Wel come

प्रार्थना
 नमामि धन्वन्तरिमादिदेवम् सुरसुरैर्व न्दित पादपद्मम् |
लोके जररुग्भयम्रुत्यु नाशम् धातारमीशम् विविधौषधीनाम् ॥
CoMpilationO
n
gambhari Drug
Compiled by
kenchappa
2Nd proff bams

Under the guidance of

 Dr.gayathri m d(dravya guna)
Dr.sujith m d(dravya guna)

ATREYA AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE,HOSPITAL AND RESEARCH

CENTRE

DODDABALLPURA-561203(KARNATAKA)

intdrodution to Ayurveda
हिताहितम्सुखाम् दुःखम् आयुस्तस्य हिताहितम्।
मानम् च तच्च यत्रोक्तम् आयुर्वेदः स उच्यते॥
(च.सं.स.ू १/४१)
Āyurveda is a system of traditional medicine native to the Indian
subcontinent and practiced in other parts of the world as a form of
alternativemedicine.
In Sanskrit, the word Ayurveda consists of the words āyus-
meaning ‘life’ and Veda - meaning ‘related to knowledge’ or ‘science’.

Evolving throughout its history, Ayurveda remains an influential

system of medicine in Asia. The earliest literature of Ayurveda
appeared during the Vedic periodin India.

The SushrutaSamhita and the CharakaSamhita were influential

works on traditional medicine during this era. Ayurvedic practitioners,
called "Ayurvedacharyas", have also identified a number of medicinal
preparations and surgical procedures for curing various ailments and
diseases.

The aim of this system is to prevent illness, heal the sick and
preserve life. This can be summed up as follows:

 To protect health and prolong life –

स्वस्थस्य स्वास्थ्य रक्षण्म्

 To eliminate the diseases and dysfunctions of the body –

आतुरस्य विकार प्रशमनम

The basic principles of Ayurveda

Ayurveda is based on the premise that the universe is made up of five
elements: air, fire, water, earth and ether.
 These elements are represented in humans by three
"doshas":Vata, Pittaand Kapha. When any of the doshas accumulate in
the body beyond the desirable limit, the body loses its balance. Every
individual has a distinct balance, and our health and well-being depend
on getting a right balance of the three doshas ("tridoshas"). Ayurveda
suggests specific lifestyle and nutritional guidelines to help individuals
reduce the excess dosha.

A healthy person, as defined in SushruthaSamhita as,

समदोष समाग्निश्च समधातु मलक्रियाः।

प्रसन्नात्मेन्द्रिय मनः स्वस्थ इत्यभिदीयते॥

“He,whosedoshas are in balance, appetite is good, all tissues of the

body and all natural urges are functioning properly, and whose mind,
body and spirit are cheerful.”

Concept of tridoshas
The three doshas are:

वायुः पित्तं कफश्चेति त्रयोदोषाःसमासतः।

Vatapertains to air and ether elements. This energy is generally seen as
the force, which directs nerve impulses, circulation, respiration, and
elimination.

Pittapertains to fire and water elements. This dosha governs

metabolism, e.g., the transformation of foods into nutrients. It is also
responsible for metabolism in the organ and tissue systems.

Kaphapertains to water and earth elements. Kapha is responsible for

growth and protection. The mucosal lining of the stomach, and the
cerebral-spinal fluid that protects the brain and spinal column are
examples of Kapha.

Abbreviations of classical references

च.सू–Charakasamhitha sutrasthana
च.वि–Charakasamhithavimanasthana
च.चि–Charakasamhithachikitsasthana
सु.सू–Sushruthasamhitha sutrasthana
सु.चि–Sushruthasamhithachikitsasthana
अ.ह्रु–Ashtangahridaya
अ.स–Ashtangasangraha
ध.नि–Dhanvantarinighantu
भा.नि–Bhavaprakashanighantu
कै.नि -Kaiadevanighantu
रा.नि-Raja nighantu
नि.आ-Nighantuaadarsha
शा.नि-Shaligramanighantu
प्रि.नि-Priyanighantu
सो.नि-Sodalanighantu
म.पा.नि-Madanapaalanighantu
 Certificate
Rajiv Gandhi university of health sciences
Atrerya ayurvedic medical college,hospital &research
center
Doddaballapura-561203(Karnataka)

Department of dravyaguna
This is to certify that mr.kenchappa has completed the compilation work in
the department prescribed for 2nd proff bams by rajiv Gandhi university of
health sciences,Bangalore for the year 2018-2019.

Year of examination:2019-20
Register no:19a0510
Examination centre:aamc

acknowledgement
I first pay my respects to Lord Dhanvanthri who has endowed to us
sacred science of Ayurveda and saving us from fear of old age, disease
and death.

I have immense pleasure in expressing my deep sense of gratitude to

Dr.Gayathri( Dept. of Dravyaguna) for her inspiration and support and
for providing me with an opportunity to present this Compilation and
express my heartful thanks to Dr.Raghunath sir,A.A.M.C,
DODDABALLAPURA

Dr.Gayathri and Dr.Sujith for their constant support and guidance due
to which this compilation was successfully completed.

I am thankful to our librarian for providing me with necessary books in

time without which this work would never have been completed.

Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents and friends who
gave their helping hands and supported me in the completion of this
compilation.
 gambhari

index
Sl Page no.
contents
No.
01. Paribhasha
(a)Dravya
(b)Botanical name
(c)Family
(d)Kula
02. History
(a)Introduction to Dravya Guna
(b) Introduction of Gambhari
03. VERNACULAR NAMES
04. SYNONYMS
05. Classification
(a)Gana
(b)Taxonomical Classification
06. VARIETIES AND CONTROVERSIES
07. FAMILY FEATURES
(a)Key features
(b)Economical importance of the family
(c)Other family members
08. Botanical description
 (a)Morphology
(b)Macroscopic of the part used
(c)Microscopic of the part used
(d)Flowering and Fruiting
(e)Distribution
(f)Collection and Preservation methods
(g)Controversy
09. Chemical Constituents
10. Pharmacological action
11. (a)Rasa panchaka
(b)Karma
12. Indications
13. Therapeutic Administrations
(a)Classical
(b)Folk
15. Part Used
16. Posology
17. Formulations
18. Research profile
19. Sloka’s
20. Bibliography
 History:-
(A)dravyaguna

द्रव्याणाम् गुण कर्माणि प्रयोग विविधास्तथा।

सर्वशो यत्र वर्ण्यन्ते शास्त्रं द्रव्य गुणं हि तत्॥

The science in which dravyais studied in detail is called as Dravya-guna-

vignana.

Dravya-guna-shastra is not only a useful factor for swasthya

(maintenance of health) and chikitsa (treatment) but is also the chief
factor involved in various substances as well as non-substances which
are instrumental in vitiating health and creating disharmony in the
equilibrium of body components.

Dravya-guna-vignana is based on the ideas of satva-raja-tama,

panchmahabhootas and various experiences derived from the study of
balance-imbalance of basic components of the universe. The use of
Dravya-guna-shastra is necessary for restoring this equilibrium. If drugs
are to be used then thorough knowledge of these is essential.

Dravya-guna-vignana has been formulated in context with

swasthya(health) and rugna(disease). The basic ideas have been
developed keeping the patient in mind. Dravya-guna-vignana is thus a
science of treatment

According to Vedas...
     
It has been seen that mention of the use of medicinal plant is
found in all the four Vedas namely Rigveda, Yajurveda,
SaamavedaandAtharvaveda.
Ayurveda, which is a text on the preventive and curative aspects of
disease, is a part of Atharvaveda.
Herbs are being used since ancient time to maintain health, to
treat disease and regain the healthy state of mind and body. All the
above mentioned Vedas have described herbs (medicinal plants) in
different ways but the concept of Prana(life) is common to all.
 गम्भारी
INTRODUCTION
GMELINA ARBOREA Roxb. is one of the important medicinal
plants most widely propagated and cultivated species of the family
verbenaceae.
It is commonly known as “ kashmarya ’’ .
 It is found throughout greater part of India, western ghats and from
foot of north-west Himalaya to chittang and throughout deccan peninsula.
Gambhari, an essential component among dashamula and in bruhat
panchamula. It is popularly known as comb teak, cashmere tree, candhar tree
in English.
It is extensively used traditionally as antihelmenthic, antimicrobial,
antidiabetic, diuretic, hepatoprotective and antileptic agent.
CLASSICAL REVIEW OF GAMBHARI
Historical aspect of the drug
In ancient Indian literature like Vedas the synonyms of gambhari like
rohini, kashmarya, sriparni etc have been described. For the first time the
name rohini was mentioned in atharva veda, where it is considered as
asthisansthapaka and keetanunashaka. The name kashmarya is given in
shatapatha bramhan, where it is explained as disinfectant. But the properties
of which do not correlate with the gambhari. There is no reference that rohini
and gambhari are same.

SAMHITA KALA
The exhaustive information of gambhari is available in this period.

CHARAKA SAMHITA
Reference of gambhari is found at 57 different places. In charaka
samhita gambhari is explained by the name kashmari and mentioned its
synonyms are kashmarya and sriparni, other synonyms are madhuparni,
bhadraparni, Krishna madhurasa skanda both are seems to be different drug.
According to chakrapani madhuparni is madhuyasti. Charaka included
gambhari in virechanopaga, dahaprashamana, shwayathuhara, madhura
skanda, vataghna gana. 13 formulations of this drug is mentioned in the
management of 20 rogas.

SUSHRUTHA SAMHITA
Compared to charaka samhita no much information available in
sushrutha samhita. But mentioned different names – kashmari, kashmarya,
sriparni etc. sushrutha has explained this drug in 37 different contexts,
particularly in panchamoola and sarivadi gana. It is also mentioned in shalya
karma.
SANGRAHA GRANTHA
The drug has been mentioned at 15 different contexts by the name
kashmarya and gambhari. No much information is available available to its
formulations and indications.

NIGANTU KALA
During this period we come across detail description.

 BOTANICAL NAME: Gmelina arborea

 FAMILY: VERBENACEAE
 KULA: NIRGUNDI KULA
TAXONAMICAL CLASSIFICATION

 KINGDOM: Plantae
 CLASS: Angiosperms
 SUBCLASS: Eudicots
 SUPERORDER: Asterids
 ORDER: Laminales
 FAMILY: Verbenaceae
 GENUS: Gmelina
 SPECIES: Arborea
VERNACULAR NAMES
 Kannada: shivanigida, shivani, kumbalamara
 Hindi: Gambhar, khambhari
 English: candhar tree
 Bengali: Gamar
 Gujarathi: Shivani hannu, shewan
 Marathi: Shivan
 Punjabi: Gumhar, kumhar
 Telugu: Peggumudu, peggumaddi
 Malayalam: Kumizhu, kumbil, kumpil
 Tamil: Nilakumizh
 Burma: Kyunboc, yemene
 Hazara: Sewan
 Kadir: Kumala
 Kolami: Gumher, kasamar
 Koya: Gumher, kasamar
 Nepal: Gambhari, khamari
 SYNONYMS
R.N BP.N M.N K.N Dh.N P.N S.N
Kashmarya + + - - + + +
Kashamari + + + + + + +
Kashamiri - + - - - - +
Shriparni + + + + + - +
Gambhari - + + + + + +
Bhadraparni + + - + - - +
Sarvathobhadra + - + + + - +
Madhuparni + + - + + - +
Sindhuparni + - - - - - -
Rohini + - - - - - +
Heera - + + + + - -
Peetarohini - + - - - - +
Kumuda + - - - - - +
Katphala + - - - - - -
Krishnavrintaka + + + + + - +
Muda - - - + - - +
Medina + - - - - - -
Vidarika + - - - - - +
Mahi - - - - - - +
Mahakumuda + - - - - - +
Suphala + - - + - - -
Grishti + - - - - - +
Madhurasa - + - - - - -
Gopabhadra + - - - - - -
Shoola tvacha + - - - - - +
Madhumathi + - - - - - +
SHLOKAS
1. काश्मर्या काश्मरी हीरा काश्मर्यो मधुपर्णी अपि।
श्रिपर्णी सर्वतोभद्र गम्भरी कृ ष्ण वृन्ताका।।
- ध.नि.
2. श्रीपर्णी सर्वतोभद्र काश्मिरी काश्मारी मुदा।
गम्भारी कट्फला हीरा काश्मर्य मधुपर्णिका।।
कृ ष्णवृन्ता भद्रपर्णी कु म्भारी सफला मही।
- कै . नि.
3. कश्मरी सर्वतोभद्रा श्रिपर्णि कृ ष्णवृन्तिका।
काश्मरी कश्मारी हीरा काश्मार्य भद्रपर्णिका।।
- मदनाफल नि.
 CLASSIFICATION

GRANTHA VARGA/GANA
Amarakosha Vanaushadhi varga
Sushrutha nigantu Lodhradi
Ashtanga nigantu Sarivadi varga
Dhanvantari nigantu Guduchyadi varga
Shodala nigantu Chaturtha skanda/tikta
dravyaskanda
Kaideva nigantu Oshadi varga
Bhavaprakasha nigantu Guduchyadi varga
Abhidhan ratnamala Guduchyadi varga
Madhava dravya guna Vividhosadi varga, phala
varga
Hridaya dipaka nigantu Tripada varga
Raja nigantu Prabharadi varga
Rajvallabha nigantu Phala varga
Abhinava nigantu Guduchyadi varga
Shaligrama nigantu Guduchyadi varga
Mahaushadha nigantu Bilvadi varga
Priya nigantu Haritakyadi varga
Dravyaguna sangraha Phala varga
Nigantu adarsha Nirgundi varga
Rasendrasara sangraha Phala varga
Abhidhan manjari Madanadigana varga
Gunaratna mala Amradi varga
Verbenaceae: Characters, Distribution and Types

Characters of Verbenaceae:

Plants herbs, shrubs or trees, leaves simple, exstipulate, opposite or

whorled; inflorescence cymose, racemose or spike, flowers hermaphrodite,
zygomorphic, hypogynous, calyx gamosepalous, persistent; corolla 5 lobed,
gamopetalous sometimes 2 lipped, stamens four, didynamous, unequally
paired, epipetalous; carpels two, syncarpous, superior, axile placentation,
fruit drupe.

A. Vegetative characters:
Habit:
Mostly annual or perennial herbs, may be shrubs or trees (Tectona) or rarely
woody climbers or halophyte (Avicennia) in tropical shores.

Root:
Tap, branched, pneumatophore in Avicennia.

Stem:
Erect, herbaceous or woody, young branches quadrangular, in some branches
spiny.

Leaves:
Simple or palmately or pinnately (Peronema) compound, opposite or
whorled, exstipulate, entire or divided.

B. Floral characters:
Inflorescence:
Cyme or racemose spikes often with an involucre of coloured bracts; cymose
is usually dichasial (Clerodendron).

Flower:
Zygomorphic, hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual by abortion (Aegiphila),
hypogynous, pentamerous or tetramerous (Physopsis), rarely actinomorphic
(Physopsis) complete.

Calyx:
Sepals 5 lobed, gamosepalous, persistent, bell shaped or tubular, rarely 4 to 8
valvate, inferior.

Corolla:
Petals 5 or 4 lobed, gamopetalous petals unequal, tubular or cylindrical, bi-
lippod, imbricate, inferior.

Androecium:
Stamens 4, didynamous, fifth stamen may be staminode or absent rarely 5
present (Tectona), epipetalous, bithecous, filaments free, dorsifixed, introrse,
dehiscence longitudinal.

Gynoecium:
Bicarpellary, syncarpous, rarely carpels 4 (Duranta) or 5 (Geunsia) superior
in early stage bilocular but soon divided into 4 or many loculed by false
septa, axile placentation or free central in Avicennia; style terminal, stigma
entire or bilobed.

Fruit:
Drupe rarely schizocarpic capsule enclosed by persistent calyx.

Seed:
Non-endospermic with a straight embryo.

Pollination:
Entomophilous.
Floral formula:

Distribution of Verbenaceae:
The family is commonly called Verbena family. It includes 77 genera
and 3,020 species, out of which 21 genera and 125 species occur in India.
The members of family are inhabitants of tropical and subtropical regions,
they also extend into temperate lands.

Economic Importance of Verbenaceae:

The family is of fairly great economic importance.

1. Timber:
The wood of Tectona grandis (Teak, H. Sagwan) is extremely hard and
lasting. The wood is largely used in manufacturing of ships and good quality
furniture. Teak is grown in forests of Burma, Madhya Pradesh and Assam.
The wood of Gmelina arborea is used in making drums, sitars and other
musical instruments.

2. Medicinal:
The roots of Clerodendron are used in asthma and cough. The decoction
of leaves of Lantana camara is given in tetanus and rheumatism. The leave’s
juice of Gmelina arborea is used in gonorrhoea, cough and ulcers.

3. Oils:
Lippia alba produces a valuable oil.

4. Tanning:
The bark of Avicennia is used in tanning.

5. Febrifuge:
 The leaves of Vitex negundo serve as febrifuge. The branches of this
plant are kept over stored grains to keep off insects.

6. Ornamental:
Lantana, Verbena officinalis, Duranta, Congea tomentosa, Callicarpa,
Clerodendron, Petrea are cultivated in gardens.

Affinities of Verbenaceae
The family shows close relationship with Lamiaceae (Labiatae) in the
bilabiate corolla, persistent calyx. It also bears some affinity with
Boraginaceae in the nature of inflorescence, calyx and fruit. It bears
relationship with Acanthaceae.

Bentham and Hooker included the family Verbenaceae in the Lamiales.

Hallier retained Verbenaceae within Tubiflorae and sought its origin from the
Scrophulariaceae. Hutchinson at first (1926) accepted it as belonging to his
Lamiales, but later (1948, 1959) segregated it as the Verbenales and derived
it from rubiaceous stocks.

Hutchinson (1969) in “Families of Flowering plants” treated Stibaceae,

Chloranthaceae and Phrymataceae as separate families, which were tribes of
Verbenaeae in Bentham and Hooker’s Genera plantarum. Thus the family is
reduced to include five tribes only.
 VARIETIES
No varieties are mentioned by classics.

CONTROVERSIES
There is no controversy regard to this tree.

But there is another tree which is known as shreeparni towards haridwar.

This is found on the river ganga and the bark of this is used by local vaidyas
as shreeni.

The description regarding this tree is given below.

HABIT- A large deciduous tree.

BARK- Smooth, pale grey, leaves and inflorescence grey tomentom.
LEAVES- Opposite 15-23 by 11.5-18cm, entire, acuminate, base usually
cordate, 3 or 5 nerved, glabrous.

FLOWER- Deciduous petals ovate, male flowers are yellow, sepals 3-5,
concave, valvate numerous, free on a numerous convex torum.
Female flowers are green, solitary or 2-3 together, calyx long, shortly 3-5
toothed, ovary 2-5 celled, yellow.

FRUIT- Drupe, 2.3-3.8cms diameter, depressed, globose, green, pericarp,

somewhat succulent and 2-5 celled.
 HABITAT
Gambhari is found throughout greater part of india at altitudes upto
1500mts from foot of north-west Himalaya to Chittagong and throughout
deccan peninsula. It is generally found scattered in mixed forests of moist
regions of the country extending up to comparatively dry regions of central
India.
Occasionally it occurs in evergreen as well as in the sal forests. In the
natural forest, the species is usually found scattered and in association with
other species.
It is found in dry mixed deciduous forest types in central india.
GAMBHARI TREE
 GAMBHARI FRUIT

GAMBHARI FLOWERS

GLANDS ON PETIOLE
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
HABIT- It is a moderately sized unarmed deciduous tree, reaching 50ft
high.

BARK- Bark is greyish yellow, rather corky. Branchlets and young parts
clothed with fine white mearly pubescence.

LEAVES- 10-20cm long, 7.5-15cm wide, broadly ovate, acuminate, entire,

glabrous above when mature, stellately fulvous-tomentose beneath, base
cordate or sometimes truncate and shortly cuneate; petioles 5-7.5cm long,
cylindrical, puberulous, glandular at the top.

FLOWERS- Appearing with or sometimes before the young leaves,

usually in small cymes of about 3 flowers arranged along the branchelets of a
densely fulvous- hairy panicle reaching 30cm long, linear-lanceolate, calyx
5mm long, teeth 5, small, triangular, acute. Corolla brownish yellow, densely
hairy outside reaching 3.8cm long, 5-lobed, 2-lipped,upper lip rather more
than 1cm long, deeply divided into 2 oblong, obtuse lobes; lower lip nearly
2.5cm long, 3-lobed, the middle lobe projecting forward, ovate, subobtuse,
with irregularly crenulated margin, much longer and broader than the obovate
rounded lateral lobes.

FRUITS- Drupe, 2-2.5cm long, ovoid or pyriform, smooth, orange yellow

when ripe.

INFLORESCENCE- Raceme, panicle/spike, or a dicharial cyme.

SEED- Exalbuminous seed.
PART USED- Root, bark, leaf, flower and fruit.
Mainly root bark. Market sample of root bark contains pieces of dry, corky
root of various sizes, 2mm to 4mm thickness. Outer surface brownish yellow
in colour, lenticillate, somewhat warty with shallow longitudinal fissures.
The bark more often exfoliates into scurfy flakes. Inner surface is leathery,
whitish in colour. On crushing, root aromatic odour and sweet mucilaginous
with bitter after taste.

Macroscopic evaluation
Various macroscopic characters of fresh leaves of Gambhari were
recorded such as type of leaf base, presence or absence of petiole and
characters of lamina. Lamina consists of characteristic features such as
composition, incision, shape, venation, margin, apex, base, surface and
texture. The leaf is morphologically studied for its size, shape, fracture and
configuration.
 MICROSCOPIC EVALUATION

Sample was preserved in fixative solution. The fixative used was FAA
(Formalin-5ml + Acetic acid-5ml + 70% Ethyl alcohol-90ml). The materials
were left in FAA for more than 48 hours. The preserved specimens were cut
into thin transverse section using a sharp blade and the sections were stained
with saffranine. The slides were also stained with iodine in potassium iodide
for detection of starch. Transverse sections were photographed using Zeiss
AXIO trinocular microscope attached with Zeiss Axio Cam camera under
bright field light. Magnifications of the figures are indicated by the scale-
bars.

Powder microscopy
Pinch of leaf powder previously sieved is put on the slide and mounted in
glycerine and powder charcters are observed under the Zeiss AXIO trinocular
microscope attached with Zeiss Axio Cam camera under bright field light.

Physicochemical standardization
Organoleptic examination, macromicroscopy, and physicochemical studies,
viz., total ash, water-soluble ash, acid-insolubleash, waterand alcohol-soluble
extractive, loss on drying at 1050C as per standardized methods [8].

Phytochemical analysis
Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using the standard
procedure [9]. The alcoholic extract of the leaf was analyzed for the presence
of phytochemical constituents such as Alkaloids, Carbohydrate, Steroids,
Phenols, coumarins, Carboxylic acid, Saponins, Terpenoids, Tannin etc.
Thin-layer chromatography
Sample preparation
Gmelina arborea leaf extract i (1 g) was extracted with 10ml of ethanol
(90%) and filtered. The filtrate was made up to 10ml with solvent in a
standard flask. Mobile phase The solvent system containing Toluene: Ethyl
acetate (9.0:1.0) gave optimum separation in alcohol extract hence was used
for the TLC study.

Method
Alcoholic extract of Gmelina arborea 3μl, 6μl, 9μl was applied on
aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60 F254 of 0.2mm thickness
(Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) Using CAMAG LINOMAT 5 applicator. The
plates were developed in the CAMAG glass twin trough chamber previously
saturated with the mobile phase. The plate was derivatized using vanillin
sulphuric acid (VS) and heated at 1050C till the spots appeared. The
developed plates were visualized in the CAMAG visualizing chamber. Rf
values were put manually.

OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

Organoleptic characters:
Leaf of Gambhari was leathery in touch with green color, sweet and
bitter in taste. Leaf powder (Choorna) was coarse in appearance, green in
color, astringent in taste and non irritant smell.
Microscopic characters

Fig. T.S of Gmelina arborea

Fig. Midrib enlarged

 Fig. Pith enlarged

Fig.Lamina enlarged

Lamina
Upper epidermis: Single layered cells are rectangular with cuticularized
outer walls. Trichomes both covering and glandular are seen. Covering
trichomes are uniseriate, multicellular and blunt at the apex. Mesophyll is
differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma. Palisade single layered,
compact and cells are radially elongated. Spongy parenchyma many layered,
loosely arranged with intercellular spaces, without the presence of cluster
crystals. Lower epidermis is identical to upper epidermis. Numerous
trichomes are seen on the lower epidermis.

Midrib
Epidermal layer of lamina are continuous in the midrib region also. Strips
of collenchymas appear below the upper and above the lower epidermis.
Central region of cortical parenchyma is a collateral bundle. Patch of
Pericyclic fibres covers the phloem.

Powder microscopic characters

Powder microscopic characters showed the presence of mesophyll cells,
epidermal cells in surface view, trichomes, mesophyll cell with fibres bundle
of fibres and starch grains.
Physicochemical parameters
Moisture content in the leaf was found to be 12.55%, Total ash 0.50%,
Acid insoluble ash 0.0%, water soluble ash 0.50%, alcohol soluble extractive
value 1.14% and water soluble extractive value 11.03%.

Phytochemical test
Phytochemical test carried out showed the presence of alkaloid, steroid,
carbohydrate, tannins and coumarins.

TLC fingerprinting
TLC fingerprint carried out in the alcoholic extract of leaf under short
UV showed one spot with the Rf of 0.87 (L. green), Under long UV 8 spots
with different fluorescent colour intensities with Rf of 0.34, 0.41 (F. Pink),
0.48(F. aqua blue), 0.57, 0.65, 0.78, 0.87 (All fluorescent red), 0.82 (F. Blue)
among which 0.87 was detected in both short UV and long UV. Following
derivatisation with vanillin sulphuric acid there were no spots observed.

Fig. Mesophyll cells

Fig. Epidermal cells in surface view

Fig. Trichome
Fig. Bundle of fibres
 SHORT UV LONG UV
Figure : HPTLC photo documentation of ethanol extract of Gmelia arborea
leaf extract

Track 1: Gmelia arborea – 3μl

Track 2: Gmelia arborea – 6μl
Track 3: Gmelia arborea – 9μl
Solvent system – Toluene: Ethyl Acetate
 ADULTERANTS AND SUBSTITUTES

According to bapalalji towards haridwar, on the bank of the river

ganges bark of trewia nudiflora (euphorbiaceae) is used by the local vaidyas
as shriparni. According to database on medicinal plants used in ayurveda, in
south india roots of G.asiatica Linn. are sold on name of gambhari. The
legitimacy of substitution of any drug can only be approved if it has similar
bioactivity and bioequivalence. No substitutes have been proposed for
G.arborea (gambhari) by ayurvedic pharmacopeia of India.

Propagation and Cultivation

Gmelina arborea Roxb., is a fast growing plant due to its excellent
medicinal and wood properties, is emerging as an important plantation
species. Most potent and medicinally used part of this plant is its root part.
This is the reason; the whole plant is being killed. Natural reproduction of
Gmelina arborea Roxb., takes place in rainy season soon after the drupes fall
to the ground. Alternate heat and moisture are necessary to stimulate seed
germination. Artificial reproductions may be carried out by direct sowing the
seeds or by transplanting vegetative propagation. To reproduce a healthy
progeny of Gmelina arborea Roxb., there are certain agroclimatic conditions
where the plant thrive, are to be followed. They include moist, fertile soil
with good drainage.
This plant is a light demander and intolerant of shade. It grows in areas
receiving rainfall ranging from 750-4500mm or more.

It does not thrive on ill-drained soils and remains stunted on dry, sandy
or poor soils; drought also reduces it to a shrubby form. As these
requirements plays prominent role in growth and production of Gmelina
arborea Roxb., they should be fulfilled and we should make sure that the
plant grows in these conditions.
 SEEDLINGS IN POLY BAGS

Seed Propagation
Seed propagation is the simple, common and best method for
propagation of most of the plants. In case of Gmelina arborea Roxb., ripe
brown fruits are collected from the ground, duly rejecting the green and black
ones. They are heaped under or buried in a pit for four to five days and then
washed to remove the pulp. They are allowed to rot by putting them in ditch
filled with water. Seeds are separated and dried under sun. Seeds should be
allowed to rot or fed to cattle and excreted stones are collected, washed and
 dried under sun. They should be soaked in water for forty eight hours, before
sowing for better germination. Seeds are dibbled to a depth of two cm at a
spacing of 7.5x7.5 cm in raised seed beds for proper drainage of water. They
should be covered with a layer of hay to generate heat and moisture
alternatively to stimulate
germination. Germination duration is about twenty days.

Vegetative Propagation
The root suckers growing around the mature plants can be separated
and planted.

Clonal Propagation
The efficient way to regenerate Gmelina arborea Roxb. On large scale
is through clonal propagation. In this procedure the shoot apexes of mature
trees of Gmelina arborea Roxb. Are collected. After sterilization of these
shoot apexes they should be cultured in a test tube by using benzyl amino
purine (BAP) or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). These solutions induce multiple
shoots from these shoot apexes, each having a large number of either definite
buds or adventitious buds or both and also could promote shoot elongation,
rooting efficiently from these proliferated multiple shoots. The plantlets thus
generated should be transplanted to pots containing soils. The transplanted
plantlets in the pots were made to grow in an acclimatization box placed in a
greenhouse for one month. After one month established plants are planted in
the field.

Climate and Soil

 It thrives well in shade in the temperature range of 30 0C – 470C, 60-
100% humidity and the annual rainfall between 750 mm to 4500 mm.
 Its choice of site is wide, but it shows a preference for moist fertile
valleys with sandy loam soil.
 It does not thrive in waterlogged conditions and remains stunted on dry,
sandy or otherwise poor soil.
 It also does not thrive on heavy clay soils.

Agro-technique
Nursery Technique
It is a light demanding tree. It does not tolerate drought but it withstand
in light frost condition. Seed formation occurs in May-June. Seeds are dried
well before germination.

Raising Propagules : Seeds are dibbled at spacing of 7.5 cm X 7.5 cm, 1

to 2.5 cm deep in unshaded nursery beds. The bed should be slightly raised to
ensure good drainage. Seeds germinate in 20-25 days. During this period,
weeding and watering is done according to the requirement.

Propagule Rate and Pretreatment : Dried seeds are soaked in water

for 1-2 days to accelerate germination. Considerable amount of heat and
moisture is needed to stimulate the germination and so the beds are covered
with a layer of hay. The average number of seeds/kg is 2000 - 2500. The
germination percentage of seed recorded is 13-90%.

Planting in the Field

 Land Preparation and Manure Application : The land is
prepared before plantation by way of removing the unwanted herbs, shrubs
and trees. It is better to do deep ploughing to loose the land mass and allow to
dry the unwanted weeds. Pits of 45 cm X 45 cm X 45 cm of size are dug
during the month of May at a spacing of 4m X 4m. The pits are filled with
well matured Farm Yard Manure (FYM), sand and soil in the ratio of 1:1:1
 and allowed to cure before undertaking plantations in the month of June-July
after onset of the rainy season. The choice of site is wide, but it shows a
preference for moist fertile valleys with sandy loam soil.

Gmelina arborea in Field

 Transplanting and Optimum Spacing : About 10-15 cm tall

seedlings are transplanted in pits at the beginning of rainy season The
optimum spacing recommended between plant to plant is 4m X 4m.

 Interculture and Maintenance Practices :  Plants raised in

the field require two weeding around the pits especially in rainy season.
Plantation done in the black cotton soil require four weeding at monthly
intervals. The unwanted weeds between the rows are removed by sword or
sickle. Cultivator ploughing through tractor is beneficial to remove the weeds
as well as loosening the soil especially in the black cotton soil. This operation
not only conditions the soil but also avoids cracking associated with the black
 cotton soil during the summer months. It is advisable to run the cultivator
before the start of active summer months to avoid cracking of soil to save
water and damage of roots. Under natural conditions germination takes place
in the rainy season soon after the fall of fruits. Heat and moisture stimulate
germination. The hard coat of seeds takes time to rot and germination takes
place only in the next rainy season.  Crop can be raised through direct sowing
and transplanting. Seeds are sown in lines at a distance of 3.0mX3.5m.
Saplings are thinned in the third year. Dibbling and broadcasting on prepared
sites also gives satisfactory results. Weeding hoeing, soil working and
manuring is essential in the first year. Though the artificial regeneration
mainly depends on seedling raised from seeds, cutting also strikes roots well.
Growth is faster in case of vegetative propagation usually done through
stumps and cuttings.

 Irrigation Practices : Weekly irrigation is required in summer

season and irrigation at fortnightly interval is preferred in winter. Irrigation is
required in the initial two years of the establishment of plants.

 Weed Control : One or two weeding in the month of July and

September is enough for establishing the plantation.

 Disease and Pest Control : The common nursery disease

reported is sooty mould caused by Corticium salmonicolor which can be
controlled by applying a suitable fungicide. The trees are often attacked and
completely defoliated by the beetle (Calopepla leayana). It feeds on the leaf
and also eats young buds and shoots. Defoliation is first noticed at the
beginning of the rains and continues till October. No biological or
mechanical control measures have been developed. Larvae of other several
insects are known to bore in the wood and to defoliate, but the damage
caused is usually not appreciable. Among fungi which are known to cause
damage to this tree are Poria rhizomerpha, commonly a saprophyte but
 becomes pathogenic when G. arborea is raised in clayey soils which become
water logged periodically, causing brown cuboidal rot in the roots resulting in
die-back and death of affected plants. Trees are also liable to severe attack by
Loranthus (Loranthus scurrula) as the tree has a thin bark, it readily becomes
a victim to phanerogamic parasite.

HARVEST MANAGEMENT
 Crop Maturity and Harvesting : Tree grows fast and may be
ready for harvesting of bark after 7 years. This plant is coppiced and traded.
The roots are also harvested for medicinal purposes. The tree may stand up to
25 years. The medicinally important part of this species is stem bark which is
extracted from 7-10 years old tree. Since, this is destructive harvesting
method; it is suggested that from one tree partial debarking should be done by
removing bark in patches of 15cm X 15cm with a distance of 60 cm. For
getting roots, from the young plant it is desirable that the root should have
good thick bark so as to get maximum active principle. Since, harvesting of
roots and bark would be destructive, it is recommended to collect the bark
from the clear felled crop as secondary product to avoid destruction of the
plants growing in nature. Yellowish green fruits are collected from April-
June from the ground duly rejecting the green and black ones. Fruits are
heaped under or buried in a pit for 4-5 days and then washed to remove the
pulp.

 Post-harvest Management : Properly dried bark with less than 10%

moisture content can be stored in gunny bags in well ventilated room. Bark
having moisture is susceptible to fungi infestation which turns it black in
colour and becomes useless for medicinal use. Dried seeds can be stored in
air tight container for one year and with this viability is decreased to a great
extent.
 PHYTOCONSTITUENTS

A large number of phytoconstituents have been isolated from

gambhari, which include ligans, flavanoides, coumarines, saponins, terpenes,
fatty acids and glycosides.

LEAVES- luteolin, apigenin,quercitin, β-sitosterol and hentricontanol.

ROOT- clutyferulate, n-octacosanol, gmelinol, arboreal, 2-omethyl
arboreal, 2-o-ethylarboreal, isoarboreal, gmelinone, β-sitosterol, paulowin,
4,8-dihyroxysesamin, 1,4-dihydroxy-2, gmelanone, palmitic, oleic, linoleic
acids, stigmasterol, stigmastanol, campesterol.

FRUIT- Butyric and tartaric acids, saccharine substances and little tannin,
β-sitosterol, ceryl alcohol, gmelinol, arborone, arboreal, luteolin, apigenin,
quercetin, hentricontanol, quercetogenin.

STEM- Liganans
STEM BARK- Alkaloids in traces
 TOXICITY STUDY
Indigenous system of medicine namely Ayurveda, has been existing
since centuries. In recent years Ayurvedic drugs have kindled interest, on
account of their efficacy for curing several human ailments with little or no
adverse effects if properlyadministered. It is estimated that around 70,000
plant species from lichens to tall trees, have been used for medicinal
purposes, but still there is lack of data on efficacy , safety and toxicity of
herbal drugs . Hence there is need to find herbal drugs which are effective,
freely available , economical, producing minimum ADR’s and no toxic
effects.

The fruits of the plant Gmelina arborea roxb. are oval in shape, ¾
inches in length and are yellow in color. The fruits are sweet in taste and
sometimes astringent The plant, Gmelina arborea was reported to have
several medicinal properties such as aphrodisiac, astringent, analgesic,
antipyretic, antidiabetic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory and tonic characteristic
The literature survey reveals that fruits of G. arborea diac glycosides and
steroids. The ethanol extract contains alkaloids, carbohy anthraquinone
glycosides, gums, mucilages, tannins, phenolic compounds and flavonoids.
The ethyl acetate extract contains gums, mucilages, proteins and amino acids.
Then butanol extract contains alkaloids, anthraquinone glycosides, gums,
mucilages, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, saponins and flavonoids. The
petroleum ether extract contains alkaloids, carbohydrates, anthraquinone
glycosides, proteins, amino acids, triterpenoids and saponins.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To study the acute and sub- acute toxicity implications of Gambhari
phala powder.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 The Fruits of Gambhari (Gmelina arborea) were collected from natural
habitat. Fruits were carefully checked for the presence of infested ones and
after removing them, washed with water to remove dust. Sample was then
dried under shade. Completely dried Gambhari fruits were then pounded to
convert them in to fine powder and filtered using cloth and preserved in
airtight food grade plastic containers. Powder thus obtained was used for
preliminary phyto-chemical analysis and toxicological studies. Healthy male
and female Wistar albino rats of 4-8 weeks old were selected for the study.
Rats were maintained under standard laboratory conditions and acclimatized
for 14 days before commencing study. Gambhari fruit powder was
administered at different dosages by using distilled water as media and
through oral gavazing. Since available LD50 study report revealed acute
toxicity of Gmelina arborea methanolic extract to be up to 3g/kg body
weight5, 2g/kg dose was taken as maximum dose for acute and 1g/kg sub-
acute toxicity studies respectively. Control group animals were administered
with only distilled water.

Toxicity studies:
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines
(OECD 4256 and 4077) were followed for acute and sub-acute toxicity tests
respectively. The study was conducted in two schedules. First schedule
comprised with the pilot study to estimate acute toxicity and dose selection
for sub-acute (28 days repeated dose) toxicity studies.

1st schedule (Acute toxicity test):

Limit test was carried out to assess acute oral toxicity. Two groups of
rats comprising of six animas in each group were used for the study. First
group served as control. To the overnight starved animals, Gambhari phala
powder was administered (second group) in the dose of 3g/kg body weight
through gavazing as single dose. Distilled water was used as media of drug
administration. The animals were observed for general behavioural changes,
signs of toxicity and mortality continuously for 1h after administration, then
intermittently for 4h, and there after over a period of 24 h. The Rats were
further observed for up to 14 days following treatment for behavioral changes
and signs of toxicity/death and the latency of death. Throughout the study
period, food and water was provided to the experimental animals ad libitum.

2nd schedule: (Sub-acute toxicity or repeated dose 28 days

study)
For the sub-acute study, Wister albino rats of either sex, weighing 150-
200 g, were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats in each group (3females and 3
males were maintained in separate cages) after recording their body weight.
The Group I was maintained as control, groups II, III and IV were
administered with 300mg, 500mg and 1g/kg of Gambhari phala powder for
28 days respectively. Distilled water was used as media for oral gavazing.
Experimental animals were observed for mortality, manifestation of toxic
signs, behavioural changes, food and water intake, nature of excreta and
gain/loss of body weight. Weight of individual animal was measured every
day with the help of electronic weighing machine. On 29th day, blood was
collected from all experimental animals through retroorbital plexus with
capillary tube in separate blood collecting tubes with and without EDTA (for
haematological and bio-chemical parameters respectively). Haematological
parameters like, total erythrocytes, leucocytes (TC), differential count of
leucocytes (DC), Platelet count and haemoglobin were considered for
analysis. Bio-chemical parameters like serum glucose, total proteins, blood
urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, AST, ALT, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin
were estimated. After collecting blood from experimental animals, all the
animals were sacrificed and sample of vital organs like brain, liver, kidney,
heart, lungs, spleen and intestines were collected in labelled containers filled
with 10% NBF (Neutral buffered formalin) solution and were subjected for
histological studies.

RESULTS
 None of the experimental animals died during study period (both
schedule 1 and 2). Food and water consumption, nature of excreta and
behavior remained un-altered throughout study period of 28 days. Loss of
body weight was not observed in any experimental animals. Gain in body
weight at the end of 28th day was about 20% among Gambhari phala churna
administered groups. Throughout the study period, experimental animals
showed normal behavior. No abnormal signs like drowsiness, irritability and
aggressiveness were observed among experimental animals.
There was no change in haematological parameters like total count and
differential counts of leucocytes. Hematological parameters remained within
normal ranges at the end of 28 days. No variations in the parameters were
observed in different groups. There was no change in serum biochemical
parameters like serum glucose, total proteins, bilirubin, Creatinine and Blood
urea nitrogen (BUN). Bio-chemical parameters remained under normal
ranges at the end of 28 days among all groups . Histology of vital organs
remained normal compared to control group animals. No signs of
inflammation, aggression, hemorrhage, necrosis and deposition of protein
matter were observed in any vital organ samples during histological studies.
There was normal architecture of cells and tissues noticed among all vital
organs of all groups.

DISCUSSION
Since repeated drug intake is needed to ascertain activities such as
Medhya, 28 days repeated dose study (sub-acute toxicity study) was
undertaken to ascertain safety of Gmelina arborea fruits. Purpose of choosing
higher dosage of churna was to establish the safety of the test drug with
respect to vital organs especially on the brain. Dose fixation was in
accordance with OECD Guidelines and earlier works done on methanolic
extract of Gmelina arborea roxb8.Though none of the animals died during
study period, changes pertaining to their behavior patterns were very vital to
prove non-toxic nature of test drug as it has to be used as memory promoter.
Absence of any abnormal behavior thus proves the safety of test drug for
clinical usage. No variation in TC and DC of leucocytes indicated that,
during the study period, test drug did not alter the immune system. Weight
gain among experimental animal was the positive sign as Gmelina arborea
fruits also have very good nutritional value. Normal bio-chemical parameters
signify the safety of test drug on body physiology. Vital organ histology also
remained un-affected at the end of the study period signifying safety of the
test drug (Gambhari phala churna).

CONCLUSION
Gmelina arborea. is practically non toxic drug and its safety is thus
established with the present study. Gambhari phala chunrna in the dose up to
2g/kg does not cause any kind of variations among behavior, hematology,
bio-chemistry and histology of vital organs. Crude powder of the Gambhari
fruit can be conveniently used for further therapeutic applications for longer
durations.
RASA PANCHAKA ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT
ACHARYAS
RASA GUNA VEERYA VIPAKA
Mahoushadi Kashaya Guru Ushna -
nigantu
Tikta
Madhura
Kaideva nigantu Madhura Guru Ushna -
Tikta
Kashaya
Raja nigantu Katu Guru Ushna -
Tikta
Dhanvantari Tikta Guru Ushna -
nigantu
Bhavaprakasha Madhura Guru Ushna -
nigantu
Kashaya
Tikta
Adarsha nigantu Madhura - Ushna Madhura
Kashaya
Katu
Tikta
Abhinava Madhura Guru Ushna -
nigantu
 Kashaya
Tikta
Priya nigantu Tikta - Ushna Madhura
Kashaya
Sharangadhara Madhura Guru Ushna Madhura
nigantu
Kashaya
Katu
Tikta
Abhidhan Tikta - - -
ratnamala

Gunas of fruit according to different authors

C.S S.S A.H Bp.N K.N R.N D.N M.N Ma.N M.D

Rasa
Madhura + + + + + - - - + +
Kashaya + - - + + - - - + +
Tikta - + + + - + + - + +
Amla + - - + + - - - - -
Katu - - - - - + - - - -
Guna

Guru + + + + + + + - + -
Snigdha - - - + + - - - - -
Veerya

Sheeta + + + + + - - - - -
Ushna - - - - - + + + + +
Doshagnata
Vatapitta - - - + - - - + - -
Kaphapitta - - - - + - - - - -
Kaphavata - - - - - - - - - +
Tridosha - - - - + + - - - -

SHOWING RASA PANCHAKA OF FRUITS AND

FLOWERS OF GAMBHARI
FRUIT FLOWER
RASA Kashaya, madhura Kashaya, madhura,
tikta
GUNA Snigdha, guru -
VEERYA Sheeta, Sheeta
VIPAKA Madhura Madhura
DOSHA KARMA Kaphapittahara, Pittahara
vatavardhaka
KARMA Hrudya, rasayana, Balya, vrushya
brimhana,keshya,
shukrala, medhya,
vrushya, mutrala,
vishagna, balya,
stanyajanana,
sandhaneeya,
trishnashamaka,
raktapittashamaka
 KARMA (ACTIONS )
MULA- Shotahara, dipana, pachana, bhedana, shoshahara, trishnahara,
amahara, shulahara, arshogna, vishagna, dhahashamaka, jwarahara,
shramahara, raktapittahara.

PHALA- Brhmana, vrshya, keshya, rasayana, trishnahara, dahashamaka,

hridya, medhya.

PUSHPA- Sangrahi, raktapittahara.

ROGAGHNATA ( THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS )

MULA- Shotha, agnimandya, vibandha, arshas, trushna, dhaha, shula, jwara,
raktapitta, shrama, vishavikara.

PHALA- Karshya, dourbalya, klaivya, trishna, dhaha

PUSHPA- Raktapiita
 Pharmacological Activities

1. Toxicity Study
Acute and sub acute toxicity study of powder of fruits of Gmelina
arborea Roxb (test drug) was conducted in two schedules (Acute and sub
acute toxicity studies) with different doses of 300mg, 500mg and 1g/kg for
28 days. None of the doses of this test drug produced mortality or
behavioural changes. Thus the test drug at a dose of 2g/kg was proved to be
non toxic without causing any kind of variations among behavior,
hematology, bio-chemistry and histology of vital organs.

2. Antioxidant Activity
Effect of antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of stem bark of
Gmelina arborea Roxb. (MEGA) was studied using various in vitro assays
method which showed free radical scavenging activity 85.20%. The activity
could be at the same concentration to that of standard ascorbic acid which
was 89.58% due to proton donating ability and could serve as free radical
inhibitors or scavengers.

3. Anthelmintc Activity
Alcoholic and aqueous leaves extracts of Gmelina arborea Roxb.
exhibited anthelmintic activity in dose dependent manner giving shortest time
of paralysis and death compared to piperazine citrate, especially with
100mg/ml concentration for Pheretima posthuma and Ascardia galii worms
by increasing chloride ion conduction of worm muscle membrane that
produced hyper polarization and reduced excitability that lead to muscle
relaxation and flaccid paralysis.

4. Anti Microbial Activity

 The crude leaf and stem bark extracts of Gmelina arborea Roxb.
showed significant anti-microbial activities against gram positive and gram
negative organism and the activity could be due to the presence of bioactive
compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, phenolics, tannins and
anthraquinone but no cardiac glycosides in leaf while in stem bark possessed
alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, tannins and anthraquinone but no
phenolics. In Vitro study of both stem bark and leaf extracts shown
significant activity against E. coli, K. pnemoniae, P. dysentria and S. typhi.

5. Diuretic Activity
Gmelina arborea Roxb. methanolic extract have shown significant
diuretic activity on albino rats. Extracts were given at the dose of 250mg/kg
and 500mg/kg body weight. Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+) and chloride
(Cl+) output in urine markedly increased as compared to normal saline. The
Gmelina arborea Roxb. Extract exerted its diuretic activity due to synergistic
action of (HCO3-/Cl-), (HCO3+/H+) exchangers and the (N+/H+) antiporter
by inhibiting tubular reabsorption of water and accompanying anions to cause
dieresis. There was an increase in the ratio of concentration of excreted
sodium and potassium ions after methanolic extract of Gmelina arborea
Roxb. treatment.

6. Cardioprotective
Ethanolic extract of Gmelina arborea Roxb. has shown potential
protective effect against doxorubicin (DOX) induced cardiactoxicity by
increasing cardiac markers activities in plasma. The significant increased the
activities of cardiac markers such as SGOT (Serum glutamic oxaloacetic
transaminase), SGPT (Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase) and ALP
(Alkaline phosphate test) in plasma of DOX (20mg/kg) treated rats might be
due to enhanced susceptibility of myocardial cell membrane to the
isoproterenol mediated peroxidation damage resulting in increased release of
these diagnostic marker enzyme in to the systemic circulation.
7. Anti Diabetic Activity
Ethanolic extract of Gmelina arborea Roxb. bark at dose of 420mg/kg
and chlorpropamide at dose of 200mg/kg (p<0.05) was found to reduce the
increase of blood sugar in streptozotacin (50mg/kg) induced diabetes due to
the increased blood GSH (Glutathione) levels reinforcing the role of GSH as
free radical scavenger and in the repair of free radical caused biological
damage.

8. Immuno Modulatory Activity

Methanolic extract of Gmelina arborea Roxb. and ethyl acetate
fraction of methanolic extract have been found to increase the total WBC
count, which was lowered by cyclophosphamide, a cytotoxic drug. The drug
is also capable of normalizing the levels of neutrophils and lymphocytes. The
results indicates that the Gmelina arborea Roxb. can stimulate the bone
marrow activity. As the drug is capable of reducing the cyclophosphamide
induced toxicity, it can be useful in cancer therapy also.

9. Antipyretic and Analgesic Activity

Gmelina arborea Roxb. bark extract was evaluatesd and the ethanolic
and aqueous extract found to reduce the hyperthermia at the rate of 420mg/kg
body weight 1hrs after the administration and its effect is comparable to that
of the standard antipyretic drug paracetamol at the dose of 50mg/kg body
weight. Whereas chloroform and benzene extract reduced the temperature 3h
after their administration but have mild effects. However the analgesic
activity of ethanolic and aqueous extract (test compounds) was found to be
more significant on acetic acid induced test than tail flick test as compared to
standard diclofenac sodium at a dose of 25mg/kg and thus it appear that the
test compounds inhibit predominantly the peripheral pain mechanism.
 PRAYOJYA ANGA ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT
ACHARYAS
PRAYOJA C.S S.S A.H BP.N K. R.N D.N N.A Ma.N GRM
ANGA N
Phala + + + + + + + + + +
Pushpa + - - - + + - + - -
Twak + + + - + + - + + -
Patra + - - - - + - + - -
Mula + + + + - - + - + -
Phalamajja + + + - - - - - - -
 AMAYIKA PRAYOGA

1.अतिसार
कश्मर्य फलायुषो वा किञ्चिदम्ल सशर्क रः।
- च. चि. १९
The yusha prepared from kashmarya phala, mixed with sugar
and little sour substance will check atisara.

2.रक्तपित्त
कोविदारस्य पुष्पाणि काशमर्य शाल्माले:।
अन्नपान विधौशाकं यच्चान्यद् रक्तपित्तनृत्।।
- च. चि. ४
Flowers of kovidara, kashmarya and shalmali, if used as vegetable will
check raktapitta.

3.वतरक्त
काश्मार्या मधूक तर्पण कल्को वा।।
- सु. चि. ५
In case of anguliveshta, one should wrap seven tender leaves of
kashmarya.

4.पाण्डु रोग
दन्तिपलारसे कोष्णे काश्मर्य अञ्जलिमाल्पूतम्।
 द्रक्षांजलि वा मृदितं तत् पिबेत् पण्डु रोगजित्।।
- सु. चि. ५
160gm fruits of kashmarya or dhraksha is dipped in 40ml warm
decoction of danti, when fruits becomes soft, they are removed and squeezed
to get juice. This juice is useful in panduroga.

5.अङ्गुलिवेष्टा
काष्मर्या सप्तभिः पत्रैः कोमलैः परिवेष्टितः।
अङ्गुलिवेष्टकः पुंसां ध्रुवमाशु प्रशाम्यति।।
- भा. प्र. ६१
In case of anguliveshta, one should wrap seven tender leaves of kashmarya.

6.ACIDITY
Gambhari has pitta reducing properties. Eat 2-3 fruits and drink water.

7. BILIOUSNESS, GIDDINESS
Bark cooked with rice is eaten.

8. BLEEDING DISORDER
Stem decoction is given.

9. COLD, COUGH, GONORRHEA

- Gambhari stem bark + kalamega
Andrographis paniculata whole plant decoction is given. or
- 20ml of leaf juice is taken orally.
10. DIABETES
Take gambhari fruit powder twice a day.

11. DRYNESS OF MOUTH-THROAT, LESS

SALIVATION
Eat gambhari fruits.

12. FEVER
A decoction of the roots and bark is given.

13. GALACTAGOGUE (INCREASING BREAST MILK)

- Decoction of the root of gmelina arborea + liquorice root + sugar is taken
orally.
- A decoction of the roots and bark is given.

14. GOUT, ARTHRITIS

- Mix gambhari fruit powder + mulethi root powder, in equal amount and
take 1 teaspoon twice a day. Or prepare decoction of gambhari fruit powder +
mulethi root powder (each 1 teaspoon) by boiling in 400ml water till it
reduces to 100ml. Filter and drink regularly.
- root powder is applied topically.

15. HEMORRHAGE
Take ripe fruits with honey.

16. HEADACHE IN THE FEVER

Leaf paste is applied.
17.IMPROVING CHANCES OF CONCEPTION
/PREGNANCY, IMPROVING FERTILITY
Prepare decoction of gambhari bark + mulethi, and drink regularly.
18. LEUCORHEA
Prepare powder offruits and take twice-thrice a day.

19. RHEUMATISM
Root powder paste is applied.

20. SCORPIAN BITE

Root bark paste is applied.

21. SMELLY DISCHARGE WORMS FROM ULCERS

The leaf paste or juice is used externally.

22. THIRST DUE TO FEVER

The decoction of the pulp of the fruits is given.

23. ULCERATIVE COLITIS

Eat fresh or dry fruits of gambhari twice a day with water.

24. URTCARIA, SHEETA-PITTA, SKIN ALLERGY

Fruits are taken with milk. Or
Fruit powder + mishri, is taken.

25. WOUNDS
Leaf paste is applied.
 FORMULATIONS

 Dashamularishta
 Dashamulaharitaki
 Dashamula ghritha
 Dashamula shatapalaka ghrita
 Aravindasava
 Shriparnyadi kwatha
 Drakshadi kwatha churna
 Shriparni taila
 Brihat panchamulyadi kwatha
 Kashmarya kwatha
 Kashmaryadi sheeta kashaya
 Mooshakadya taila
 Mritasanjeevani sura
 Dashamula kwatha churna
 Indukanta ghrita
 Dhanvantra ghrita
 MATRA ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT
ACHARYAS
MATRA BP.N R.N Ma.N
Mula churna 3-6 masha - 3-6 masha
Phala 1-3 masha 10-20 gms 1-3 masha
Phala twak - 5-10 gms -
kwatha
Pushpa churna - 4-10 gms -

In general,
Phala swarasa- 10-20 gms
Phala and twak kwatha- 50-100gms
Pushpa churna- 4-10gms
Mula twak swarasa- 10-20ml
 RESEARCH

 The present study investigated the effects of Gmelina arborea hexane leaves
extract on markers of oxidative stress and its vasorelaxant effects on isolated
rat aorta, in order to postulate possible mechanisms involved in the
antihypertensive properties of the plant. The results indicate that Gmelina
arborea hexane extract prossesses bioactive compounds with antioxidant and
vasorelaxant properties. Wansi SL, Nyadjeu, P, Nguelefack TB, Fodouop SF,
Donatien AA, Kamanyi A. In vivo antioxidant and vasodilating activities of
Gmelina arborea ( verbenaceae ) Leaves hexane extract. J. Complement
Integer Med. 2012 oct 5:9(1). Pii:/j/jcim.2012.9.issue 1/1553-3840.
1623/1553-3840.1623. xml. doi: 10.1515/1553-3840.1623.
 The present study was designated to evaluate acute and repeated dose toxicity
of the methanol extract (ME) of the Gmelina arborea stem bark. ME of G.
Arborea was found safe in acute and repeated dose toxicity studies when
tested in mice and rats. Kulkarni Y A, Veeranjaneyulu A. Toxicological
evaluation of the methanol extract of G. Arborea roxb. Bark in mice and rats.
Toxicol Int. 2012 may; 19(2): 125-31.
 Phytochemical screening of stem bark and leaves of Gmelina arborea; sand
effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Gmelina arborea stem bark on
hepatic and renal insufficiency in rats was assessed in this study. Thus
Gmelina arborea extracts may have ameliorating effect on hepatic and renal
insufficiency caused by paracetamol and cipsplatin respectively, and any
inherent toxicity may be redused or eliminated through adequate heat
treatment Anthony OE, Mbuh AF, Emmanuel MP. Phytochemical screening,
and assessment of ameliorating effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of
Gmelina arborea on drug induced hepatic and renal insufficiency in rats. Pak
J. Pharm Sci. 2012 apr; 25(2):457-61.
 The immunomodulatory effects of roots of Gmelina arborea Linn. Were
investigated. The drug is found to be potential immunostimulant. Shukla SH,
Saluja AK, Pandya SS. Modulating effect of Gmelina arborea Linn. On
immunosuppressed albino rats. Pharmacognosy Res. 2010 nov; 2(6) : 359-
63.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. The Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia of India-Government of India
2. Pharmacognosy of Ayurvedic Drugs- Department of
Pharmacognosy, University of Kerala.
3. Dravya Guna Vijnana- Dr. J.L.N.Sastry
4. Ayurveda vijnana Kosha – Vaidyabhushanam Raghavan
Thirumulpadu
5. Ousadha sasyangal- Dr.S.Nesamani
6. Internet
www.medicinalplants.com
www.flowersofindia.com
7. Text book of Dravya Guna- Dr. K .Nishteswar
8. Indian Medicinal Plants, a compendium of 500 species- Arya
vaidya sala Kottakkal
9. Pharmacognosy of Indigenous drugs- Central council for research
in Ayurveda & Siddha
10. Database on Medicinal plants used in Ayurveda- Central council
for research in Ayurveda & Siddha.