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Pe Module 1

This document outlines a course on outdoor and adventure activities. The course aims to help students understand how outdoor activities can promote health and wellness, demonstrate basic outdoor skills, design appropriate activity programs, and recognize safety considerations. The course contains 4 modules that cover various topics: Module 1 defines outdoor activities and their relationship to fitness; Module 2 focuses on knot tying skills; Module 3 teaches orienteering and map reading; and Module 4 provides instruction on backpacking and mountaineering. Participating in the hands-on activities is meant to develop students' competencies and self-efficacy for lifelong outdoor recreation. Christian values like respect, teamwork and discipline are also emphasized throughout the course.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
89 views15 pages

Pe Module 1

This document outlines a course on outdoor and adventure activities. The course aims to help students understand how outdoor activities can promote health and wellness, demonstrate basic outdoor skills, design appropriate activity programs, and recognize safety considerations. The course contains 4 modules that cover various topics: Module 1 defines outdoor activities and their relationship to fitness; Module 2 focuses on knot tying skills; Module 3 teaches orienteering and map reading; and Module 4 provides instruction on backpacking and mountaineering. Participating in the hands-on activities is meant to develop students' competencies and self-efficacy for lifelong outdoor recreation. Christian values like respect, teamwork and discipline are also emphasized throughout the course.

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Ipan Dibayn
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FIT OA

OUTDOOR AND ADVENTURE


INSERT RELATE D PICTURE HERE

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES


At the end of the module, you should
be able to:
• demonstrate understanding of
outdoor and adventure activities as
essential for the wellbeing and
sustainability of individuals, society
and the environment;
• demonstrate competency of the
basic skills required by various
outdoor and adventure activities,
and basic survival skills, while
exhibiting Christian values which
includes but not limited to respect,
teamwork, discipline, and valuing
positive relationship with others and
the natural environments;
• design appropriate outdoor and
adventure activity programs that
promote enjoyment that can be
the basis for ongoing outdoor and
adventure activity experiences
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY through their lifespan while
supporting personal health and
TOWARDS HEALTH AND wellbeing; and
• recognize the safety and
FITNESS environmental considerations that
must be adhered to when
(OUTDOOR AND designing and undertaking any
ADVENTURE ACTIVITIES) type of outdoor and adventure
activity.

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Saint Louis University
Department of Physical Education

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TOWARDS HEATH AND FITNESS:


OUTDOOR AND ADVENTURE
Preface

To the Future Professional,

The knowledge and the body of evidence-based research on the importance of


physical activity especially for physical and mental health and wellbeing is widespread.
Variety of physical activities were designed and participated to accommodate the
interests and needs of individuals who are convinced that they can reap the benefits of
lifelong physical activity participation. Hence, outdoor and adventure activities were
proven to have potential for general wellness.

As future professionals, health and fitness is one thing you should prioritize. How can
service be delivered at your end if you are not healthy? In the same way, how can
individual careers flourish if you are not healthy?

This module will equip you with knowledge and skills to be able to participate
actively in various outdoor and adventure activities. Hence, participating actively is
important. Specifically, this course will provide you with a greater self-efficacy for outdoor
and adventure activities participation for lifelong fitness and health. It engages you in
active learning experiences and skills training on the basic requirements of outdoor and
adventure activities.
In the course of the activities, you will be guided in identifying and creating
appropriate outdoor and adventure activities. Module 1 provides understanding of
outdoor and adventure activities in relation to fitness and wellness. Module 2 guides you on
the basics of knot tying as it is used in outdoor and adventure activities. Module 3 shows
Orienteering which includes Map and Compass reading. Module 4, the last module also
provides the basics of backpacking and mountaineering which is your first step in planning
for future outdoor activity. These activities aim to develop your skills and understanding to
move safely and competently while valuing a positive relationship with others and the
natural environment especially in the near future when we are all allowed to enjoy the
outdoors.
Furthermore, values inherent to outdoor and adventure activities are highly
emphasized and is integrated in all activities for your formation to become professionals
who are imbued with Christian spirit.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

MODULE 1 UNDERSTANDING OUTDOOR AND ADVENTURE ACTIVITIES, HEALTH AND


WELLNESS
Outside Our Home Walk or Scavenger Hunt…………………………………. 5
What are Outdoor Activities ……………………………………………………. 6
Some Recommended Outdoor and Adventure Activities in the
Philippines …………………………………………………………………………… 9
Beautiful Outdoors! A Refection………………………………………………… 13
Summative Assessment …………………………………………………………... 14
References ………………………………………………………………………….. 15

MODULE 2 KNOT TYING


Lost Ropes………………………………………………........................................ 16
What is Knot tying ..………………………………………………………………... 18
Classification and type of knots.……………………………………………….. 21
Tips for Knot Tying Practice……………………………………………………….. 30
Summative Assessment …………………………………………………………... 33
References ………………………………………………………………………….. 36

MODULE 3 OREINTEERING: Map and Compass Reading


Unit 1 Pre-assessment ……………………………………………………………………. 38
What is Orienteering and Map Reading …………………………………….. 39
Topographic Map Symbols …………………………………………………….. 40
Tips to Help You Build Mapping Skills. …………………………………………. 43
Summative Assessment …………………………………………………………... 44

Unit 2
Pre-assessment ……………………………………………………………………... 45
What is a Compass ………………………………………………………………. 46
How to Hold A Compass ………………………………………………………… 48
Orienting A map Towards North ………………………………………………... 50
Summative Assessment ………………………………………………………….. 52
References ………………………………………………………………………….. 53

MODULE 4 BACKPACKING AND MOUNTAINEERING


Pre-assessment ……………………………………………………………………. 54
What is the Difference Between Backpacking and Mountaineering ….. 54
Essential Tips for Mountaineering and Backpacking …………………......... 58
Make a Backpacking Plan……………………………………………………….. 63
Summative Assessment …………………………………………………………... 63
References ………………………………………………………………………….. 64

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MODULE 1

UNDERSTANDING OUTDOOR AND ADVENTURE ACTIVITIES, HEALTH AND WELLNESS

This module introduces outdoor and adventure as an alternative physical activity for
fitness and wellness. It aims to deepen your appreciation of outdoor and adventure
activities as you study its benefits for the individual and for the community in general.
Furthermore, you will be guided to explore various activities in the outdoors. This will
provide you an idea of what appropriate outdoor activities will you be participating in for
lifelong fitness and wellness.

Learning Outcomes: Having successfully completed the module, you are expected to;
• explain the nature of outdoor and adventure activities;
• reflect on the benefits of outdoor and adventure activities on the individual and
community level; and
• articulate one’s appreciation and intention in participating in outdoor and
adventure in the near future.

Preparation for outdoor and adventure activities participation can take place
indoors. This is often the best place to learn basic skills before applying them outdoors.
Other activities can be undertaken within the school environment or local amenities to
provide the ideal environment for some of the outdoor challenges.

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Activity 1: Outside Our Home Walk or Scavenger Hunt
Walking is an excellent way of introducing great outdoors. In today’s life you spend
a lot of time indoors. But walking in the neighborhood or along a given route allows you to
become more aware of the buildings, trees etc. that you pass by every day. It helps
increase your visual awareness. It leads to one’s independence and increases your
confidence. It helps in the development of appreciation and respect for your beautiful
environment. Start this module by doing the following:

Outside Our Home Walk:

1. Take a walk outside your home. On your walk outside, you write places found in your
community ex. Bgy. hall, basketball courts, health center etc.
2. Examine each place in detail for:
a. color,
b. size,
c. its uses,
d. what is beside it/behind it and where it is placed in relation to the other places on
the list?
3. Organize everything that you see using the acronym of your barangay or hometown.
An example below has been provided for you.

Scavenger Hunt:

You will find something for each of the following letters of the name of your HOMETOWN or
BARANGAY.
For example:
B-oarding houses__ N-et shop
A-quatic facility__ O-ffice
K ___x____ R-esto bar
A-aqua check H2o station T-ea shop
K ___x____ E-atery
E-atery ____
N-et shop ___
G-aming shop__

How did you feel about giving closer attention to your environment? Describe the air outside as
compared indoors, the places you have found and the people you have met and in general the
whole environment. Write your reflection below:
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________
*For offline students, please open your learning packet. Open the WORKSHEET folder and
use Module 1 Worksheet 1 for your answers.
For online students, your course facilitator will give you instructions on your google
classroom.

What are Outdoor Activities

Relaxed, relieved, satisfied and enjoyment are some words


that can describe the feeling of most of us who have experienced
being in the outdoors for recreation. For those who have not tried,
you will agree that you feel the same way when you go out for a
walk in the neighborhood as compared to when you are inside the
house for quiet sometime.

Yes, there's indeed fun in the outdoors! You enjoy it because it


provides new and different experiences from the everyday routine. To sit
with pals around a campfire, singing, stunting or just talking about the adventures of the
day, the problems of tomorrow, the hopes of the future-that’s genuine enjoyment. To swing
along a trail with your best friends, carrying your wilderness home, your food and simple
tools for camping on your back, that's fun, because you like the freedom of the open sky
and the company of regular guys "who can take it." You'll take your fishing rod and, with a
pal, work up the stream. On another occasion you will climb mountains, rivers to float, and
seas to sail. All these have their own special opportunities related to activities, skills and fun
that nature provides and to some few are intentionally designed for you.

Outdoor and adventure activities are recreational pursuits which are usually done
away from the comforts of the urban setting. The activities take place in the mountains, on
rivers, in the air or simply in the countryside. These include various activities such as
mountain climbing, rock climbing, hiking and camping, hunting and fishing, canoeing,
kayaking and rafting, Sailing and motorboating, biking, horseback riding, skiing, restoration
and conservation volunteering
It has been expressed that the best way to support mental health and wellbeing is
to do any outdoor activity that involves focusing on any form of physical movement in the
real world. It doesn’t have to be physically demanding, so long as the activity uses your
mind to move your body and interact with the physical world. It could be physical
exercise, gardening, making something, photography, camping, or spending time sharing
outdoor experiences with people you love being with.

Outdoor activities help to break that cycle of spending too much time thinking and
dwelling on things without moving your body or interacting with the physical
world. Outdoor activities force your mind to focus on the here and now, and free your
mind from those freewheeling thoughts that just lock you into a state of perpetual
anxiety. Before you know it, you will find yourself totally absorbed in the outdoor activities

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you are doing and find that sense of calm and wellbeing you have been seeking. But you
need to find the right activity for you.

How can Outdoor and Adventure activities benefit you?

Outdoor and adventure activities obviously require


you to engage in physical activities. Therefore, number
one in the list of the benefits that one can get from
participating in these activities would include fitness such
as cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength and to
certain extent, weight management. However,
researches through the years have proven that its benefits
go beyond the physical aspect which includes the
following:
a. physical health
b. mental health and wellbeing
c. education and lifelong learning
d. active citizenship
e. crime reduction, and anti-social behavior
In terms of physical health, outdoor activities are associated with a range of health
advantages. This includes general health related factors such as increased fitness and
better cardiovascular function, as well as reduced blood pressure, obesity, resting heart
rate, and a positive influence on other health markers. For the healthy aging population,
outdoor activities can help the elderly to maintain their physical performance. Exposure to
sun also helps to maintain the level of vitamin D especially in the elderly.
On the other hand, this kind of activity is also associated with higher risks of
melanoma. This risk is seen as an effect of the practice of using in light clothing and
therefore was associated with a substantially increased risk of sunburn. It has to be noted
that there are certain types of injuries that are more prevalent for specific outdoor and
adventure activities however inactivity is identified as the reason for more premature
deaths and a shorter life-expectancy.

Overall, green and blue environments seem to have especially positive effects that
go beyond the benefits of being physically active in a non-natural environment. Research
have enumerated the following effects to the mental health and well-being:
✓ Greater feelings of revitalization and positive engagement, decreases in
tension, confusion, anger, and depression.
✓ Positive effects of mood
✓ Negative affective states like stress, depression, anxiety, tension, confusion,
anger, rumination, loneliness, and neuroticism could be reduced by
participation in outdoor sports
✓ Pleasure and enjoyment, meditation, independence, basic psychological
needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness, experiences of flow,
comfort and intense emotions, enhanced feeling of body, discovering the

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pleasure of achievement, vital strength and a higher will to live in drug
addicts, and of course an intense nature experience
✓ Feelings of calmness and tranquility may be decreased following outdoor
exercise
✓ increased self-esteem, self-efficacy, social effectiveness, self-confidence, and
a better self-concept
✓ Supports the prevention of mental illnesses
✓ Therapeutic tool for a range of groups with specific needs such as children
with disabilities, persons with disabilities after acute injuries, veterans, ADHD
sufferers, young people at risk and disorderly adolescents, dementia patients,
or drug addicts.
✓ Education and Life-long learning benefits also includes personal
development, interpersonal development, educational motivation and
achievements, cognitive aspects to improve learning and environmental
aspects.
Indeed, the goal of outdoor and adventure activities is to improve the physical and
mental health of a person. It helps in nurturing emotional health and developing self-
sufficiency. When an individual takes part in the above activities, he or she has to work in a
team so it helps in learning to cooperate with others and bond socially. A person learns to
take risk and aim at great achievements by using skills. It develops the tolerance power
and stamina while learning to endure difficulties in life.
Moreover, outdoor activities are also vital part of the economy on both the local
and national level. Enjoying the great outdoors promotes the health and well-being of the
wilderness itself. Proper use of our lands creates concern and awareness for keeping them
protected and free from development.
For more information about the benefits of outdoor and adventure activities, please open
your memory stick and read the article “Benefits of OA”. For online students, your FIT Course
instructor will provide you instructions in your google classroom.

At the moment, everybody really is missing the outdoors! Let us just see it this way.
“The outdoors” are being prepared for all of us. When the right time comes, we will be able
to appreciate it more, take care of it more and explore it better. The outdoor is healing
itself so it can provide us its potential benefits for our personal wellness and our community
wellness as well. At the moment, let us dive in to exploring some of these outdoor activities
which we can participate in in the near future.

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Some Recommended Outdoor and Adventure Activities in the Philippines
1. Orienteering

Orienteering is known for being a competitive sport that involves racing and
the mastery of navigation skills. It is not just an activity which merely requires
physical strength and capabilities. It involves and demands the use of mental
skills. An orienteer must be able to formulate his strategy on how to surpass the
obstacles ahead and win the game.

Some Advantages Some Limitations


✓ Development of mental skills. An ✓ Interrupts the participant’s mind to
orienteer must be able to think over their safety as a priority
formulate his strategy on how to and would somehow result to
surpass the obstacles ahead and unexpected injuries
win the game.
✓ Probability of getting lost during
✓ It builds one’s self-esteem which the course is indeed high, given
goes hand in hand with the the kind of trail that the
development and use of courage participants have to track.
as orienteering activity requires the
participant to go through different ✓ Though orienteering activity
paths, forests, and parks. promotes camaraderie, there is
still a minimum possibility that the
✓ Orienteering also increases the loser might not be able to take
awareness of participants, the defeat smoothly, which could
volunteers, and facilitators on the bring the challenge to a different
importance of being an and unfavorable level.
environment’s advocate.

✓ Improves social skills


NOTE: The disadvantages of orienteering are lesser in comparison to the
benefits it has in store for the participants. However, no matter how small in
number these disadvantages are, it is still important to take note about it to
prevent it from occurring as much as possible.

2. Rock Climbing
Rock climbing is a great sport to get outside and explore all the things nature has to
offer. It’s a way to connect with nature and push your body past the normal limits of a
typical human being. Rock climbing is the sport or activity of climbing rock faces,
especially with the aid of ropes and special equipment. The concept is to reach an end
point, or a summit, of a rock face or structure. This can be done with specific equipment,
depending on the difficulty and severity of the climb. With this being said rock climbing
does have positive and negative effects.

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Some Advantages Some Limitations
✓ The positive sides of rock climbing are ✓ There are many dangers and cons of
the mental/physical challenge it rock climbing such as falling, feet
demands promotes a healthier injuries, hand injuries, and vegetation
lifestyle, and the connectedness with damage. Although it is a possibility
nature. that somebody falls and dies from
✓ A rock-climbing workout is a rock climbing, most people are very
complete workout, which is why so careful and take the precautions
many people are drawn to it. You not necessary.
only exercise your upper and lower
body, but there’s a huge mental and
emotional component to climbing as
well.

3. Sky Diving

Skydiving, also called parachuting, use a parachute for either recreational or


competitive purposes to slow a diver’s descent to the ground after jumping from an
airplane or other high place.

Some Advantages Some Limitations


✓ Conquer your fears ✓ Due to the nature of skydiving it
Skydiving is a very thrilling and extreme is very expensive, and it
activity. It leaves you with a confidence generally takes a full day as you
that helps you realize you are stronger than will have to undergo some
you believed you were. After skydiving you training before you jump.
gain a type of courage that allows you to
do anything you set your mind to. ✓ Skydiving injuries often involve
✓ Confidence boost dislocations of limbs, and bone
Skydiving can be a life changing fractures during high impact
experience for everyone. After skydiving landings, on both land and
you will notice something different about water. Parachute or lifejacket
malfunctions can also hugely
yourself, some become more open-minded
increase injury risk
and confident in themselves for even trying
something as daring as this activity.

✓ Mental Benefits
Skydiving requires you to focus and have
control over your mind. The adrenaline not
only helps you with focus but also makes
you more aware of your surroundings.
4. Caving

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Caving is a popular outdoor activity, but a lot of people that would probably like it
haven't had a chance to experience it or read about it. Caving, or spelunking or
potholing, is the recreational pastime of exploring and navigating your way through
caves. Usually these caves are specifically non-commercial, giving caving a purely
adventurous and difficult tone.

Some Advantages Some Limitations


✓ Caving is one of the most mentally ✓ Caves can be dangerous places; it
challenging sports, forcing can cause hypothermia, falling,
participants to block out the past and flooding, falling rocks and physical
the fears and worries of the future, exhaustion are the main risks.
and fully commit to a focus on the ✓ Rescuing people from underground
present. is difficult and time-consuming, and
✓ Caving enables participants to requires special skills, training, and
discover the environment in its natural equipment.
formation underground, learning
about cave formations, underground
rivers and much more!
✓ Caving takes the participant into
hidden world of peace and
tranquility to free the mind and learn
a breadth of new experiences.

5. Surfing
Surfing is the sport of riding ocean waves towards the shore whilst either standing or
lying on a board. The ultimate goal is to ride along the unbroken face of the wave and
tuck into the tube created, as the wave’s lip breaks.

Some Advantages Some Limitations


✓ Surfing is great exercise. It combines ✓ As like any other physical activity,
aerobic exercise and strength there are risks. We all love the ocean
training with a stress-relieving mental but there are dangers out there.
health workout as you progress and Surfboard injuries, drowning, hitting
develop new skills. the sandbanks or the reefs and
✓ Any physical exercise is crucial for collisions on large crowds are only
well- being. A healthy body is the some of the hazards surfers face.
foundation of a healthy mind. Surfing ✓ Add to that a bunch of menacing
is probably one of the most sea creatures that none of us intend
rewarding sports due to the factors to have an encounter with. All these
that can be challenging, relaxing, risks, however, are avertable if you
and fun all at the same time. come prepared.

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6. Camping

Some Advantages Some Limitations


✓ Survival skills ✓ Insects
When we talk about camping in the Insect invasions of your campsite are
wilderness (as opposed to a night out more than just a minor annoyance.
in your own backyard), we are These critters bring with them their
discussing an activity that requires a own hazards that can be extremely
certain set of skills to get through it. detrimental to your camping
Skills such as building fires and experience. One of the more
general problem solving are essential dangerous issues with insects is their
in order to survive in the wilderness. bites.
✓ Mental Clarity ✓ No Bathroom
Task-oriented thinking has a way of Camping usually means that you will
taking your mind off of work and be without a bathroom or a shower
other stressors. When your only focus to clean up in. While this may sound
is surviving, erecting your tent or like a mere matter of discomfort, life
finding shelter, cooking food, and without a bathroom can actually be
staying warm, it has a way of really dangerous.
focusing your mind away from all the ✓ Uncontrollable Environmental
noise that can accumulate in your Challenges
day to day life. Mother nature is unpredictable. You
may be expecting a sunny weekend
in the outdoors but you could easily
be greeted by a torrential
downpour.

7. Scuba Diving
Scuba diving is an underwater swimming activity involving the use of self-contained
underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA). Scuba diving is perhaps the best way to
explore the fantastic underwater world, getting up close with the wonders and the
secrets of this marine universe, with its breathtakingly colorful and diverse inhabitants.
Over the years and the decades, scuba diving has evolved into a non-competitive but
a very exciting adventure sport.

Some Advantages Some Limitations

✓ Increases Strength and Flexibility of


your muscles ✓ Drowning
Diving is a real physical fitness work As far as fatalities, this is actually the
out! All your different muscle areas highest risk occurrence. Drowning
tend to work more underwater due to typically occurs because of diver
the resistance of the water. panic or because of a diver
becoming unconscious due to other,
✓ Improves Blood Circulation

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While being underwater, your body is non-diving related health problems.
exposed to a pressure gradient. All
Diver panic can occur because of
your body muscles are working
simultaneously and require oxygen to an out-of-air situation or other
emergency. Proper training and the
do so, so your blood vessels open in
order to bring that oxygen to the buddy system can go a long way in
preventing diver panic and therefore
muscles.
drowning.

Beautiful Outdoors! A Refection

Indeed, the outdoor provides a multitude of benefits for you. After you have
explored and studied some of these, reflect on these benefits to you as a person – as a
future professional and a citizen. Revisit its benefits and express your appreciation about it.

Activity 2: Through an infographic, show your personal appreciation of the impact of


outdoor and adventure activities by focusing on its benefits. You can also consider the
benefits that it can give to your own community.

The rubric below will further guide you in creating this task. (30pts)

Infographic Rubric (appreciation of the impact of outdoor and adventure activities)


Exceptional Admirable Marginal Unacceptable
10pts 7- 9pts 5 -6 pts 4 and below
Appropriate details support Most details Few details No details to
main idea support main support main support main
idea idea idea
Accurate and detailed Lacking accurate Information is not
information Accurate information accurate
information for
Content

Information adequately almost all subject Inadequate Information does


supports purpose of visual matter information is not not support the
clearly supportive visual’s purpose
(Foci: appreciation of the Information is of visual’s
impact of outdoor and mostly adequate purpose
adventure activities to you and supportive of
and to the community by visual’s purpose
focusing on its benefits)

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Outstanding use of color, Adequate use of Inappropriate use Little attempt to
design, and space color, design, of color, design, use color, design
and space and space and space
Visual Appeal

Original and creative design appropriately


Design is Design lacks
Overall design is pleasing and adequate creativity Design is dull
harmonious
Overall design is Lack of Project has
mostly pleasing harmonious sloppy
and harmonious design in appearance
presentation
Words are legible and Most words are Presentation is Distractive
Mechanics

pertinent to topic legible and illegible and elements make


pertinent to topic confusing illustration
ineffective

*For offline students, please open your learning packet. Open the WORKSHEET folder and
use Module 1 Worksheet 2 for your answers.
For online students, your course facilitator will give you instructions on your google
classroom.

Activity 3. Identify and describe two outdoor activities you wish to participate in the near
future. State at least 4 reasons of your choice. 30pts

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Criteria 10pts 7-9 pts 5-6pts 4 and below
Extremely well Organized. Somewhat Poorly organized.
organized. Order & Structure allows organized structure A clear sense of
structure of reader to move allows reader to direction is not
Organization

information is through content move through some evident. Flow is


compelling and without confusion. of the content frequently
flows smoothly. Flows smoothly without confusion. interrupted
Flow is sometimes
interrupted
Thorough and Complete Shows some Shows
insightful understanding of understanding of incomplete
Content

understanding of the benefits of OA benefits of OA understanding of


benefits of OA the benefits of
OA
Insightful and well Ideas are Ideas are somewhat
Ideas are
considered ideas considered; more on topic; makes
unclear
making multiple than one some connections
connections thoughtful few connections
Ideas

connection is
made

*For offline students, please open your learning packet. Open the WORKSHEET folder and
use Module 1 Worksheet 3 for your answers.
For online students, your course facilitator will give you instructions on your google
classroom.

References:

Eigenschenk B, Thomann A, McClure M, et al. Benefits of Outdoor Sports for Society. A


Systematic Literature Review and Reflections on Evidence. Int J Environ Res Public
Health. 2019;16(6):937. Published 2019 Mar 15. doi:10.3390/ijerph16060937

Pacific Northwest Orienteering (2017). http://www.pnwo.org/

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