Topic of the practical lesson №2:
BONY JOINTS.CLASSIFICATION OF THE JOINTS.BASIC AND AXILIARY
ELEMENTS OF THE SYNOVIAL JOINT.JOINTS OF THE TRUNK BONES.
Control questions
1. Classification of the bony joints (synarthrosis, diarthrosis and hemiarthrosis).
2. Synarthrosis. General concept and classification (syndesmosis, synhondrosis, synostosis).
Characteristic of each type.
3. Synovial joint. General concept. Joint structure. Characteristic of the basic elements of the
joint. Auxiliary elements of the joint.
4. Classification of the joints by amount of the axises of movement (biomechanical
classification).
5. Classification of the joints on the axes of rotation and the shape of the articular surfaces.
6. Classification of the joints by amount of the articular surfaces: simple, complex, combined and
compound joints.
7. Types of the connections between the bodies of the vertebrae. Connections of the arches and
processes of vertebrae.
8. Connection between the sacrum and the coccyx.
9. Connections between the skull and the 1st cervical vertebra (atlanto-occipital joints).
10. Connections between the 1st and the 2nd cervical vertebrae (median atlanto-axial joint,
lateral atlanto-axial joint).
11. Vertebral column as a whole. Physiological and pathological curvatures of vertebral column:
kyphoses, lordoses, scolioses.
12. Connections of the ribs with the sternum.
13. Connections of the ribs with the vertebrae.
14. Thorax as a whole. Structure of thoracic cage: the superior and inferior apertures, infrasternal
angle, the form of thoracic cage in dependence on the structure.
The student should know:
anatomical formations of bones of the trunk and extremities;
the general arthrosyndesmology:
development of bones connections;
classification of bones connection;
types of bones connections;
basic elements of joints;
auxiliary elements of joints;
biomechanics of joints;
classification of joints and their characteristic;
classification of joints on axes of movement and the form of articulation surfaces; on
amount of articulation surfaces.
syndesmoses and synchondroses of vertebral column: their characteristic and structure;
joints of vertebral column: median atlanto-axial joint, lateral atlanto-axial joint, intervertebral
joints, lumbosacral joint, sacrococcygeal joint - their structure;
the characteristic and structure of connections of thoracic cage: syndesmoses, synchondroses
and diarthoses;
general characteristic of vertebral column, its flexures, thoracic cage as a whole (forms), age
and gender features of thoracic cage structure;
to describe roentgenograms of vertebral column and thoracic cage;
The student should be able to name and show:
1. On a skeleton
places of connections of vertebrae among them, with an occipital bone, with a sacrum
and a sacrum with a coccyx
physiological curvatures of a vertebral column (lordoses and kyphoses)
places of connections of ribs with vertebrae, with a sternum and together (VIII, IX and
the X edges)
true, false and floating ribs
elements of a thorax structure as a whole (the thoracic inlet and thoracic outlet, a
thoracic cavity, its anterior, posterior and lateral walls, intercostal space, a costal arch
and ribs forming it, a subcostal angle and pulmonary grooves)
2 . On separate bones of a body and an occipital bone
connections of the Atlas with an occipital bone, combining them
connections of the Atlas with the Axis, combining them
connections of other vertebras among themselves, the V lumbar vertebra with a sacrum
and a sacrum with a coccyx
3. On the model of a spine column
intervertebral disc (annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus)
anterior longitudinal ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament
ligament flava
interspinous ligaments
supraspinous ligament
nuchal ligament (in cervical department)
intertransverse ligaments
intervertebral joints
4. On the model «Atlanto – occipital and atlanto-axis joints»
occipital bone, its condyles
I and the II-nd cervical vertebrae (articular surfaces), dens of the II-nd
cervical vertebra
atlanto-occipital, median and lateral atlanto-axial joints
tectorial membrane
anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes
transverse ligament of the atlas
alar and cruciate ligaments of atlas
5. On the model of connections ribs with vertebrae
joints of heads of ribs and costal facet of vertebral body, radiate ligament of heads of
ribs and intra-articular ligament of heads of ribs (with II on the X joints)
joints costal tubercle with costal facets of transverse processes
6. On the model of connections of ribs with a sternum
synchondrosis between the first rib and a sternum
sternocostal joints
interchondral joints
radiatesternocostal ligaments and sternal membrane
