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Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity Measurement System for

Various Heat Transfer Fluids

Article · August 2021

DOI: 10.18280/i2m.200403

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 Instrumentation Mesure Métrologie
Vol. 20, No. 4, August, 2021, pp. 195-202
Journal homepage: http://iieta.org/journals/i2m

Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity Measurement System for Various Heat

Transfer Fluids
Yunita Anggraini1, Alfriska O. Silalahi2, Inge Magdalena Sutjahja1*, Daniel Kurnia1, Sparisoma Viridi1, Surjamanto
Wonorahardjo3
1
Department of Physics, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Del, Jl. Sisingamangaraja, Laguboti, Tobasa, Sumatera Utara 22381,
Indonesia
3
Department of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung
40132, Indonesia

Corresponding Author Email: inge@fi.itb.ac.id

https://doi.org/10.18280/i2m.200403 ABSTRACT

Received: 7 December 2020 Accurate measurement of the thermal conductivity of a heat transfer fluid (HTF) is
Accepted: 13 August 2021 important for optimizing the performance of a thermal energy storage system. Herein, we
develop a system to measure the thermal conductivity of an HTF during temperature
Keywords: variation, and the system was checked to measure several samples comprising water, lauric
thermal conductivity, transient hot-wire, fatty acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and coconut oil. The thermal conductivity was measured
acid, coconut oil, heat transfer fluid using a KS-1 sensor of a KD2 Pro analyzer. In the study, a static heat conducting medium
was used to control the temperature of the fluid, instead of the commonly used flowing
water bath. The measured thermal conductivities of water (298 to 318 K) and lauric acid
(323 to 373 K), stearic acid (358 to 372 K), oleic acid (334 to 372 K), and coconut oil (298
to 363 K) were compared to data from previous studies and fitted to available models. The
accuracy of the data is further analyzed by relating the number of C and H atoms in the
fatty acid, and the fatty acid content in coconut oil.

1. INTRODUCTION temperature rise at a certain distance from a fine and long wire-
shaped heat source embedded in the test material. The hot wire
A heat transfer fluid (HTF) is a liquid or gas that is used to transient method offers several advantages over other
transfer heat from one system to another [1, 2]. In addition to measurement methods [32, 33], such as the capability to
water and ethylene glycol [3, 4] liquid HTFs include edible eliminate errors related to natural convection, quick
oils [5-7] salt solutions or salt hydrates [8, 9], ionic liquids [10, experimental results, and simple conceptual design. The
11], and fatty acid [12, 13]. The liquid thermal conductivity of instrument was tested by measuring the thermal conductivity
a HTF, which is a measure of its ability to transfer heat, is an of water, lauric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and coconut oil.
important parameter for the optimization of the performance The experimental results were compared with the available
of a thermal energy storage system. In general, thermal data from other studies and fitted using available models.
conductivity depends on temperature [14, 15] and type and Lauric acid (C12H24O2) and stearic acid (C18H36O2) are
amount of a nanoparticle dopant, which is directly added to saturated fatty acids with a melting point of approximately 316
form a stable suspension called a nanofluid [16]. Dopants are K [34] and 341 K [35]. Oleic acid (C18H34O2) is a
commonly categorized as non-magnetic (e.g., various carbon monounsaturated fatty acid with one double bond that occurs
materials [17, 18], Al2O3, TiO2, and CuO [19]), or magnetic naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. It has a
(e.g., Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) [20-23]. melting point of approximately 287 K [36]. Oleic acid has a
Accurate measurement of HTF's thermal conductivity is similar amount of carbon and oxygen to the stearic acid in
very important, both from science and for technological those chemical compounds. Coconut oil is edible oil and melts
applications. However, the effect of convection is a dominant at room temperature. Coconut oil contains many kinds of
factor in determining the temperature dependency of thermal saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, with an enormous
conductivity, especially as temperature increases. As shown in amount of saturated fatty acid (90%) with a medium-chain
Table 1, the systems developed in previous studies allow fatty acid, such as lauric acid (50%) [37]. Despite many
convection, thus potentially reducing the accuracy of the applications of coconut oil in engineering fields [35, 37-42],
thermal conductivity data. Herein, we describe a simple no available data for temperature-dependent thermal
system for heating a liquid to measure its thermal conductivity conductivity. Further analysis will be performed to study the
as the temperature varies from 298 to 373 K while minimizing relation between the number of C and H content in the fatty
the convection effect. The thermal conductivity was measured acid, the number of saturated and unsaturated bonding and the
using a KS-1 sensor of a KD2 Pro, which works on the basis composition of fatty acid in the coconut oil with the thermal
of the hot wire transient method [24-31]. This method is a conductivity values.
dynamic transient technique based on measuring the This paper is organized as follows. The Method and

195
Materials section explains the development of the Literature review of liquid thermal conductivity heating
instrumentation system and the material used. The Results and systems
Discussion section presents the experimental results of the
temperature-dependent thermal conductivity of various HTFs. Table 1 summarizes the heating systems used to measure
The data were fitted using available models and compared the thermal conductivity of liquids from previous studies, with
with the results of previous studies. We found that the the samples used and the technical conditions of the system.
developed apparatus accurately measured the temperature-
dependent thermal conductivity of various HTFs.

Table 1. Heating systems used in liquid thermal conductivity measurement

Heating
Sample Technical condition Ref.
system
Fe3O4-water magnetic nanofluid This method can cause convection currents in Doganay et al. [22]
Direct
the sample, which reduces the accuracy of
heating Water-based TiO2 nanofluid Turgut et al. [43]
thermal conductivity measurement.
An-oil based nanofluid Jiang et al. [7]
Six-ionic liquid Liu et al. [14]
TiO2- MWCNTs/ (EG-water hybrid nanofluid Circulating water for sample heating, either Moradi et al. [44]
Circulating Fe2O3 nanofluid using a flowing water bath or storage tank, Agarwal et al. [45]
bath Magnetic nanofluid causes convection currents in the water as Roszko et al. [46]
(γ –Fe2O3) water- based nanofluids these currents aid the heat transfer process. Nurdin et al. [47]
Deionized water and ethylene glycol-based
Abdullah et al. [48]
nanofluids
Water-graphene oxide/aluminum oxide Taherialekouhi et al.
nanoparticles [49]
Semiclathrate hydrates and aqueous solutions of
With the relatively large amount of water
tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) and Fujiura et al. [50]
used to heat the sample, inhomogeneous
tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC)
Static bath temperature is possible.
Graphene oxide/Water nanofluid Yang et al. [51]
Edible oil Turgut et al. [52]
rGO-Fe3O4-TiO2 hybrid nanofluid Cakmak et al. [53]
Deionized water, lauric acid, stearic acid, oleic Simple instrument, cost-effective, < 1 L
Present Work
acid, and coconut oil liquid medium required to heat a sample.

2. METHOD AND MATERIALS The thermal conductivity was measured using the KS-1
sensor of a KD2 Pro thermal properties analyzer (Decagon,
Figure 1 shows the setup of the measuring system, which USA) [54]. This is a commonly used analyzer for measuring
consists of three main parts: (1) thermal conductivity sensor, thermal conductivity [55-58]. The sensor has a diameter and
(2) heating system, and (3) sample system. The heating system length of 1.3 mm and 6 cm, respectively. The heat flux per unit
consists of a transformer (2a) to control the voltage output to length (q) and the time-dependent temperature can be used to
the heater controller (2b) that is controlled by a PC (2c). The calculate the thermal conductivity using Eq. (1) [25, 59].
sample system consists of a sample glass (3a) equipped with a
circular heater (3b) and a thermocouple data logger (3c) to 𝑞 𝑑 𝑙𝑛(𝑡)
monitor the temperature readings in the heating medium. The 𝑘= ( ) (1)
4𝜋 𝑑𝑇
overall sample system was placed in an adiabatic container to
inhibit heat loss to the environment (3d). To measure the thermal conductivity with temperature
variation, approximately 30 mL samples were placed into
sample glasses with an inner diameter of 2.3 cm, outer
diameter of 2.5 cm, and height of 9.8 cm. Then, the sample
glasses were placed inside a beaker containing approximately
500 mL of a heat conductive liquid medium, which was
covered with a circular heating system made of stainless steel.
For accurate thermal conductivity measurements, the sensor
was placed in a holder system that maintained its vertical
position inside the sample glass. The holder system also served
as a cover for the sample and heat conduction medium.
The heating system used throughout this experiment had a
relatively small thermal mass; hence, the applied input voltage
to the heater was small. To achieve the required voltage, the
source voltage of a transformer was adjusted. Then, the power
Figure 1. Set up for measuring the thermal conductivity of drawn by the heater was controlled by an Autonic heater
the liquid material samples during temperature variation controller, which uses the pulse width modulation (PWM)
technique [60]. PWM is a modulating technique, in which the

196
pulse width is varied while maintaining a fixed amplitude and acid with purities of 85−90% from Indonesia were used as the
frequency. The PWM duty cycle is the ratio of the 'on' time to heat conductive media. In contrast, non-technical grade lauric
the regular interval or 'period' of time. The duty cycle is acid and stearic acid were used as the sample for thermal
expressed as a percentage, with 100% being fully on and 0 % conductivity measurements. For this purpose, lauric acid and
being completely off. A low duty cycle corresponds to a low stearic acid with purity ≥ 98% and ≥ 95%, respectively, were
applied heater power [61]. Meanwhile, the heater was set to purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Technical grade oleic acid was
heat the heat conductive medium and sample up to a user- purchased from a traditional market in Indonesia. Coconut oil
defined temperature set-point. At least three or four calibrated commonly used for household needs was purchased from a
temperature sensors were used to monitor the temperature traditional market in Indonesia.
distribution in the heat conductive medium. These sensors
were placed opposite to each other at two different height
position from the upper part of the heating medium (Table 2). 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this study, T-type thermocouples with a diameter of
approximately 1 mm, connected to an Applent data logger Figure 2 shows the temperature distributions in samples
with an accuracy of 0.2%  1℃, were used as temperature when they were used as heat conductive media for thermal
sensors. conductivity measurement.
The voltage at each temperature set-point was adjusted to
be as low as possible to avoid large heat pulses and allow TC 1
380
sufficient time for heat propagation from the heater to the TC 2
middle of the sample. After the temperature set-point was TC 3
370
reached, the heater was turned off to prevent heat pulses and TC 4

Temperature (K)
heat waves that could result in convection, that could reduce 360 1st meas.
the accuracy of the measurements. After achieving a uniform
2nd meas.
temperature distribution as determined from the three or four 350
thermocouple sensors, the thermal conductivity was measured.

Table 2. Relative positions of the thermocouple channels of 340

Applent in the heating medium Set value, heater
330 off
No of Height from the upper part of heating
thermocouples medium (cm) 320
TC1 2
TC2 2
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
TC3 8 Time (min)
TC4 8
Figure 2. Typical temperature distribution of the heat
De-ionized water, lauric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and conductive medium
coconut oil were used in the temperature ranges from room
temperature to 318 K, from 323 to 373 K, from 358 to 372 K, The experimental results show that at the same height
from 334 to 372 K, and from 298 to 363 K, respectively, to position of Applent thermocouple, the temperature is
calibrate the heating system. During measurements for each relatively uniform, with the temperature on the upper
sample over all temperature ranges, voltages of 30-35 V and thermocouple position being higher (about 0.1 K) than that on
35-55 V for water and lauric acid, respectively, and 40 V for the bottom position. These results indicate that convection did
stearic acid, oleic acid, and coconut oil were used. The voltage not occur at the beginning of the measurement, and
value should be constant for a single set of measurement to temperature differences at different heights were related to the
maintain the overall heating rate. The measurements were buoyancy convection effect [62]. As shown in Figure 2, after
repeated two times for water and three times for lauric acid, waiting for some time, we switched off the heater, and the
stearic acid, oleic acid, and coconut oil to ensure that the temperatures at different heights will become the same, and
readings were reproducible. In addition, thermal conductivity the thermal conductivity measured under these conditions. The
measurement for lauric acid and oleic acid was conducted two waiting time became shorter as the temperature increased due
times to verify its repeatability. The average values are to the faster Brownian motion of molecules [63].
presented here. Figure 3 shows the results of the temperature-dependent
For this experiment, technical grade lauric acid and stearic thermal conductivity for de-ionized water.

Table 3. Regression coefficients of water thermal conductivity data using Eq. (2) for the present experiment and those from [64]
and [65]

Previous studies
Regression coefficient Present data
[64] [65]
A 1.01 −0.55 −0.90
B −4.10 × 10-3 6.25 × 10-3 8.39 × 10-3
C 9.13 × 10-6 −7.93 × 10 -6 −1.12 × 10-5
𝝌𝟐 7.74 × 10-6 6.30 × 10 -5
2.62 × 10-8

197
 From Figure 3, one can see that the experimental data were 0.22
(a) Present Experiment

Thermal conductivity (Wm-1K-1)

close to the data from the previous studies, with a maximum Abhat [69]
error value of 1.1% at T = 313 K. The measurement of water 0.20 Marinos-Kouris et al. [71]
at high temperatures above 323 K might cause an increase in Yan et al. [72]
the measurement errors because of the drastic change in the 0.18
viscosity of water [54]. In this study, the appearance of
microbubbles might have caused convection, which might 0.16
have led to inaccurate results.
As shown in Figure 3, the thermal conductivity of water 0.14
increases with temperature, and the values are close to those
reported by [65] but higher than values reported by [66] and 0.12
lower than those reported by [64]. In the high-temperature
range, the increase in the thermal conductivity occurred up to 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460
423 K before decreases as the temperature increased thereon Temperature (K)
[67], and strongly related to the hydrogen bond strength [68].
Based on [67], the temperature-dependent thermal 0.18 (b) Present Experiment

Thermal Conductivity (Wm K )

Abhat [69]

-1
conductivity of water was analyzed using a second-order
Marinos-Kouris et al. [71]

-1
polynomial function, as in Eq. (2), which is commonly used 0.16
for liquid and solid inorganic compounds.

𝑘(𝑇) = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 2 (2) 0.14

where, 𝑘 is the thermal conductivity; 𝐴 , 𝐵 , and 𝐶 are the

0.12
regression coefficients; and 𝑇 is the absolute temperature.
Table 3 shows the results of the fitting of the water thermal
conductivity data from the present experiment with those from 0.10
[69]. The similarity of the regression coefficients for the three
340 360 380 400 420
sets of data, together with the reduced chi-square values show
that the data fitted well. Temperature (K)
The liquid thermal conductivity of lauric acid, stearic acid, 0.20
(c) Present Experiment
oleic acid, and coconut oil are shown in Figure 4(a), Figure
Thermal Conductivity (Wm K )

Marinos-Kouris et al. [71]

-1

4(b), Figure 4(c), and Figure 4(d), respectively. Increasing the 0.18
-1

temperature invariably decreased the thermal conductivity.

This trend is common for organic liquids [70].
Based on [67], the temperature-dependent thermal 0.16
conductivities of lauric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and
coconut oil were analyzed using Eq. (3), 0.14
2
𝑇 7 (3)
𝑘 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 (1 − ) 0.12
𝐶

Table 4 shows the results of the fitting of the thermal 340 360 380 400 420
conductivity data of lauric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and
Temperature (K)
coconut oil, respectively, along with the reference. The
Thermal Conductivity (Wm K )

regression coefficients and reduced chi-square values listed in

-1

(d) Present Experiment

0.16
the table indicate that the data fitted well.
-1

Silalahi et al. [74]

0.68
Thermal conductivity (Wm-1K-1)

0.66 0.15

0.64

0.62
0.14
0.60
Present Experiment
0.58 Wang et al. [64]
Ramires et al. [65] 300 320 340 360
0.56 Dinçer et al. [66]
Temperature (K)
260 280 300 320 340 360 380
Temperature (K) Figure 4. Thermal conductivity data of (a) lauric acid, (b)
stearic acid, (c) oleic acid, and (d) coconut oil. Red lines:
Figure 3. Thermal conductivity data of water. Red lines: fitted curves to Eq. (3)
fitted curves to Eq. (2) (see text)

198
 Table 4. The best results for the regression coefficients of 4. CONCLUSIONS
lauric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and coconut oil thermal
conductivity using Eq. (3), for the present data and previous We have demonstrated a heating system for measuring the
study [71] thermal conductivity of liquid HTF during temperature
variation. The thermal conductivity was measured using a KS-
Regression
Present data
Previous study, 1 sensor of a KD2 Pro analyzer, which works based on the
coefficient [71] transient heat line source method. The thermal conductivities
Lauric Acid of de-ionized water (room temperature to 318 K), lauric acid
A 0.09 −8.69 × 10-3 (323 to 373 K), stearic acid (358 to 372 K), oleic acid (334 to
B 0.08 0.28 372 K), and coconut oil (298 to 363 K) are measured and found
C 368.49 447.16 to be in good agreement with the data reported in previous
𝝌𝟐 8.41 × 10-6 9.85 × 10-7 studies. Available models were used to fit the experimental
Stearic Acid
data. Further analysis show that the thermal conductivity
A 0.14 1.27
values are comparable to the number of C and H atoms
B 0.04 −8.89 × 10-4
contained in the fatty acid, and minor contribution of
C 372.31 −4.68 × 10-9
2.06 × 10-6
unsaturated bonding. At temperature around 320 K, coconut
𝝌𝟐 8.10 × 10-7
Oleic acid
oil thermal conductivity value is close to lauric acid, which
A 1.02 1.48 corresponds to the character of the fatty acid content in
B −8.06 × 10-4 −6.65 × 10-4 coconut oil.
C −7.98 × 10-9 −1.02 × 10-9 We note that, although the developed apparatus can be used
𝝌𝟐 3.13 × 10-6 5.04 × 10-6 to measure the thermal conductivity of any HTF, the applied
Coconut oil voltage might be different for a specific type of liquid. In
A 0.58 addition, it is necessary to maintain a constant voltage during
B −7.47 × 10-4 the measurement, as a change in voltage might cause a pulse
C −6.58 × 10-8 heat and induce a convection current.
𝝌𝟐 2.10 × 10-6

Comparison of the present experimental data with those ACKNOWLEDGMENT

from previous studies over a temperature from 320 to 420 K,
the measured thermal conductivity of lauric acid was close to This work is supported by PMDSU batch 4 from
those reported by [69], but higher than those reported by [72], RistekDikti of Indonesian government.
and lower than those reported by [71]. In the same condition,
stearic acid thermal conductivity in the temperature range 358-
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