PROJECT REPORT

ON

PROJECT TITLE

By
 Name of the students

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SARDAR VALLABHABHAI PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY VASAD-
388306

2007 - 2008

PROJECT REPORT
ON

PROJECT TITLE
 By

Name of the students

Guided by

Mr. Name of guide

Designation

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SARDAR VALLABHABHAI PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY VASAD-
388306

2007 - 2008
 SARDAR VALLABHABHAI PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY VASAD-
388306

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “PROJECT TITLE” has been carried out by NAME OF
THE STUDENTS under my guidance in partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in Computer Engineering of Gujarat University, Ahemdabad the academic year
2007-2008. To the best of my knowledge and belief this work has not been submitted elsewhere
for the award of any other degree.
Guide Examiner Head of the Department

Mr. Dr S.K.Vij

Principal

Dr T.L.Popat

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
(Name of students)
 PAGE INDEX

Topic Page No.

 ABSTRACT
1. TITLE OF CHAPTER ONE
1.1 HEADING
1.2 HEADING

2. TITLE OF CHAPTER TWO

2.1 HEADING
2.2 HEADING
:
:
:
:
:
N-1
N. CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX – A POWER POINT SLIDES

APPENDIX – B USER MANUAL
APPENDIX – C
TABLE INDEX
 Table Page No.

1.1 Table 1 About

1.2 Table 2 About

2.1 Table 3 About

2.2 Table 4 About
: :
: :
: :
N Table N About
 FIGURE INDEX

Figure Page No.

1.1 Figure 1 About

1.2 Figure 2 About

2.1 Figure 3 About

2.2 Figure 4 About
: :
: :
: :
N Figure N About
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] G.K.Patnaik and M. M. Gore, “Design of Compiler for Mobile Environment

and it’s formalization using Evolving Algebra ”, proceedings of 3rd IEEE
International Conference on Mobile Data Management, Singapore, January
2002, PP 159-160.

[2] “Author Guidelines”, http://. computer.org/cspress/instruct.htm

ABSTRACT

A wireless local area network (LAN) is a flexible data

communications system implemented as an extension to, or as an alternative
for, a wired LAN. Using radio frequency (RF) technology, wireless LANs
transmit and receive data over the air, minimizing the need for wired
connections. Thus, wireless LANs combine data connectivity with user
mobility.
Unfortunately, wireless networking is a double-edged sword. WLANs
use electromagnetic waves to transmit information, the radio waves can easily
penetrate outside the building, it’s a risk that the network can be hacked. So
it’s very important to put enough attention on the WLANs security aspects.

Following is the list of the topics which will be covered during the Seminar :
 Introduction to WLAN
 WLAN Requirements .
 Configuration of WLAN :
 Types of WLAN .
 Radio Transmission of WLAN
 WLAN Technologies .
 Deployment of WLAN .
 Working of WLAN .
 Services of WLAN .
  Security of WLAN .
 Benefits of WLAN .
 WLAN Limitations .
 Application of WLAN.

Planning your network with WLAN and save a lot of expense and
inconvenience later, by considering the following factors:

 Security Requirements.
 Bandwidth Requirements.
 Environmental factors that may interfere with wireless transmission.
 Ease of installation.
 Total number of network users.
 Number of laptop users who will want wireless connection.
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS LAN

1.INTRODUCTION
A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN ) is a flexible data
communication system implemented as an extension to ,or as an
alternative for a Wired LAN.

A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is a flexible data

communications system implemented as an extension to , or as an alternative
for, a wired LAN. Using Radio Frequency (RF) technology, Wireless LANs
transmit and receive data over the air, minimizing the need for wired
connections. Thus, wireless LANs combine data connectivity with user
mobility.

1.1. Computer Networks:

The term “Computer Network” to mean a collection of autonomous
computers interconnected by a single technology .By this interconnection they
are able to exchange information. Local Area Networks are privately owned
networks within a single building or campus of few kilometers in size. In a
traditional LAN we are connecting computers to the network through cables.
But the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is a flexible data
communications system that can use either infrared or radio frequency
technology to transmit and receive information over the air.

As the name suggests a wireless LAN is one that makes use of

wireless transmission medium, i.e. wireless LAN transmits and receives data
over air, and minimizing the need for the wired connection. Thus wireless
LAN combines data connectivity with user mobility. WLANs also allow
greater flexibility and portability than traditional wired LAN which requires a
wire to connect a user computer to the network. The initial cost for WLAN
hardware can be higher than the cost of wired LAN hardware. But the overall
installation expenses and lifecycle cost can be significantly lower.

CHAPTER-2
WIRELESS LAN REQUIREMENTS.

2. INTRODUCTION
A wireless LAN must meet some sort of requirements typical of any
LAN such as High capability, Ability to cover short distances, Full
connectivity among attached stations etc. In addition there are no of
requirement specific to wireless LAN environment such as Throughput, No of
Nodes, Service Area, Connection to Back-bone LAN, Battery and Power
Consumption, Transmission Robustness and Security etc.

2.1. Throughput

As with wired LAN systems, actual throughput in wireless LANs is

product and set-up-dependent. Factors that affect throughput include the
number of users, propagation factors such as range and multipath, the type of
wireless LAN system used. Wireless LANs provide throughput sufficient for
the most common LAN-based office applications, including electronic mail
exchange, access to shared peripherals, Internet access, and access to multi-
user databases and applications.

2.2 No Of Nodes in the Network

The wireless LAN may need to support hundreds of nodes across
multiple cells.

2.3 Service Area

 A typical coverage area for WLAN has a diameter of 100 to 300 meters.

2.4 Connection to Back-bone LAN

For infrastructure WLAN this is easily accomplished through the access
points (AP) that connect to both type of LAN .

2.5 Battery & Power Consumption

Mobile workers use battery and powered work stations that need to
have a long battery life cycle when used with wireless adapters. Typical
wireless LAN implementations have features to reduce power consumptions
while not using the network, such as sleep mode.

2.6 Transmission Security and Robustness

Unless properly design a WLAN may be interference prone and easily

eavesdropped. The design of a WLAN must permit reliable transmission even
in noisy environment and should provide some level of security from
eavesdropping.
 CHAPTER-3

WIRELESS LAN COMPONENTS

3. Introduction

A Wireless LAN generally comprises of two types of components

namely : Wireless Station & Access Point(AP).

3.1. A Wireless Station

A wireless station or client is typically a laptop or notebook personal

computer (PC) with Wireless Network Interface Card (NIC). A WLAN client
may also be a desktop or handheld device within publicly addressed area.
Wireless laptops and notebooks-“Wireless enabled”-are identical to laptops
and notebooks except that they use Wireless NIC to connect to the access point
(AP) in the network.

The Wireless Network Interface Card (NIC) is commonly inserted in the

clients Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
(PCMCIA) slot or Universal Serial Bus (USB) port. The NIC use radio signals
to establish connection to the WLAN. It is also called wireless adapter or
WLAN cards.
3.2. ACCESS POINT

It acts as a bridge between the wireless and wired network interface

such as 802.3 and bridging software .The access point (AP) functions as a base
station for the wireless network aggregating multiple wireless stations to the
wired network. The access point (AP) is a stationary device that is a part of
wired LAN.

CHAPTER-4

WIRELESS LAN CONFIGURATION

4. INTRODUCTION TO WLAN CONFIGURATION

The configuration the Wireless LAN consists of the network with base
station and the network without the base station. The network with the base
station is called is called Infrastructure mode network and the network
without the base station is called the AD-hoc network.

4.1. TYPES OF NETWORKS

Generally there are two types of networks under this category
which are states as : Infrastructure mode network and AD-hoc network.
Following are the details of these networks.
4.1. INFRASTRUCTURE MODE NETWORK
For larger installations or for use in larger buildings, choose an
infrastructure-mode wireless network. Each workstation communicates with an
access point rather than directly with another workstation. Infrastructure mode
is suitable for small-to-medium-sized wireless networks, but may not offer
enough bandwidth for networks with heavy traffic. And, as with the ad-hoc
network, security is still a concern. Thus, we can conclude from the above
statements that in an Infrastructure mode network ,

• Communication is done via Access Point.

• Access Point manages the Network Traffic.

The Infrastructure is meant to extend the range of the wired LAN to

Wireless LAN cells. A laptop or other moving device may move from cells to
cell (from AP to AP) while maintaining access to resources of the LAN. This
network is useful for providing wireless coverage of building or campus area.
A WLAN environment has wireless client station that use radio modems to
communicate to an access point (AP). By deploying multiple Access Point’s
with overlapping coverage areas organizations can achieve broad network
coverage. WLAN technology can be used to replace wired LAN totally end to
extend LAN infrastructure.

The following figure shows the Infrastructure Mode Network :

4.2. AD-hoc NETWORK

In ad-hoc mode, your computers talk directly to each other and do not
need an access point. Access point is the device which can communicate to
remote computer directly. Each workstation relates on a peer-to-peer basis
with other workstations. You can add a wireless broadband router to an ad-hoc
network to provide Internet access to computers on the network. An ad-hoc
network is suitable only for very small installations where security is not an
issue. Thus we can conclude from the above statements that in a AD-hoc
mode Network :

• There is Direct Communication between users.

• And the Sender routes the data to destination.

In this architecture, client stations are grouped in to a single geographic area.

Eg:In the same room. The interconnected devices in the Ad hoc mode are
referred to as Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The Ad hoc configuration
is similar to a peer-to-peer office network in which no node is required to
function as a server. As an Adhoc WLAN, laptops, desktops and other devices
can share files without the use of an access point (AP).

The following figure shows the AD-hoc Network :

CHAPTER-5
TYPES OF WIRELESS LAN NETWORKS

5. INTRODUCTION
Basically there are four types of wireless networks which are stated as
below :

 Peer to Peer network.

 Network with the Client and access point.
 Multiple Access point and the extension point.
 Network with Directional Antenna.

The details of the types of the wireless network is discussed

below.
5.1. Peer to Peer Network
Wireless LANs can be simple or complex. At its most basic, two PCs
equipped with wireless adapter cards can set up an independent network whenever
they are within range of one another. This is called a peer-to-peer network. On-
demand networks such as in this example require no administration or
preconfiguration. In this case each client would only have access to the resources of
the other client and not to a central server.
Peer to Peer Network is shown below in figure as :
5.2. Network with the Client and the Access Point
Installing an access point can extend the range of an ad hoc network,
effectively doubling the range at which the devices can communicate. Since
the access point is connected to the wired network each client would have
access to server resources as well as to other clients. Each access point can
accommodate many clients; the specific number depends on the number and
nature of the transmissions involved. Many real-world applications exist where
a single access point services from 15-50 client devices.
A network with the Client and Access Point is shown below :

5.3. A Network with the Multiple Access Point and an Extension

Point.
 Access points have a finite range, on the order of 500 feet indoor and
1000 feet outdoors. In a very large facility such as a warehouse, or on a college
campus it will probably be necessary to install more than one access point.
Access point positioning is accomplished by means of a site survey.

Sometimes it is possible that an area with in a building, college campus

or industrial complex may not have a wired LAN that supports the installation
of the access point, an alternative method is to employ an extension point. An
extension point may be considered as being similar to a repeater, extending the
range of wireless access to a LAN by relaying signals from a client to an
access point.
Both multiple access points and extension points can be used to extend
wireless LAN access capabilities over a relatively large area. For either or both
devices, their use enables clients to move within a large geographic area, in
effect providing notebooks and PDAs with roaming capabilities.

The Network with the Multiple Access Point is shown below :

The Network with the Extension Point is shown below as :

5.4. A Network with the Directional Anteena
One last item of wireless LAN equipment to consider is the directional
antenna. Let’s suppose you had a wireless LAN in your building A and wanted
to extend it to a leased building, B, one mile away. One solution might be to
install a directional antenna on each building, each antenna targeting the other.
The antenna on A is connected to your wired network via an access point. The
antenna on B is similarly connected to an access point in that building, which
enables wireless LAN connectivity in that facility.
A Network with the Directional Antenna is shown below :
 CHAPTER-6
WIRELESS LAN TECHNOLOGIES