MODULE FOUR

APPROACHES TO THE DRUG PROBLEM

I. Objectives

At the end of the module, the student should be able tor

A. Cognitive Domain:

1. Recognize the government efforts and strategies in The fighting of drug problem,
2. Determine the treatment and rehabilitation systems In the Philippines
3. Discern the educational programs initiated by the Government for drug
prevention,
4. Grasp the international cooperation in controlling Drug as a global problem
5. Apprehend the role of individual and the community In controlling the drug
problem

B. Affective Domain:

1. Feel the essence of the mission, vision and goals of the PDEA,
2. Be attached with the operational plans of the (NARCOM) adopted in the PDEA
3. deem the significance of the creation of the PDEA
4. Consider the composition, duties and function of the Dangerous Drug Board
reorganized under RA 9165

C. Psychomotor’ Domain:

1. Crop up with individual schemes and initiate Proposed programs considerable to

the office of the PDEA.
 II. Overview

The present nature and extent of drug abuse and misuse among the youth constitutes one o the gravest
health problem facing the nation and the world today. Public concern about dun abuse is focused not
only on drugs that can be abuse but also on the individual who misuses them.

This module will show the several means of dealing with the drug abuse problem in the nation. It will
also touch on a few international concerns on u what the United Nations is dealing with this global drug
problem. lt is this module that is intended to open the eyes of the public that the drug abuse problem 1s
not just a government concern but a concern by every citizen This module will be divided into the
following lessons:

Lesson 1. The Law Enforcement Approach

Lesson 2. The Educational Approach

Lesson 3. The Treatment and Rehabilitation Approach

Lesson 4. International Cooperation against Drug abuse

III. Module Guide

Carefully follow the directions given below before continuing with the module:

1. Read each instruction cautiously and understand you are required to do. Go over the overview
and Objectives prior to answering the questions best as can. Answer the pre-test found at the
beginning of the lesson as best as you can.
2. Compare your answer with those in the feedback of Pre-test. This will give you the main idea of
how much you already know of the lesson. There are Lessons in this module. Read each lesson
claimed Before attempting to answer the progress check. At the end of each lesson.
3. Be sure to take the progress check after This lesson And compare your answers with the
feedback Will show you how much progress you have Accomplished. After reading all the to you
Passing all the progress checks, report Instructor for your posttest.
4. Write your answers to the post test on a separate Sheet of paper and submit this to your
instructor. He Will then determine will then you may proceed to the Next module.

.
IV. Module IV Pre-Test

Use a separate paper for your answer. Read and analyze Each of the instructions per item below and
follow them. Make your Paper as neat as possible.

A. Discussion: Briefly discuss your answers on the questions Below:

1. Identify the government’s strategies in fighting the drug Problem.

2. State the mission and vision of the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency.
3. Describe the operational plans of the PDEA as adopted From its NARCOM beginning and
their concepts
4. Under what government office is the PlDEA? What do You think is the reason for its
creation
5. What composed the Dangerous Drug 5oard under RR. 9165

B. Simple Recall: Identify the word or term being described, define or referred to by the Following
terms:

1. What is the title of Republic Act No. 9165?

2. What is the title of Republic Act. No. 6425?
3. When was Republic Act. No. 9156 approved into law?
4. What law is called the Narcotic Law of 1953?
5. How many permanent members shall be appointed by the president for the Dangerous
Drug Board (DDB) under the Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Law?

C. Multiple Choice
1. Republic Act. No. 6425 known as the Dangerous Drugs Act Of 1972 was promulgated on:

A) March 20, 1972

B) March 30, 1972
C) December 30, 1972
D) January 1, 1972
2. Prior to the creation of the PDEA, The highest policy making Body and co-coordinating arm as well as
the National Clearing House of the government on al matters pertaining To the control of Dangerous
drugs is the:

A) Narcotics Command
B) NDLEPCC
C) President Office
D) None of these

3. What National anti-Drug Campaign strategy is carried out through dangerous drug Law enforcement?
A) International coordination

B) Local Campaign and coordination

C) Supply Reduction Strategy

D) Demand Reduction Strategy

4. The PDEA is the primary am of the government in the control of Drugs utilizes for the:

A) Supply Reduction Strateg9y

B) Demand Reduction Strategy

C) Local Anti Drug Drive

D) International Coordinating Strategy

5. What Narcotics Command operational plan is conducted purposely to neutralize big time drug
pushers, drug dealers and drug lords?

A. OPLAN Hunter
B. OPLAN Iceberg
C. OPLAN BANAT
D. OPLAN Thunderbolt III
 LESSON ONE

THE LAW ENFORCEMENT APPROACH

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the learner should be able To a) identify and explain the
government’s initiatives or strategies In dealing with the drug problem in a law enforcement effort, b)
feel the presence of drug laws and contrast the distinct features of the old and the new drug law,
Participate in seminar workshop in drug law enforcement.

Activity: Instructions, Power Point Presentations, workshops

Materials: Overhead projector and slides

Concept: The basic features of government efforts thru law Enforcement of the dangerous drug law shall
be fully taught to the Students. It shall be in a two-way transaction of discussion in class about the
subject matter to be enhanced by a seminar workshop with the invitation of a guest lecturer preferably
from the office of the PDEA. This is to purposely give the students a better Appreciation on the law
enforcement aspect of approaching the drug problem.

A. GOVERNMENT LAWS AND STRATEGIES

When R.A 6425, also known as the Dangerous drug Act of 1972 was promulgated in March 30, 1972.
Estimated 20,000 Filipino drug users were recorded. The execution of LIM SENG in 1972 dried up. The
Apply of heroin in the streets and from then on, this never recovered its marketability. On November
1972, Presidential Decree No. 44 procedurally candied section 4 of RA 6425. By the year 1980, the Co of
drug users increased to 250,000 in the Country.

Presidential Decree No. l675 as supplemented By General Order No. 65; Presidential decree No. 1683,
And Presidential Decree No. 1708 which were all Procedural in nature were promulgated to supposedly
Give more teeth to out drug laws.

In 1981, despite intensive Drug Law Enforcement efforts and the passage of laws, the rise of Drug use
continued. It was in this year, that foreign Drug syndicates used our shores as a transit point of Heroin
and cocaine traffic. Metro Manila still remained As the center of drug activity accounting 42% of the
Total number of arrests made in 198l. A host of Government agencies stared seriously implementing The
demand reduction strategy in various schools and Communities. Foreign counterparts started to pour in
Aids to government agencies in order to combat drugs. With the growing number of drug users, the
Government implemented treatment and rehabilitation
Programs by putting-up more dormitories. But despite All these efforts the drug population increases by
10%. By this time there were 312,000 drug users.

In 1982, Batasang Pambansa Bilang 179 Effected another procedural amendment to RA 6425. He law
itemized prohibited drugs and its derivatives Narcotics preparations such as opiates, opium poppy
Straw, leaves or wrapping, whether prepared for use or Not were classified as dangerous drugs. In 1983,
there Were already 343,750 drug users and more non- government organizations started to assist the
Government’s demand reduction programs. Sim Law enforcement capabilities Strengthened. Strategies
for program Implementation Were made known to the public. The governance Sensing that the drug
problem was transcending International boundaries, established linkages and Mutual cooperation with
regional organizations too Complement its two-pronged strategy of supply Reduction and demand
reduction.

The smuggling of drugs continued in varying Frequencies, types and quantities with drugs Originating
from source countries such as Pakistan, Thailand, and Hong Kong. The Philippines was slowly Emerging
as a source in 1984.

In 1986, drugs users commonly practice poly- Drug abuse, majority of them belong to the 15-24 age
Group. For a period of two years, the number of drug Population increased to 450,000. Arrests and
seizure Were double due to an intensified supply reduction Effort by the drug law enforcement agencies
in the Philippines. The year 1987 saw the emergence of Methamphetamine Hydrochloride or Shabu as a
Popular drug abuse. It was also during this time that Hong Kong base syndicates engage in trafficking of
Methamphetamine initially established tie-ups with Filipino-Chinese drug syndicates.

The Philippine Constitution of 1987 abolished Death as a penalty under RA 6425. Coincidentally, the
Removal of death penalty in 1987 started the rise of the Chinese syndicate using shabu as their main
trade. Another illicit drug law material in the form of 2,700Fully grown coca plants were also uprooted
by the Narcotics raiding teams in Agho island, San Rafael, Iloilo. Cocaine production was discovered
where According to intelligence report, the laboratory capably Quipped to process120 pounds of
Cocaine per Month. The immediate neutralization aborted cocaine Production in the country.
In 1988, statistics showed that there were 480,000 drug users in the Philippines, 70% of which Were in
Metro Manila. In 1989, Shabu emerge as the Second most popular drug of abuse next to MJ. Cough
Syrup preparations continued to be drug of abuse. From 1982 to 1989, all demand reduction efforts
were Conferred on preventive education and information and Rehabilitation/health programs because
of the liberal Perception that drug users were social health victims And not potential criminals.

In 1990, Shabu abuse continues to rise. There Were 500,000 drug users recorded in 1990. The profile Of
drug abuse drastically changed. Shabu’s popularity Was at par with MJ, wherein there were 600,000
drug Users recorded.

In 1992, the government continued to pursue Vigorous programs of actions against the drug Problem.
Intensified law enforcement, preventive Education campaigns and treatment programs were
Implemented. Shabu emerge as the number one drug Abuse among the users. In 1993, there were
800,00o Drug users recorded dubbing that year. RA 6425 was Further amended certain activities under
illicit drug Trafficking. The death penalty was restored on December 13, 1993. The new law did not really
Strengthen RA 6425 but rather made drug law Enforcement more difficult, because what is being Punish
now is the quantity of drugs seized and Longer the act or intention of drug pushing

In1994, the drug problem became Pressing despite sustained implementation of National Drug Control
and Prevention Strategy Supply reduction and demand reduction. The drugs Encountered were the
same as in previous years except That of Shabu, which became more prevalent. In 1995, Shabu and
Cannabis abuse were persisted in the illicit Drug market. The well-finance and sophisticated Foreign-
based syndicates controlled the over all- Importation of shabu. The average of age of drug user Became
much wider for the female sex – 9:1. There Was a sudden increase of drug users to .2 million. Law
Enforcement interdiction was intensified and shabu Traffickers face more risk than before in plying their
Drug trade.

For the year 1995, abuse of shabu increased by 75.09%. More buy-bust operations were launched
Against merchants of death majority of whom were Chinese triad members. The PNP narcotics group
Alone seized several billion pesos worth of illicit drug.

In 1996, more high level Shabu interdictions Were launched. Various drugs enforcers were agitated To
work against the drug pipelines and the people Behind them. At the treatment and rehabilitation
Centers, the number of new and re-admitted cases increased in 1996 by 19% and 20% respectively.
Despite the surmounting accomplishments in supply And demand reduction with the PNP Narcotics
Group Seizing multi-billion pesos worth of illicit drug, not to Mention the billions of pesos more seized
by thee other PNP Units including PARAC of DILG, the drug user Population increased to 1.7 million in
1997.
The national drug strategy is built on the Principles of supply and demand reduction. One key Response
to drug use and trafficking 1s aggressive and Coordinated law enforcement. This its the centerpiece of
Ne Supply Reduction Program. On the other hand, drug treatment and prevention programs are the
other Important components of the national strategy. These Are the main components of demand
reduction. But From all indication and despite the government Strategy, the rise of drug abuse is always
threatening. New Counter measures must be develop and Implemented.

Despite this effort more people got involved in Drug syndicate members who crisscross our Boundaries
and continue to deprive us of our sense of Security, emphasizing the ineffectively of our weak Laws
against them. In spite of an aggressive International c0operation and coordination adopted, The drug
problem seems to move at an even Laster Pace.

Today there are many measures undertaken by Both the private and the government sectors in the
Fight against drug abuse as a disease of society. 1nis Includes the major approaches as the Law
Enforcement Approach, Treatment and Rehabilitation Approach, Educational Approach, International
Cooperation against drug abuse.

Importantly, the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 or Republic Act No. 9165 Was Enacted to
add more teeth on the government response To the ongoing problem on drug abuse se in the country

B. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165: Important Features

R.A. 9165 COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002 (Approved on June 7, 2002 Effective July
4, 2002)

What is Dangerous Drug under this law?

Includes those listed in the schedules annexed To the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as
Amended by the 1972 Protocol, and the schedules Annexed to the1971 Single Convention on
Psychotropic Substances (Art 1, Sec. 3).

Example MDMA Methylenedioxymethamphetamine commonly called (Ecstasy), Tetrahydrocannabinol

(MJ); Mescaline from The peyote cactus) Known
What are the Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals?

Include those listed in Tables I and II of the 1988 UN Convention against licit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances (Art 1, Sec 3)

Examples:

Table 1 – Acetic Anhydride, N- Acetyl Anthracitic Acid, Ephedrine, Ergometrine, Lysergic Acid

Table 2- Acetone, Ethyl Ether, Hydrochloric Acid Sulfuric Acid, etc.

NOTE: Under RA 6425 (Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972), Dangerous drugs refers to the Prohibited drugs,
Regulated drugs and Volatile substances.

Prohibited Drugs – ex. Opium and its derivatives, Cocaine And its derivatives, Hallucinogen drugs like
MU, LSD, and Mescaline

Regulated drugs- ex. Barbiturates, Amphetamines, Tranquillizers

Volatile Substances - ex. Rugby, paints, thinner, glue, Gasoline.

NOTE: The Possession of Dangerous drugs in

The following quantities, regardless of degree of purity: 10 grams or more of opium; morphine; heroin;
cocaine, MJ resin; 10 grams or more of MMDA, LSD and similar dangerous drugs; 50 grams or more of
“shabu”| Methamphetamine Hydrochloride; 500 grams Or more of Marijuana.

If the quantity involved is less than the Foregoing, the penalties shall be graduated as follows:

1. Life imprisonment and a fine ranging from P400, 000 to P500, 000 if “shabu” is 10 grams or
more But less than 50 grams;
2. Imprisonment of 20 yrs and 1 day to Life Imprisonment and a fine ranging from P400, 000 to
P500, 000 if the quantities of dangerous drugs are 5.Grams or more but less than 10 grams of
opium, Morphine, heroin, cocaine, mj resin, shabu, MMDA, And 300 grams or more but less
than 500 grams of Marijuana

3. Imprisonment of 12 yrs and I day to 20 yrs And a fine ranging from P300, 000 to P400, 000 if the
Quantities of dangerous drugs are less than 5 grams of Opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine, mj
resin, shabu, MMDA, and less than 300 grams of marijuana.

The Unlawful Acts Punishable by Death Penalty (Prior to the abolition of Death Penalty)

1. Importation or bringing into the Philippines of Dangerous drugs using diplomatic passport or
facilities or any means involving his/her official1 Status to facilitate unlawful entry of the
same (sec 4, Art l1).

2. Upon any person who organizes, manages or Acts as “financiers” of any of the activities
Involving dangerous drugs (sec 4, 5, 6, 8 Art I).
3. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and transportation of
Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors And Essential Chemicals within 100 meters from
The school (sec 5, Art I).
4. Drugs pushers who use minors or mentally Incapacitated individuals as runners, couriers And
messengers or in any other capacity directly Connected to the dangerous drug trade (sec 5, Art
11).
5. the victim of the offense is a minor or mentally Incapacitated individual, or should a dangerous Drug
and/or controlled precursors and essential Chemical involved in the offense be the Proximate cause of
death of the victim (sec 5, Art

6. When dangerous drug is administered, delivered Or sold to a minor who is allowed to use the Same in
such a place (sec 6, Art 1).

7. Upon any person who uses a minor or mentally Incapacitated individual to deliver equipment,
Instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia For dangerous drugs (sec. 10, Art I).

8. Possession of dangerous Drugs during Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings (sec. 13), and
Equipment, Instrument, Other Paraphernalia for positions of Apparatus and Dangerous Drugs during
Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings (sec. 14)

What is the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB)?

The DDB is the policy-making body and Strategy-making body in the planning and formulation Of policies
and programs on drug prevention an Control. (Under the Office of the President) (sec. 77, Art IX)

Composition: 17 members (3 as permanent, 2 As ex-officio, 2 regular member) (Sec. 78, Art 1A)

3 Permanent members: to be appointed by President, one to be the Chairman.

12 ex officio members:

Secretary of DOJ, DOH, DND, DOF, DOLE, DILG, DSWD, DFA, and DepEd, Chairman of CHED, NYC, and the
Dir. Gen of PDEA.

2 regular members: President of the IBP, and the Pres/Chainman of an NGO involved in a dangerous
Drug campaign to be appointed by the President.

The NBI Director the Chief of the PNP – Permanent consultant of the Board.
What are the Powers and Duties of the DDB?

(sec. 81, Art X)

1. Formulation of Drug Prevention and Control Strategy,

2. Promulgation of Rules and Regulation to carry Out the purposes of this Act,
3. Conduct policy studies and researches,
4. Develop educational programs and info drive,
5. Conduct continuing seminars and consultations,
6. Design special training,
7. Coordination with agencies for community
8. Service programs,
9. Maintain international networking.

What is the PDEAP?

PDEA means Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency. It is the implementing arm of the DDB and
Responsible for the efficient and effective law Enforcement of all the provisions on any dangerous Drugs
and/ or precursors and essential chemicals.

4. of resorts, dives, establishments, and Other places where Administered is deemed liable
under this new Law, the same shall be confiscated and Escheated in favor of the
government.
5. Any person who shall be convicted of violation of This new law, regardless of the quantity of
the Drugs and the penalty imposed by the court Shall not be allowed to avail the privilege
Provisions of the Probation Law (P.D. 968).

(sec.58, Art VII) Filing of charges against a drug Dependent for confinement and rehabilitation under
Voluntary submission program can be made:

1. Second commitment to the center

2. upon recommendation of the DDB
3. may be charge for violation of sec. 15
4. If convicted – confinement and rehabilitation
Parents, spouse or guardian who refuses to. Cooperate with the Board or any concerned agency in The
treatment and rehabilitation of a drug dependent May be cited for Contempt of Court (sec. 73, Art VIl).

Anti-Drug Drives and Operational Concepts

The following are samples of Operational Plans (OPLANS) against the drug problem:

1. Plan Thunderbolt I -operation to create an Impact to the underworld

2. Oplan Thunderbolt II -operations used to Neutralize suspected illegal drug laboratories

In the conduct of anti-drug operations, the Following must be strictly considered:

1. Respect for Human Rights (Sec. 1l, Art. 2, Phil. Constitution)

2. Respect for right of the people to due process And equal protection (Sec. 1, Art. 3, Phil.
Constitution)
3. Respect of Right of the people against Unreasonable search and seizure. (Sec. 2, Art. 3, Phil.
Constitution).
4. Respect for right of the people to privacy of Communication (Sec. Constitution).
5. Respect for constitutional rights of the accused Undergoing custodial investigation (RA 7438),
(Sec. 12, Art. 3, Phil. Constitution)
6. Respect for the statutory rights of the accused Undergoing custodial investigation under RA
7438.

The Principles of Drug Operations are:

1. Knowledge on circumstances on when to use Necessary force (Art. 11, Chapter 3, RPC).
2. Knowledge on the statutory provisions on arrest (Rule 113, Rules on Criminal Procedures).
3. Knowledge on the administrative guidelines of Arrest, search and seizure.
4. The Miranda Doctrine (384 U.S. 346)
5. Warrantless Search and Search incidental to Lawful arrest(Rule 126, Rules on Criminal
Procedure).
 C. GENERAL RULES ON NARCOTICs OPERATION

General Rules and Procedures:

1. Only specially trained and completed Enforcement personnel shall conduct drug Enforcement
and prevention operations.
2. All drug enforcement and prevention operations Shall be covered by a Pre-operations report.
3. All steps taken before, during and after the Conduct of the operation must be documented And
properly authenticated.
4. Operating units shall promptly submit written a Report after the operation.
5. No apprehender or seized item shall be released Without authorization from the duly
designated Authority.
6. Al pieces of evidence confiscated will be Deposited with proper Evidence Custodian for
Safekeeping and proper handling.
7. Each participating element must be given clear And do-able task.

Coverage of the Rules

The rules governing narcotics operations cover

The following anti-narcotics operations.

a. Buy-bust operations

b. Search with warrant

c. MJ eradication

d. Mobile Check point Operations

e. Airport/Seaport Interdiction

1. Controlled delivery

8. Undercover operations

h. Narcotics Investigation
Stages of Operations

Phase I- Initial stage

 Planning and preparations which include Surveillance, casing, reconnaissance and other
Preliminary activities.
 Conduct the operation

Phase II – Action and post action stage

 Tactical Interrogations(follow-up operation)

 Post operation
 Custodial Investigation
 Prosecution
 Trial
 Resolution

Buy-Bust Operations

Concept: It is a form of entrapment employed By peace officers as an effective way of apprehending

Criminal in the act of commission of the offense Entrapment has received judicial sanction as long as is
carried with due regard to constitutional and legal Safeguards.

Planning and Preparation: the operation: Be preceded by an intensive surveillance, casing Other
intelligence operations and gathering, evaluation be And timely dissemination. Intelligence must
Evidence-based and shall be supported affidavits Such as summaries of info, maps, sketches, And sworn
statements.

Search for Drug Evidence with Warrant

Concept: A search warrant is an ‘order in Writing 1ssued in the name of the People of the Philippines,
signed by a judge and directed to a peace Officer, commanding him to search for personal Property
describe therein and bring it before the court. (Sec. 1, Rule 126, Revised Rules of court)
Planning and Preparation: Prior to the Procurement of search warrant, intensive intelligence Data
gathering must be undertaken, evidence-based And supported by credible documents; Conduct of
Surveillance, casing, and other intelligence operations; Identification, movement, activities and locations
of Suspects should be established; Search warrant shall Be applied with competent court; conduct of
operation Submission of reports

Marijuana Eradication

Concept: Marijuana eradication involves the Location and destruction of marijuana plantations,
Including the identification, arrest and prosecution of The planter, owner or cultivator, and the
escheating of The land where the plantation is located.

Planning and Preparation: the planning and Operations shall be preceded by intelligence gathering to
verity the existence of marijuana plantation and the Existence to be supported by documentary
evidence Such as summary of information, maps, sketches, photographs and others. A pre-operation
order and Casing report must be appropriately documented The intelligence gathering

Conduct of Operation: Briefing, rehearsal sand proper formation; Exact location of the plantation Must
be established; Identify owner of the Land or the Cultivators; Coordination with the other operating
Units in the area; Barangay SOPs under rules of Operations.

Mobile checkpoint Operations

Concept: No other forms of checkpoints other Than mobile checkpoints are authorized for drug
Enforcement and prevention operations. They shall be Established only in conjunction with on-going
Operations/situation or when there is a need to arrest A criminal.

Planning and Operations:Inteligence gathering Supported by credible Documents, with proper pre-
operations orders and After surveillance or after casing report.
Conduct of Operations: It shall be in Consonance with the existing SOPs on checkpoint Operation.

Airport and Seaport Interdiction

Concept: airport and seaport interdiction Involves the conduct of surveillance, interception and
Interdiction of persons and evidence during travel of Air or sea vessels.

Planning and Operation: intensive intelligence Gathering supported by credible documents, u Proper
pre-operations orders and after surveillance of After casing reports.

Conduct of Operations: Coordination with Airport and seaport authorities shall be made. Operations
shall be in consonance with the existing SOPs on airport and seaport check/operations.

Controlled Delivery

Concept: This is the technique of allowing elicit consignment of narcotics drugs, Suspect Psychotropic
substances or substances substituted for Them to pass out of, through or into the territory of One or
more countries, with the knowledge and under The supervision of their competent authorities with a
View of identifying persons involved in the commission Of drug related offenses.

Planning and Operation: Intensive intelligence Gathering and evaluation to determine the applicability
Of controlled delivery operations. It must be supported By credible documents, with proper pre-
operations Orders and after surveillance or after casing reports. A Committee or board shall be
constituted to study the Project proposal for the suitable employment of Controlled delivery operation.

Conduct of Operations: Proper formation for Accounting of personnel, coordination with airport,
seaport and other traveling agency authorities, and Operations shall be in consonant with the existing
SOPs on controlled delivery operations.
Undercover Operations

Concept: Undercover Operation Is an Investigative technique in which the personnel involve Assumes
different identities in order to obtain Necessary information. This technique may also be Considered as a
method of surveillance.

Planning and Operation: Shall be reported to only under circumstance where Evidence can be hardly
obtained in an open Investigation or when an open investigation is Proper operations Unsuccessful.

Conduct of Operations: Proper briefing and Rehearsal, identification of effective cover and Undercover,
buy-bust or search with warrant Operations, and operations shall be in consonance With the existing
SOPs on undercover operations.
 LESSON TWO

THE EDUCATIONAL APPROACH

Objectives: at the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to

a) Categorize the efforts of the educational institutions assisting the Overall government
programs against the evils of drug abuse, b) Express themselves by way of a discussion
the demand reduction Strategy against drug abuse, c) participate in group information
Drive on anti-drug abuse in the barangays.

Activity: Classroom Instruction, buzz sessions, seminar jorum, Community immersion

Materials: Overhead projector and slides, flip charts and other Visual aids

Concept: The fight against the drug abuse problem requires an Overall approach. Part of the approach is
by way of education and Information drive. This will serve as a tool in making the potential Drug abusers
to be aware of the dangers of drug abuse thus Deterring them to engage in abusing drugs. Education is a
primary Weapon in the fight against drug abuse because of the element of Knowing the goodness and
badness of using drugs. For this Reason, the students will be oriented on the basic educational Measures
against drug abuse then they will be given the chance to participate in an actual community anti-drug
abuse campaign.

PRELIMINARY

Drug education in schools may be defined as the Educational programs, policies, procedures and other
Experiences that contribute to the achievement of Broader health goals of preventing drug use and the
Adverse consequences of drug use to individuals and Society Drug education should be related to both
the Formal and informal curricula in health, the creation of Safe and healthy school environment, the
provision Of appropriate health services and the involvement of The family and the wider community in
the planning And delivery of programs.
Drug Education Guideline for all ages

This part discusses the role that school-based Drug education programs may play in preventing or
Reducing drug use and the adverse consequences of Drug use to individuals and society. It provides
Guidelines for selecting content and teaching methods For school drug education programs, and
suggests Knowledge, attitude and skill objectives for drug Prevention education at the lower, middle and
upper Class levels.

The information in this tool was adapted by UNESCO from the following publication: United Nations
Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (UNODC), 2003. School-based Drug Education: A guide For
practitioners and the wider community. (Vienna: UNODC)

Description

This manual aims to provide a conceptual base Upon which teachers, policy makers and scno0
Administrators can make decisions about the design And delivery of effective school-based drug
prevention Programmers. In addition to providing guidance on Principles behind effective drug
education Practical information about planning, content Teaching methods and evaluation for school
drug education programmers, the manual includes sections on managing dru8 related incidents,
counselling and referral for students, and strategies for involving families and the community in drug
prevention efforts.

Drug Prevention efforts are Commonly Considered under three main headings:

1. Demand reduction strategies aim to reduce The desire and preparedness to obtain and Use
drugs. These strategies, aimed at Preventing, reducing, and/or delaying the Uptake of harmful
drug use, may include Abstinence-oriented strategies.

2. Supply reduction strategies aim to disrupt The production and supply of illicit drugs as Well as
limit the access and availability of licit drugs in certain contexts. In the school setting, this
includes measures taken to limit the use, possession and sale of illicit drugs On school premises,
and may also include measures taken to discourage tobacco use.

3. Strategies for the reduction of the adverse Consequences of drug use aim to reduce the Impact
of drug use and drug-related activities on individuals and communities.
It is both possible and desirable for schools to Undertake efforts in all three of these areas; however,
major focus should be on demand reduction. Education authorities should not accept sole responsibility
for changing student health behaviors, determined g use behavior; as such behavior may be determined
by factors beyond the Influence of the school. This means that schools should not make change in drug
use behavior the only measure success or effectiveness of their drug prevention Education programmes.

The primary role of the school is to impart knowledge, skills and a sound values base in relation To
health and drug use. Therefore, the content of school drug education curricula should be selected to
achieve specific educational outcomes that have been identified as contributing to the achievement of
the broader health goals of preventing drug use and reducing adverse consequences to individuals and
society.

Drug education in the classroom is thus defined as the set of lessons, programs, activities and practices
that lead to the achievement of the specific education outcomes agreed upon. The school drug
education program can be described as the collection of these educational activities sequenced over the
years of compulsory schooling.

Content

Knowledge about drugs and drug use is important for informing decisions and shaping o reinforcing
values and attitudes about both persona and societal drug use. The nature of the informing how it is
presented, and when, can have a significant influence on its impact.

Information introduced in the course of learns experiences that are relevant to the students’ lives
experience and based on two-way communication respects their feelings and attitudes will contribute
the success of the program more than information Presented in isolation, out of context, or in a
lecturing Or “preaching way.

The guidelines below are offered to help Curriculum planners and teachers select appropriate Content
and, perhaps more importantly, recognize that Some information may be useless, and some
counterproductive. Appropriateness of content should be determined with due consideration of the
needs of the students, the agreed drug-related learning outcomes.
Guidelines for selecting content

1. Information about drugs and drug use should be selected for and evaluated on its capacity to
contribute to drug-related learning outcomes that lead to reducing drug use and adverse
individual and social consequences of drug use. In relation to Achieving learning outcomes,
selection and presentation of information should be considered in Terms of:

 What students already know and what they Need to know about drugs
 The values, attitudes and perceptions held by Students;
 Skills students already have mastered and Skills that need developing;
 Ensuring a balance of knowledge, Values/attitudes and skill development; and
 Opportunities to Link Knowledge Attitudes/values and skills.

2. Decisions about what drugs and drug use Information to include in a program should be based
on knowledge of the drugs that cause most Harm to individuals and/or society, and the drugs
that students are likely to encounter at some time in their lives.

In relation to drugs used, selection of information should be considered in terms of:

 The prevalence of drugs in the community Indicated by:

- surveys at local and broader levels

- Information from police, drug counsellors And/ or health workers

- Community consultation

- Student input,

 The personal and social context of the use of Particular drugs;

 The age when students start using particular Substances;
 The level of use of particular drugs and the level of harm associated with use by Particular age
groups; and Laws, policies and school rules pertaining The use/misuse of different drugs.

3. Information about selected drugs should presented only after consideration of both the social
context in which a particular drug is (or may be Used by your students and the learning context
Way information will be presented) which 15 * Appropriate.
In relation to the social context (the way the drug used), information should be presented that

 Encourages students to reflect on what they have learned and how it can be applied to their
social situations and their lives generally;
 does not increase either use of or harm caused By the drugs being addressed; Contributes to the
development of an Environment that is non-threatening and non- Judgmental of student ideas,
opinions and Discussions; and
 It is respectful of students gender Ethnicity/culture, language, developmental Level, ability level,
religion and sexual Orientation/lifestyle.

With regard to the way information is presented, it is particularly important to choose Content and
teaching methods that do not support, Encourage experimentation with dangerous Substances.
Examples of approaches that Counterproductive include:

 Glamorising presenting drug use/users as Sophisticated (cool);

 strategies that exaggerate and misrepresent the dangers of drug use reduce the achievement of
drug-related learning outcomes Especially for students who know, or believe, based on their
experience, that the message may not reflect the whole truth;
 sensationalizing using graphic images can portray drug use as dangerous and exciting;
 Frightening case studies that are too far Removed from the reality of young people;
 Emotionally loaded videos and person Anecdotes;
 Romanticizing using slang or ‘street names Instead of the pharmacological name) which
Highlight a drug’s supposed positive effects, While concealing the Associated with its use;
 informing students how to obtain, make or use potentially harmful Substances, including
detailing the chemical composition of substances;
 using pictures and images of drug use or the drug user that are appealing or attractive; and
 using one-Off or ‘stand-alone’ activities rather than those that contribute to an ongong9
comprehensive, developmentally appropriate program.
Matching content to learning objectives

A first step in choosing content is definition o The specific learning objectives that will help your
Periocular group of students develop the knowns Attitudes and values, and skills they need to related
Carry out safe and health-promotions ace provided To drug use. Suggested learning objectives a Below
for students at the lower, into Upper school levels.

Content for the Lower Level Schools

Students will know… (KNOWLEDGE)

 ways of enhancing their own and others Confidence and self esteem
 how to share with, and care for, family and Friends
 People who can help them when they have questions or concerns.
 Physical and emotional differences and be accepting of them
 what medicines are for, their safety rules and the danger of incorrect use
 ways that substances can get into the body
 alternatives to medicines
 possible effects of others smoking on their health

Students will articulate… (ATTITUDES AND VALUES)

 Valuing one’s body and recognizing their Individuality

 Responsible attitudes towards medicines and
 Health professionals
 Positive attitudes towards the non-use of tobacco
 A responsible attitude towards the social use of Alcohol (where laws allow it)
 Critical responses to advertising presentations of Medicines
 Their feelings with confidence

Students will be able to… (SKILLS)

  demonstrate basic listening and communication Skills when interacting with others
 Express feelings constructively and show respect For the feelings of others
 Work effectively in small groups Recognize situations where choices can be made And identify
the consequences of their choices
 Set simple goals to keep themselves safe and Healthy
 Follow simple safety instructions and know when And how to get help from adults and others
such As police or ambulance

Content for the Middle Level Schools

Students will know. (KNOWLEDGE)

 School and society rules and laws relating to legal And illegal drugs
 Safe use of products used to maintain health, Appropriate health services and how to access
Them
 How manufacturers, media and advertisers try t0 Influence decisions about drugs
 Consequences of smoking and of misuse o aw alcohol, that drugs can alter the way a per
behaves and feels
 The contribution of drug use to lifestyle disease and associated social, emotional, legal economic
costs
 That changing the type of drug, the persons Involved, or the context and situation can vary Risk
of adverse consequences for Individuals Groups

Students will articulate.. [ATTITUDES AND VALUES)

 how values about drugs are shaped by teachers, Family, friends, media and church
 An acceptance of responsibility for their actions and safety
 A positive self image
 respect for the right of others to have different attitudes and values
 realistic attitudes and accurate beliefs about
 Drugs and people who use them

Students will be able to… (SKILLS)

  Communicate effectively with a wide range of People
 Identity problem or risk situations and make Decisions based on firmly held values
 Cope with peer influences, assert their ideas and their decisions
 Use decision-making and assertiveness n drug use situations
 Maintain friendships, give care and get help
 Recognize and deal with a range changes in relationships over time

Content for the Upper Level Schools

Students will know… (KNOWLEDGE)

 The importance of Self- esteem, positive self Concept and identity,

 Rights and responsibilities in relationships,
 The concepts of abstinence and alternatives to drug use,
 The definitions of drugs, drug misuse and abuse Drug dependence,
 How different contexts and situations Influence Personal values, attitudes, beliefs and behavior
In relation to drug use,
 Consequences of unlawful and unsanctioned dria Use, how drugs can affect a person’s ability to
perform tasks,
 The impact of media messages on the health Behavior of individuals and society Use,

Students will articulate… (ATTITUDES AND VALUES)

 A values stance on drugs and confidence to act on Those values, the significance of social and
Cultural influences on beliefs about drugs,
 Empathy and acceptance of a diverse range of People, individual responsibility for health and
universal health protection
 Personal beliefs about drugs and their effects on Decisions to use.

Students will be able to… (SKILLS)

 Communicate Constructively With Parents, teachers and peers

 Give and get care in a variety of health-related situations, set short and long term health goals
 Demonstrate conflict, aggression, stress and time Management skills
 Identify and assess personal risk and practice universal protection
 Assert themselves and deal with influences from Others, work effectively with others and cope
with change, loss and grief.
DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION EDUCATION

Drug abuse prevention education is concern With bringing about changes in the peoples knowledge,
Attitude and practices towards drug abuse. It utilizes a Variety of approaches and methods whereby
people go through teaching learning process, and which maybe Planed, implemented and evaluated
through the barangay organized groups and other organization and agencies in the community.

There are several known strategies in drug Abuse prevention, which are the following:

1. Drug Education – Learning situations during seminars workshop, symposium and lecture forums,
which takes up the value clarification, leadership training, coping skills and decision making. It is
a movement, which utilizes Humanistic techniques in both school-based and community
oriented drug abuse prevention Programs.

2. Drug Information it is an activity, which Focused on the dissemination of basics facts of The
causes and effects of drug abuse with the objective of creating awareness and vigilance of the
people in the community.

Drug information includes the following activities:

a. Youth-Adult communication as in Parent- Youth dialogues and Family encounters

b. Info-oriented Classroom community activities such as contest in the school/Community
essay, slogans, posters, cartoons, play writing

4. Decision Making and Problem solving techniques using conflict resolution focused on Group
problems, which help the student in Identifying possible alternatives to solve the problem.

5. Individual Contact the basic principles in working with an individual’ with emphasis of Making
him feel at ease, involving him by asking questions, supplying with the necessary Information
and arriving at a decision that will End to action. It is carried out by:
 a. Person-to-person Individual counseling relationship
b. House/Office visit
c. Telephone calls or by letters
d. Information conversation or dialogue

6. Small Group Approach – involves contact with A number of people assemble in isolated group
Or in one of a series of related groups. This techniques can be carried out by:

a. Lecture – one way discussion

b. Small group discussion – Mutual Interchange of ideas or opinion between the small
group
c. Symposium -group of talks, speeches or lectures presented by several individuals on
various phases of a single subject
d. Panel discussion Discussions before an Audience by a selected group of persons
expressing a variety of viewpoints under a moderator

e. The Buzz Session the count off Procedure

f. Seminars, stimulation games, debate, field Trips

6. Community Approach
Together about their common problems, and implement the kind of action patterns for the
solution of the problems. This technique Can be carried out by: This involves working

a. Community assemble and barangay fairs

b. Sport festivals or on test in the community
c. Church related activities

LESSON THREE
THE TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION

APPROACH

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the learner should be able To a) identify the programs of the
existing drug rehabilitation Centers in the country, b} reflect on the treatment and rehabilitation
Programs of the existing rehabilitation centers in the country, c) Have a personal US it in then rearrests
rehabilitation center or the DSWD for a mini educational field trip.

Activity: Classroom instruction, buzz sessions, seminar forum, Mini-field trip.

Materials: Overhead projector and slides, flip charts and other Visual aids

Concept: Treatment and rehabilitation of those who are involved in the abuse of drugs such as drug
addicts and drug dependents is one of the basic approaches of the government and the NGOS n dealing
with the demand reduction strategy for drug abuse prevention.

It is this module that will show the students the necessary for drug rehabilitation centers. They will be
instructed to personal Group any drug rehabilitation center or the nearest give them the best
recognition of the programs Action at the same time for them to feel the life of a penile Under drug
rehabilitation. It is in this way that they others able by to come out with a sense of responsibility to
advocating “no to drug abuse”.

ASSISTING THE DRUG ABUSER

Treatment – the medical service rendered to a client for the elective management of physical and
Mental conditions related to drug abuse.

The aims of treatment are:

a. To prevent death from overdose.

b. To Treat Complication following Drug Dependent
c. To make them comfortable during the. Withdrawal period.
d. To encourage confirmed drug dependents clients to undergo rehabilitation and other
specialized services

detoxification- it is a medically supervise Elimination of drugs from the system of any addicted Person.
Methods of detoxification include:

1. Cold Turkey self drug withdrawal

2. Substitution – the use of methodex, catapres, Haemasin, dextropropoxyphene, tranquilizer, Etc.

3. method – using the same drug to Which the patient is dependent. The process Could be gradual or
rapid.

Rehabilitation the dynamic process Directed The physical, emotional/psychological Prepare Towards
Vocational, social and spiritual change to Person for the fullest life compatible with a Capabilities and
potentialities, and render him able the Become a law abiding and productive member Community
without abusing drugs.

Objective of Rehabilitation: To restore an Individual to a state where he is physically: Psychologically and

socially capable of coping with the Same problems as others of his age group and able to Avail of the
opportunity to live a happy, useful and Productive life without abusing drugs.

Modalities: It includes Multi-disciplinary Team Approach; Therapeutic Community Approach; Primal

Scream Therapy; Spiritual Approach; Approach Anonymous/Addicts Anonymous (AA). Eclectic And the
12 Steps of Alcoholic

Methods of Rehabilitation

1. Psychotherapeutic Methods

a. Individual Therapy- This involves a one to One relationship whose aim is to help the
Patient reduce his drug abusing behavior And develop insight into his condition.
b. Group Therapy- This is a form of therapy Where the individual is helped through Group
process. Each member of the group Receives immediate feedback from the Other
Embers regarding his verbal an Other l Forms of behavior. Group Support And
encouragement are given to subject on the premise that these are effective devices,
Positives results Which can produce behavioral toward modification.
c. Unstructured Group therapy the role of therapist can be assumed by the entire group or
Therapeutic community used, among others, through (a) group encounter, (b) verbal
haircut (tongue lashing reprimand), group members. In The Games, And (d) family
 d. The Family Therapy -this form of Intervention is based on recognition that while the
family as a primary social unit, can be a source of problem leading to drug abuse, can
also be a powerful factor Improving the behavior of the drug dependent. Family therapy
may include Restructuring of the family, environmental manipulation, communication,
and discovering other Means of family communication, and Discovering potentials
family members to Help facilitate the rehabilitation of the Drug dependent.

2. The spiritual and Religious Means Development of moral and spiritual values of drug dependent.
3. The Follow-up and after care – The process rehabilitation does end upon the release or
Discharge of client from the center. After his discharge, he has to undergo 1ollow-up and after-
care services for a period of not more 18 months by the appropriate center personnel. The
Offices of the DSWD and the NBI are deputized agents of the board to handle this.

THE TRANSFER SUMMARY

A transfer summary of the case from the Rehabilitation facility is necessary and should be forwarded to
the entity undertaking the follow-up and after-care services. The Social Worker of the receiving entity
assign to then case shall maintain a close contact With the client, family, the accredited physician
attending to the case, and the police, for the purpose of assisting the client maintain his progress
towards adjusting to his new environment. He shall also see to it that a regular laboratory examination
of the client’s body fluids is made to ensure that the client remains drug free

Duration of the Rehabilitation

if the patient is found to be an opiate abuser, the treatment prescribed shall be for a period of not Less
than six (6) months.

Criteria of Rehabilitation

1. The patient achieves a drug free existence

2. He becomes adjusted to his family and peers

3. socially integrated to the community

4. The client is not involved in socially deviant Behaviors

DIAGNOSTIC GUIDELINES

A define diagnosis of the dependence should Only be made it three or more of the following have been
experience or exhibited at some time during Previous year.
1. A strong desire or sense of compulsion to take The substance

2. An impaired capacity to control substance- Taking behavior in terms of its onset, Termination, or
levels of use.
3. Substance use with the intention of relieving Withdrawal symptoms and with awareness that
This strategy is effective.
4. A psychological withdrawal state.
5. Evidence of tolerance such that increased doses Of the substance are required in order to
achieve effects originally produced by lower doses.
7. A narrowing of the personal repertoire of patterns of substance use.
8. Progressive neglect of alternative pressures or interests in favor of substance use. Persisting
with substance use despite clear evidence of overtly harmful consequences. Averse
consequences may be medical as with Harm to the liver through excessive drinking, Social as in
the case of loss of a job through Drug-related impairment of performance, or Psychological as in
the case of depressive mood States consequent to periods of heavy substance Use).

LESSON FOUR

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

AGAINST DRUG ABUSE

THE UNODC

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is a United Nations agency which was Founded in
1997 as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention with the intent to fight drugs and Crime on an
International level. This intent is fulfilled Through three primary functions: research, lobbying State
government to adopt various crime and drug Based laws and treaties and assistance of said
Governments on the ground level.

The United Nations International Drug Control Program (UNDCP) and the United Nations Centre 1or
International Crime Prevention (CICP) are part of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
(UNODC).

It is mandated by UN General Assembly with the Executive responsibility leadership for all the United
Nation Drug Control activities in order to ensure Coherence of action, coordination, and non-duplication
Of such activities in the United Nation System.

The UNDCP assist government in fulfilling their Obligation under the existing regulatory structures so
that they can become parties to these conventions.

The UNDCP Resources for Operations The financial resources come from the regular budget of the
United Nation and voluntary contributions of the U.N members.

In Asia, UNDCP is created in different field offices in Laos and Burma (Myanmar) which handle National
programs while Thailand handles Regional Programs.

At the UN, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs CND) is the central policy-making body within the United
Nations system dealing with drug-related matters. T analyses the world drug situation and Develops
proposals to strengthen the international Strength the international drug control system to combat the
world drug 1991, the UN General Assembly Established the Fund of the United nations International
Drug Control Program (UNDCP) and the mandate of the Commission to enable it To function as the
governing body of UNDCP.

MASTER PLAN APPROACH

This involves encouraging and assisting governments in undertaking a thorough analysis of Drug
problems within a country or region, the identification and assessment of all anti-narcotics intervention
undertaken and planned. It also involves the identification of needs for new projects and Activities.

Measure Undertaken in SEA includes:

1. Enhancement of Capital Punishment

2. ASIAN Drug Official Group Meetings/Conventions against Drug Abuse

3. Instant Urine test Machine

4. Denial of Passport of all drug offenders upon

Released from prison

5. Use of Narcotic Drug Detector

6. ASEAN Cooperation on against Drug trafficking

The drug outlook in the ASEAN Countries shows That:

1. Thailand – as the training center for:

 Undercover operations
 Investigations
 Informant handling
 Surveillance
 Other enforcement techniques

2. Philippines- adopted the Drug Demand Reduction Strategy and Supply reduction Strategy. The
Drug supply strategy is carried By the conduct of anti-narcotics operation (raids on plantations,
laboratories, etc.); arrest Search and seizure; surveillance and other Intelligence operations;
legislative and judicial Measures. The conduct of information and Educational drives and the
 treatment or Rehabilitation of drug addicts carries out the Demand Reduction strategy. As the
Asian treatment and

3. Malaysia - Rehabilitation training center is sponsored by the International Labor Union located
in Malaysia. Malaysia then is considered as the training Center for treatment and rehabilitation
of drug Abusers in Asia

4. Singapore is responsible in the area of Research as part of the Asian anti-narcotic work. The
urine test project was adopted with the aim To train chemist from ASEAN members in the
Techniques of mass urine screening.

OTHER DEVELOPMENTS

On demand reduction, the UN demand Action strategies seek to prevent the onset of drug Se, help drug
users break the habit and provide Treatment through Rehabilitation and social Integration. At the 1998
UN General Assembly Special session on the world drug problem, Member Was recognized that
reducing the demand for drugs Was an essential pillar in the stepped-up global effort That drug abuse
and trafficking. They committed Themselves to reduce significantly both the supply of Demand for drugs
by 2008, as expressed in the Political Declaration on the Guiding Principles of Drug Demand Reduction.

On supply reduction, the UN moves for supply Reduction projects which also seek to broaden regional
cooperation between governments in response to cross-border trafficking, strengthen border controls
by providing modern equipment and develop training in “best practice” law enforcement procedures.

SOCIETAL ROLE IN DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION

Different sectors of society play vital roles in Preventing drug abuse. All should exert Concerted Efforts
to fight the spreading tentacles of this menace.

The individual
The primary role of the individual is to improve His personality and develop traits and characteristics
That would help him build-up his self-concept, thereby Making himself confident. He should develop
strong Spiritual and moral values, sharpen his skills in Making decisions, and strengthen his will power.
He Should improve his physical qualities as well as his Mental faculties.

What a person can do to prevent drug abuse?

1. Maintain good physical and mental health.

2. Use drugs properly. Most drugs are beneficial When use under medical advice
3. Self understanding, acceptance and respect.
4. Develop potentials. Engage in wholesome, Productive and satisfying activities.
5. Learn to cope with problems and other stresses Without the use of drugs. Seek professional
help Regarding problems that are hard to cope with
6. Develop strong moral and spiritual values.

The Family and role of Parents

Parents are looked upon by their children as Models. The parents should:

1. Create a warm and friendly atmosphere in the Home.

2. Develop effective means of communication with Their children.
3. Understand and accept the children for what They are and for what they want them to be.
4. Listen to their children, respect for their Opinions, and guide them in making decisions.
5. Praise their children for whatever positive Achievement they have accomplished no matter How
trivial this may seem.
6. Take time to be with their children no matter How busy they are.
7. Strengthen moral and Spiritual values

The Role of the School

Next to the home, the school is the child’s next Impressive world. Here, the child moves about in a
Bigger social environment predominantly made up of His peers and teachers.
As part of a broader social process for behavior Influence, it is said that the school is an extension of The
home having the strategic position to control crime And delinquency. It exercises authority over every
child As a consistent.

The teachers are considered second parents Having the responsibility to mold the child to become
Productive member of the community by devoting Energies to study the child behavior using all
available Scientific means and devices in an attempt to provide Each child the kind and amount of
education they Need.

The school takes the responsibility of preventing The feeling of insecurity and rejection of the child
Which can contribute directly to maladjustment and to Criminality by setting up objectives of developing
the Child into a well integrated and useful, law abiding Citizens.

The school has also the role of working closely With the parents and neighborhood, and other
Community agencies and organizations to direct the Child in the most effective and constructive way.

What the Teacher can do to Prevent Drug Abuse?

1. Know their students and be sensitive to their Needs and problems.

2. Establish rapport with their students for better Communication.
3. Accept their student for what they are help them Develop their potentials.
4. Academic Achievement And Personality Development should be given equal importance
5. Encourage student’s participation I co-curricular Activities that would further enhance health
and Strengthen moral and spiritual behavior

What the School Administrators can do to Prevent Drug Abuse?

1. Make available time to plan and initiate Awareness sessions for the students and families About
drug problems related to them.
2. Facilitate a general assessment of the drug Abuse and initiate educational programs geared
Towards prevention of the drug problem
The Role of the Church

The church is also committed to fight against Drug abuse. Religion 1s a positive force for Humanitarian
task of moral guidance of the youth. It is The social institution with the primary role to Strengthen faith
and goodness in the community, an influence against crime and delinquency

The church influences peoples behavior with the Emphasis on morals and life’s highest spiritual values,
The worth and dignity of the individual, and respect for Person’s lives and properties, and generate the
full Power to oppose crime and delinquency.

Just like the family and the school, the church Is also responsible to cooperate with institutions in the
Community in dealing with problems of children, Delinquents and criminals as regards to the treatment
And correction of criminal behaviors.

The Role of the Police

The police are one of the most powerful occupation groups in the modern society. The prime Mover of
the criminal justice system and the number Situation in the community with the broad goals

Of maintaining peace and order, the protection of life And property, and the enforcement of the laws.
The police are the authority having a better position to Draw up special programs against drug abuse
and Crime in general because it is the reason why the police exist. That is to protect the society against
Lawless elements since they are the best equipped to detect and identify criminals. The police are the
agency most interested about crime and criminals and having The most clearly defined legal power
authority to take Action against them.

The Role of Non-Government Organizations

The group of concerned individuals responsible For helping the government in the pursuit of community
development being partners in providin8 the common good and welfare of the people through Public
service. When the government is inefficient an unable to provide the necessary goods and services to
the people, these non-government organizations are good helpers in providing the required services,
thus preventing drug abuse.
The Role of Mass Media

Mass Media being the best institution of Information dissemination thereby giving the public the
necessary need to know, and do help shape everyday views about drug abuse, its control prevention.
 LESSON ONE

THE NATURE OF NARCOTIC

INVESTIGATION

NARCOTICS AND CRIME

The rising trends both in drug addiction and Crime rates are of major public concern in any country
Today. It has been considered that illicit drug use 1s One among the reasons of criminal activities.

There is general belief that drugs provide the Criminal with courage to commit crime. This does not
Appear to be so in most cases. The physiological action Of narcotics is mostly not conducive for the
Commission of crimes. But drug addiction does provide A strong motive for crime like the drug addict
needs The drug which he can get mostly from illegal sources, The drug addict needs money for the
purchase, which In most of the cases, 1s obtained by illegal means: Theft, bribery, Cheating, etc.

Certain narcotic does inhibit the power to Discriminate and judgment, thus the tendency of a Person to
promote the commission of crime. For Example, alcohol and cannabis make a man desperate And
commit a crime which he would not commit if he Were not under the influence of the said drug.

A SPECIALIZED Narcotic INVESTIGATION

Since narcotic use has direct link with criminal Activities, investigation of this must be specialized. The
Following are some reasons why it has to be Investigated in a specialized manner:

1. Illicit drug underworld is specialized and Syndicated.

2. The underworld organization is composed of and operated by selected and highly proficient
members of the elite.
3. Drug addicts are clannish and they represent a rare group of individuals. Drug abusers and or
addicts have their own Lingo and way of life.
4. The illicit Drug trade 1s completely Underworld in conception and operations Capable
subversive espionage or operations; it is a hidden crime where there is rarely a complainant.
Considerations in Narcotic and Investigation

The Violation

a) Republic Act No. 9165 (The Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002) – Under this
law, The following are punishable:
1. Importation of Dangerous drugs and/or Controlled Precursors Chemicals;
2. Sale, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or
Controlled Precursors and Essential And Essential Trading, Administration, Chemicals;
3. Sale, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or
Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals;
4. Maintenance of a Den, Dive or Resort where
5. Dangerous drugs are used or sold in any form,
6. Being an employee or visitor of a den, dive Or resort;
7. Manufacture of dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors And Essential Chemicals;
Illegal Chemical Diversion of Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals;
8. Manufacture or Delivery of Equipment, instrument, Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs
and/O1 Controlled Chemicals; Other apparatus and Precursors And Essential Apparatus
and other Paraphernalia for dangerous Drugs; Possession of dangerous Drugs during
Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings
11. Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs
during Parties, Social Gatherings or Meetings;
12. Use of Dangerous Drugs; Cultivation of plants classified as dangerous drugs or are sources
thereof,
13. Failure to comply with the maintenance and Keeping of the original Transaction on any
dangerous drugs and/or Controlled Records of Precursors And Essential Chemicals on the part of
practioners, Manufacturers, wholesalers, Distributors, dealers, or retailers;
14. Unnecessary Prescription of Dangerous Drugs
15. Unlawful Prescription of Dangerous Drugs Importers,

The Violators – Persons of Importance

a) The Addict or User A “user is one why Injects, intravenously or

intramuscularly, or Consumes, either by chewing, smoking, sniffing, Eating,
swallowing, drinking, or otherwise Introducing into the physiological system of
the Body, any of the dangerous drugs. An “addict” is One wh0 habitually uses
dangerous drugs.
1. Determine his history.
2. Did the user just use or administer the drug?
 b) The Pusher – “Pusher” refers to any person who sells, administers, delivers,
or gives away to another, on any terms whatsoever, or distributes or
dispatches in transit or transport any dangerous drug or who acts as a broker
in any such transaction.

The Narcotic Evidence

These include opium and its active components And derivatives, the coca leaf and beta cocaine, and The
hallucinogenic drugs. It includes all preparations Made from any of the foregoing and other drugs and
Chemical preparations; whether natural or synthetics, With the physiological effects of a narcotic or a
Hallucinogenic drug.

Opium and its derivatives

Opium” refers to the coagulated juice of the Opium poppy and embraces every kind, character and CESS
of opium, whether crude of prepared, the ashes ERUSE of the same; noncore fuse prepared; the ashes
or of the same, narcotic preparations thereof Or Therefrom; morphine or Opium at poppy, opium seeds;
opium poppy straw, and Any alkaloid of opium poppy in which opium enters as an ingredient Ruse
rapping of opium leaves, whether prepared For use or not.

Heroin (Dimorphine Hydrochloride Diacetylmorphine) is a white, odorless, crystalline Powder with a

very bitter taste. Hydrochloride of an alkaloid obtainable by the action o Acetic anhydride or morphine.
The alkaloid base may Be made by treating morphine with acetyl chloride Washing the product with a
dilute alkaline solution And crystallizing from alcoholic solution.

Cocaine (Methyl ecgonine). Cocaine (C12 H2in O Is an alkaloid obtained from the leaves of Erythorxylon
Coca and the other species of Erythorxylon Linne, or by Synthesis from engine and its derivatives.

Preparation It may be made by moisturizing Ground coca leaves with a sodium carbonate solution,
percolating with benzene or other solvents such as Petroleum benzene, shaking the liquid with diluted
Sulfuric acid, and adding to the separated acid Solution and excess of sodium carbonate. To Participated
alkaloids are removed with ether, and Alter drying with sodium carbonate, the solution Filtered and the
ether distilled off.
Cocaine also comes in the form of salt crystals, Known as “crack and usually sold in packets. This is The
American counterpart of the local “shabu” or Methamphetamine hydrochloride.

Marijuana (Cannabis Sativa)

Marijuana is a seasonal plant grown from seed. Depending on soil and weather condition, it grows
Approximately 20 feet. The leaves come in clusters of 3,5,7,9 to 13 leaflets. The leaflets are elongated
with The tip pointed and the sides serrated.

Manicured or grounded leaves and flowering Tops Although dried and grounded, they will rete Their
greenish color.

Keepers or cigarettes known as “joints” and other Names These are hand-rolled in cigarette paper
Irregular and slim with both ends tucked in or twisted

Hallucinogen Drugs

These are the drugs that are capable of creating Hallucinations in the mind of the taker such as Lysergic
acid diethylamide commonly known as LSD And other drugs falling under this category are DM1, STP,
peyote and morning glory seeds.

Synthetic Drugs

Those having the same physiological action as a Narcotic drug, such as methadone and Demerol.

Other Dangerous Drugs

These include self-inducting sedatives, such as Seconbarbital, Amobarbital, salt or a derivative of a salt
of barbituric Acid: and salt, 1somer or salt of an isomer, of Amphetamine, such as benzedriune or
dexedrine, or any Drug which produces a physiological acting Similar to Amphetamine; and hypnotic
drugs, such as Methaqualone, nitrzepam or any other compound Producing similar physiological effects.

,
Barbiturates Manufactured synthetically as Salts of barbituric acid. All names of these drugs are in Al,
such as pentobarbital, secobarbital (seconal), Amobarbital, phenobarbital, barbital, etc.

Categories according to Effects

1. Long acting barbiturates – take effect.Within 30 to b0 minutes and last up to 8 Hours, e.i.
Phenobarbital

2. Intermediate acting barbiturates Take effect within 15 to 30 minutes and Last up to b hours, e.l.
amobar bital and Butabarbital.

3. Short acting barbiturates – take effect Within 10 to 20 minutes and last up to 6 Hours, e.l.
Pentobarbltal and Secobarbital.

4. Ultra short barbiturates take effect Within 45 seconds and last up to 30 Minutes, e.i. thiopental
sodium.

Slang Terms used for Barbiturates

a. Pentobarbital – yellow jackets”

b. Secobarbital – red devils

C. Amobarbital – blue devils/ blue birds”

d. Amosbarbital – “rainbow/ double trouble”

The Amphetamines The Amphetamines Central nervous system and have the ability to combat Fatigue
and sleepiness. These are also known at Uppers.
Chemical Names

a. Amphetamine Sulfate

b. Dextroamphetamine Sulfate

C. Methamphetamine Hydrochloride

Amphetamines come in varied forms, colors and Shapes. Examples of amphetamines are benzedrne or
The “bennies”, dexedrine or the dexies”, and the Methedrine known as the “meatballs”.

Shabu is the most widely known amphetamine The country today. (methamphetamine hydrochloride) is
also known as Poor man’s cocaine In The Compound

The Volatile Substances -also called the Inhalants, Solvents or Deliriants. This are chemicals Which when
sniffed can produce intoxication Effects Such as gasoline, kerosene, thinner, paint, etc. The Most popular
among them is the solvent rugby. These Chemical substances are significant in Narcotic Investigation
because of their intoxicating symptom That do not produce alcoholic breath.

HANDLING NARCOTIC EVIDENCE

Evidence handling Physical evidence of various types can do must To augment the inevitable oral
evidence in a Prosecution involving drugs. The investigator should Be constantly on alert to obtain
physical evidence During an inquiry for presentation in court.

Drug seizures – One officer, preferably the officer Who made the seizure, should be detailed to take
Charge of the drug found. The following procedure Should guide him:
Photographs A permanent written record Should be kept relating to photographs taken in the Course of
an investigation, noting the time, date and Place of the photograph, its subject the weather Condition at
the time it was taken. The technician Might also note details of film and camera operations. Several
prints of each photograph should be obtained, And on one copy, these details should be recorded
Together with the name of the officers who can prove The photograph. The other print copies be
retained Unmarked for Possible submission To court Photographs of, for instance, a meeting between
two Offenders can adduce valuable corroborative evidence.

Documents that may become Evidence in a prosecution should be retained in their Original form. They
should be treated in much the Same manner as drug seizures with regard to identification, and it is
suggested that all under whose Supervision this is done can later prove the original, Particularly in cases
where returned to a person tor Production later in court.

Investigative Records in this particular category include:

1. Information on a suspect of drug movement

2. Results of background inquiry on a suspect

3. The log or running sheet kept on investigator and suspect movement during surveillance or arrest

4. Investigator's notebooks and diaries

5. Investigator's notes of conversations, events or interviews

 LESSON TWO

DRUG INVESTIGATION PROCESS

ROLE OF THE PDEA

Drug investigation in the Philippines is under Line concern of the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
(PDEA) being newly created and organized. The Cy has one among its powers and functions the Action of
all investigation proceedings concerning

Overview of the Drug Investigation Process

Proper handling of drug evidence is necessary to obtain the maximum possible information upon which
scientific examination shall be based, and to prevent exclusion as evidence in court. Drug specimens,
which truly represent the material found at the scene, unaltered, unspoiled or otherwise unchanged in
handling, will provide more and better information upon examination. Legal requirements make it
necessary to account for all physical pieces of evidence from the time it is collected until it is presented
in court. With these, the following principles should e observed in handling all types of evidence in
narcotic investigation:

Procedure at the Crime Scene Upon Arrival at the Crime Scene

a. Record time/date of arrival at the crime Scene, location of the scene, condition of The
weather, condition and type of Lighting direction of wind and visibility.

b. Secure the crime scene by installing the Crime scene tape or rope (police line)

c. Before touching or moving any object in the crime scene, determine first the status of
the victim, whether he is still Alive or already dead. If the victim is alive The investigator
should exert effort to Gather information from the Himself regarding the circumstances
of The crime, while a member of the team or Someone must call an ambulance from
The nearest hospital. After the victim is Removed and brought to the hospital for
Medical attention, measure, sketch, and Photograph. Victim
 d. Designate a member of the team or Summon other policemen or responsible Persons to
stand watch and secure the Scene, and permit only those authorized Person to enter
the same.

e. Identify and retain for questioning the Person who firs notified the police, and Other
possible witnesses.

Recording

The investigator begins the process of Recording pertinent facts and details of the Investigation
the moment he arrives at the Crime scene (He should record the time when he Was initially
notified prior to his arrival). He Also writes down the identification of person Involved and what
he initially saw. He also Draws a basic sketch of the crime scene and Takes the initial
photographs. This is to ensure That an image of the crime scene is Before any occurrence that
disturbs the scene AS a rule, do not touch, alter or remove Anything at the crime scene until the
evidence Has been processed through notes, skeet And photographs, with proper
measurements

Searching for Evidence

a) Each crime scene is different, according To the physical nature of the scene an
The Crime Or Offense Involved. Consequently, the scene is proceeding
accordance with the prevailing physical Characteristics of the scene and with
the Need to develop essential evidentiary facts Peculiar to the offense. A
general survey Of the scene is always made, however, to Not the location of
obvious traces of Action, the probable entry and exit points Used by the
offender(s) and the size and Shape of the area involved.

b) In rooms, buildings, and small outdoor Areas, a systematic search of evidence

is Initiated, (In the interest of uniformity, it Is recommended that the be
used). The investigator Examines each item encountered on the Floor, walls,
and ceiling to locate anything That may be of evidentiary value. He should:
 Give particular attention to fragile Evidence that may be destroyed or Contaminated if it
is not collected ,
  if any doubt exists as to the value of an Item, treat it as evidence until proven
Otherwise,

 carefully protect any impression of Evidentiary value in surfaces conducive To making

casts or molds,

 Note stains, spots and pools of liquid Within the scene and treat them as Evidence,

 Proceed Uninterruptedly to the conclusion of The processing of the scene. The search
For evidence is initially completed When, after a thorough examination of The scene,
the rough sketch, necessary Photograph and investigative note have Been completed
and the investigator Has returned to the point from which The search began.
Systematically

c) In large outdoor areas, it is advisable to Divide the area into strips about four
(4) Feet wide. The policeman may first search The strip on his left he faces the
scene Then the adjoining strips.
d) It may be advisable to make a search Beyond the area considered to be
Immediate scene of the incident or crime. For example, evidence may indicate
that A weapon or tool used in the crime was Discarded or hidden by the
offender Somewhere within a square-mile area Near the scene.

e) After completing the search of the scene, The investigator examined the
objects or Persons involved.

Methods of Crime Scene Search

As maybe In narcotic Investigation, the following methods of Searches maybe used:

a) Strip Search Method

b) Double strip or grid method of search

c) Spiral Search Method

d) Zone Search Method

Collecting Evidence

This is accomplished after the search is Completed, the rough sketch finished and Photographs
taken. Fragile evidence should be Collected as they are found.

Removal of Evidence

a. The investigator places his initials, the Date and the time of discovery on each
1tem of evidence and the time discovery On each item of evidence for proper
identification.
b. Items that could not be marked should be Placed in a suitable container and
sealed.

Tagging of Evidence

Any physical evidence obtained must Tagged before its submission to the evidence Custodian.

Evaluation of Evidence

Each item of evidence must be evaluated In relation to all the evidence, individually and
Collectively.

Preservation of Evidence

It is the investigator’s responsibility to Ensure that every precaution is exercised to Preserve

physical evidence in the state in Which it was recovered until it is released to The evidence
custodian.

Releasing the Scene

 The scene is not released until a Processing has been completed. The release Should be effected
at the earliest practical Time, particularly when an activity has be Closed or its operations
curtailed Pointers to Consider in Sketching the Crime Scene Admissibility,

a) To Investigator must have had a personal Observation of the data in question.

In Other words, the sketch must be Sponsored or verified.

b) Sketches are not a substitute for notes or Photos, they are but a supplement
to Them.

c) Write down all measurements.

d) Fill in all the details on your rough sketching the scene. Final sketch may be
prepared at the office.
f) Keep the rough sketch even when you have completed the final sketch.
Indicate the North direction with an Arrow.
g) Draw the final sketch to scale.
h) Indicate the place in the sketch as well as the person who drew it. Use the KEY
capital letters of the alphabet for listing down more or less normal parts of
accessories of the place, and numbers of terms of evidence
i) Indicate the position, location and Relationship of objects.
j) Methods or systems of locating points (objects) on the sketch
k) Critical measurements, such as skid Marks, should be checked by two (2)
investigators.
l) Measurements should be harmonized; or centimeters, inches, yards, meters,
mixed in one sketch.
m) Use standard symbols in the sketch.
n) S which way doors swing,
o) Show with an arrow the direction of stairways.
p) Recheck the sketch for clarity, accuracy, Scale, and title key.

Role of SOCO in Narcotic Investigation

A number of crime incidents committed In the country are unsolved and/or dismissed By trial
courts because of insufficiency of evidence. In cases of narcotic investigation, it Is important that
pieces of drug evidence that Will provide clues on the suspects/offenders’ Identities can be
found at the crime scene. However, those vital evidence at the crime scene is either left at the
crime scene are Critical in the prosecution of the case in court With the advent of new
technologies, they Could be analyzed scientifically for these Purposes.

The recovery of physical evidence during Investigation of the crime scene is the most Important
task of current law enforcement. In Most cases, the material items of evidence and Descriptive
information collected from the scene of the crime make a big difference in the success and
1ailure of cases in court.

The capability of the Crime Laboratory to provide Information depends on the recognition,
recovery and documentation of the evidence in The crime scene. Field investigators work as part
of the forensic team as that of laboratory technician. If evidence collected at the crime Scientific
interpretation and Scene is not properly accomplished, the work of the crime laboratory is
impeded and even negated. The recovery of physical evidence During the investigation of a
crime scene is the most important enforcement. In most cases, the material items Of evidence
Task of current Law and descriptive information collected from the scene of the crime make a
difference in the success and failure of cases in court.

Past experience shows that a well-trained team, coordinated and properly equipped, can of
great advantage in effectively and efficiency recovering evidences. Knowledge Personal And
Instinctive Actions
 LESSON THREE

DRUG TESTING AND NARCOTIC DEATH

INVESTIGATION

DRUG TESTING

Field Test The test describes in the following Pages are designed to give investigators emergency
Means of making on-the-spot tentative identification of Samples seized or purchased during the
course of Investigations. Regarded as final identification since a number of such Drugs are
marketed in combination with other Chemicals from which they must be separated (by
Laboratory methods) before true results can be Attained. Results obtained should not be

Care of Apparatus and Reagents Reagents Should be protected from excessive heat and light.
Acid Reagents should be stored in glass bottles. Reagent Stability should be tested from time to
time with drugs Of known identify. All apparatus used in making test Should be thoroughly
cleaned before reusing. Marquis Test is used for morphine, codeine, heroin and other Opium
derivatives.

When brought into contact with morphine, Heroin or other opium derivatives, the reagent
develops Brilliant colors ranging from blue to reddish purple. There are some other substances,
which also produce Colors with this reagent. No confusion, however, Should arise once the
operator is familiar with the Specific colors given by the opium alkaloids. It is Therefore essential
that the test be observed with Known samples before any unknown is tested.

Making the Test

Following are considered: In making drug tests, the

1. Allow the reagent to drain to one end of the Ampul

2. Break Ampul between the fingers along the Scored line.
3. Introduce a small bit of sample into the open End of one-half of the sample by scraping
a cube Or pinch of powder held between the fingers with A sharp edge. Tap the closed
end so as to shack The sample further into the tube and thus and It into contact with the
reagent.
4. After the test, the ampul should be rinsed with Water before discarding.
 FIELD DRUG TESTING

Field Tests for Methadone

This narcotic drug, known also as Amidone Dolophine and di-6 dimethylamide-4, 4-
diphenyl-3- Heptanone hydrochloride, can De detected in the Presence of some other
drugs by employing the reagent And technique as set forth below. Alter solution is
Effected, filtration of the sample is desirable but not Essential to the success of the
method, since insoluble Substance such as starch, talc, etc. are not blue in Color.

Reagent: Dissolve 1 gm of cobalt acetate, nitrate Or chloride and 1/5 gm of potassium

thiocyanate in 90 Ml of water and 10ml of glacial acetic acid.

Test: Dissolve the sample in a minimum Amount of water, Filter. Add 2 or 3 drops of the
Reagent to the filtrate. Shake for about 1 minute. A Blue precipitate indicates the
presence of methadone.

Field Test for Cocaine, Demerol and Methadone

This field test for cocaine, demerol and Methadone was developed by the U.S. Customs
Laboratory, in Baltimore, Maryland in 1961 and has Been successful use since then.

The field test is based on a modification of the Well-known cobalt thiocyanate color test
that product A blue color in the presence of cocaine. The custody Field test 1s a stable
single-solution version of Thiocyanate test and is the most specific cocaine co
Test available at this time.

The field test is not intended to replace more Specific laboratory determination and should be
used Only as a preliminary test. Some non-narcotic substances, such as Certain antihistamines,
Known to gave a color with cobalt thiocyanate.
The test is simple to perform. The ampul should Be broken at the point where the glass is scored
and The powdered sample introduced into the open end of The half of the ampul should NOT BE
SHAKEN. A blue Color is indicative of cocaine, demerol or methadone give stronger blues than
that demerol. For each of the three narcotics, the strength of their blue in the Ampuls is
proportionate to their active content.

The ampul contains a dilute acid and should be Discarded in a place where water can be used to
delute The acid.

Field Tests for Marijuana

NOTE: Do not rely on chemical tests alone. Ways examine the material with a microscope or
Hand lens. Cannabis Sativa, or marijuana, can be quickly and positively identified by subjecting
the Sample to the following tests:

Microscopic

Approximately 30 diameters, the leaves, small twigs, Seed hulls and flowering tops exhibit a
characteristics Warty appearance due to the presence of non- Glandular hairs which contain at
their base called Spheroidal cystolith of calcium carbonate. Adding a Drop of diluted
hydrochloric acid to the slide and The effervescence may show the presence of carbonate.
Many of the cystolithic hairs appear in the shape of bear claws. The seed or fruit, deprived of its
Using Magnification of Hull, under the same magnificent, presents a mottled Effect and gives
the viewer the impression he is looking at a hulled coconut or nutmeg. A Comparison with an
Authentic sample is most desirable.

Chemical – The Duquenois-Levine Test has been Found to be the only satisfactory chemical test
for the identification of marijuana. The chloroform soluble Color developed in this test is due to
the presence of Tetrahydrocannbinol (THC) which is the active Principal of the marijuana plant.

Reagents - Reagent Dissolve – Dissolve 5 Drops of acetaldehyde and 0.4 gm. Of vanillin in 20 ml
Of 95% ethyl alcohol. (This reagent may be kept for Some time in glass-stoppered bottles in a
cool dark Place. It should be discarded after it assumes a deep Yellow color).
Seeds When a sample consists entirely of Seeds, their identity alone is not sufficient to bring
Them within the purview of the law, which requires them to be textile. O establish their fertility
a number Of the seeds should be placed in a suitable container With moist paper pulp or wet
vermiculite, and place in A warm dark place until germination takes place. When reporting a
sample containing marijuana seeds Alone, their fertility should always be stated.

Field Test for Amphetamines

This field test for identifying amphetamines is Useful in screening out caffeine, vitamins, or other
Substitutes proffered as amphetamines.

Test Material The test material consists of 22 Or 3 drops of Marquis reagent (2 drops of 37%
Formaldehyde in 3 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid) in A small glass ampul.

Test Procedure Break the ampul at the scored Center and place 1 or 2 drops of the reagent on
the Sample. This should be done on a glass ashtray, Inverted tumbler, etc. Amphetamines react
with the Agent to give a red-orange color, turning to reddish And then dark brown within 1 or 2
minutes. The Agent gives this characteristics color reaction when Applied to white, pink, yellow,
peach or green Amphetamine tables.

The speed within which the color is formed appears to depend upon the hardness of the tablet.
Red-orange color forms immediately of some while with others it appears in 10 to 20 second.
Therefore, the critical period of color differentiation for amphetamines is within the first 20
seconds. The Peach-colored caffeine tablet gives a color, which might Cause some confusion.
The difference between the Color formed by this tablet by this tablet and that Formed by a
peach-colored amphetamine tablet are Crushed before the reagent is applied. Once the
Difference is seen, there should be no trouble in Distinguishing one from the other.

Amphetamine powder and tablets – Red-orange Onset to reddish brown to dark brown within a
couple Of minutes, Caffeine powder and tablets no color Reaction, Methamphetamine and
tablets – Red-orange Onset to reddish brown to dark brown in 1 to 2 Minutes, Phenyl tertiary
butylamine HCI Same color Change as amphetamines, Wyamine sulfate -Same Color change as
amphetamines.

Field Test for Barbiturates

For the tentative identification of the Barbiturates, the Zwikker test is used. Zwikker Test – An
anhydrous methanol solution of the barbiturate Upon several drops of cobalt chloride in
methanol Solution gives a bluish color, which changes to dark Blue upon being alkalized with a
5% isopropylamine in Methanol. The Atkinson Laboratory, 33031 Fierro Street, Los Angeles,
California, manufacture Compact kit that utilized the Zwikker Test. Test Material – The Zwikker
Test Kit consists or A small plastic bag containing three solution Plastics dropping bottles and
small porcelain spot Plate. Solution # 1

2- Cobalt chloride dissolved in methanol, Solution # -5% isopropylamine in methanol. Anhydours

methanol, Solution

CAUTION: The above solutions are volatile and Inflammable. They should be kept sealed. Test
Procedure The following shall be Considered:

1. Place part of sample into spot-tester, (enough To cover letter “O on a typewriter key).
2. Put two drops of solution # 1 on sample in Spot-tester. (Sample should dissolve.)
3. Add two drops of solution # 2 (This may Produce a violet or a blue color.)
4. Add tow drops of solution Deepens to a darker violet of blue, this Indicates
(If color Presumption Presence Barbiturate.) The solution will become Contaminated.
Wash and dry spot-test plat After use.

NARCOTOC DEATH INVESTIGATION

A Common occurrence in the drug culture is the Death of a user. Investigation of a narcotic
death is Divided into three (3) phases: the SCENE investigation, Ne MEDICAL investigation, and
the Toxicological investigation. An officer involved in such a case should Determine the manner
of death, that 1s, whether homicide, suicide or accidental. All of the factors and Elements of the
scene must be accurately and Completely recorded. This will assist the medical examiner in
determining the cause of death.

Physiological Effect of Narcotic Ingestion

The ingestion of narcotics or dangerous drugs Poisons the body. This is poisoning effect will
leads to A paralysis of the respiratory center or cause chart Failure. This, the, will deny the body
a sufficient Amount of oxygen. Evident or visible Signs, which Remain after death, often
accompany the effects of a Particular drug on the human body for the trained Observe. These
signs are result of symptoms Experienced by the victim prior to death. Following is Partial listing
of the more dangerous drugs, the Minimum lethal dose, symptoms and cause of death:
The Scene of Death

During investigation of the scene, you should Recognize and relate seemingly insignificant items
or Material, which would justify a conclusion of narcotic Involvement. The 10llowing are just
some of such Items.

1. Paraphernalia (or “works”) Tools or Implements used in administering narcotics. These

may include the obvious syringe and Needle, tourniquet, spoon or bottle top “cookies
And tinfoil packet. Also included are small balls of cotton, capsules and envelopes, and a
book of Matches.

2. Narcotic Medication Laudanum, paregoric, Codeine cough syrup, all utilized as

“carryovers” Until the next fix.

3. Maalox -Milk of Magnesia – Medication used To relieve nausea, vomiting, constipation,

cramps or diarrhea.

4. Absence of Nutritional Food – Loss of appetite is a symptom of poisoning. Presence of

candy or Soft drinks indicates low insulin count.

5. Body Fluids -Presence of urine, feces, mucus Or vomitus on the scene may be evidence
of the body attempting to rid itself of poisoned Substance.

6. Clothing or Bed Linens Sweat-stained or Soaking wet from the victim having hot and
cold flashes should be collected and analyzed.

7. Lack of Ordinary Cleanliness Dependent User is not concerned in most cases with the
Environment or health, and this is shown by a Neglect of both.
 8. Wet Body – Evidence of body being immersed in Tub or shower, or having ice cubes
placed in Underclothes or in private parts. It is a common Mistake uses make in thinking
this helps in Overdose cases. Salt water may also be injected Into the victim. Hospitals
use Narcan as Antidote.

9. Nylon Stoking Stretched over a hanger used As sieve.

10. Playing Card- with the powder, may have been Used to “smack” (cut) heroin. The card is
usually On top of a record album or similar.

11. Merchandise – Small items which are easily Carried and disposed of after, being stolen-
Radios, watches, portable TVs, radios, etc.

The Body Signs

1. Cyanosis bluish discoloration of the face and /or fingernails due to insufficient oxygenation o
The blood caused by increase in carbon dioxide In the body.
2. Petechial Hemorrhages – Pinpoint spots o Discoloration resulting from capability ruptures
Due to pressure and generally observed in the Eyes, eyelids, behind the ears and internally.
3. Form or Froth -Observed in mouth and nose, May be white or pinkish and caused by fluids
Entering the air passages.

4. Hematoma – A localized swelling on any par to The body caused by bleeding beneath the
surface Of the skin. This 1s caused by “skin popping Rather that vein injections.

5. Needle marks/tracks Visual evidence of Repeated intravenous injections. The tracks will
Follow a vein (exception “skin popping) and Result in a dark discoloration and eventual
Collapse of the vein.

6. Scar- Skin imperfection caused by the victim in Removing needle mark scabs, added to
Uncleanness of the victim.

7. Rash/scratched Skin – External body signs of Morphine or heroin poisoning.

8. Asphyxia it is often accompanied by external body changes. These changes, visible to the
Naked eye, are not restricted to narcotic-related Deaths and may be found in other asphyxia
 Deaths, such as heart attack, drowning, hanging, etc. They must be noted, photographed
And reported to the pathologist during the pre- Autopsy interview.

Victim’s History

Historical date on the victim would include his Criminal record (local, national and international
and International); medical record (of a private doctor, Hospitals, clinics, etc. and any mental
treatment or Attempts at suicide); social (relatives, friends, Neighbors, co-workers); marital
(past or present); and Financial records.

When interviewing users or person possibly Involved in narcotics traffic, you should use straight
Language rather than attempt street talk because slang Constantly changes. You must
determined the extent Of decedent’s addiction, his familiarity with other Drugs, whether he had
a steady source of the drugs or Continuously shopped around, and other matters Relative to his
personal history.

Medical Phase

This is the most important stage of the narcotics Death investigation. Since the pathologist will
rarely be Able to examine the body at the death scene, you Should note every detail, which may
be of medico-legal Importance and make a complete report on this.

You should attend the autopsy yourself. Make Sure that the following specimens are submitted
for Narcotics, alcohol or other foreign matter. Hero Quickly changed to morphine after entering
the body And clears the blood in approximately % hour remain In the urine about 24 hours and
in the bile for 4 days
 LESSON ONE

SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND VICE CONTROL

ALCOHOL

Importance

Alcohol is one of the oldest intoxicants known to Man. Ever since there has been a continuous
effort, Everywhere, to control its consumption because of its Devastating effects on human life.
Many countries all Over the world have tried prohibition ban with little success.

In the Philippines, it has been observed that Most persons involved in cases of physical assault
are Under the influence of alcohol. Likewise, victims of Assault too are under the influence of
liquor. Furthermore, alcohol has adversely influenced the rate Of road accidents. Drunk drivers
cause majority of Se accidents. The chances of an intoxicated driver Sing an accident are about
fifty times more than Hat of a sober driver (Sharma, 1977).

The crime involving alcohol, directly or indirectly Is increasing at a terrific rate. The police and
the Judiciary should, therefore, understand the mechanic Of alcohol, its nature, effects,
detection and estimation, To deal effectively with crimes involving liquors.

Nature and Property

Alcohol is a colorless, tasteless clear liquid. It Boils at 78.4 degrees Celsius. It has a pleasant odor
And gives a burning sensation to the mouth, Esophagus and stomach. Ike many drugs, alcohol is
Toxic. It can poison the human body if taken in large Amounts or in combination with other
drugs. Alcohol is a depressant not a stimulant.

There are two kinds of alcohol – methyl and Ethyl alcohol. Methyl alcohol is very poisonous and
is Of put in drinks but is use in some industries. Ethyl Alcohol is used in alcoholic drinks, which
are made by breweries. The fermentation occurs when germs called Cast act on sugars in food
to produce alcohol and Don dioxide. Fermented brews and spirits contain Lent amounts of
alcohol. The amount in beer is than in other drinks. It varies from 2.5% to 8% in different
countries.

The Common Alcoholic Drinks

1. Beers They contain 2 to 6 percent alcohol, e.i. Beer, ale, stout.

2. Wines They contain about 10 percent alcohol, e.i. champagne, hock.

3. Fortified Wines 20 percent alcohol, e.i. port-sherry, others.

4. Spirits Alcohol, e.i. Whiskey, brandy, rum, gins.

Types of Drinkers

1. Occasional Drinker drinks on special Occasions or uses alcohol as a home remedy, Takes only
a few drinks per year.
2. Frequent Drinker – drinks at parties and social Affairs. Intake of alcohol may be once a week
or Occasionally reaches three or four times per Week, uses beverages to release inhibitions
and Tensions.

3. Regular Drinker may drink daily or Consistently on weekends, usually comes from Cultural
background where wine or beer is used With meals to enhance the flavor of the food.
4. Alcohol Dependent – drinks to have good time, Excessive drinking occurs occasionally but
Drinker may not become alcoholic.
5. Alcoholic – has lost control of his use of alcohol assumes primary goal in his life, even to The
exclusion of physical health and interests to Family and society in general.
Usual Motives for Drinking

1, Traditional- social and religious functions.

2. Status- symbol of success and prestige.

3. Dietary dining incomplete without wine, Integral part of today’s way of “gracious living”.

4. Social- release tensions and inhibitions so user Can tolerate and enjoy another’s company.

5. Shortcut to Adulthood -user unsure of Maturity, so he drinks to prove himself.

6. Ritual – fosters group feeling, cocktail parties, Toasts made to brides, wishes for good health.

7.Path of least Resistance doesn’t want to Drink but doesn’t want to abstain so goes along With
everyone else.

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON THE DRINKER

General Effect on the Body

Alcohol is a narcotic. That is, it has a depressant Elect on the system. Likewise, the following are
the General effects of alcohol as to proper order.

1. Euphoria feeling of well being, increased Confidence, temporary relief from fatigue, pain or
Depression.

2. muscular in coordination – depression of motor Nations and causes greater dulling of the
brain Nat controls inhibitions. The person may Come hilarious, morose, irritable or excitable
Layout proper cause. He may Sutter From Ca speech and staggering gait.
3. Respiratory Paralysis more liquor is Consumed the paralysis o the respiratory Centers sets in.
The person may suffer from Complete in coordination of muscles, breathing, Sleep, coma,
and death,

However, these effects Vary from person to Person and depending on the factors of absorption,
Tolerance, concentration of alcohol, and the number of Hours of drinking. Other general effects
include;
1. Fatal Dose the fatal dose of liquor of an Ordinary person is about 200 to 500 ml of Absolute
alcohol (for adults) and about 50 ml Onward for children.

2. Fatal Period the fatal effects of alcohol May appear with in 10 to 24 hours. But in Some
cases, death may take place even after A number of days.

3. Alcoholic Allergy some persons are Allergic to alcoholic drinks. The drinks may Cause them
to be mad and they behave like Maniacs under the influence of liquor.

Effects on Brain and the Central Nervous System

The nerves are like telephone wires coming out Of the control system in the brain and spinal
control They send and receive messages from all parts o the Body. Alcohol slows down the work
of the brain And stops proper messages being sent to the rest The body. Alcohol stops people
behaving correctly Other people. They may do whatever comes first Their minds. They may say
things that do not nan Sense or behave rudely to others. They may also have Feelings of
increased personal or social power. After Heavy drinking, and when the pain killing effects of the
Alcohol are removed, the person may suffer from a Hangover. A hangover 1s the word used to
describe the Terrible pain and horrible effects, which follow a period Of heavy drinking

Effects on the Stomach and Intestines

Alcohol damages the stomach and intestines and Makes them sore. This can cause a burning
sensation, Nausea and vomiting. Sometimes there is bleeding.

Effects on the Liver

The first thing the liver does is to turn part of The alcohol into fat. Some of this goes into the
bl0od, But a lot builds up in the liver cells. After drinking six (b) medium-sized glasses of beer
everyday for a few Days fat is formed in the liver, the Liver becomes larger. As the liver enlarges,
it changes they way other drugs And medicines work in the body. So it can be Dangerous to take
medicines with alcohol.

Effects on the Heart and Muscles

Alcohol affects the heart and other muscles so At they become weaker and less effective. This
makes people tired and breathless.

Effects on the Blood

The activity of the liver trying to get rid of the alcohol results in many changes to the blood for
Example blood sugar is lowered and blood fats are increase

Effects on the Kidneys

Alcohol decreased the ability of the kidneys to Get rid of some waste products.

Effects on Sexual Functions

After the excessive use of alcohol, the ability to Have satisfactory sexual activity is decreased.

Effects on General Health

Malnutrition: The illness that occurs when Person doesn’t have enough food to eat or eats the
Wrong kind of food. The person who drinks alcohol May suffer from malnutrition because he
spends his Time, money and energy in drinking. He may not eat The proper foods. Drinking
alcohol decreases a Person’s desire to eat. Alcohol burns the stomach and Bowel so that food
eaten is not used well by the body. If the liver is damaged, some important vitamins are Not
produced.

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ABUSE ON THE COMMUNITY

Because drinking affects people’s behavior, 1t Has effects on the community as a whole.

Home: Heavy drinkers take money needed 10r Food, clothes and furniture. This causes a
Husbands and wife fight and accuse each other Being unfaithful. There will be often be sexual
Problems. Children are badly treated and badly And drinking makes people lazy and they may
not To work. Women may have to steal food to feed u families.
ALCOHOL ABUSE CONTROL

With the aforementioned devastating effects of Alcohol, therefore, it must be controlled. Solely
treating People with medications cannot control problem Drinking and alcoholism. Treatment
should be coupled With proper education both in the schools and in the Adult community to
develop the nation habits of Moderation in the use of alcoholic beverages. It Requires
investigation and testing of social policies on The control of the distribution of alcohol as well as
the Effective implementation of these prevention policies.

Legal Control

Intoxication

Under the law is an Alternative Circumstance Alternative Circumstances are those which must
be Taken into consideration as aggravating or mitigating Circumstances according to the nature
and effects The crime and the other conditions attending 1ts Commission. The intoxication of
the offender is taken Into consideration as a mitigating circums Intender has committed a felony
in a state of Intoxication, if the same is not habitual or subsequent the plan to commit said
felony. On the other hand, When intoxication is habitual or intentional or Subsequent to
Commit the felony, it shall be Considered as an engraving circumstance. (Art 15. Revised Penal
Code)

Liquor as a Volatile Substance

Under P.D. 1619, sale and offer to sell to minors Of liquors or beverages with alcoholic content
of 30%% Or above is punishable by 6 months and one day to 4 Years imprisonment and a fine of
P600.00 pesos to P4000.00 pesos.

Social Control

Social control of alcoholism comes in varied Means like education and awareness, community
Activities, and individual or, group therapies. Today, One of the numerous programs for
alcoholics is the Religious means of Alcoholics Anonymous.
Alcoholics Anonymous

It is a practical approach to the problem of Iconoclasm which has met a considerable success. It
is Organization that operates in a nonprofessional- Counseling program in which both person-to-
person Group relationships are emphasized. It accepts On teenagers and adults with drinking
problem, has Ides or dues, does not keep records or case Histories, does Not participate in
political causes, and S: affiliated with any religious sect, although Dual development is the key
aspect of its treatment Approach. To ensure the anonymity of the alcoholic Only first names are
used. Meetings are devoted part To social activities, but consist mainly on discussion of The
participant’s problems with alcohol, often with Testimonials from those who have recovered
from Alcoholism and how did they face it.

Medical Control

Alcoholism can be treated through biological Measures ranging from detoxification procedures
to Brain surgery. However, it 1s more practical for Alcoholics to undergo medical Detoxification.
Measures of Detoxification

It is the elimination of alcoholic substances from The individual’s body; treatment of the
withdrawal Symptoms; and on medical regimen for physical Rehabilitation. These can be
handled in a hospital or Clinic, where drugs such as Chlordiazepoxide, have Largely
revolutionized the treatment withdrawal Symptoms. Likewise, the drug Disulfiram (Antabuse)
Can create uncomfortable effects when followed Dy Alcohol and may be administered to
prevent an Immediate return to drinking (Coleman, 1980). Alcohol Investigation

Illicit Liquors

Thorough search of the premises especially Cattle sheds, unfrequented places, ravines and jung
is necessary to locate unauthorized stills and storage Collection of evidences includes the
collection of u paraphernalia, fingerprints and tool marks.

Evidence of Intoxication

Intoxication may have to be established in cases Of deaths, in offenses against person, in motor
vehicle Accidents and in cases where diminish responsibility 1s Claimed as a defense. Evidences
of intoxication require The collection of samples of bloods, urine, saliva or Breath each
whenever possible, and other body fluids For laboratory examinations.

Examination for Intoxication

Intoxication is identified through various means Like physical test, alcohol analysis, and medical
Examination. In medical examination, the investigator Should consider smell of breath, state of
clothing, General demeanor, speech, eyes, walk, memory, Breathing, and tremors of the
extremities.

TOBACCO (Smoking Vice)

The tobacco plant, scientifically known as Nicotiana Tabacum, is a plant grown for its leaves,
Which are smoked, chewed, or sniffed for a variety of Effects. Tobacco is considered addictive
because it Contains the addictive chemical Nicotine. Sniffing and Chewing tobacco originated in
North America and Europe, It was Christopher Columbus who introduced Tobacco into Europe.
It became then popular with the Portuguese, Scandinavians. Spanish, French, British,

Tobacco Chemicals

The three most common components of tobacco cigarettes and cigarette smoke are:

a. Nicotine -It 1s the most important active ingredient in controlled doses. It is an extremely
toxic substance. A typical cigarette contains 1-2 mg of nicotine. When smoked, less than 1 mg
from each cigarette is filtered or not depending on the characteristics of the filter, the depth and
frequency of inhalation and the length of the butt.

b. Carbon Monoxide - a poisonous gas similar to the gas that emanates from a car's exhaust
pipe. it impairs the capacity of the blood to supply adequate amounts of oxygen to the vital
organs of the body. It is responsible for the shortness of breath among smokers.

c. Tar - the brownish viscous substance known to be cancer-causing component of tobacco king.
It also stains the fingers, teeth, and Tongue of the smoker. Along with other noxious Substances
in cigarette smoking, it can lead to Cancer, emphysema, and chronic lung bronchitis.
 EFFECTS OF Tobaccos SMOKING

The effects of tobacco smoking consist primarily Of ill health and of human shivering
Necessarily, the Productivity of the work force, the need for medical Care and other variables
are thus, smoking Impairs society’s total well-being and poses substantial Economic loss to the
nation.

Effects on the Cardiovascular System

Increases in heart attack risk with amount Smoke; Increases heart rates 15-25 beats with one to
Two cigarette; Constricts small arteries causing Higher Blood pressure Increases chance of
developing Peripheral, vascular diseases, Causes carbon Monoxide from smoke to rob oxygen
carrying potential Of blood; Causes increase of free fatty acids in blood Which may be related to
heart attack.

Effects on the Respiratory System

Increases risks of developing lung cancer ten- Fold for the average of one pack a day smoker,
Increases lung cancer risk with amount, with length of Time smoked and early age starting,
major factor Identified in the development of lung cancer; only one In twenty lung cancer
victims is saved from death per Year, lung cancer deaths slightly exceed traffic death Per year;

Smoking in als0 a major cause of chronic Bronchitis increases risk of dying of chronic Bronchitis
and emphysema about six fold; tends Paralyze bronchial cilia and stimulate production o Mucus;
eventually destroys ciliary structure cleansing System predisp0sing to respiratory infection

Effects to Mortality and Morbidity

Due to the increase cancer of the larynx, the mouth, bladder and the esophagus; Increase in
ulcer deaths, death from cirrhosis; increase in kidney problems; Greater incident of infant pre-
maturity and mortality; Life expectancy is expected to reduce by about 14 minutes per cigarette
smoked.

Signs/Symptoms of Nicotine Withdrawal

Withdrawal symptoms begin as soon as 4 hours once decides to quit smoking or after the last
cigarette, generally peak in intensity at three to five days, and disappear within two weeks.
Symptoms start with headache, anxiety, irritability, tremors, poor concentration and hunger
pains. Other signs and symptoms include insomnia and depression, Sweating. constipation and
diarrhea.

Benefits of Quitting Tobacco smoking

Chronologically, the following are benefits that one can derive from quitting or not smoking
tobacco Cigarettes.

1. Within 20 minutes, the blood, pressures and pulse rate drop to normal, the body temperature
of the hands and feet returns to normal.

2. Within 8 hours, the carbon monoxide level in the blood drops to normal and the oxygen level
n the blood increases to normal.

3. Within 24 hours, the risk of sudden heart attack decreases.

4. Within 48 hours, the nerve ending begin regenerate and a person's ability to smell and taste
begin to return to normal.
5. Within 2 weeks to weeks, blood circulation Improves and lung function increases to 30
Percent.
6. Within 1 to 9 months, over all energy increases Signs and symptoms of coughing, nasal
Congestion, fatigue and shortness of breath are Natural Cleansing Markedly Mechanism of
the respiratory tract returns to. Normal so that the body 1s able to handle Mucus, clean the
respiratory tract, and prevent Reduced.

Respiratory infections.

7. 1 year, risk of coronary heart disease is Reduced by 50 percent.

8. Within 5 years, the risk of dying from lung Cancer is reduced by 50 percent.
9. Within 10 years, the risk of dying from lung Cancer, stroke and heart attack is same as that
Of a non-smoker.
Other goodness in quitting smoking includes Having fresh-smelling hair and clothes, saving
money, And most of all setting a good example to your children And friends.

Measures to Reduce Smoking

Government support of anti-smoking campaign Demonstrates commitment to the eradication of

health Ems related to smoking and public influences and Attitudes to smoking Tobacco se by
young people need a combination of Successful programs to reduce the prevalence of
measures and health education including’s

1. prohibition of sales in minor

2. Prohibition of smoking in schools and other Places frequented by the young

3. Restriction on advertising and promotion of Tobacco products especially those aimed at

Young people

4. Health education at both primary and secondary Levels of schools

5. Use of fiscal policies to increase the price of Tobacco products

6. health warnings on cigarette packets

7. Collaboration with the media to deglamorize the Image of the smoker.

Tips to Stop Tobacco Smoking

Even through tobacco is very addictive, millions Of smokers have broken free from the chain of

Smoking. Here are some tips to stop smoking:

1. Get ready to break – decide what you want to be Free from smoking.
2. Prepare Physically- be like an athlete in Training.
3. Prepare Mentally Will act when you stopped, smoking
4. Prepare Socially- politely avoid smoking and Drinking friends, family members or office
Mentally rehearse how you Parties.
5. Prepare Spiritually – think the goodness or Setting examples to others.
6. Keep a Record – during the next 24 to 48 hours, Keep all cigarettes away from you and you
can Do it in the next 48 hours and so on.
7. Set the Break Free Date – have a celebration by Throwing away cigarettes, ashtrays, lighters
and Anything else you have associated with smoking.
8. Prepare for a Ship or Relapse – review all the Benefits of a smoke tree life style, better
health, Money saved, more social activities, etc.
9. Plan for the Big Victory – affirm you self respect And awareness by calculating money you
saved And spend it on something meaningful to you.
10. Ensure Long Term Success Help others to stop Smoking because it will reinforce your desire.

THE GAMBLING VICE

Gambling is usually defined as wagering on Games or events in which chance largely determines
The outcome.

Gambling

It is a vice that is difficult to control. Although The behavior pattern known as pathological or
Compulsive gambling does not involve chemically Addictive substance, still is considered as an
addictive Behavior because of the personality attributes that Tends to characterize the
individual and the similar Treatment problems involved. It also involves behavior Maintained by
short-term gains despite long-term Disruption of the individual’s life.

What behind Gambling as a vice?

Pathological gamblers continue to play vividly Spite the awareness that the odds are against the,
Despite the fact that they are rarely or never The their early success. To stake their gambling
often dissipate their savings, neglect their Families, default on bills, and borrow money fro
Friends and even loan. Eventually they resort to writing Bad checks, embezzlement, corruption
and other Illegal means of obtaining money, feeling sure that Their luck will change and that
they will be able To Repay what they have taken. Whereas others view their Gambling as
unethical and disruptive, they are likely to See themselves as taking calculated risks to build a
Lucrative business. Often they feel alone and resentful That others do not understand their
activities (Coleman, 1980).
Reasons for Controlling Gambling

Gambling should be controlled for the following Reasons:

1. It is a crime, against public morals.

2. It promotes broken family Neighborhood.

3. It causes poverty, dishonesty, fraud and deceit And Bad To man.

4. It strengthens organized crimes.

5. To prevent, reduce or control crimes connected With it.

GAMBLING CONTROLS

At all cost, gambling must be controlled in order To minimize the number of the group of people
tended To be rebellious and unconventional who do not see To fully understand the ethical
norms of the society.

Legal Control

The Revised Penal Code of the Philippines punishes gambling. Article 195 of this law penalize
any person who, in any manner shall directly or indirectly Take part of any game of scheme, the
result of which Depend wholly or chiefly upon chance with money or Articles of monetary value
at stake. Likewise, the law Also punishes any person who knowingly permitting Any form of
gambling to be carried out in any place, Building or vessel or other means of transportation
Owned or controlled by the accused. Furthermore, The Law punishes maintainers, conductors,
or bankers in The game of jueteng or any similar game.

Psychotherapy
 Psychotherapy in gambling is an approach based on some findings that pathological gamblers
Marital relationship is generally chaotic and turbulent, With the spouse frequently showing
seriously Maladaptive patterns also.

APPENDLK – A

THE MANUAL OF PROCEDURE ON

ANT-DRUG OPERATIONS

DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Airport Interdiction refers to the conduct of Surveillance, interception and interdiction of

persons and Evidence during travel aircraft,
 Arrest refers to the taking of a person into custody in Order that he may be bound to answer for
the commission Of an offense.

 Buy Bust operations Entrapment employed by peace officer as an effective way Of apprehending
a criminal in the act of the commission of Refers to a technique of The offense.

 Chain o Custody -Refers to a written record of names And dates for custody of an item of
physical evidence Which begins when evidence is collected and ended when The evidence is
destroyed.
 Clandestine Laboratory – refers to an official to any Facility used for the illegal manufacture of
any dangerous Drug and/or controlled pre cursor or essential chemical.
 Compliance Investigation refers to an official-action Conducted by the PDEA to ensure
compliance by license Holders and prevent diversion of dangerous drugs and Controlled
precursors and essential chemicals.
 Confidential Informant- refers to any source that either Furnished information regarding drug
trafficking Perform an activity under the specific direction of a Pu Agent or other authorized
personnel.
 Controlled Precursors and Essential Cnemical Refers to Tables I and II of the 1988 UN
Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psych are substance as enumerated in the
annexes which the integral parts of RA 9165 and those classified by Board pursuant to Section
93 of RA 9165.
Drug Evidence refers to any substances or material Around or recovered in connection with a criminal
Investigation.

 Deadly Force – refers to any use of force that likely to Cause death or serious bodily harm.
 Drug Law Enforcement Operation – sometimes referred to as anti-drug operation, is an official
conducted by the PDEA and any authorized law enforcement agency with the aim of achieving
reduction of illicit and demand of dangerous drugs and controlled precursors of essential
Chemicals.
 Entrapment- refers to the method of arrest made by law enforcers where ways and means are
resorted to for the Purpose of trapping and capturing violators of the law in the execution of
their criminal plan.
 Eradication – generally refers to the detection and Destruction of plantations of marijuana,
opium poppy, coca bush and other plants which are sources on dangerous drugs, including the
identification, arrest and prosecution of the planter, owner or cultivator, and the escheating of
the land where the plantation are located.
 Evidence Custodian – refers to personnel designated to Account, Control and maintain all pieces
of evidence Accepted by or stored in the evidence room.
 Intelligence refers to a product created through the Process of collecting, collating and analyzing
data, for Dissemination as usable information that typically Assesses events, locations or
adversaries, to allow the Appropriate deployment of resources to reach a desired Outcome.
 Interdiction – refers to the interception of illegal drugs Being smuggled by air, sea or land.
investigating Officer (for Preliminary Investigation)- refers to the prosecutor handling the case
 Inventory Officer – refers to the member of the operating Team designated to account all pieces
of evidence found in The area of operations or from the person/s arrested.
 Minor- refers to a person under eighteen (18) years of age
 Maritime Interdiction Operation – refers to the conduct Of surveillance, interception of drugs
and controlled Chemicals and arrest of traffickers within Philippine Maritime jurisdiction.
 Non-Deadly Force refers to any use of force other that Which is considered deadly force.
 Non-Drug Evidence refers to the evidence other than Dangerous drugs and controlled
precursors and essential Chemicals with drug-related cases.
 Search Warrant – refers to an order in writing issued in The name of the People of the
Philippines, signed by a Judge and directed to a peace officer, directing him to Search for
personal property described therein and bring it Before the court (Sec 1, Rule 126, Rules of
Court).
 Seizing officer – refers to the drug law enforcement Personnel who arrested the suspect/s,
 Use of Force – refers to the necessary action to effect the Arrest of the offender/s, protect the
arresting officers and Innocent by-standers.