq;fSf;Fk;
fpuhkq;fSf;Fkpilapy; jw;Fjilaw;w njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;jp nghJkf;fSf;F trjpahd
tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f> kw;Wk; xOf;fKila Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritfis toq;Ftjw;Fk; Njrpa
Nghf;Ftuj;J Mizf;FO> Nkhl;lhu; thfdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J jpizf;fsk;> ,yq;ifg;
Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rig kw;Wk; ,yq;ifg; Gifapujk; Mfpatw;Wf;fhf tUlhe;j
tuTnryTj;jpl;l kjpg;gPl;bD}lhf toq;fg;gl;l xJf;fl
P ;Lf;F Nkyjpfkhf NkYk; &gh 3>000
kpy;ypad; xJf;fPL nra;tjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.11 nghJ kf;fs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;F
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;gpw;F murhq;fk; kpfTk; mjpf Kd;Dupik mspj;Js;sJ.
me;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf epWtg;gl;l epWtdk; nghJg; ghJfhg;G khj;jpukpd;wp kf;fspd;
eyNdhk;GifapYk; ghupa gq;fhw;wp tUfpd;wJ.
Nghijg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Fw;wq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F kf;fSld; neUq;fpg;
gzpahw;Wfpd;w rKjha nghyp]; Nritnahd;wpid epWTtjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nghyp]; mYtyu;fis Ml;Nru;g;Gr; nra;tjw;F fpuhkpa kl;lj;jpy; njhlq;fg;glTs;s
rKjha nghyp]; Nrit trjpfis toq;Ftjw;Fk; Vw;fdNt xJf;fL P nra;ag;gl;l &gh
7>885 kpy;ypaDf;F Nkyjpfkhf NkYk; &gh 500 kpy;ypaid xJf;fL P nra;tjid
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.11.1 ePjpj;Jiw kWrPuikg;GfSk; cl;fl;likg;G trjp toq;fYk;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
ePjpKiwr; nrad;Kiwfspy; jhkjq;fis jtpu;g;gjw;Fk; tpidj;jpwkpd;ikfis
,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;Fk; fzprkhd njhif epjpaq;fs; xJf;fL P nra;ag;gl;ld. &gh 6>937
kpy;ypaDf;F Nkyjpfkhf Fw;wtpay; kw;Wk; rptpy; kw;Wk; tu;j;jfk; njhlu;Ggl;l
rl;lq;fspy; kWrPuikg;Gf;fSf;Fj; Njitahd kdpj tsq;fspd; b[pl;ly;kag;gLj;jY}lhf
ePjpKiwj; njhopw;ghLfis tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf;Ftjw;Fk; ePjpkd;wq;fspd;
cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij jilapd;wp NgZtjw;Fk;
&gh 5>000 kpy;ypad; xJf;fPL nra;tjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.11.2 nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;G> rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;F
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
murhq;fk; nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf kpf cau;e;j Kd;Dupikapid toq;fpAs;sJ. ,e;
Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf jhgpf;fg;gl;l epWtdq;fs; nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;gpid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;gpid toq;FtJ khj;jpukd;wp kf;fspd; eyidAk; ghJfhf;fpd;wJ.
Nghijg;nghUs; kw;Wk; Fw;wr;nray;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F kf;fSld; kpf neUf;fkhf
Nritahw;Wk; rKjha nghyp]; Nritnahd;wpid jhgpg;gjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;>
nghyp]; mYtyu;fis Ml;Nru;g;G nra;tjw;F Vw;fdNt xJf;fL P nra;ag;gl;l &gh 7>885

46
 kpy;ypaDf;F Nkyjpfkhf xJf;fL
P nra;tjw;Fk; Vw;fdNt ,Uf;fpd;w rKjha nghyp];
Njitf;fhd trjpfis toq;Ftjw;F NkYk; &gh 500 kpy;ypaid xJf;fL P nra;tjw;F
ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.11.3 rpiwr;rhiyfspy; jLj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;stu;fspd; Rfhjhu trjpfis Nkk;gLj;jy;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
jLj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;stu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapid mjpfupj;Js;sikapdhy;
rpiwr;rhiyfspy; neUf;fb kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; Nkk;gLj;jg;glhik fhuzkhf
Rfhjhu gpur;ridfs; fhzg;gLtjhf mwpf;ifaplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mifapdhy; midj;J
rpiwr;rhiyfspYs;s ifjpfspd; Rfhjhu trjpfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Vw;fdNt
xJf;fLP nra;ag;gl;Ls;s njhiff;F Nkyjpfkhf &gh 200 kpy;ypaid Nkyjpfkhf
xJf;Ftjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.11.4 vkJ rpNul;l gpuirfs; kw;Wk; tpNrl NjitAilatu;fSf;F trjpfis toq;Fjy;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
tpNrl NjitAilatu;fSf;F trjpfis toq;Fk; mNj Ntis KjpNahupid
ghJfhg;gjid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; &gh 1>000 kpy;ypaid xJf;fPL nra;tjw;F ehd;
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.12 kidg; nghUshjhuj;jpid ghJfhj;jy;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
murhq;fk; r%f eyd;Gup kw;Wk; khdpak; toq;fy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis ghupasT
nraw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. vz;zpf;ifapy; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ mJ fpl;lj;jl;l Ik;gJ (50) MFk;.
mtw;wpid ,q;F tpgupf;f Ntz;Lkhapd; ePz;lnjhU mwpf;ifapid thrpf;f
Ntz;bNaw;gLk; vdNt mtw;wpy; rpytw;iw ,q;F Fwpg;gpLtJ nghUj;jkhFk;. Xa;t+jpak;
rKu;j;jpf; nfhLg;gdT> KjpNahu; cjTnjhif> ghlrhiy rpWtu;fSf;fhd Nghrhf;FzTf;
nfhLg;gdT kw;Wk; ghlrhiy khztu;fSf;fhd Ruf;~h fhg;GWjp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; vd;gd
,tw;Ws; Kf;fpakhditahFk; ,e;epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhd ,t;tUlj;jpy; xJf;fL P
nra;ag;gl;l &gh 600>000 kpy;ypadhFk;.
nfhtpl; njhw;WNeha; Vw;gl;lJld; cyf re;ijapy; vupnghUs; tpiy mjpfupj;jJld;
vupthA tpiy mjpfupg;G> fg;gw; fl;lzk; mjpfupj;jik> nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd;
cw;gj;jpr; nrytpdk; mjpfupj;jik Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy; cyfshtpa uPjpapy;
nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; tpiy kpfTk; mjpfupj;Js;sJ. vdNt> cs;ehl;Lr;
re;ijapy; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; tpiy mjpfupg;G fhuzkhf nghJ kf;fspd;
tho;f;ifr; nryTk; mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
nkhj;j murhq;f nrytpdj;jpw;F rkhe;jukhf r%f eyd;Gup kw;Wk; khdpa toq;fy;
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhf xJf;fL
P nra;ag;gl;l njhif kpfTk; mjpfkhFk;. rKu;j;jp
cjTnjhif Nghd;w Vida ed;ikfs; cz;ikahff; fpilf;f Ntz;ba jFjpAila
gadhsu;fSf;F fpilf;fpd;wjh vd;gjid cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;ba fhyk; jw;nghOJ
te;Js;sJ. mtu;fis nghUshjhu uPjpapy; tYg;gLj;jp> rKu;j;jpf; nfhLg;gdtpid
mtu;fsJ md;whl NjitfSf;F gad;gLj;Jfpd;w kNdhghtj;jpw;F gjpyhf
mj;njhifapid mtu;fsJ Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; KjyPlL ; eltbf;iffSf;fhf nrytpl
Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,jid tpku;rd uPjpahf Nehf;Ftjw;F r%fk; vk;ik epu;g;gzpj;Js;sJ.

47
 vdNt> twpatu;fs; njhlu;ghf ek;gpf;ifAld; Nehf;fp mtu;fsJ cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy;
njhlu;ghd rpe;jidapid mjpfupj;J njhopy; Kaw;rpahz;ik Mw;wypid mjpfupj;J
fpuhkq;fspd; cw;gj;jpfSf;F rpwe;j ngWkjp Nru;g;gpid Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mjpfupj;J
etPd njhiyj; njhlu;G njhopy;El;gj;jpid mwpKfg;gLj;JtJld; re;ij tiyaikg;Gld;
mtu;fis njhlu;GgLj;jp mtu;fsJ nrhe;jf; fhy;fspy; kPz;Lk;; vOe;J epw;gjw;fhd
rf;jpapidg; ngw;wJld; Nghrhf;F epiwe;j cztpd; %yk; jd;dpiwT ngw;wtu;fshf
mk;kf;fspid khw;Wfpd;w Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; mtrpak; mjpfsT fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjw;fhf %d;W njhFjpfshf ehk; jahupj;j Ntiyj;jpl;lk; kidg; nghUshjhu ghJfhg;G
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lkhf ,dq; fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jdbg;gilapy;> ,e;j kidg; nghUshjhug; ghJfhg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fs; kf;fSf;F
epthuzk; toq;Ftjw;fhf &gh 31>000 kpy;ypaid xJf;fPL nra;tjw;F ehd;
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.12.1 fu;g;gpzpj; jha;khu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; czTg;nghjp
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs
kidg; nghUshjhu ghJfhg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpy; mjp$ba Kd;DupikahdJ jhapd;
jiyikapy; ,yq;ifapy; cUthfpd;w vjpu;fhy re;jjpapdupd; Nghrhf;F gw;wpajhFk;.
cz;ikapy; ehl;Lf;F mtrpakhdJ mwpthu;e;j re;jjpnahd;whFk;. gpwf;fpd;w Foe;ijapd;
mwpthw;wy; tsu;r;rp mjpfsT ,lk;ngWtJ jhapd; kbapy; vd;gJld; gpurtk;
epfo;e;jjpypUe;J Muk;g fhyj;jpyhFk;. vdNt gpwf;fpd;w Foe;ijfspdJk; jha;khhpdJk;
Nghrhf;F kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
vdNt> fu;g;gpzpj;; jha;khu;fSf;F jw;nghOJ 10 khjq;fs;tiu toq;fg;gLfpd;w &gh 10>000
ngWkjpahd czTg; nghjpapid 24 khjq;fSf;F mjhtJ> 2 tUlq;fs; tiu ePbj;J
njhlu;e;J toq;Ftjw;F Kd;n ; khopag;gLfpd;wJ.
,jdbg;gilapy;> ,e;epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhf jw;nghOJ xJf;fL P nra;ag;gl;Ls;s &gh 4>000
kpy;ypaDf;F Nkyjpfkhf &gh 1>000 xJf;fL P nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
6.12.2 tPl;LzT ghJfhg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; - r`d ky;y czTg; nghjp
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
jha; kw;Wk; NrapdJ Nghrhf;Fld; FLk;gj;jpdJ Nghrhf;Fk; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;jjhFk;. vdNt> mjpfupj;Js;s tho;f;ifr; nrytpidf; Fiwg;gjw;F> fpuhk Nrit
mYtyu; gpupT kl;lj;jpy; nghUshjhu uPjpahf tWik epiyapy; fhzg;gLk; FLk;gq;fis
,dq;fz;L mtu;fSf;F czTg; nghjpfis toq;Fk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpid
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf &gh 15>000 kpy;ypad; epjp xJ;fL
P nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
6.12.3 ngz; njhopy;Kaw;rpahsu;fSf;fhf rpwpa filj;njhFjp topaikg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
rpwpa re;ij topaikg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
,Jtiu jha;> Nra; cs;slq;fshf KO FLk;gj;jpw;Fkhd Nghrhf;F njhlu;ghf
jahupf;fg;gl;l epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSf;F vkJ epjp Vw;ghL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mNjNghd;W
mtu;fsJ nghUshjhuj;jpid tYg;gLj;j Ntz;ba Njitapid eptu;j;jp nra;a
Ntz;bAs;sJ. vdNt> ngz; njhopy;Kaw;rpahsu;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;fhd Gjpa epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lnkhd;wpid ehk; ehLKOtjpYk;
nraw;gLj;jp tUfpd;Nwhk;.
48
 fle;j njhw;WNeha; fhyg;gFjpapy; fpuhkq;fSf;F mj;jpatrpa czTg; nghUl;fis
gfpue;;jspf;Fk; NghJ vkf;Ff; fpilj;j mDgtq;fs; ,e;epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd
mbg;gilahf mike;jd. mit>

 fpuhkpa kf;fspd; czTj; Njitapid epiwT nra;jy;

 fpuhkj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l czTg; nghUl;fs;> cs;slq;fshf Vida
nghUl;fspidr;; re;ijg;gLj;jy;
 jfty; njhopy;El;gj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;l gpujhd toq;fy; tiyaikg;G kw;Wk;
,izg;G
 ve;jnthU mdu;j;jj;jpd; NghJk; njhluhd toq;fy; kw;Wk; gfpu;tpid
cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
rpwpa filj;njhFjp tiyaikg;gpid fpuhk Nrit mYtyu; gpupT kl;lj;jpy; cUthf;Fk;
,e;epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhf &gh 15>000 kpy;ypad; epjp Vw;ghL nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
6.13 murhq;f Nrit
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
murhq;f Nrit njhopw;ghLfs; mjp$ba nrytpdj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpaNghjpYk;
tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f murhq;f Nrit vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtJld; ,Wf;fkhd rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
xOq;Ftpjpfs; fhyePbg;G kw;Wk; fhyq;fle;j epu;thf Kiwikfs; kw;wk; eilKiwfs;
fhzg;gLtjdhy; nghJ kf;fs; jkJ Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ mjpf
Kaw;rpapid vLf;f Ntz;bAs;sJld; fhy tpiuak; nryT vd;gd Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
6.13.1 murhq;f Nrit – b[pl;ly;kag;gLj;jy;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
vdNt> murhq;f Nritapy; cw;gj;jpjpwid mjpfupg;gjw;F mur Nritapid b[pl;ly;
kag;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; xJf;fL P nra;ag;gl;l &gh 3>500 kpy;ypaDf;F Nkyjpfkhf NkYk; &gh
500 kpy;ypad; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gLk;.
6.13.2 murhq;f Copau;fSf;fhd Nkhl;lhu;irf;fpy;fs;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
2014 ,y; fs cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w murhq;f Nritapd; tpidj;jpwid
mjpfupg;gjw;F Nkhl;lhu; irf;fpy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lnkhd;wpid ehk;
Muk;gpj;Njhk;. ,k; Kd;ndLg;gpd; fPo; 146>381 fs mYtyu;fs; Nkhl;lhu; irf;fpy;fisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJld; mtu;fs; jkJ murhq;f Nritapid toq;Ftjw;F Fwpj;j Nkhl;lhu;
irf;fpy;fis gad;gLj;Jtij ,d;W ehd; fhZk;NghJ kfpo;r;rpailfpd;Nwd;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
,e;epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpid kPz;Lk;mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjw;F ehd;jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJld; mjd;
ed;ikfis murhq;f Copau;fSf;F khw;Wfpd;w Kiwiknahd;wpidAk;
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; jpl;lkpl;Ls;Nsd;. ,jw;Fj; Njitahd eltbf;iffis
Kd;ndLg;gjw;F &gh 500 kpy;ypaid xJf;fPL nra;tjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.

49
6.13.3 Mrpupau; kw;Wk; mjpgu; rk;gs Kuz;ghl;bid ePf;Fjy;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
Mrpupau; - mjpgu; Nritfspd; rk;gs Kuz;ghl;bid ePf;FkhW Nfhup Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
njhopw;;rq;f Nghuhl;lq;fis KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;J murhq;fj;jpd; %yk; nfhs;if
mbg;gilapy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l 2021.8.30 Me; jpfjpa mikr;ruitj; jPu;khdj;jpid
tpiuthf nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf NkYk; &gh 30>000 kpy;ypaid rk;gskhf cl;;Nru;g;gjw;F
Kd;nkhopag;gLfpd;wJ.
,J Mrpupau; kw;Wk; mjpgu;fspd; rk;gsk; njhlu;ghf jw;nghOJ nrytplg;gLfpd;w &gh
109>000 kpy;ypaDf;F mjpf njhifapidtpl Nkyjpf xJf;fl P hFk;.
6.13.4 gl;ljhupfis Nritapy; epue;jukhf;fy;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
jw;;nghOJ gapYeuhf murhq;f Nritf;F Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l 53>000 ,w;F mjpf
gl;ljhupfSf;F 2022 rdtup khjk; Kjy; epue;ju epakdk; toq;Ftjw;F eltbf;if
vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mjw;fhf &gh 27>600 kpy;ypad; nrythFnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis> Fwpj;j
KOj; njhifapidAk; ,t; tuTnryTj;jpl;lj;jpy; xJf;fL P nra;tjw;F eltbf;if
vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdbg;gilapy;> jw;nghOJ xJf;fL P nra;ag;gl;Ls;s &gh 20>000
kpy;ypaDf;F Nkyjpfkhf NkYk; &gh 7>600 kpy;ypad; ,jw;fhf xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
6.13.5 2015 - 2019 fhyg;gFjpapy; murpay; gypthq;fSf;Fl;gl;ltu;fSf;F el;l<L toq;Fjy;
ntw;wpngw;wtu;fspdhy; vjpu;j;jug;gpdiu Jd;gj;jpw;F Mshf;FtJ etPd r%fj;jpy; kpfTk;
ntWf;fj;jf;f fz;bf;fg;gl Ntz;ba tplakhFk;. MapDk; fle;j Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
,e;ehl;by; vjpu;gug;G murpay; fUj;Jilatu;fs; kpfTk; kdpjhgpkhdkw;w tifapy;
Jd;GWj;jYf;F Mshf;fg;gl;ldu;. mtu;fsJ kNdhepiyapid vk;khy; Gupe;Jnfhs;s
KbahJs;sJ. mf;fhyg;gFjpapy;; mePjp ,iof;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;Fk; gy;NtW
Jd;GWj;jy;fSf;F Mshf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;Fk; epthuzk; toq;FtJ vkJ flg;ghlhf
khwpAs;sJ. ,it midj;Jf;Fkhf ePjpapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;F &gh 100 kpy;ypaid
xJf;fLP nra;tjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.13.6 Xa;t+jpak; ngWeu;fspd; rk;gs Kuz;ghl;il ePf;Fjy;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
kpf ePz;lfhykhf Xa;t+jpak; ngWeu;fspdhy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l Nfhupf;ifahd Xa;t+jpa
Kuz;ghl;bizj; jPu;g;gjw;F nghWj;jkhd nrad;Kiwnahd;wpd;ghy; murhq;fk; ftdk;
nrYj;jpAs;sJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; Xa;t+jpa Kuz;ghl;bid jPu;f;fpd;w mbg;gilr;
nraw;ghLfSf;fhf &gh 500 kpy;ypaid xJf;fPL nra;tjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
6.14 Vida tpNrl epjp Vw;ghLfs;
6.14.1 ngsj;j tpfhiufs; kw;Wk; kj];jsq;fs;; guhkupg;G
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
vkJ ehfuPfk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;bUg;gJ vkJ fpuhkpa ngsj;j tpfhiufis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l fyhrhuq;fspd; gpd;dzpapyhFk;. ,f;fyhrhukhdJ kpfTk; nry;thf;Fkpf;fjhFk;.
MapDk; ,d;Wk; gpd;jq;fpa gpuNjrq;fspy; ngsj;j tpfhiufs; kw;Wk; kj]; jyq;fs; gy
50
 mbg;gil trjpfisf;$l ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbahjsT gy;NtW neUf;fbfis
vjpu;nfhz;Ls;s ,t;thwhd gpd;dzpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w f~;lg; gpuNjrq;fspy; ngsj;j
tpfhiufs; kw;Wk; kj]; jsq;fSf;fhd trjpfis toq;Ftjw;F &gh 500 kpy;y ; paid
xJf;fL P nra;tjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.14.2 gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; fhzhkw;Nghdtu;fSf;fhd el;l<L
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
gy;NtW fhuzq;fspdhy; gy;NtW fhyg;gFjpapy; fhzhkw; Nghdtu;fSf;fhf el;l<L
toq;Ftjw;F tuTnryTj;jpl;l epjp xJf;fL P Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. mt;thW fhzhkw;
Nghdtu;fspd; FLk;gq;fSf;F ePjpapidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;fhf xUf;fPL nra;ag;gl;Ls;s
epjp Vw;ghl;Lf;F Nkyjpfkhf NkYk; &gh 300 kpy;ypaid xJf;fPL nra;tjw;F ehd;
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
6.14.3 cau; njhopy;Gupeu; rq;fq;fSf;F murhq;fj;jpd; gq;fspg;gpid toq;Fjy;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf cau; njhopy; Gupeu;fs; toq;fptUfpd;w gq;fsp;g;G kpfTk;
tpNrlkhdJ. cau; njhopy; Gupeu;fs; tpahghupfs; my;yu;. mtu;fsJ njhopy; epGzj;Jtk;
Gjpa re;jjpapdUf;Fk; nrd;wiljy; Ntz;Lk;. ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; cau; njhopy; Gupeu;
epWtdq;fSld; njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;jp cyfshtpa Gjpa epGzj;Jtj;jpid ,e;ehl;Lf;F
toq;FtJ mtu;fsJ nghWg;GlikahFk;;.
,t;thwhd cau; njhopy; Gupeu;fspd; flikfis epiwNtw;Wtjid ,yFgLj;Jtjw;F
cau; njhopy; Gupeu;fspd;; rq;fq;fSf;F &gh 100 kpy;ypaid tuT nryTj;jpl;l
Kd;nkhopthf cl;Nru;g;gjw;F ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
7.0 tUkhd Kd;nkhopTfs;
7.1 ,yq;ifapd; murhq;f tUkhdk;
murhq;f tUkhdk;> nkhj;j Njrpa cw;gj;jpapy; rjtPjkhf Fiwtile;J nry;fpd;w
tPo;rr; papidf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. ,jdbg;gilapy; 1950-1999 fhyg;gFjpapy; 21.9
rjtPjkhf murhq;f tUkhdk; fhzg;gl;lJld;> 2000-2009 fhyg;gFjpapy; 16.3 rjtPjkhff;
Fiwe;Js;sJ. ,J njhlu;e;J tPo;rr ; paile;J nfhtpl; -19 njhw;WNeha; epiyikapd;
jhf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhf 2020 tUlkhFk; nghOJ murhq;f tUkhdk; 9.2 rjtPjk; tiu
tPo;r;rpaile;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
7.2 ,yq;ifg; nghUshjhuj;ijg; gw;wp jpwdha;T nra;Ak; NghJ> ngUk;ghYk; xg;gpl;L
Nehf;Ftjw;F vLf;fg;gLfpd;w ehLfspy;; me;j tUkhd rjtPjk; ,yq;ifAld; xg;gpLk;NghJ
mjp$ba ngWkjpia ngWfpd;wJ. kNyrpahtpy; mJ E}w;Wf;F 20.2 rjtPjk; jha;yhe;jpy;
E}w;Wf;F 20.6 rjtPjk; ,e;jpahtpy; E}w;Wf;F 18.3 rjtPjk; rpq;fg;G+upy; E}w;Wf;F 17.6
rjtPjkhFk;. xUrpy tsu;e;JtUk; nghUshjhuq;fisf; nfhz;l ehLfspy; murhq;f
tUkhdk; E}w;Wf;F 25 rjtPjj;Jf;Fk; $ba ngWkjpia Ngzp tUfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf
gpNwrpy; E}w;Wf;F 29.4 rjtPjk; kw;Wk; rPdh E}w;Wf;F 25.3 rjtPjk;. mNjNghd;W vkJ tup
epUthfj;jpy; tpidj;jpwdpd;ikapd; fhuzkhf ,of;fpd;w murhq;f tUkhdKk; mjp$ba
ngWkjpiaj; jUfpd;wJ. mjdhy; tup ,zf;fj;ij (Tax Compliance) mjpfupj;Jf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.

51
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
7.3 murhq;f tUkhdk; mt;thW Fiwtile;Js;s NghjpYk;> nrytpdKk; mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
nfhtpl; njhw;WNeha; epiyikapd; fhuzkhf mike;j mrhjhud jhf;fKk; ,jw;F xU
fhuzkhFk;. murhq;fj;jpd; tl;bf; nfhLg;gdTk; murhq;f tUkhdj;jpd; rjtPjkhf 2020
Mk; Mz;by; E}w;Wf;F 71.4 rjtPjkhFk;. rk;gsf; nfhLg;gdT murhq;f tUkhdj;jpd;
rjtPjkhf 2020 Mk; Mz;by; E}w;Wf;F 57.8 rjtPjk; tiu mjpfupj;Js;sJ. kPz;nlOk;
nrytpdk; 2020 Mk; Mz;by; &gh 2>548 gpy;ypad; tiu mjpfupj;Js;sJ. murhq;f
tUkhdk; md;whlk; nrythfpd;w kPz;LtUk; nrytpdKk; <Lnra;J nfhs;s Kbahj
kl;lj;ij mile;Js;sJ. mjw;F mikthf kPz;nlOk; fzf;fpd; gw;whf;Fiw me;j
nkhj;j tUkhdj;jpypUe;J kPz;nlOk; nryitf; fopj;jjd; gpd;duhd ngWkjp nkhj;j
cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapd; rjtPjkhf 2010-2014 ,y; E}w;Wf;F 1.1 ,ypUe;J 2015-2019 ,y;
E}w;Wf;F 1.7 rjtPjk;tiu rjtPj ,yf;fk; 0.6 rjtPjj;jpdhy; mjpfupj;Js;sJ. mJ 2020
Mk; Mz;lstpy; E}w;Wf;F 7.9 tiu mjpfupj;jpUe;jJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
7.4 mNjNghd;W Muk;gf; fzf;fpd; gw;whf;Fiw (nkhj;j tUkhdj;jpd; tl;bf; nfhLg;gdT
jtpu;e;j Vida nrytpdq;fisf; fopj;jjd; gpd;duhd ngWkjp) nkhj;j cs;ehl;L
cw;gj;jpapd; rjtPjkhd 2010 Mk; Mz;L E}w;Wf;F 1.5 rjtPjkhff; fhzg;gl;l
mNjNtisapy; 2015 ,y; mJ E}w;Wf;F 2.9 rjtPjk; tiuAk; 2020 Mk; Mz;by; W}w;Wf;F
4.6 rjtPjk; tiuapYk; mjpfupj;jpUe;jJ. ,jd; %yk; tl;bf; nfhLg;gdT jtpu;e;j Vida
nrytpdq;fSf;fhd murhq;fj;jpd; nrytpdk; mjpfupf;Fk; epiyia gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.
,e;jj; njhif Muk;gf; fld;njhifAld; Nru;e;J nkhj;jf; fldpd; msT
tprhykilfpd;wJ. mjdhy; ,e;j Muk;gf; fzf;Fg; gw;whf;Fiwia E}w;Wf;F 3 rjtPjk;
tiu Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Njit fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;F mikthf 2025 Mk;
Mz;lstpy; Muk;gf; fzf;fpy; kpifnahd;iwg; gjpT nra;tJ vkJ Nehf;fkhFk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
7.5. tuTnryT kpifnahd;W gjpthfpa 1954 kw;Wk; 1955 Mfpa ,uz;L tUlq;fspd; gpd;du;
njhlu;r;rpahf tuTnryTg; gw;whf;Fiwnahd;W gjpthfpapUf;fpd;wJ. me;jg; gw;whf;Fiw
nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapd; rjtPjkhd 2020 Mk; Mz;lstpy; E}w;Wf;F 11.1 rjtPjk;
tiu mjpfupj;Js;sJ. mjdhy; fld; njhifAk; mjpfupj;Js;sJ. 2020 Mk; Mz;lstpy;
nkhj;jf; fld; rjtPjk; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpapd; rjtPjkhf E}w;Wf;F 101.0 tiu
mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
7.6. ,jd; fhuzkhf murpiwj; jpul;rpapd; (Fiscal Consolidation) Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Kd;ndg;NghJk;
,y;yhjthW mstpy; ntspg;gl;Ls;sJ. tuTnryTg; gw;whf;Fiw 2022 Mk; Mz;by;
E}w;Wf;F 8.8 rjtPjk; tiuapYk; 2024 Mk; Mz;by; E}w;Wf;F 6.1 rjtPjk; tiuapYk;
Fiwj;J 2025 Mk; Mz;lstpy; E}w;Wf;F 4.8 rjtPj kl;lk; tiuapYk; Fiwj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;F ehk; Kaw;rpf;fpd;Nwhk;. 2028 Mk; Mz;lstpy; rkepiyahd
tuTnryTj;jpl;lk; xd;iw Nehf;fpr; nry;tJ vkJ vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;. tuTnryTg;
gw;whf;Fiwiaf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf rpwe;j nrytpd Kfhikj;JtKk; tup tUkhdj;ij
mjpfupj;Jf;nfhs;sTk; el;lkilfpd;w murhq;fj; njhopy; Kaw;rpfid kWrPuikf;fTk;
Ntz;bAs;sJ.

52
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
7.7 ,e;j murhq;fk; njupTnra;ag;gl;ljd; gpd;du;> tup nrYj;Jeu;fSf;F trjpfis
toq;FtjidAk; tup ,zf;fj;ij mjpfupj;Jf;nfhs;tijAk; Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L
,yFthd> ntspg;gilj; jd;ikiaf; nfhz;l kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f tupKiw xd;iw
cUf;Fthf;Ftw;F eltbf;if vLj;Njhk;. ,e;j tupj; jpUj;jq;fspd; %yk; tpNrlkhf rpwpa
kw;Wk; eLj;jusT njhopy; Kaw;rpahsu;fs; rpf;fpapUe;j fLikahd tup kw;Wk; fld;
nghwpapypUe;J mtu;fis tpLtpg;gjw;Fk; tupiaf; Fiwg;gjd; fhuzkhf kpifapid Gjpa
KjyPLfSf;fhf gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ehk; vjpu;ghu;j;Njhk;. vt;thwhapDk; ,e;;j vjpu;ghu;g;G
nfhtpl; njhw;WNeha; epiyikapd; fhuzkhf XusT tpyfpr; nrd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk;>
njhw;WNeha; epiyikapd; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu mOj;jj;Jf;F kj;jpapy;
kf;fs;kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;l jhf;fj;ijf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F me;j tupj; jpUj;jj;ij
murpiw J}z;LjyhfTk; nraw;gl;lJ vd;gij ehk; ek;GfpNwhk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
7.8 ehl;bd; murpiw epiyikia tYT+l;Ltjw;fhf murhq;f tUkhdj;ij mjpfupj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;F gpd;tUk; Kd;nkhopTfis rku;g;gpg;gjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;. mNjNghd;w
nfhtpl; epiyikf;F gpd;dUk; ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;ij R%fepiyf;Ff; nfhz;LtUtjw;F
,e;j Kd;nkhopTfs; Jizahf ,Uf;Fnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fpNwhk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
7.9 xU jlit khj;jpuk; mwtpLfpd;w tup
i. 2020/2021 kjpg;gPl;L Mz;Lf;fhf &gh 2>000 kpy;ypaDf;Ff; $Ljyhd tupia mwtplf;$ba
tUkhdk; xd;iw rk;ghjpf;fg;gl;l egu;fs; my;yJ fk;gdpapd;kPJ xU jlit khj;jpuk;
mwtpLfpd;w E}w;Wf;F 25 rjtPj tupnahd;iw mwtpLtjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;. ,e;j
tupapd; %yk; Rkhu; &gh 100 gpy;ypad;fis rk;ghjpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwd;.

ii. epjpr;Nrit epWtdj;jpdhy; epjpr;Nritfis toq;Fjy; rk;ge;jkhd ngWkjp Nru;j;jypd;

mbg;gilapy; E}w;Wf;F 8 rjtPjj;jpd; fPo; tupnahd;iw mwtpLtjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
,e;j tupahdJ 2022 rdtup Kjyhe; jpfjpapypUe;J 2022 brk;gu; 31 Mk; jpfjp tiu
xt;nthU khjKk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. mNjNghd;W ,e;j tupia Efu;Nthu; kPJ
nrYj;Jjy; $lhJ. ,jd; %yk; &gh 14 gpy;ypad;fis rk;ghjpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F
vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
7.10 r%fg; ghJfhg;G gq;fspg;Gj; njhif
nfhtpl; njhw;WNeha; fhuzkhf jhf;fj;jpw;F cs;shd ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;ij
kPz;Lk; R%f epiyf;Ff; nfhz;LtUk; Nehf;fj;Jld; “r%fg;ghJfhg;G gq;fspg;Gj;
njhifia” (Security Contribution) mwtpLtjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;. E}w;Wf;F 3
rjtPjj;jpd;fo P ; Xuhz;Lf;F &gh 120 kpy;ypaidj; jhz;Lfpd;w ,e;j njhiff;Ff; fPo;
gpwo;tpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j gq;fspg;Gj; njhifia mwtpLfpd;Nwhk;. ,e;jg;
gq;fspg;Gj;njhif %yk; &gh 140 gpy;ypad; tUkhdj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F
vjpu;ghu;f;fpNwd;. ,J 2022 Vg;uy; 01 Mk; jpfjpapypUe;J nray;tYg; ngWfpd;wJ.

53
7.11 rpfnul; kPjhd cw;gj;jp tup
rpful;kPJ mwtplg;gLfpd;w tupia cldbahf nray;tYg;ngWk; tpjkhf mjpfupg;gjw;F
Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;. mjw;F mikthf xU rpful;bd; tpiy Ie;J &ghtpdhy; (5) mjpfupf;Fk;.
,jd; %yk; &gh vl;L (8) gpy;ypad; tUkhdk; xd;iw murhq;fk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wJ.

7.12 kJ tup
cldbahf nray;tYg; ngWk; tpjkhf kJ tupia mjpfupg;gjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;. ,e;j
tupia mjpfupg;gjd; %yk; &gh 25 gpy;ypad; Nkyjpf tUkhdnkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F
vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwd;.

7.13 Nkhl;lhu; thfdk;

7.13.1 Nkhl;lhu; thfd tpgj;Jf;F cs;shFk; thfdq;fs; rk;ge;jkhf fl;lzk; xd;iw
mwtpLtjw;Fk;> me;j fl;lzj;ij fhg;GWjpnahd;wpd; %yk; kPs;epug;gy; nra;Jnfhs;tjw;F
re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;Ftjw;Fk; Kd;nkhopfpNwd;. ,jd; %yk; ,lk;ngWfpd;w Nkhl;lhu; thfd
tpgj;Jf;fis Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
7.13.2 mNjNghd;W thfdj;ij etPdkag;gLj;jy;> khw;Wjy; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;Wf;fhf
fl;lzk; xd;iw mwtpLtjw;Fk; rYiff; fhyk; xd;iw cs;slf;fpajhf jz;lg; gzj;ij
nrYj;Jtjw;F cl;gl;L thfdj;ij nrYj;Jtjw;F jFjpahd rl;luPjpay;yhj Nkhl;lhu;
thfdq;fisAk; Nkhl;lhu; irf;fpisAk; rl;luPjpahf gjpT nra;tjw;Fk; Kd;nkhopfpNwd;.
7.13.3 mNjNghd;W tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F njhlu;Gila tupj; njhifia nrYj;jhik kw;Wk;
Vida gy;NtW fhuzpfspd; fhuzkhf ,yq;if Rq;fj; jpizf;fsj;jpy; epWj;jp
itf;fg;gl;Ls;s rfy thfdq;fisAk; tpLtpg;gjw;Fk; Kd;nkhopfpNwd;. cupa tupj;
njhifiaAk; jz;lg; gzj;ijAk; nrYj;Jtjw;F cl;gl;L mit ,t;thW
tpLtpf;fg;glTs;sd.
7.13.4 ,e;j Kd;nkhoptpd; %yk; &gh ehd;F (4) gpy;ypad; Nkyjpf tUkhdj;ij rk;ghjpj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
7.14 tup epUthfk;
7.14.1 tup epu;thfj;ij vspikg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> mjd; tpidj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> ,e;j
murhq;fj;jpdhy; 2021 Mk; Mz;Lf;fhd tuTnryTj; jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; gy
Kd;ndLg;Gfis vLj;jpUe;jJ. ,J rk;ge;jkhf ghupa tup nrYj;Jdu;fsplkpUe;J (LTU)
jpul;lg;gLfpd;w tUkhdj;ij mjpfupg;gjw;fhf ghupa tup nrYj;Jdu;fspd; gpupT Nky;
$l;LwTg; gpupT (UCU) Mfpatw;iw njhlu;e;Jk; tYT+l;Ltjw;fhf Kd;nkhopfpNwd;.
7.14.2 mNjNghd;W tUkhdj;ij jpul;Lfpd;w epWtdq;fspy; b[pl;ly; tUkhd Nrfupg;G njhFjp
cs;ehl;L ,iwtup jpizf;fsj;jpd; tUkhd epUthf Kfhikj;Jt jfty; njhFjp
(RAMIS) kw;Wk; ,yq;if Rq;fj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; jdpr; rhsuj; njhFjp (Single Window)
rk;ge;jkhf fhzg;gLfpd;w gytPdq;fs; gw;wp eltbf;if vLg;gjw;F Kd;nkhopfpNwd;.
7.14.3 ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> kJtupj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; b[pl;ly; tUkhd Nrfupg;G njhFjp
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjidj; Jupjg;gLj;Jtjw;F kJtup mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;ij ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjid vspikg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;nkhopfpNwd;.
7.14.4 NkYk;> NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l b[pl;ly; tUkhd Nrfupg;G njhFjpapD}lhf tup mwpf;ifia
Nfhg;gpLk;NghJ tup Mtzq;fspd; nrk;ik jd;ikia guprPyid nra;tjw;F cupa
54
 Kiwfisf; nfhz;ljhf nry;YgbahFk; Mtzkhf b[pl;ly; ,d;ntha;i]Ak;
Mtzq;fisAk; rku;g;gpf;f $ba vy;yh re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; ,lkspg;gjw;F Kd;nkhopfpNwd;.
7.15 gu;gr;Rty; l;u~uP]; ypkpl;nll; epWtdj;jpdhy; rk;ghjpf;fg;gl;l gzk;
2015 Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup khjk; 1 Mk; jpfjpapypUe;J 2016 Mk; Mz;L khu;rR
; khjk; 31
Mk; jpfjp tiuahd fhy vy;iyf;Fs; jpiwNrup Kwp ntspaplg;gl;lik njhlu;ghf
guprPyid nra;J> tprhuiz nra;J mwpf;if rku;g;gpg;gjw;fhf kPAau; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp
Nf.up.rpj;jpurpwp mtu;fspd; jiyikapy; %tu; mlq;fpa rdhjpgjp tprhuiz Mizf;FO
xd;W mg;NghjpUe;j mjpNkjF rdhjpgjpapdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
me;j rdhjpgjp tprhuiz Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;iff;F mikthf 2016 ngg;utup 01 Mk;
jpfjpapypUe;J 2016 khu;rR; 31 Me; jpfjp tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; gu;gr;Rty; l;u~uP];
ypkpnll; epWtdj;jpdhy; Copau; Nrkyhg epjpak;> Vida epajp epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk;
murhq;f epWtdq;fSf;F jpiwNrup Kwpfis tpw;gid nra;Ak;NghJ me;j epWtdj;jpdhy;
fpilj;j ,yhgk; gpujhdkhf “tpiy $Wzu;T cs;sfj; jfty;” kw;Wk; “re;ijia
Kiwaw;w tpjj;jpy; ifahSjy;” fhuzkhf ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjw;F mikthf 1937 Mk;
Mz;bd; 7 Mk; ,yf;f> gjpTnra;ag;gl;l ifapUg;G kw;Wk; gpizaq;fs; fl;lisr;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapdhy; Muk;g tpw;gidahsu;fSf;F rpwe;j
eilKiwia toq;Fk;nghUl;L ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s elj;ijf; Nfhitapd; Vw;ghl;il
Ntz;Lnkd;Nw kPWk; tpjj;jpy; nraw;gl;L &gh 8.5 gpy;ypad; rk;ghjpj;Js;sjhf me;j
mwpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
me;j Mizf;FOtpd; gupe;Jiuf;F mikthf ePjpgjp mtu;fspdhy; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;s
rl;luPjpahd eltbf;iffSf;F NfL tpistpf;fhj tpjj;jpy; gu;gr;Rty; l;u~uP]; ypkpl;nll;
epWtdk; ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpapd; elj;ijf; Nfhitia kPwp rk;ghjpf;fg;gl;l &gh 8.5
gpy;ypad; njhifia nghJj; jpiwNrupf;F khw;Wtjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
7.16 nghOJNghf;F mDkjpg;gj;jpu fl;lzk;.
tpNrl tyakhf mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l tpNrl gpuNjrj;Jf;fhd nghOJNghf;F
eltbf;if rk;ge;jkhf mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; xd;iw toq;Ftjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
7.17 ,yq;if njhlu;ghly; xOq;FgLj;Jif Mizf;FOtpdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w mDkjpg;
gj;jpuk;.
epiyahd njhiyNgrp nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;. nry;yplj; njhiyNgrp nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;>
,izaj;js Nrit toq;Feu;fs; kw;Wk; nra;kjp xypgug;G nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; cs;spl;l
njhiyj;njhlu;G Nritfs; rk;ge;jkhf ,yq;if njhiyj; njhlu;G xOq;FgLj;Jif
Mizf;FOtpdhy; mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thwhd mDkjpg;
gj;jpuq;fis vjpu;ghu;g;gtu;fspdhy; njhiyj; njhlu;G Nrit rk;ge;jkhf ghupa KjyPLfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wikahy; ,;t;thwhd mDkjpg; gj;jpuj;ij Vytpw;gidapd; %yk;
tpw;gid nra;tjw;F Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;. NkYk; jfty; njhopy;El;gf; fyj;jpy;
cs;slf;fg;glTs;s 5[P miytupiria Vytpw;gid %yk; tpw;gid nra;tjw;F
Kd;nkhopfpNwd;.

55
 8. Gj;Japuspj;jYf;fhd Nguz;lg; nghUshjhu njhiyNehf;F
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
,t;tuTnryTj;jpl;lj;jpidj; jahupf;ifapy; vkJ Njrpa cw;gj;jp nghUshjhuj;jpid
typikg;gLj;Jfpd;w tpjj;jpy; cs;ehl;bYk; ru;tNjr uPjpahfTk; vkJ ehl;ilj; jpwg;gjw;Fj;
Njitahd 5 Kf;fpa Ie;njhiffis ikag;gLj;Jtjw;F ehd; Kaw;rpj;Njd;.
1. vkJ ehl;bd; kf;fis ,yf;fhff; nfhs;fpd;w kdpjts mgptpUj;jp (kdpjts njhFg;G)
2. capu;gy;tifikapdhy; nropg;Gw;w #oy; ghJfhg;G
3. vkJ ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;ijAk; epjpapay; eltbf;iffisAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;w nrd;kjp
epYitfs;
4. murhq;f tUthapidAk; nrytpdj;ijAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;w murepjp kw;Wk; Njrpa
tuTnryTj;jpl;lk;
5. tq;fpfSk; epjpapay; eltbf;iffSk;
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
8.1 “RgPl;rj;jpd; Nehf;F” vd;gJ capu;gy;tifikAld; nropg;Gw;w #oy; el;GkpF epiyNgwhd
mgptpUj;jpahFk;. ,e;Nehf;Fj; njhlu;gpy; ehk; Nrjd tptrhaj;jpd;kPJ jq;fpapUf;fpd;Nwhk;.
ePu;g;ghrd RgPl;rk;> MWfisg; ghJfhg;Nghk;> xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l tPjp KjyPlL ;
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;> trjpf;Fl;gLj;Jfpd;w njhlu;Gif kw;Wk; mgptpUj;;jpf; fUj;jpl;lk;> kPs;
GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f rf;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; vd;gd ,t; tuT nryTj;jpl;lj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp
mZFKiwahf Kd;nkhopag;gl;ld. ,tw;wpd; kPJ fl;bnaOg;Gfpd;w Njrpa cw;gj;jpg;
nghUshjhuj;Jf;F Njitahd gy;NtW JiwfSf;fhd Kd;nkhopTfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
#oiyg; ghJfhj;jy;> czTg; ghJfhg;G> ghJfhg;ghd ePu; kw;Wk; epyk;> nghJkf;fspd;
ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Njrpa ghJfhg;G vd;gd kPJ gy Kd;nkhopTfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
midj;J khfhzq;fSf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ed;ikaspf;ff;$ba trjpf;Fl;gLj;Jfpd;w
nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpnahd;Wf;fhf Kd;nkhopTfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. 2021 ,d; Kjy;
,U fhyhz;LfspDs; ehL> cw;gj;jpg;nghUshjhuj;jpy; 8 rjtPj tsu;r;rpapid milaf;
$bajhftpUe;jJ. 2020 ,d; nghUshjhu ke;jepiyf;F kj;jpapy; mJnthU
tsu;r;rpahftpUe;j NghjpYk; ehd; jahupj;j Kd;nkhopTfspD}lhf 2022-2027 If;nfhz;l
Ie;J tUl fhyg;gFjpapd; NghJ 6 rjtPjj;jpw;F mjpfkhd nghUshjhu tsu;rr ; papid
vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwd;. nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; tsq;fs; kPsikj;jYld; ,ize;J
xl;Lnkhj;j tuTnryTj;jpl;l nrad;KiwAk; vkJ tho;f;ifr; nryT tPjj;jpidf;
Fiwg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
8.2 kdpj %yjd mgptpUj;jpahdJ vkJ nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapd; ikakhff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. kdpj tsq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf;F mjpf Kd;Dupikaspf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gjhy;
,e;ehl;bd; rdj;njhifapd; 75 rjtPjj;jpw;FNky; jLg;g+rp toq;Ftjw;Fk; nfhtpl; - 19
iturplkpUe;J kf;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf mtu;fspd; Neha; vjpu;g;Gr; rf;jpapidg;
NgZtjw;Fj; Njitahd nraY}f;f kUe;jpid mtu;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;Fk; ghupa KjyPL
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mjw;F ,irthf kdpjts mgptpUj;jpapd; gy;NtW Nehf;FfisAk;
cs;slf;Ftjd; %yk; epyk;> ePu;> czT> tPlikg;G kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpakhd #oy;
mNjNghd;W jpwdbg;gilapyike;j fy;tp kw;Wk; tpisahl;L trjpfs; vd;gdtw;Wf;F
tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;Nsd;. rka kw;Wk; fyhrhu ed;nfhilfis Ngzptsu;g;gjd;
%yk; RgPl;rkhd FLk;gnkhd;wpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; flikapd; kPJk; ehk; ftdk;
56
 nrYj;jpNdhk;. jkJ nghUshjhu eltbf;iffis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd #oiy
cUthf;Fjy;> mtu;fsJ nghUshjhu f~;lq;fis xopj;jy; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ
khw;wkilfpd;w ,yf;FfisAk; vjpu;fhy vjpu;ghu;g;GfisAk; epiwT nra;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;fhf
gy;NtW Kd;nkhopTfis ehd; Kd;itj;Njd;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
8.3 vkJ ehl;bd; ru;tNjr tu;j;jfk; epjp kw;Wk; ntspehl;L nryhtzp xJf;Ffs; vd;gtw;iw
tsu;r;rpailar; nra;tjw;fhd njhiyNehf;nfhd;wpid ehk; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;.
jw;NghJs;sthW ntspehl;L xJf;Ffspd; Fiwthd mstpid ehk; nfhz;bUg;gJ
khj;jpukd;wp mJTk; nfhLfld; xJf;nfhd;whFk; vd;gij ehd; fl;lhak; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
,jid vkf;Ftpl;Lr;nrd;w Kd;ida murhq;fk; mjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. vkJ el;G
ehLfspd; MjuTld; FWfpa fhNyhl;lj;jpd; ,d;epiyikapid Kfhik nra;tjw;F ehk;
Kaw;rpfis vLf;fpd;Nwd;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
8.4 vt;thwhapDk;> vkJ ,yf;F vkJ ntspehl;L xJf;Ffis epiyngwj;jf;fthW cau;thd
kl;lnkhd;Wf;F fl;bnaOg;gNtz;Lkhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. 2027 mstpy; vkJ ehl;bd;
mYty;rhu; ntspehl;L xJf;Ffis I.m.nlhyu; 10>000 kpy;ypadhf mjpfupg;gNj vdJ
,yf;F. ,jid mile;Jnfhs;tjw;F> 2022 mstpy; I.m.nlhyu; 19>000 kpy;ypadhf
,Ug;gjw;F gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;w vkJ nkhj;j Vw;Wkjpfis mjpfupg;gNj vdJ
,yf;fhFk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
8.5 vkJ Vw;Wkjpfs; 2021 xf;Nlhgu; mstpy; I.m.nlhyu; 10>028 kpy;ypadhf mjpfupj;jik
Cf;fkspf;fpd;wJ. KO tUlj;jpw;Fk; I.m.nlhyu; 11>900 kpy;ypad; nfhz;l ,yf;fpid ehd;
epu;zapj;Js;Nsd;. mNjNghd;W mNjfhyg;gFjpf;fhd ,wf;Fkjp kPjhd nrytpdk;
I.m.nlhyu; 16>588 kpy;ypadhFk;. ,t;thz;Lf;fhf Rkhu; I.m.nlhyu; 18>900 kpy;ypad;
nfhz;l nrytpLk; ,yf;nfhd;wpidAk; ehd; epu;zapj;Js;Nsd;. vdNt> tu;j;jfg;
gw;whf;Fiw Rkhu; I.m.nlhyu; 7>000 kpy;ypadhftpUf;Fk;. ,wf;Fkjpfspd; nryT 2027
mstpy; Vwj;jhs I.m.nlhyu; 26>800 kpy;ypadhftpUf;Fk; Mjyhy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w Mz;bd;
Vwj;jhs mNjkl;lj;jpy; tu;j;jfg; gw;whf;Fiwapid epiyepWj;Jtjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwd;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
8.6 2021 ,y; Rw;Wyh> JiwKfq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty; njhopy;El;g Kd;dpiyapyhd Vw;Wkjp
Nritfs; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J Rkhu; I.m.nlhyu; 1>000 kpy;ypad; nfhz;l tu;j;jfkpif
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtJld; 2027 ,y; mjid I.m.nlhyu; 8>000 kpy;ypadhf mjpfupg;gjw;F ,t;
tuTnryTj;jpl;l ciuapy; nfhs;iffisAk; topKiwfisAk; vLj;Jiuj;Js;Nsd;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
ntspehl;L njhopy; njhlu;gpy; 2021 ,y; Njwpa ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzp tUtha;fs; Vwj;jhs
I.m.nlhyu; 6>850 kpy;ypadhftpUf;Fk; vd;gJld; 2027 Mk; Mz;lstpy; mjid I.m.nlhyu;
8>000 kpy;ypaDf;F mjpfupg;gJ vdJ kw;WnkhU ,yf;fhFk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
8.7 ru;tNjr eilKiwf; nfhLg;gdTfs; kw;Wk; fpilf;fg;ngwj; jf;fitfs; tbtpy; epfo;fpd;w
gq;Fyhgq;fs; tl;bfs; Nghd;w nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs;> ntspehl;L KjyPLfspy; tsu;r;rpf;Fg;
nghUe;Jk; tifapy; Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk; tu;j;jf epjpapliy Nehf;fpa Kidg;G
57
 fhuzkhf vkJ ehL ntspehl;L KjyPll ; hsu;fisAk; ntspehl;ilj; jskhff; nfhz;l
,yq;if njhopy;Kaw;rpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;ltu;fis ftUk; tpjj;jpy;
Njhw;wk;ngwtpy;iy. Mjyhy; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; epYitAk; gw;whf;Fiwapid
mDgtpf;fpd;wJ. ,q;F nrhy;yg;gl;l gw;whf;FiwahdJ Mz;Lf;F Vwj;jhs I.m.nlh 2>000
kpy;ypadhFk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
8.8 ehd; tpsf;Ffpd;w nkhj;jKk; ntspehl;L eilKiwf;fzf;fpd; gw;whf;Fiwapid
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jdhNyNa> I.m.nlh. 11>000 kpy;ypad; nfhz;l jw;Nghija
gw;whf;Fiwapid 2027 Mk; Mz;by; 6>000 kpy;ypad; nfhz;l kpifahf khw;Wk; nghUl;L
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l Vw;Wkjpfs; Rw;Wyh jfty; njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; ntspehl;L njhopypUe;jhd
tUtha;fs; vd;gtw;iw Nehf;fp ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mifapdhy; ru;tNjr nghUl;fs;
kw;Wk; Nritfs; tu;j;jfj;jpidAk; mNjNghd;W ru;tNjr epjpaspj;jy; vd;gtw;iw
ifahSifapy; mLj;JtUfpd;w 5 tUl fhyg;gFjpapDs; xt;nthU Mz;Lk; nrd;kjp
epYitf;F I.m.nlh. 1>000 nfhz;l Fiwe;jgl;r kpifapidr; Nru;g;gJ vk; midtupdJk;
nghWg;ghfTs;sJ. ru;tNjr eilKiwf; fzf;F khw;WjYk; ,f;Fwpg;gpy;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
8.9 murhq;f tuT nryTj;jpl;lj;jpid rkepiyg;gLj;jnyd;gJ xd;wpy; tUlf;fzf;fhd
epiyNgwhd jPu;Tfshy; jPu;f;fg;glhikapd; fhuzkhf my;yJ murpay; Nehf;fpy;
gpur;rpidfis Nehf;Ftjd; fhuzkhf Ftpe;Js;s ghupasT r%fg; nghUshjhu rthy;fis
Kfhik nra;tjpy; vkJ mbg;gil kw;Wk; Kf;fpa nghWg;Gf;fspy; xd;whfj; Njhw;wk;
ngw;Ws;sJ. Rje;jpuk; ngw;wjpyp;Ue;J xt;nthU murhq;fKk; gw;whf;Fiw tuT nryTj;jpl;lf;
nfhs;ifnahd;wpid Nehf;fpNa rha;e;jpUe;jd. 1960 fspy; Njrpa tUkhdj;jpy; Rkhu; 6
rjtPjkhftpUe;j ,g;gw;whf;Fiw 1978 njhlf;fk; mt;tg;NghJ 10 rjtPjj;jpid tpQ;rpaJ.
2020 – 2018 fhyg;gFjpapy; ,J Rkhu; 7 – 8 rjtPjj;jpw;fpilapy; jsk;gpf; fhzg;gl;lJld;
jw;NghJ ,J kPz;Lk; 10 rjtPjj;jpid tpQ;rpAs;sJ. fpl;lj;jl;l 70 Mz;Lfshf
nraw;ghl;bypUf;fpd;w ,f;nfhs;iffspd; tpisthf ,t;tpisTfis ehk; jw;NghJ
mDgtpf;fpd;Nwhk;. kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfshf vq;fs; kj;jpapYk;$l ,g;Nghf;fpypUe;J
tpLgLtjw;fhd murpay; kdepiyAk; ,g;gpur;ridia fhye;jho;j;Jfpd;wnthd;whfTs;sJ.
kf;fs; vkf;fspj;j Miz> vkJ mjpfhuf; fhyg;gFjpapDs; mg;Nghf;fpypUe;J tpyFtjd;
%yk; nghUshjhu uPjpahf tYthd ehnlhd;wpid fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhdjhFk; vd ehk;
fUJfpd;Nwhk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
8.10 murhq;fj;jpd; epjpapay; eltbf;iffs; ntWkNd tupfisr; Nrfupj;jy;> fl;lzq;fs; kw;Wk;
mwtPLf@lhf Nkk;ghlilahJ. epiyNgwhd epjpapay; xOf;fnkhd;wpid cUthf;Ftjw;F
murhq;f nrytpdj;ij rpf;fdkhfTk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; kpf;f tpjj;jpy; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk;
mtrpakhFk;. kPz;nlOk; nrytpdj;jpid epiwNtw;Wtjw;F tUtha; %yq;fis NjLfpd;w
kuGrhu;e;j mZFKiwf;F gjpyhf murhq;f tUtha; %yk; epiwT nra;af;$ba kl;lq;fspy;
nrytpdj;ij NgZtjw;fhd epiyNgwhd topKiwfSld; mur epjp Kfhikj;Jt
fyhrhuj;jpid fl;bnaOg;GtjidAk; mj;jifa topKiwfspd; cw;gj;jpj; jpwidj;
njhlu;r;rpahf kjpg;gpLtijAk; ehk; ,dpNkYk; fhye;jho;j;j KbahJ.

58
 nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
8.11 eyNdhk;Gifr; nrytpdk;> guhkupg;Gr; nrytpdk;> mgptpUj;jpr; nrytpdk; vd;gtw;iw
cupafhyj;jpy; gfpu;e;jspj;jyhdJ tl;b> rk;gsq;fs;> Xa;t+jpaq;fs;> fld; jtizf;
nfhLg;gdTfs;> ,g;ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; xg;Gjyspf;fg;gl;l kPs;nfhLg;gdT Kd;Dupikfs;
vd;gtw;Wf;F kj;jpapy; njhlu;rr; pahd Nghuhl;lnkhd;whf Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ. murhq;f
tUtha; epajpfspy; epjpaq;fs;; kw;Wk; ,e;Nehf;fj;ij epiwT nra;tjw;fhd fld;fs;
vd;gtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; jhkjq;fs; kw;Wk; tpiuTfs; fhuzkhf jpiwNrup mjd;
njhopw;ghLfspy; Njhy;tpNaw;gLk; jd;ikapid njhlu;e;J vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf
mur epjp Kfhikj;JtkhdJ neUf;fbnahd;whf Njhw;wk;ngw;W jPu;g;gdT nra;ag;glhj
toq;Feu; nfhLg;gdTfSf;F ,l;L;r; nry;fpd;w mNjNtis mgptpUj;jpAk; nghJr; Nritapd;
juKk; ];jpukw;Wf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
8.12 nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs ,g; gazg;ghijia ehk; khw;wNtz;bAs;sJ. Rkhu; 72
Mz;Lfshfg; Ngrg;gLfpd;w tuTnryTg;gw;whf;Fiw> xl;Lnkhj;j nghUshjhu
nrad;Kiwapy; ikag;gpur;ridahf Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ. eilKiwg;gLj;JtjpYs;s
,lu;ghLfis Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLtjd; %ykhftd;wp murhq;f tUthapidAk;
nrytpdj;ijAk; rkepiyg;gLj;jf;$ba kf;fs; tuTnryTj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;ij ehk;
mZfNtz;ba gy vz;zpf;ifahd topfis ehd; vLj;Jiuj;Njd;. ajhu;j;jj;ij ehk;
vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Mifapdhy; vkJ njhiyNehf;F tuTnryTj;jpl;lg;
gw;whf;Fiwapid jw;Nghja Njrpa tUkhd kl;lj;jpd; 10 rjtPjj;jpypUe;J 2027 mstpy;
1.5 rjtPjj;jpw;F Fiwf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; xl;Lnkhj;j tuTnryTj;jpl;lj;jpidAk; Kfhik
nra;tjhFk;. jw;NghJ Njrpa tUkhdj;jpd; 9 rjtPjkhfTs;s murhq;f tUthapid 2027
mstpy; 18 rjtPjj;jpw;F mjpfupf;ff;$ba tifapy; tup epu;thfj;ij ehk; tYg;gLj;j
Ntz;bAs;sJld; tupj;jsj;jpid tpupTgLj;Jfpd;w mNjNtis jdpg;gl;ltu;fs; kw;Wk;
tpahghuq;fs; kj;jpapy; tup ,zq;Ftpj;jypid mjpfupf;fpd;w nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapid
mwpKfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
8.13 VyNt ehd; Fwpg;gpl;lJNghd;W jdpg;gl;l Nrkpg;Gfis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F Nkyjpfkhf mjd;
tuT nryTj;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpD}lhfTk; murhq;fk; Nrkpf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,jd;
Nehf;fk; jw;NghJ Njrpa tUkhdj;jpd; rjtPjkhf Rkhu; 16 rjtPjk; fhzg;gLfpd;w
kPz;nlOk; nrytpdj;ij 2027 mstpy; 13 rjtPjj;jpw;F Fiwg;gjd; %yk; tuT nryTj;jpl;l
Nrkpg;Gfis 5 rjtPjj;jpw;F mjpfupg;gjhFk;. ,jpy; jPu;f;fkhd Mz;L 2024 Mk; Mz;lhFk;.
,jw;Ff; fhuzk; eilKiwf;fzf;fpYs;s kpiffs; ,t;thz;by; tsu;rr ; pailAnkd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wikahFk;. ,J njhlu;gpy; midj;J murhq;f Copau;fspdJk; nfsut
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspdJk; Mjuitf; $Wfpd;Nwd;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
8.14 Njrpa tUkhdj;jpd; Rkhu; 3.5 rjtPjkhf jw;NghJ fhzg;gLfpd;w mgptpUj;jpr; nrytpdk;
2024 mstpy; 6 rjtPjj;jpw;F mjpfupf;Fnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtJld; 2027 mstpy; Rkhu; 7
rjtPjj;jpw;F mjpfupf;Fnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; mu;j;jk; ,JtiuapYk; fld;fs;
kPJ jq;fpapUf;fpd;w mgptpUj;jpr; nrytpdk; tuTnryTj;jpl;l Nrkpg;Gfs; kPJ
mjpfupj;jstpy; jq;fpapUf;fyhk; vd;gjhFk;. jw;NghJ Rkhu; 102 rjtPjkhfTs;s murhq;fg;
gLflid mj;jifa murepjp Kfhikj;Jtj;jpD}lhf khj;jpuNk 74 rjtPjj;jpw;F
Fiwf;ff;$bajhftpUf;Fk;. ,q;F Njrpa tUkhdj;jpd; rjtPjkhf ntspehl;Lg; gLflid
36.5 rjtPjj;jpypUe;J 13.6 rjtPjj;jpw;F Fiwg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffSf;Fs; ,t;
59
 tuTnryTj;jpl;l kjpg;gPLfs;> I.m.nlh 8>000 kpy;ypad; nfhz;l Vw;fdNt Fiwf;fg;gl;l
ehl;Lf;fhd gd;ehl;L Kwpf;fld;fis NkYk; Fiwg;gjidAk; epiyNgwhd epjpaspj;jY}lhf
ntspehl;Lf; fld;fspd; cs;sikg;gpid khw;WtjidAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wd.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
8.15 ehd; rku;g;gpf;fpd;w vdJ tuT nryTj;jpl;l njhiyNehf;fhdJ ehk; midtUk; xd;WNru;e;J
nry;yNtz;ba rthy;kpf;f ghijahFk;. ,J gw;whf;Fiwahd tuT nryTj;jpl;lg;
ghijnahd;W vd;gijtpl kpfTk; xOf;fk;kpf;f murepjp fl;Lg;ghlhFk;. ,jidg;
gof;fg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ Kjypy; fbdkhdjhf ,Uf;fyhk;. MapDk; ehl;bid> Njrj;jpid
mj;Jld; nghUshjhuj;jpid typikg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,JNt ghijahFk; vd;gjid ehd;
cWjpahf typAWj;Jfpd;Nwd;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
8.16 vkJ tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; epjpapay; epWtdq;fspd; njhopw;ghLfspy; ehk; mile;j ntw;wpfis
ehk; epidTgLj;j Ntz;Lk;. vkJ ehl;by; tq;fpj;njhopy; kw;Wk; epjpapay; Jiwapy; Gwl;rpfu
khw;wq;fshf 1957 ,y; CopaNrkyhg epjpak;> 1961 ,y; kf;fs; tq;fp> 1960 fspy; ,yq;if
tq;fp kw;Wk; Njrpa fhg;GWjpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; vd;gtw;iw Njrpa kakhf;fy;> 1971 ,y;
Njrpa Nrkpg;G tq;fp jhgpf;fg;gl;ljid ehk; ghuhl;l tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;. fpuhkpa gpuNjrq;fis
,yf;fhff; nfhz;L fpis tiyaikg;gpid jpwe;Js;sjd; fhuzkhf ehl;bd; fpuhkpa
gpuNjrq;fs; tq;fpj;njhopy; kw;Wk; epjpapay; trjpfSf;F ngWtopapidf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
mitapd;wp jdpahu; tq;fpfSk; fhg;GWjp epWtdq;fSk; mq;F xUNghJk; nrd;wpuhJ.
vt;thwhapDk;> fle;j rpy jrhg;jq;fshf murhq;f tuTnryTj;jpl;lj;jpw;F epjpaspg;gij
Nehf;fp mjpfstpy; jq;fpapUf;fpd;w Fwpg;ghf ngw;Nwhypa> kpd;rhu kw;Wk; ,urhaz cuq;fs;
njhlu;gpyhd epWtdq;fSf;F mur tq;fpfSk; fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpfSk; epjpaspf;fpd;wd.
vdNt> njhopy;Kaw;rpfs; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gk;> tPlikg;G kw;Wk; tptrhak;
my;yJ rhjhuz itg;ghsu;fs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F epjpaspg;gjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kd;Ndw;wk;
fhl;lg;gltpy;iy. tptrha mWtilfisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;F rYif tPjq;fis
toq;fg;gLfpd;w murhq;fj;jpd; thq;FWjpf; fld;jpl;lk; ghupa tu;j;jfu;fspd; iffspy;
epjpapay; fUtpnahd;whf ,Uf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; khw;wkile;Js;sJ.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
8.17 mur KjyPlL ; kw;Wk; <l;Ltq;fp> tPlikg;G mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; epjpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk;> ,yq;if
Njrpa Nrkpg;G tq;fp> gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp tq;fp Nghd;w mur tq;fpfSk; epjpapay;
epWtdq;fSk; mgptpUj;jp epjpaspf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; khWjyilatpy;iy. rKu;j;jp tq;fp
Kiwik jtpu fpuhkpag; nghUshjhuj;jpw;F cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf ve;jnthU Ez;ghf
epjpaspj;jy; epWtdKk; Njhw;wk;ngwtpy;iy. $l;LwT fpuhkpa tq;fpKiwikAk;
tYg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. epjp kw;Wk; Fj;jif fk;gdpfspd; njhopw;ghLfSk;
,NjepiyapNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. <upI> j gpdhd;]; fk;gdp Nghd;w epjpf; fk;gdpfs;
Kwptile;Js;sd. ,J xl;Lnkhj;j epjpj;;JiwapidAk; Nkhrkhfg; ghjpf;fpd;wJ. nfhLfld;
jfty; gzpafkhdJ rpW kw;Wk; eLj;justpyhd njhopy;Kaw;rpfSf;F
jilnahd;whfpAs;sJ. Njrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp jdpahu; kag;gLj;jg;gl;ljDld; mgptpUj;jp
tq;fpKiwAk; kiwe;Jtpl;lJ. 2021 tuTnryTj;jpl;lj;jpy; nfsut gpujk mikr;ru; rpwpa
kw;Wk; eLj;justpyhd njhopy;Kaw;rpfSf;F gzpahw;Wfpd;w NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;lmur
tq;fpfis ,izf;fpd;w mgptpUj;jp tq;fpnahd;wpd; Njitapid vLj;Jf;fhl;bdhu;.

60
 nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
8.18 mNjNtis Nrkpg;Gf;fs; cs;slq;fshf gy;NtW nfhLf;fy; thq;fSf;Fk; Nritehbfs;
kPJ tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; epjp epWtdq;fshy; mwtplg;gLk; fl;lzq;fs; rpf;fyhditahf
Njhw;wk;ngw;Ws;sd. mf;fl;lzq;fis rkkhditahf Mf;Ftjw;fhd Njit
Njhd;wpAs;sJ. Mjyhy; ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpAk; epjp mikr;Rk; (<upI) kPjhd rdhjpgjp
Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;ifapidAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L ,;j;Jiwfspd; gue;jstpyhd
kWrPuikg;Gfis njhlq;fNtz;Lnkd ehd; Kd;nkhopfpd;Nwd;.
KbTiu
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
9.1 “ey;nyhOf;fk;” my;yJ “ey;yhl;rp” vd miof;fg;gLk; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd;NghJ ehLnrd;w
ghij xUNghJk; ehl;Lf;F ed;ikgaf;ftpy;iy. mjpNkjF rdhjpgjp Nfhl;lhgha uh[gf;~
mtu;fs; vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhf mg;ghijapid khw;Wtjw;F mr;rkpd;wp mu;g;gzpj;Js;shu;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
9.2 mg;ghijapid jpirkhw;Wtjw;F Nrjd tptrhaj;ijf; nfhz;l mj;Jld; kPs;
GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f rf;jp nghUshjhuj;jpidf; nfhz;l xU ehl;by; ehk; fhy;gjpj;Js;Nshk;. ehk;
eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;w cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; epu;khzj;Jiw khj;jpukd;wp re;ij
njhlu;Gif> Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; murhq;f Nritfs;> fy;tpj;Jiw mgptpUj;jp
vd;gtw;Wf;fhdjhFk;. capu;gy;tifikapid nropg;gilar; nra;jYk; Rw;whly; ghJfhg;Gk;
epiyngW jd;ikapid tpUj;jp nra;fpd;wJ. ehl;bd; tuTnryTj;jpl;lk;> nrd;kjp epYitfs;
kw;Wk; tq;fp mj;Jld; epjpj;Jiwfs; ,jw;F xd;WNru;e;J gq;fspf;f Ntz;Lk;. cWjpahd
r%fg; nghUshjhuj;jpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F kdpjts mgptpUj;jp ,yf;fhff; nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa mZFKiwapD}lhf ,iwikahd munrhd;iw jhgpg;gjw;fhd ghij
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vd ehd; ek;Gfpd;Nwd;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
9.3 gy mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUfpd;w ehLfs; RgPl;rk; kpf;f epyq;fshf jw;NghJ
Njhw;wk;ngw;Ws;sd. vkJ ehl;bd; Gj;jp [PtpfSk; tu;j;jfu;fSk; me;ehLfspy; njhopYf;fhf
nrd;Ws;sdu;. etPd tpkhd epiyaq;fs;> JiwKfq;fs;> mjpNtfg; ghijfs;>
mLf;Fkhbkidfs; Nghd;w ngsjpf cl;fl;likg;gpd; fhuzkhf khj;jpuk; me;ehLfs;
RgPl;rk;ngwtpy;iy. mtw;wpd; Njrpa nghUshjhuk; typik kpf;fjhf cUthfpaJ. tq;fpfs;>
JiwKfq;fs;> Rq;fk;> cs;ehl;L ,iwtup Nghd;w epWtdq;fs; njhopy;El;g Nritfs; Clhf
NtWehLfSld; ,ize;J xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf mgptpUj;jpaile;jd. me;ehLfs; Kjdpiy
%yg;nghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf ngWkjp Nru;f;fg;gl;l ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk;
njhopy;El;grhu; cw;gj;jpfis kpifahf;fpd 70 tUlq;fSf;FNky; gw;whf;Fiw
tuTnryTj;jpl;lq;fis NgZtjw;Fg; gjpyhf nrytpdj;ij tpQ;Rfpd;w murhq;f
tUthapid mit mjpfupj;J tuTnryTj;jpl;lj;jpDs; Nrkpg;gpid cUthf;fpd.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
9.4 me;ehLfspd; RgPl;rkhdJ nrhj;jhz;ikapd; cilik gw;wpa RNyhfq;fSf;Fs; Klq;fhJ
,yhgfukhd $l;LKaw;rpfshf murhq;f kw;Wk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; ,uz;Lk; khw;wkile;j
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Clhf fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ. ntspehLfspypUe;J khztu;fis
<u;g;gjw;F mit trjpfis epWtpd. Rfhjhu trjpfis cau;thd juzpaq;fSf;F
mgptpUj;jp nra;J mtw;wpd; kUj;Jt epiyaq;fSf;F ehk; cl;gl ntspehLfspypUe;J
kf;fis mit <u;j;jd. tq;fpfSk; epjpapay; epWtdq;fSk; itg;GfisAk; fld;
61
 fzf;FfisAk; NgZfpd;w mbg;gil tu;j;jf tq;fpfshf ,Ug;gjpypUe;J KOikahf
trjpgilj;j rhjfq;fSld; $ba epjp epWtdq;fshf khWjyile;jd.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
9.5 vkJ ehl;il RgPl;rk; kpf;f epykhf khw;Wtjw;F ehd; Kd;itj;Js;s tuTnryTj;jpl;l
fl;likg;G ,j;jd;ikapyhd mgptpUj;jp gaztopnahd;wpd;kPJ jlk;gjpg;gjd; Clhf
khj;jpuk; jpUg;GKidnahd;whf Mf;fg;glf;$baJ. ,jdhNyNa ,g;nghWg;Gilik
Fwpj;njhJf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,t;titapd; cWg;gpdu;fspd; MjuTk; mDkjpAk;
toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>
9.6 vdJ tuTnryTj;jpl;l ciuapid Kbg;gjw;FKd; cq;fs; midtUf;Fk; ed;wp$WtJ
vdJ caupa flikahFk;. tuTnryTj;jpl;lj;jpidj; jahupg;gjw;F Mrpu;thjkspj;jikf;fhf
k`hehaf;f Njuu;fSf;Fk; midj;J tzf;fj;Jf;Fupa Njuu;fSf;Fk; ,e;J> fj;Njhypf;f
kw;Wk; ,];yhk; kjq;fspd; jiytu;fSf;Fk; fz;zpaj;Jld; ed;wp$Wfpd;Nwd;.
o ,r;rthy;kpf;f Neuj;jpy; vjpu;fhyj;ijf; nfhz;l kf;fs; tuTnryTj;jpl;lj;jpid
tFg;gjw;F vdf;F tha;g;gspj;j mjpNkjF rdhjpgjp Nfhl;lhgha uh[gf;~
mtu;fSf;F vdJ Kjw;fz; ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfl;Lk;
o Nkd;ikkpf;f midj;J topfhl;lYf;Fk; Kd;khjpupahd jiytu; nfsut gpujk
mikr;rUf;F ehd; Mrp Ntz;Lfpd;Nwd;.
o vdJ fd;dp tuTnryTj;jpl;l ciuapid rku;g;gpg;gjw;F midj;J trjpfisAk;
MjutpidAk; vdf;F toq;fpaikf;fhf nfsut rghehafUf;F vdJ fz;zpakhd
ed;wpia njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
o nfsut mikr;ru;fs;> nfsut ,uh[hq;f mikr;ru;fs;> nfsut ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdu;fsplkpUe;J fpilj;j MjuT vd;Wk; NkyhdJ.
o mjpNkjF rdhjpgjpapd; nrayhsUf;F> epjp mikr;rpd; nrayhsUf;F> epjp
mikr;rpd; xl;Lnkhj;j mYtyu;fSf;Fk;> mikr;Rf;fspd; kw;Wk; ,uh[hq;f
mikr;rpd; midj;J nrayhsu;fSf;Fk;> murhq;f mjpgu;fSf;Fk;> gpuNjr
nrayhsu;fSf;Fk; jpizf;fsq;fspd; kw;Wk; murhq;f epWtdq;fspd;
jiytu;fSf;Fk; xl;Lnkhj;j mur Nritf;Fk; vdJ gzpthd ed;wpfis
njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;.
o ghuhSkd;w nrayhsu; ehafj;jpw;Fk; mtu;fsJ xl;Lnkhj;j mYtyu;fSf;Fk;
ed;wp $Wfpd;Nwd;.
o nfsut MSeu;fs; kw;Wk; khfhz rigfspd; Kd;dhs; cWg;gpdu;fs;> cs;@uhl;rp
mjpfhurigapd; gpujpepjpfs; MfpNahUf;Fk; mtu;fsJ ,d;wpaikahj MjuTf;fhf
ed;wp$Wfpd;Nwd;.
o tuTnryTj;jpl;lj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy; mtu;fspd; nraY}f;fk;kpf;f <Lghl;Lf;fhf
midj;J jdpahu; Jiw tu;j;jf rk;Nksdq;fs;> rptpy; mikg;Gfs;> tu;j;jf
rq;fq;fs;> njhopy;rhu; mikg;Gf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; MfpNahUf;F vdJ gzpthd
ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfl;Lk;.
o fpuhkpa r%f jiytu;fs; cs;slq;fshf midj;J gpuirfSf;Fk; ed;wp
$Wfpd;Nwd;.
o ,yq;if nghJrd Kd;dzpf; fl;rpapd; midj;J $l;Lf; fl;rpfSf;Fk; mjpYs;s
midj;J fl;;likg;GfSf;Fk; ed;wp $Wfpd;Nwd;.
o ,it midj;Jf;Fk; Nkyhf fbdkhd fhyfl;lj;ij vjpu;nfhz;L
tuTnryTj;jpl;lk; rku;g;gpj;jiy Mu;tj;Jld; vjpu;ghu;j;J nghWikahff; fhj;jpUe;j

62
 ,e;ehl;bd; vdJ md;Gf;Fupa gpuirfSf;F vdJ ,jag+u;tkhd ed;wpapid ehd;
njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

nfsut rghehafu; mtu;fNs>

vdJ tuTnryTj;jpl;l ciuapd; Kbthf vkJ ehl;by; gpugy;akhd ,yf;fpathjpahd
k`fkNrfu vd;gtupd; rpe;jidia Nkw;Nfhs;fhl;l tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;.

ju;Nk
fhrpk;
,uh[Re;juk;
midtUk; ,q;F xd;whfr; Nru;e;jpUf;fpd;wdu;
ehk; xd;WNrUNthk;
ehk; ,t;Tyif jw;NghjpUg;gijtpl rpwe;j ,lnkhd;whf;FNthk;.
Kk;kzpfspd; Mrpfs; cupj;jhfl;Lk;..!

63