Vol. 2 (2), pp. 107-113, March, 2014.

©
Global Science Research Journals
http://www.globalscienceresearchjournals.org/

Global Journal of Animal Science,

Livestock Production and Animal
Breeding

Production and nutrition potency of swamp local forage

In south Kalimantan as ruminant feed

By

Rostini T , Abdullah L, Wiryawan KG and Karti PDMH

1
Faculty of Agriculture, State Islamic University of Muhammad Arsyad Albanjary Kalimantan
#
Jl. Adyaksa no 2 Kayu Tangi Banjarmasin
2
Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
Faculty of Animal Science – Bogor Agricultural University
$
Jl. Agatis – Dramaga IPB Campus, Dramaga – Bogor 16680
 Vol. 2 (2), Pp.107-113, March, 2014. ©
Global Journal of Animal Science, Livestock Production and Global Science Research Journals
Animal Breeding http://www.globalscienceresearchjournals.org/

Full Length Research Paper

Production and nutrition potency of swamp local forage

in South Kalimantan as ruminant feed
T. Rostini 1#, L. Abdullah2$, K. G.Wiryawan2$, and P. D.M.H. Karti2$
1
Faculty of Agriculture, State Islamic University of Muhammad Arsyad Albanjary Kalimantan
#
Jl. Adyaksa no 2 Kayu Tangi Banjarmasin
2
Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
Faculty of Animal Science – Bogor Agricultural University
$
Jl. Agatis – Dramaga IPB Campus, Dramaga – Bogor 16680

Accepted 11th March, 2014

Study on swamp forages in South Kalimantan was conducted to evaluate potency of their production
and nutritional qualities. As it is recognized that there are about 235,676 ha of swamp are in South
Kalimantan poses potential forage, which traditionally used for ruminants. Four indigenous swamp
forage plant predominantly grow in the swamp of South Kalimantan. They are Kumpai Batu (Ischaemum
polystachyum. J. Presl), Kumpai Minyak (Hymeneche amplexicaulis Haes), Beberasan (Ludwigia
hyssopifolia), and Pipisangan (Polygonum barbatum L). Survey method was used to conduct field
observations to identify swamp forage, level of production, carrying capacity, and nutrient content of
swamp forage within water loged and unlogged season. The results showed that the dominant species
has a high production and good quality nutrition in the spring tide is grass Hymeneche amplexicaulis
Haes, production amounted to 1032.60 kgDM ha-1 harvest-1, nutrient content of 10.88% crude protein
(CP), crude fiber (CF) 16.37% with carrying capacity of 3.53 Animal Unit/season. Ischaemum
polystachyum. J. Presl production was 989.16 kg DM ha-1 harvest-1, CP content of 14.3%, CF 17.35%,
with carrying capacity of 3.39 Animal Unit/season. Ludwigia hyssopifolia production amounted to
851.67 kg DM ha-1 harvest-1, CP content 15.96%, CF 25.23%, and carrying capacity of 2.91 Animal
Unit/season. Polygonum barbatum L production was 889.71 kg DM ha-1harvest-1, CP content of 16.45%
and 16.27% CF, with carryng capacity of 3.04 Animal Unit/season. It can be concluded that there were
four types of species as a potential forages for ruminants feed.

Keywords: Carrying capacity, dominant, productivity, swamp forage

INTRODUCTION

Forage feedstuffs that are absolutely necessary either an attempt to improve and develop domestic grass or
quantitatively or qualitatively throughout the year in forage crops locally be productive still very limited.
ruminant livestock production systems and forage as a Constraints common domestic grass or forage locally is
source of feed nutrients (Abdullah et al., 2005). People this low productivity associated with soil factors, climatic,
are still subsistence farms, most of the feed is grass, just biotic and potential forage (Sutiana, 2010)
Swamp forage is a forage that grows in swampy land
keeps potential feed for livestock areas such as ruminant
Corresponding Author’s Email: tintin_rostini@yahoo.com feed primarily swamp buffalo (buffalo kalang), cows and
goats. The abundance of a variety of grass (kumpai) and
Glob. J. Anim. Sci. Livestock Prod. Anim. Breed. 108

Table 1: Variety of swamp forage vegetation during spring tide and low tide season

Local name Latin name tribe, Spring tide Low tide season.
Kumpai Juluk Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudges) Ness Poacea √ √
Kumpai minyak Hymenache amplexicaulis Haes Poacea √ √
Kumpai miyang Hymenachne interrupia Buese Poacea √ −
Kayamahan Sesbania sericea (Wild) Link Fabaceae √ √
Kasisap Altenanthera sesilis Amantheacea √ √
Pipisangan Ludwigia hyssopifolia Polygonacea √ √
Belaran Ipomea sp Convolvulaceae √ √
Beberasan Polygonum barbatum L Polygonacea √ √
Bundungan Actinoscirpus grossus (L.f) Goetgh Cyperacea √ √
Babatungan Persicaria barbata (L) H, Hara Polygonacea √ √
Dadangsit Ludwigia adscendens (L). H. Hara Onagraceae √ −
Kangkung Ipomea aquqtica Convolvulaceae √ √
Kayambang Salvinia cuculata Salviniacea √ √
Kumpai batu Ischaemum polystachyum. J. Presl Poacea √ √
Jungkut berang Echinochloa crass-galli Poacea √ −
Eceng gondok Eichornia crassipes Ponterderiacea √ √
Supan-supan Neptunia oleracea Lour Fabaceae √ −
Kayapu Pistia stratioles Convolvulaceae √ √
Banta Lersia hexandra Poacea − √
Rumput grinting Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers Poacea − √
Jajagungan Brahiaria plantaginea Poacea − √

Information: √ = here is swamps forage, - = no swamps forage

legume in a natural swamp into cattle feed, has been the ha-1 year-1. Nevertheless, the availability of forage grass
mainstay of farmers including the arrival of the dry and legume swamp both still very limited because of the
season when. Utilization of swamp forage instead of turf season. At low tide season forages elusive swamp. This
ahead by traditional farmers directly with the system is due to the lack of important information relating to the
shepherd or as a source of of cut and carry forage (grass types of grass and legume existing swamp habitat, the
cutting) is one of the efforts in the provision of feed for types of edible forage, forage nutrient content information
livestock (Endang, 2008). . on the swamp, the level of productivity of each forage
South Kalimantan is currently estimated to have reached swamp (Fahriani and Eviyati, 2008).
235.676 ha swamp potential to be developed for Swamp habitat in South Kalimantan can be divided into
agriculture, fisheries, and forestry plantations. (Noor, two categories during the year, ie, when the level of high
2007). Utilization of wetlands has reached 41.81% tide (high water period) with pasture grass floating
equivalent to 98 536 ha, while the remaining 58.19% is (Floating meadows) and at low tide or dry (low water
equivalent to 137 139 ha of land in the form of sleep that period) where the pastures start dry and only a certain
has not worked at all (BPS, 2010). Thus wetlands is still part of stagnant water (Mansur et al., 2005). Thus the
great potential to be developed as it is supported by the availability of forage grass and legume swamp both still
availability of large areas of land, flat topography, very limited because of the season. At low tide season
availability of abundant water and enough technology forages elusive swamp. This is due to the lack of
available (Noor, 2007). important information relating to the types of grass and
The potential production of grass Kumpai legume existing marsh habitat, the types of edible forage,
-1
(Hymenachne amplexicaulis) is estimated at 57 tons ha forage nutrient content information on the swamp, the
-1
year and Padi Hiang (Oryza rufipogon) reached 28 tons level of productivity of each forage swamp.
 Rostini et al 109

Table 2: Nutrient composition swamp forage at spring tide (% DM)

Hemi
Local name Ash CP Fat CF Ca P WSC NDF ADF Selulosa Selulosa Lignin Tanin
Pipisangan 3.04 15.92 0.85 25.23 1.05 0.14 6.55 64.48 23.83 0.65 20.07 3.76 17.26

Beberasan 2.18 16.45 0.61 16.27 0.85 0.18 2.85 56.42 51.62 4.8 34.03 17.59 4.07

Kumpai batu 2.48 14.36 1.29 17.35 0.29 0.13 4.71 40.38 39.26 1.12 25.77 13.49 3.74

Kumpai

Minyak 3.28 10.88 1.2 16.37 0.29 0.12 4.21 62.6 36.75 25.85 33.95 2.8 2.46

Table 3: nutrient composition sawamp forage during low tide season (% DM)
Hemi
Lokal Name Ash CP Fat CF Ca P WSC NDF ADF Lignin selulosa Selulosa Tanin
Beberasan 4.37 14.10 1.22 16.25 1.4 1.1 2.47 84.48 44.39 10.06 40.09 34.33 2.96

K. Minyak 9.83 9.37 2.35 26.10 0.31 0.1 4.63 74.39 69.02 61.12 5.37 7.90 0.34

K. Batu 3.23 12.60 1.33 33.58 0.17 0.12 6.76 80.04 73.19 36.47 6.85 36.72 0.78

Pipisangan 7.47 13.52 1.21 14.78 2.43 0.14 1.71 86.84 56.85 18.54 29.99 38.31 5.42

This study aims to determine the nutrient content and tannins were analyzed using the method of Van Soest
carrying capacity swamp grass that has potential as (1991). The data obtained were processed statistically
ruminant feed. using analysis of variance. Further tests with different test
real honest (BNJ) found that in the entire F-if the count is
greater than the F-table (Steel and Torrie, 1995)
MATERIALS AND METHODS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This research was conducted in the swamp that is Danau
panggang (Kab. Hulu sungai Utara), and the District of
Labuan Amas (Hulu Sungai Selatan) in South Plant Variety swamp vegetation
Kalimantan. Time data collection was carried out in mid-
season and mid-season receding tide. Based on the results of the identification of a variety of
Materials and tools used include sample bag for grass South Kalimantan swamp vegetation during the season
sample taken place, paralon to make plots measuring 5m of sping tide and low tide, there are 18 species of swamp
x 5m kuadrant, a knife to cut the grass, 75% alcohol to plants. Variety of swamp vegetation presented in Table 1.
preserve forage collected so as not to wilt, and newsprint. Variety and composition of plants that can adapt to both
seasons showed specific differences. This is evident from
the diversity of plants found in wetlands. At the time of
Methods and Sample Analysis sping tide to grow 18 species of plants grow but not
Jajagungan (Brahiaria plantaginea), grass Ginting
(Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers) and Banta (Lersia hexandra)
Sampling was done prior to flowering (pre-blooming). whereas at low tide season when the plants do not grow
Measurement of the content of the proximate analysis of Supan-Supan (Neptunia oleracea Lour), Jungut berang
nutrient content using AOAC method (1999) include dry (Echinochloa crass-galli), Kumpai Miyang (Hymenachne
matter content, ash, crude protein, crude fiber. The interrupia Buese) and Dadangsit (Ludwigia adscendens
content of NDF and ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose (L). H. Hara). This shows that not all swamp plants can
Glob. J. Anim. Sci. Livestock Prod. Anim. Breed. 110

grow on both different seasons. These results match the while at lows on the season NDF content ranged from
Pielou (1999) that bore the influence of the climate of 52.72 - 88.12%, ADF ranged between 29.00 - 76.72%,
high species diversity and patterns of spread of plant. the highest yield in the ADF content of grass Jungkut
Differences plant species is influenced by the availability Berang (Echinochloa crass-galli) was 70.95%, while at
of climatic factors, light intensity and soil water low tide season on forage Babatungan (Persicaria
availability. (Wilsie 1987). barbata (L) H, Hara) is equal to 88.12%. These results
are not much different from the Fahriani (1996) states
Nutrition Quality Swamp Forage that the content of ADF and NDF in some marsh forage
NDF content ranged from 66.30 -72.30%, ADF ranged
The quality of a forage crop is determined by its chemical between 38.03 -41.07%. Fahriani and Eviyati (2008)
composition through a laboratory analysis mainly crude reported NDF content three types of swamp forage
protein. Forage quality can be achieved if the rate of ranged between 67.89% - 71% and ADF content ranged
photosynthesis is higher than the rate of respiration from 38.03 - 41.07%, NDF and ADF content of forage
performed by plants. Fotosisntesis will run fine if slightly higher than the swamp grass cultivation ranged
supported by the availability of nutrients, sunlight, water between 36.70 - 41.40%. Minson (1990) reported a
and CO2 are quite (Arief et al., 2008). Swamp forage tropical grass has the NDF content ranged from 45-85%
nutritional quality based on proximate analysis and and 21-55% ADF. ADF and NDF content of forage is still
analysis Vansoest for fiber fractions are presented in in the swamp area of the normal range of tropical grasses
Tables 2 and 3. in the spring tide of cellulose content ranged from 17:41 -
Crude protein content in two different seasons shows 48.73%, hemicellulose ranged from 0.65 - 27.75% and
different results where the swamp forage Kumpai Batu lignin ranged between 2:52 - 17.99%, while at low tide
(Ischaemum polystachyum. J. Presl) the tide gives the season cellulose ranged from 7.90 - 51.73%,
protein content of 14:36% while at low tide season is only hemicellulose ranges between 5,375 - 30.38% and lignin
12.60%, Kumpai Minyak (Hymeneche amplexicaulis ranged between 8:25-46.20%. The results of this study is
Haes) CP 10.88% to 9.37%, Beberasan (Polygonum slightly higher than the results reported Fahriani and
barbatum L) CP 16.45% to 14.10% and Pipisangan Eviyati (2008) reported that the cellulose content ranged
(Ludwigia hyssopifolia) CP 15.92% to 13.52%, as well as from 34.21-37.01%, hemicellulose ranged between 27.62
on other forage nutritive value of protein content besides - 29.93% and lignin ranged between 3.65 - 4:45% in the
other differences which occur in the spring tide higher marsh grass while on terrestrial forage cellulose ranged
nutrient content than the low tide season. between 30.30 - 37.30%, hemicellulose 29.60 - 31%
Forage nutrient content difference is likely due to the lignin ranged between 3.90 - 6:40%. Minson (1990)
flood tide, which carries organic materials that can reported that most of the cellulose in the plant wall is
improve the nutrient content of forage, while at low tide protected by a layer of lignin is difficult to digest unless
season has a pH level of 3.9-4.8 swampland that the acid chemically treated. (Fahriani 1996; Endang 2008) states
content of the soil nutrient quality of forage produced that the overall nutrient content of tropical grasses have
decreased, wherein when in an acidic soil nutrient is not lower nutrient content than sub- tropical grasses, content
available due to the low solubility of Almunium (Al) and tropical grass nutrient content of Italian ryegrass is closer
phosphorus (P), so the plants do not get optimal nutrient to that in the final phase of the current crop of flowering
supply, in addition to the availability of water for swamp (late blooming), while Jones and Wilson (1987) that the
forage is a very important factor, because the water structural content of each component of the lignin fibers
involved in the process of nutrient uptake, contained significantly different with nutrition and
photosynthesis, respiration, as well as the formation and relationship between components. Minson (1990) tropical
translocation of carbohydrates in addition to the fertility of grasses have reported crude fiber content of 19-47 %
the soil is determined by the physical, chemical and and 2-11.5 % lignin. Van Soest et al., (1982) states there
biological soil. (Zheng et al., 1998; Larsen et al., 1998; is a negative correlation between the content of lignin
Ma et al., 1999), acidic soils impede root growth, nutrient with digestibility of cellulose.
uptake and water, was added to the opinion of Gutteridge The content of fiber fractions of a plant is affected by
and Shelton (1994) that the nutrient content of forage is plant species, climate, soil fertility, and management
influenced by soil nutrient content, while Crowder and (Devitrianto, 2001). Genetic factors differ according
Cheda (2002) states that forage nutritional value forage species and environmental factors influenced by
associated with the chemical composition of forage that soil and climate, according Puger (2002) that the
will affect the final result of forage. production and quality of the grass is affected by
The content of fiber fractions consisting of NDF, ADF, temperature and precipitation. Fluctuations in water
cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in the forage growing levels greatly affect swamp plants, the availability of
season spring tidal provide NDF content ranged from nutrients is very good at water level (low water period) or
26.62 -70.95%, ADF ranged between 20.89 -58.47%, so-called small pairs that occur on a daily basis (1-2
 Rostini et al 111

Table 4: Swamp forage dry matter production in the spring tide and low tide season
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
DM kg ha harvest DM kg ha harvest
Name swamp forage spring tide low tide season
Hymeneche amplexicaulis Haes 1032.6 518.3

Ludwigia hyssopifolia 851.67 498.58

Polygonum barbatum L 889.22 516.26

Ischaemum polystachyum. J. Presl 989.16 752.79

times a day), whereas at high tide only happens once a highest production of forage types Hymeneche
year (flood water phase) swamp grass is less available, amplexicaulis Haes. that is equal to 1032 kg DM ha-1
except adaptive species (Mansyur et al., 2005). harvest-1, Ischaemum polystachyum J Presl DM at
Groundwater level is the main factor that is very 989.16 kg / ha / crop, Polygonum barbatum L of DM 889
important because it set up a 70-90% (Kurniawan et al., kg-1 ha-1 harvest-1 and Ludwigia hyssopifolia of DM 851
2007) of plant fresh weight, (Rahman, 2001: Rahman et kg-1 ha-1 harvest-1. The results of this study are low
al., 2003) 80-95% of the fresh weight of the plant, while compared to the results of research Fahriani and Eviyati
Taiz and Zeiger (2002) reported that the water content of (2008) reported that swamp forage to kumpai dry
35-75% of the crop being grown. matter production ranged between 1935-3515 kg -1 ha-1
harvest -1. Endang (2008) reported the production of dry
Potency Productivity Swamp Forage matter for Brahiaria decumben approximately 5,285 tons -
1
ha-1 harvesting and Pennisetum purpureum
Conditions fluctuated swamp water can interfere with the approximately 2.5 ton ha-1harvest-1. Dry matter swamp
growth and development of plants, resulting in a forage yield lower than Brahiaria decumben production
decrease in plant biomass. Swamp forage biomass but higher when compared to the dry matter production of
production obtained in two different seasons namely Pennisetum purpureum
winter season of ups and downs indicates a difference
where dry matter production at spring tide than low tide
season. Swamp forage biomass production as presented Carrying Capacity Swamp Forage
in Table 4.
There was a decrease of dry matter (Table 4) at low tide Carrying capacity is a picture of the ability of the land to
season; this decline is reduced due to the presence of accommodate the number of animals in a given unit area.
water on the swamp at low tide season, so plant growth Carrying capacities of the swamp as a source of green
is interrupted. Jun-Feng et al., (2010) reported an fodder requirement calculated under the assumption dry
-1
adverse impact of water shortage on plant growth that ingredients 1 Animal Unit is 6.25 kg day (NRC 1984). If
can lead to a decrease in crop production. (Jaeel et al., the rainfall is assumed by the long tide, low tide season
2009; Taiz and Zeiger 2002), the cause of the decline in transition and succession are 5, 4 and 3 months, cutting
production due to the high evaporation rate that exceeds interval on the spring tide, intermediate and downs of
the rate of absorption of water by plant roots, while each 40 days, 30 days and 50 days. “Proper use factor”
Borges (2003) lack of water in plants causes low water (puf) 40 – 60% (Devitrianto 2001; Purnomo, 2006).
content, stomatal closure and reduced enlargement and In general, if one assumed a swamp area where livestock
cell growth, which is done by the defense mechanisms of commodities were able to explore a whole site, then the
plants in response to drought. production of biomass 15 927.86 kg DM ha-1 year-1 and
Dry matter production of research results (Table 4) shows poof by 50%, then the resulting capacities in the spring
the dry matter production ranged between 43.79-1032 kg- tide at 3.53 AU-1 ha-1, thus swamp land area of 22 320 ha
1 -1 -1
ha harvest in the spring tide while in the season is capable of supporting as many as 78 789.6 AU
ranged from 38.53 - 752.79 kg-1 ha-1 harvest-1. The throughout the year. With the production of biomass by
Glob. J. Anim. Sci. Livestock Prod. Anim. Breed. 112

Table 5: Carrying capacities swamp forage in the spring tide and low tide season

Name swamp forage Carrying capacities Spring tide (AU) Carrying capacities Low tide season (AU)
Hymeneche amplexicaulis Haes 3.53 1.77

Ludwigia hyssopifolia 2.91 1.71

Polygonum barbatum L 3.04 1.77

Ischaemum polystachyum. J. Presl 3.39 2.58

1032.6 kg DM-1 ha-1 at low tide season decline capacities

be 1.77 AU-1 ha-1 as shown in Table 5. Arief R, Tarsono, and Amar AL (2008). Initial evaluation of three
multipurpose tree species alternative sources of forage in upland
Potential high swamp grass produced by Kumpai Minyak valley hammer. J. Agroland. 15(1):58-62
(Hymeneche amplexicaulis Haes) of 1032.60 kg DM ha-1
harvest-1, with a crude protein content of 10.88% of Association of Official Analytical Chemist (1999). Official Methods of
Analysis. Ed ke-16. Washington: AOAC International.
forage consumption 6.25 kg DM AU-1 day-1 , is able to
give 68 g of crude protein to cattle, while Kumpai Batu Badan Pusat Statistik Direktorat Jendral Tanaman Pangan (2010).
(Ischaemum polystachyum J.Presl) of DM 752.79 kg ha-1 Marsh land area in Indonesia, the Ministry of Agriculture. Jakarta
harvest-1, with a protein content of 12.60%, then able to
Badan Pusat Statistik (2011). In South Kalimantan numbers. BPS
give 78.75 g of crude protein to cattle. Kalsel

Borges R (2003). How soybeans respond to drought stress. Issues in

CONCLUSION agricultute [internet].[diacu 2014 Januari 28].
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ml-18k

The diversity of forage swamp South Kalimantan has 18 Crowder LV and Chheda HR (1982). Tropical grassland husbandry.
types of forage, obtained four types of forage that is First Published. United State of America by Longman Inc. New York.
dominant swamp grass Hymeneche amplexicaulis Haes.
Ischaemum polystachy, L. Polygonum barbatum and Devitrianto D (2001). Effect of cutting interval on the growth and
Ludwigia hyssopifolia development of local grass kumpai (Hymenachne amplexiacaulis R.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Endang S (2010). Exploration Grass Kumpai (Hymenachine

amplexiacaulis Rudge Nees) as animal feed in Jambi.

The authors would like to thank Yayasan Muhammad National Workshop forage crops. Assessment Institute for Agricultural
tekologi Jambi. P. 172-182
Arsyad Al- Banjari through Universitas Islam Kalimantan
for supporting some of this research by 2012- 2013 Fahriani A (1996). The Evaluation of Nutritive value of Forages by in
DIPA- Grants at this University. Situ and in Vitro .Tekniques PhD Thesis. The united graduate School
of Agricultural Tottory Universty.Japan.

Fahriani A dan Eviyati (2008). Swamp Grass potential as ruminant

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