Human Becoming Theory
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse
Introduction
The Parse theory of human becoming guides nurses In their practice to
focus on quality of life as it is described and lived (Karen & Melnechenko,
1995).
The human becoming theory of nursing presents an alternative to both the
conventional bio-medical approach and the bio-psycho-social-spiritual (but
still normative) approach of most other theories of nursing.(ICPS)
The human becoming theory posits quality of life from each person's own
perspective as the goal of nursing practice.(ICPS)
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse first published the theory in 1981 as the "Man-
living-health" theory (ICPS)
The name was officially changed to "the human becoming theory" in 1992
to remove the term "man," after the change in the dictionary definition of the
word from its former meaning of "humankind."
About the Theorist
Educated at Duquesne University, Pittsburgh
MSN and Ph.D. from University of Pittsburgh
Published her theory of nursing, Man-Living-Health in 1981
Name changed to Theory of Human Becoming in 1992
Editor and Founder, Nursing Science Quarterly
Has published eight books and hundreds of articles about Human
Becoming Theory
Professor and Niehoff Chair at Loyola University, Chicago
Development of the Theory
The human becoming theory was developed as a human science nursing
theory in the tradition of Dilthey, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, and
Gadamer and Science of Unitary Human Beings by Martha Rogers .
The assumptions underpinning the theory were synthesized from works by
the European philosophers, Heidegger, Sartre, and Merleau-Ponty, along
with works by the pioneer American nurse theorist, Martha Rogers.
The theory is structured around three abiding themes: meaning,
rhythmicity, and transcendence.
Description of the Theory
Human Becoming Theory includes Totality Paradigm
Man is a combination of biological, psychological, sociological and spiritual
factors
Simultaneity Paradigm
Man is a unitary being in continuous, mutual interaction with environment
Originally Man-Living-Health Theory
Application and Importance of the Theory
PRACTICE
A transformative approach to all levels of nursing
Differs from the traditional nursing process, particularly in that it does not
seek to “fix” problems
Ability to see patients perspective allows nurse to “be with” patient and
guide them toward desired health outcomes
Nurse-person relationship cocreates changing health patterns
RESEARCH
Enhances understanding of human lived experience, health, quality of life
and quality of nursing practice
Expands the theory of human becoming
Builds new nursing knowledge about universal lived experiences which
may ultimately contribute to health and quality of life
Theory of Interpersonal Relations
Hildegard E. Peplau (1909-1999)
Introduction
Published Interpersonal Relations in Nursing in
1968 :interpersonal techniques-the crux of psychiatric nursing
Worked as executive director and president of American Nurses
Association
About the Theorist
Born in Reading, Pennsylvania [1909], USA
Diploma program in Pottstown, Pennsylvania in 1931.
BA in interpersonal psychology - Bennington College in 1943.
MA in psychiatric nursing from Colombia University New York in 1947.
EdD in curriculum development in 1953.
Professor emeritus from Rutgers university
Started first post baccalaureate program in nursing
Worked with W.H.O, NIMH and Nurse Corps.
Died in 1999.
Development of the Theory
Theory of interpersonal relations is a middle range descriptive classification
theory.
The theory was influenced by Harry Stack Sullivan's theory of inter
personal relations (1953).
The theorist was also influenced by Percival Symonds, Abraham Maslow's
and Neal Elger Miller.
Peplau's theory is also refered as psychodynamic nursing, which is the
understanding of one’s own behavior.
Description of the Theory
The theory explains the purpose of nursing is to help others identify their
felt difficulties.
Nurses should apply principles of human relations to the problems that
arise at all levels of experience.
Peplau's theory explains the phases of interpersonal process, roles in
nursing situations and methods for studying nursing as an interpersonal
process.
Nursing is therapeutic in that it is a healing art, assisting an individual who
is sick or in need of health care.
Nursing is an interpersonal process because it involves interaction between
two or more individuals with a common goal.
The attainment of goal is achieved with a series of steps following a series
of pattern.
The nurse and patient work together so both become mature and
knowledgeable in the process.
Application and Importance of the Theory
PRACTICE
Peplau’s theory focuses on the interpersonal processes and therapeutic
relationship that develops between the nurse and client.
The interpersonal focus of Peplau’s theory requires that the nurse attend to
the interpersonal processes that occur between the nurse and client.
Interpersonal process is maturing force for personality. Interpersonal
processes include the nurse- client relationship, communication, pattern
integration and the roles of the nurse.
Psychodynamic nursing is being able to understand one’s own behavior to
help others identify felt difficulties and to apply principles of human
relations to the problems that arise at all levels of experience.
This theory stressed the importance of nurses’ ability to understand own
behavior to help others identify perceived difficulties
RESEARCH
Phases and steps of experimental teaching to patients of a concept of
anxiety:
Develop and test a nursing intervention framework for working with anxious
patients:
Developed competency in beginning interpersonal relationship.
Human-To-Human Relationship Model
Joyce Travelbee (1926-1973)
Introduction
Joyce Travelbee (1926-1973) developed the Human-to-Human
Relationship Model presented in her book Interpersonal Aspects of
Nursing (1966, 1971).
She dealt with the interpersonal aspects of nursing.
She explains “human-to-human relationship is the means through which
the purpose of nursing if fulfilled”
About the Theorist
A psychiatric nurse, educator and writer born in 1926.
1956, she completed her BSN degree at Louisiana State University
1959, she completed her Master of Science Degree in Nursing at Yale
University.
1952, Psychiatric Nursing Instructor at Depaul Hospital Affilliate School,
New Orleans.
Later in Charity Hospital School of Nursing in Louisiana State University,
New York University and University of Mississippi.
Travelbee died at age 47.
Development of the Theory
Travelbee based the assumptions of her theory on the concepts of
existentialism by Soren Kierkegaard and logotherapy by Viktor Frankl.
Existential theory believes that that humans are constantly faced choices
and conflicts and is accountable to the choices we make in life
Logotherapy theory was first proposed by Viktor Frankel, a survivor of
Auschwitz, in his book Man's Search for Meaning (1963)
Description of the Theory
Travelbee believed nursing is accomplished through human-to-human
relationships that begin with the original encounter and then progress
through stages of emerging identities, developing feelings of empathy, and
later feelings of sympathy.
The nurse and patient attain a rapport in the final stage. For meeting the
goals of nursing it is a prerequisite to achieving a genuine human-to-human
relationships.
This relationship can only be established by an interaction process.
It has five phases.
o The inaugural meeting or original encounter
o Visibility of personal identities/ emerging identities.
o Empathy
o Sympathy
o Establishing mutual understanding and contact/ rapport
Travelbee's ideas have greatly influenced the hospice movement in the
west.
Travelbee's theory has significantly influenced nursing and health care.
Application and Importance of the Theory
PRACTICE
Integration of scientific disciplines in formulating paradigm of psychiatric
nursing.
Strengthen nurse-patient relationship.
The start of psychiatric nursing.
Used for counseling women undergoing depression.
RESEARCH
Different studies on the nursing phenomena.
Improvement of the social system.
Stress management program.
Formation of behavior scale.
Therapeutic behavior of the nurse
