11/4/21, 9:59 PM G.R. No.

102976

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Republic of the Philippines

SUPREME COURT
Manila

THIRD DIVISION

G.R. No. 102976 October 25, 1995

IRON AND STEEL AUTHORITY, petitioner,

vs.
THE COURT OF APPEALS and MARIA CRISTINA FERTILIZER CORPORATION, respondents.

FELICIANO, J.:

Petitioner Iron and Steel Authority ("ISA") was created by Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 272 dated 9 August 1973 in
order, generally, to develop and promote the iron and steel industry in the Philippines. The objectives of the ISA are
spelled out in the following terms:

Sec. 2. Objectives — The Authority shall have the following objectives:

(a) to strengthen the iron and steel industry of the Philippines and to expand the domestic and export
markets for the products of the industry;

(b) to promote the consolidation, integration and rationalization of the industry in order to increase
industry capability and viability to service the domestic market and to compete in international markets;

(c) to rationalize the marketing and distribution of steel products in order to achieve a balance between
demand and supply of iron and steel products for the country and to ensure that industry prices and
profits are at levels that provide a fair balance between the interests of investors, consumers suppliers,
and the public at large;

(d) to promote full utilization of the existing capacity of the industry, to discourage investment in excess
capacity, and in coordination, with appropriate government agencies to encourage capital investment in
priority areas of the industry;

(e) to assist the industry in securing adequate and low-cost supplies of raw materials and to reduce the
excessive dependence of the country on imports of iron and steel.

The list of powers and functions of the ISA included the following:

Sec. 4. Powers and Functions. — The authority shall have the following powers and functions:

xxx xxx xxx

(j) to initiate expropriation of land required for basic iron and steel facilities for subsequent resale and/or
lease to the companies involved if it is shown that such use of the State's power is necessary to
implement the construction of capacity which is needed for the attainment of the objectives of the
Authority;

xxx xxx xxx

(Emphasis supplied)

P.D. No. 272 initially created petitioner ISA for a term of five (5) years counting from 9 August 1973.1 When ISA's
original term expired on 10 October 1978, its term was extended for another ten (10) years by Executive Order No.

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555 dated 31 August 1979.

The National Steel Corporation ("NSC") then a wholly owned subsidiary of the National Development Corporation
which is itself an entity wholly owned by the National Government, embarked on an expansion program embracing,
among other things, the construction of an integrated steel mill in Iligan City. The construction of such a steel mill
was considered a priority and major industrial project of the Government. Pursuant to the expansion program of the
NSC, Proclamation No. 2239 was issued by the President of the Philippines on 16 November 1982 withdrawing
from sale or settlement a large tract of public land (totalling about 30.25 hectares in area) located in Iligan City, and
reserving that land for the use and immediate occupancy of NSC.

Since certain portions of the public land subject matter Proclamation No. 2239 were occupied by a non-operational
chemical fertilizer plant and related facilities owned by private respondent Maria Cristina Fertilizer Corporation
("MCFC"), Letter of Instruction (LOI), No. 1277, also dated 16 November 1982, was issued directing the NSC to
"negotiate with the owners of MCFC, for and on behalf of the Government, for the compensation of MCFC's present
occupancy rights on the subject land." LOI No. 1277 also directed that should NSC and private respondent MCFC
fail to reach an agreement within a period of sixty (60) days from the date of LOI No. 1277, petitioner ISA was to
exercise its power of eminent domain under P.D. No. 272 and to initiate expropriation proceedings in respect of
occupancy rights of private respondent MCFC relating to the subject public land as well as the plant itself and
related facilities and to cede the same to the NSC.2

Negotiations between NSC and private respondent MCFC did fail. Accordingly, on 18 August 1983, petitioner ISA
commenced eminent domain proceedings against private respondent MCFC in the Regional Trial Court, Branch 1,
of Iligan City, praying that it (ISA) be places in possession of the property involved upon depositing in court the
amount of P1,760,789.69 representing ten percent (10%) of the declared market values of that property. The
Philippine National Bank, as mortgagee of the plant facilities and improvements involved in the expropriation
proceedings, was also impleaded as party-defendant.

On 17 September 1983, a writ of possession was issued by the trial court in favor of ISA. ISA in turn placed NSC in
possession and control of the land occupied by MCFC's fertilizer plant installation.

The case proceeded to trial. While the trial was ongoing, however, the statutory existence of petitioner ISA expired
on 11 August 1988. MCFC then filed a motion to dismiss, contending that no valid judgment could be rendered
against ISA which had ceased to be a juridical person. Petitioner ISA filed its opposition to this motion.

In an Order dated 9 November 1988, the trial court granted MCFC's motion to dismiss and did dismiss the case.
The dismissal was anchored on the provision of the Rules of Court stating that "only natural or juridical persons or
entities authorized by law may be parties in a civil case."3
The trial court also referred to non-compliance by
petitioner ISA with the requirements of Section 16, Rule 3 of the Rules of Court.4

Petitioner ISA moved for reconsideration of the trial court's Order, contending that despite the expiration of its term,
its juridical existence continued until the winding up of its affairs could be completed. In the alternative, petitioner
ISA urged that the Republic of the Philippines, being the real party-in-interest, should be allowed to be substituted
for petitioner ISA. In this connection, ISA referred to a letter from the Office of the President dated 28 September
1988 which especially directed the Solicitor General to continue the expropriation case.

The trial court denied the motion for reconsideration, stating, among other things that:

The property to be expropriated is not for public use or benefit [__] but for the use and benefit [__] of
NSC, a government controlled private corporation engaged in private business and for profit, specially
now that the government, according to newspaper reports, is offering for sale to the public its [shares of
stock] in the National Steel Corporation in line with the pronounced policy of the present administration
to disengage the government from its private business ventures.5 (Brackets supplied)

Petitioner went on appeal to the Court of Appeals. In a Decision dated 8 October 1991, the Court of Appeals
affirmed the order of dismissal of the trial court. The Court of Appeals held that petitioner ISA, "a government
regulatory agency exercising sovereign functions," did not have the same rights as an ordinary corporation and that
the ISA, unlike corporations organized under the Corporation Code, was not entitled to a period for winding up its
affairs after expiration of its legally mandated term, with the result that upon expiration of its term on 11 August
1987, ISA was "abolished and [had] no more legal authority to perform governmental functions." The Court of
Appeals went on to say that the action for expropriation could not prosper because the basis for the proceedings,
the ISA's exercise of its delegated authority to expropriate, had become ineffective as a result of the delegate's
dissolution, and could not be continued in the name of Republic of the Philippines, represented by the Solicitor
General:

It is our considered opinion that under the law, the complaint cannot prosper, and therefore, has to be
dismissed without prejudice to the refiling of a new complaint for expropriation if the Congress sees it
fit." (Emphases supplied)

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At the same time, however, the Court of Appeals held that it was premature for the trial court to have ruled
that the expropriation suit was not for a public purpose, considering that the parties had not yet rested their
respective cases.

In this Petition for Review, the Solicitor General argues that since ISA initiated and prosecuted the action for
expropriation in its capacity as agent of the Republic of the Philippines, the Republic, as principal of ISA, is entitled
to be substituted and to be made a party-plaintiff after the agent ISA's term had expired.

Private respondent MCFC, upon the other hand, argues that the failure of Congress to enact a law further extending
the term of ISA after 11 August 1988 evinced a "clear legislative intent to terminate the juridical existence of ISA,"
and that the authorization issued by the Office of the President to the Solicitor General for continued prosecution of
the expropriation suit could not prevail over such negative intent. It is also contended that the exercise of the
eminent domain by ISA or the Republic is improper, since that power would be exercised "not on behalf of the
National Government but for the benefit of NSC."

The principal issue which we must address in this case is whether or not the Republic of the Philippines is entitled to
be substituted for ISA in view of the expiration of ISA's term. As will be made clear below, this is really the only issue
which we must resolve at this time.

Rule 3, Section 1 of the Rules of Court specifies who may be parties to a civil action:

Sec. 1. Who May Be Parties. — Only natural or juridical persons or entities authorized by law may be
parties in a civil action.

Under the above quoted provision, it will be seen that those who can be parties to a civil action may be
broadly categorized into two (2) groups:

(a) those who are recognized as persons under the law whether natural, i.e., biological persons, on the
one hand, or juridical person such as corporations, on the other hand; and

(b) entities authorized by law to institute actions.

Examination of the statute which created petitioner ISA shows that ISA falls under category (b) above. P.D. No. 272,
as already noted, contains express authorization to ISA to commence expropriation proceedings like those here
involved:

Sec. 4. Powers and Functions. — The Authority shall have the following powers and functions:

xxx xxx xxx

(j) to initiate expropriation of land required for basic iron and steel facilities for subsequent resale and/or
lease to the companies involved if it is shown that such use of the State's power is necessary to
implement the construction of capacity which is needed for the attainment of the objectives of the
Authority;

xxx xxx xxx

(Emphasis supplied)

It should also be noted that the enabling statute of ISA expressly authorized it to enter into certain kinds of
contracts "for and in behalf of the Government" in the following terms:

xxx xxx xxx

(i) to negotiate, and when necessary, to enter into contracts for and in behalf of the government, for the
bulk purchase of materials, supplies or services for any sectors in the industry, and to maintain
inventories of such materials in order to insure a continuous and adequate supply thereof and thereby
reduce operating costs of such sector;

xxx xxx xxx

(Emphasis supplied)

Clearly, ISA was vested with some of the powers or attributes normally associated with juridical personality. There is,
however, no provision in P.D. No. 272 recognizing ISA as possessing general or comprehensive juridical personality
separate and distinct from that of the Government. The ISA in fact appears to the Court to be a non-incorporated
agency or instrumentality of the Republic of the Philippines, or more precisely of the Government of the Republic of
the Philippines. It is common knowledge that other agencies or instrumentalities of the Government of the Republic

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are cast in corporate form, that is to say, are incorporated agencies or instrumentalities, sometimes with and at other
times without capital stock, and accordingly vested with a juridical personality distinct from the personality of the
Republic. Among such incorporated agencies or instrumentalities are: National Power Corporation;6 Philippine Ports
Authority;7 National Housing Authority;8 Philippine National Oil Company;9 Philippine National Railways; 10 Public
Estates Authority; 11 Philippine Virginia Tobacco Administration,12 and so forth. It is worth noting that the term
"Authority" has been used to designate both incorporated and non-incorporated agencies or instrumentalities of the
Government.

We consider that the ISA is properly regarded as an agent or delegate of the Republic of the Philippines. The
Republic itself is a body corporate and juridical person vested with the full panoply of powers and attributes which
are compendiously described as "legal personality." The relevant definitions are found in the Administrative Code of
1987:

Sec. 2. General Terms Defined. — Unless the specific words of the text, or the context as a whole, or a
particular statute, require a different meaning:

(1) Government of the Republic of the Philippines refers to the corporate governmental entity through
which the functions of government are exercised throughout the Philippines, including, save as the
contrary appears from the context, the various arms through which political authority is made effective
in the Philippines, whether pertaining to the autonomous regions, the provincial, city, municipal or
barangay subdivisions or other forms of local government.

xxx xxx xxx

(4) Agency of the Government refers to any of the various units of the Government, including a
department, bureau, office, instrumentality, or government-owned or controlled corporation, or a local
government or a distinct unit therein.

xxx xxx xxx

(10) Instrumentality refers to any agency of the National Government, not integrated within the
department framework, vested with special functions or jurisdiction by law, endowed with some if not all
corporate powers, administering special funds, and enjoying operational autonomy, usually through a
charter. This term includes regulatory agencies, chartered institutions and government-owned or
controlled corporations.

xxx xxx xxx

(Emphases supplied)
which is the case with ISA
When the statutory term of a non-incorporated agency expires, the powers, duties and functions as well as the
assets and liabilities of that agency revert back to, and are re-assumed by, the Republic of the Philippines, in the
absence of special provisions of law specifying some other disposition thereof such as, e.g., devolution or
transmission of such powers, duties, functions, etc. to some other identified successor agency or instrumentality of
the Republic of the Philippines. When the expiring agency is an incorporated one, the consequences of such expiry
must be looked for, in the first instance, in the charter of that agency and, by way of supplementation, in the
provisions of the Corporation Code. Since, in the instant case, ISA is a non-incorporated agency or instrumentality
of the Republic, its powers, duties, functions, assets and liabilities are properly regarded as folded back into the
Government of the Republic of the Philippines and hence assumed once again by the Republic, no special statutory
provision having been shown to have mandated succession thereto by some other entity or agency of the Republic.

The procedural implications of the relationship between an agent or delegate of the Republic of the Philippines and
the Republic itself are, at least in part, spelled out in the Rules of Court. The general rule is, of course, that an action
must be prosecuted and defended in the name of the real party in interest. (Rule 3, Section 2) Petitioner ISA was, at
the commencement of the expropriation proceedings, a real party in interest, having been explicitly authorized by its
enabling statute to institute expropriation proceedings. The Rules of Court at the same time expressly recognize the
role of representative parties:

Sec. 3. Representative Parties. — A trustee of an expressed trust, a guardian, an executor or

administrator, or a party authorized by statute may sue or be sued without joining the party for whose
benefit the action is presented or defended; but the court may, at any stage of the proceedings, order
such beneficiary to be made a party. . . . . (Emphasis supplied)

In the instant case, ISA instituted the expropriation proceedings in its capacity as an agent or delegate or
representative of the Republic of the Philippines pursuant to its authority under P.D. No. 272. The present
expropriation suit was brought on behalf of and for the benefit of the Republic as the principal of ISA. Paragraph 7 of
the complaint stated:

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7. The Government, thru the plaintiff ISA, urgently needs the subject parcels of land for the construction
and installation of iron and steel manufacturing facilities that are indispensable to the integration of the
iron and steel making industry which is vital to the promotion of public interest and welfare. (Emphasis
supplied)

The principal or the real party in interest is thus the Republic of the Philippines and not the National Steel
Corporation, even though the latter may be an ultimate user of the properties involved should the
condemnation suit be eventually successful.

From the foregoing premises, it follows that the Republic of the Philippines is entitled to be substituted in the
expropriation proceedings as party-plaintiff in lieu of ISA, the statutory term of ISA having expired. Put a little
differently, the expiration of ISA's statutory term did not by itself require or justify the dismissal of the eminent
domain proceedings.

It is also relevant to note that the non-joinder of the Republic which occurred upon the expiration of ISA's statutory
term, was not a ground for dismissal of such proceedings since a party may be dropped or added by order of the
court, on motion of any party or on the court's own initiative at any stage of the action and on such terms as are just.
13
In the instant case, the Republic has precisely moved to take over the proceedings as party-plaintiff.

In E.B. Marcha Transport Company, Inc. v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 14 the Court recognized that the Republic
may initiate or participate in actions involving its agents. There the Republic of the Philippines was held to be a
proper party to sue for recovery of possession of property although the "real" or registered owner of the property
was the Philippine Ports Authority, a government agency vested with a separate juridical personality. The Court said:

It can be said that in suing for the recovery of the rentals, the Republic of the Philippines acted as
principal of the Philippine Ports Authority, directly exercising the commission it had earlier conferred on
the latter as its agent. . . .15 (Emphasis supplied)

In E.B. Marcha, the Court also stressed that to require the Republic to commence all over again another
proceeding, as the trial court and Court of Appeals had required, was to generate unwarranted delay and
create needless repetition of proceedings:

More importantly, as we see it, dismissing the complaint on the ground that the Republic of the
Philippines is not the proper party would result in needless delay in the settlement of this matter and
also in derogation of the policy against multiplicity of suits. Such a decision would require the Philippine
Ports Authority to refile the very same complaint already proved by the Republic of the Philippines and
bring back as it were to square one.16 (Emphasis supplied)

As noted earlier, the Court of Appeals declined to permit the substitution of the Republic of the Philippines for the
ISA upon the ground that the action for expropriation could not prosper because the basis for the proceedings, the
ISA's exercise of its delegated authority to expropriate, had become legally ineffective by reason of the expiration of
the statutory term of the agent or delegated i.e., ISA. Since, as we have held above, the powers and functions of
ISA have reverted to the Republic of the Philippines upon the termination of the statutory term of ISA, the question
should be addressed whether fresh legislative authority is necessary before the Republic of the Philippines may
continue the expropriation proceedings initiated by its own delegate or agent.

While the power of eminent domain is, in principle, vested primarily in the legislative department of the government,
we believe and so hold that no new legislative act is necessary should the Republic decide, upon being substituted
for ISA, in fact to continue to prosecute the expropriation proceedings. For the legislative authority, a long time ago,
enacted a continuing or standing delegation of authority to the President of the Philippines to exercise, or cause the
exercise of, the power of eminent domain on behalf of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines. The 1917
Revised Administrative Code, which was in effect at the time of the commencement of the present expropriation
proceedings before the Iligan Regional Trial Court, provided that:

Sec. 64. Particular powers and duties of the President of the Philippines. — In addition to his general
supervisory authority, the President of the Philippines shall have such other specific powers and duties
as are expressly conferred or imposed on him by law, and also, in particular, the powers and duties set
forth in this Chapter.

Among such special powers and duties shall be:

xxx xxx xxx

(h) To determine when it is necessary or advantageous to exercise the right of eminent domain in
behalf of the Government of the Philippines; and to direct the Secretary of Justice, where such act is
deemed advisable, to cause the condemnation proceedings to be begun in the court having proper
jurisdiction. (Emphasis supplied)

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The Revised Administrative Code of 1987 currently in force has substantially reproduced the foregoing
provision in the following terms:

Sec. 12. Power of eminent domain. — The President shall determine when it is necessary or
advantageous to exercise the power of eminent domain in behalf of the National Government, and
direct the Solicitor General, whenever he deems the action advisable, to institute expopriation
proceedings in the proper court. (Emphasis supplied)

In the present case, the President, exercising the power duly delegated under both the 1917 and 1987
Revised Administrative Codes in effect made a determination that it was necessary and advantageous to
exercise the power of eminent domain in behalf of the Government of the Republic and accordingly directed
the Solicitor General to proceed with the suit. 17

It is argued by private respondent MCFC that, because Congress after becoming once more the depository of
primary legislative power, had not enacted a statute extending the term of ISA, such non-enactment must be
deemed a manifestation of a legislative design to discontinue or abort the present expropriation suit. We find this
argument much too speculative; it rests too much upon simple silence on the part of Congress and casually
disregards the existence of Section 12 of the 1987 Administrative Code already quoted above.

Other contentions are made by private respondent MCFC, such as, that the constitutional requirement of "public
use" or "public purpose" is not present in the instant case, and that the indispensable element of just compensation
is also absent. We agree with the Court of Appeals in this connection that these contentions, which were adopted
and set out by the Regional Trial Court in its order of dismissal, are premature and are appropriately addressed in
the proceedings before the trial court. Those proceedings have yet to produce a decision on the merits, since trial
was still on going at the time the Regional Trial Court precipitously dismissed the expropriation proceedings.
Moreover, as a pragmatic matter, the Republic is, by such substitution as party-plaintiff, accorded an opportunity to
determine whether or not, or to what extent, the proceedings should be continued in view of all the subsequent
developments in the iron and steel sector of the country including, though not limited to, the partial privatization of
the NSC.

WHEREFORE, for all the foregoing, the Decision of the Court of Appeals dated 8 October 1991 to the extent that it
affirmed the trial court's order dismissing the expropriation proceedings, is hereby REVERSED and SET ASIDE and
the case is REMANDED to the court a quo which shall allow the substitution of the Republic of the Philippines for
petitioner Iron and Steel Authority and for further proceedings consistent with this Decision. No pronouncement as to
costs.

SO ORDERED.

Romero, Melo, Vitug and Panganiban, JJ., concur.

Footnotes

1 Second paragraph, Section 1, P.D. No. 272.

2 The relevant terms of LOI No. 1277 read as follows:

"(2) In the event that NSC and MCFC fail to agree on the foregoing within sixty (60) days
from the date hereof, the Iron and Steel Authority (ISA) shall exercise its authority under
Presidential Decree (PD) No. 272, as amended, to initiate the expropriation of the
aforementioned occupancy rights of MCFC on the subject lands as well as the plant,
structures, equipment, machinery and related facilities, for and on behalf of NSC, and
thereafter cede the same to NSC. During the pendency of the expopriation proceedings,
NSC shall take possession of the property, subject to bonding and other requirements of
P.D. No. 1533.

xxx xxx xxx

3 Section 1, Rule 3.

4 Section 16, Rule 3 of the Rules of Court reads:

"Sec. 16. Duty of attorney upon death, incapacity or incompetency of party. — Whenever
a party to a pending case dies becomes incapacitated or incompetent, it shall be the duty
of his attorney to inform the court promptly of such death, incapacity or incompetency, and
to give the name and residence of his executor, administrator, guardian or other legal
representative."

5 RTC Order dated 22 March 1989, p. 2; CA Rollo, p. 24.

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6 Section 2, Republic Act No. 6395, 10 September 1971.

7 Section 4, Presidential Decree No. 857, 23 December 1975.

8 Section 2, Presidential Decree No. 757, 31 July 1975.

9 Section 3, Presidential Decree No. 334, 9 November 1973.

10 Section 1, Republic Act No. 4156, 20 June 1964.

11 Sections 3 and 5, Presidential Decree No. 1084, 4 February 1977.

12 Sections 3 and 4(k), Republic Act No. 2265, 19 June 1959.

13 Rule 3, Section 11, Rules of Court. See, in this connection, St. Anne Medical Center v. Parel (176
SCRA 755 [1989]), where the petition had been filed in the name of "St. Anne Medical Center" which
was not a juridical person and where this Court invoked Rule 3, Section 11 and impleaded the real
party-in-interest.

14 147 SCRA 276 (1987).

15 147 SCRA at 279.

16 146 SCRA at 279. In Lagazon v. Reyes (166 SCRA 386 [1988]), the Court said that

"the aim of [Rule 3, Section 11] is that all persons materially interested, legally or
beneficially, in the subject matter of the suit should be made parties to it in order that the
whole matter in dispute may be determined once and for all in one litigation, thus avoiding
multiplicity of suits . . . ." (166 SCRA at 392)

17 Letter of 28 September 1988; Records, p. 1297.

The Lawphil Project - Arellano Law Foundation

Petitioner Iron and Steel Authority ("ISA") was created by Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 272 it commence expropriation proceedings against private respondent Maria Cristina Fertilizer Corporation ("MCFC") pursuant to its
expansion program.

While the trial was ongoing, the statutory existence of ISA expired. MCFC then filed a motion to dismiss, contending that ISA ceased to be a juridical person and therefore cannot be made a party to a civil action.
However the examination of the statute which created ISA shows that it can be made a party to a civil action under rule 3 sec 1 of the Roc under the category of entities authorized by law

In this Petition for Review, the Solicitor General argues that since ISA initiated and prosecuted the action for expropriation in its capacity as agent of the Republic of the Philippines and so the Republic is entitled to be
substituted and to be made a party-plaintiff after the agent ISA's term had expired.

whether or not the Republic of the Philippines is entitled to be substituted for ISA in view of the expiration of ISA's term

The court ruled in the positive.

ISA was vested with some of the powers or attributes normally associated with juridical personality. There is, however, no provision in P.D. No. 272 recognizing ISA as possessing general or comprehensive juridical personality
separate and distinct from that of the Government. The ISA in fact appears to the Court to be a non-incorporated agency or instrumentality of the Republic of the Philippines

When the statutory term of a non-incorporated agency expires, the powers, duties and functions as well as the assets and liabilities of that agency revert back to, and are re-assumed by, the Republic of the Philippines, the
exception is that there is a special provision of law stating otherwise.

In the instant case, The soilicitor general is correct that ISA instituted the expropriation proceedings in its capacity as an agent. The principal or the real party in interest is thus the Republic of the Philippines

From the foregoing premises, it follows that the Republic of the Philippines is entitled to be substituted in the expropriation proceedings as party-plaintiff in lieu of ISA, the statutory term of ISA having expired. Furthermore, the
expiration of ISA's statutory term did not justify the dismissal of the eminent domain proceedings because the legislative enacted a continuing or standing delegation of authority to the President of the Philippines to exercise, or
cause the exercise of, the power of eminent domain on behalf of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines. under sec 12 of the revised administrative code.

In the present case, The president in effect made a determination that it was necessary and advantageous to exercise the power of eminent domain in behalf of the Government of the Republic and accordingly directed
the Solicitor General to proceed with the suit.

Wherefore, Petition is granted.

Revised Administrative Code:

Sec. 12. Power of eminent domain. — The President shall determine when it is necessary or advantageous to exercise the power of eminent domain in behalf of the National Government, and direct the Solicitor General,
whenever he deems the action advisable, to institute expropriation proceedings in the proper court

Admin Code sec. 2:

par (4) Agency of the Government refers to any of the various units of the Government, including a department, bureau, office, instrumentality, or government-owned or controlled corporation, or a local government or a distinct
unit therein.

par (10) Instrumentality refers to any agency of the National Government, not integrated within the department framework, vested with special functions or jurisdiction by law, endowed with some if not all corporate powers,
administering special funds, and enjoying operational autonomy, usually through a charter. This term includes regulatory agencies, chartered institutions and government-owned or controlled corporations.

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