2.

Measureable
Introduction to the Course - How much change is expected
PERSPECTIVES-IN-DENTISTRY : T
1
PIC
O
- Can be counted or documented
Mission 3. Achievable
- Can be accomplished
- Present day
- Attainable within a given time
- Written declaration
frame
- Core of business
4. Realistic
• What do we do?
- Problem and proposed
- Clearly outline the main purpose
reasonable solutions
of the institution or
university, and what they do 5. Time-phased
• How do we it? - Provide a time frame
- Mention how one plans on - When the objective should be
achieving the mission statement measured
• Whom do we do it for?
- Audience of the mission UE Mission Statement
statement should be clearly - Imploring the aid of Divine Providence,
stated within the mission the University of the East dedicates
statement itself to the service of youth, country
• What value are we bringing? and God, and declares adherence to
- The benefits and values of the academic freedom, progressive
mission statement should be instruction, creative scholarship,
clearly outlined goodwill among nations and constructive
Vision educational leadership.
- Future
- Serve as clear guide - purpose UE Vision Statement
- Something to be pursued for that - As a private non-sectarian institution
accomplishment of higher learning, the University of
• Common Characteristics the East commits itself to producing,
1. Concise through relevant and affordable quality
education, morally upright and
2. Clarity
competent leaders in various
3. Future orientation
professions, imbued with a strong sense
4. Stability of service to their fellowmen and their
5. Challenging country.
6. Abstract
7. Inspiring
Mission of the College of Dentistry
Goals - Imploring the aid of Divine Providence,
- Long-term the University of the East-College of
- General ; abstract Dentistry dedicates to the service of
Objectives youth, country and God, and declares
adherence to academic freedom,
- Short-term
progressive instruction, creative
• SMART Objectives scholarship, goodwill among nations and
1. Specific constructive educational leadership in
- Who (target population) dental education.
- What (action and activity) of
activities
Vision of the College of Dentistry 4. To encourage continuous
- The University of the East-College of professional development among
Dentistry is envisioned to be dental students and graduates in
recognized as a Center of Excellence in order to keep up with the evolving
Dental Education by the Commission on trends in dental education.
Higher Education and eventually to be 5. To encourage research among
known in the international dental students, graduated and faculty
community for its world-class, globally members.
competitive graduates, high standard of
instruction and state-of-the-art 6. To develop a deep appreciation of
facilities. Thus envisioning the health service through
College as a destination of choice for collaboration with colleagues in the
all aspiring undergraduates and profession.
graduate students in Dentistry not only
in the Philippines but worldwide. 7. To establish mass media
communication through scientific
College Goals and civic assemblies, and for the
- The UE College of Dentistry prepares professional growth of dental
young men and women for the general students.
practice in order to develop their
competence in the maintenance of oral 8. To develop programs and projects in
health. Directed to give dental oral health care through community
students a sound foundation in oral service.
health, the program of instruction aims
to develop the technical skills and
9. To provide extension programs with
digital dexterity of students, and to other dental schools, both local
instill proper attitude and a strong and international, including
commitment to the ideals of the dental government agencies and industries,
profession. for the benefit of the students, the
faculty members, the graduates and
College Objectives the community.
1. To maintain high standards of 10. To motivate and reward students,
dental education as envisioned in faculty members and graduates who
an enriched curriculum, developed by are engaged in productive research,
dental educators, as approved by the community service and outstanding
CHED. dental practice to help project the
2. To develop a clinical program College In particular and the
designed to produce dental graduates University in general.
who are not only academically
prepared but also clinically Program Outcomes
proficient in the various branches - Dental education would produce
of dental practice. graduates who are globally
competitive, and have the ability
3. To improve the syllabi of the
to:
different disciples methodically and
a. Provide quality oral health care
periodically to conform to the
b. Provide proper patient education
demands of dental education. c. Deliver community and extension
dental services
 d. Conduct and disseminate basic and
clinical researches
e. Appreciate the value of life-long
learning and continue to be a life-
long learner
f. Adhere to ethical/legal/moral
applications in dental practice

Organizational Chart
1. Dr. Rhodora Luciano
- Dean
2. Dr. Blesilda Formantes
- Associate Dean
3. Dr. Evangeline Azul
- Department Chairman (Basic Sciences)
- First to Second Year
4. Dr. Margaret Tiu
- Department Chairman (Academic)
- Third to Sixth Year
5. Dr. Chanel Pornillos
- Department Chairman (Clinical)

Dental Student Organization

• Dental student Council (DSC)
• Clinician’s Club (CC)

Organizations
1. Achievers’ Council for Excellence
(ACE)
2. Alpha Phi Omega (APO)
3. Filipino-Chinese Dental (Fil-Chi)
4. Philippine Dental Students
Association (PDSA)
5. Rotaract
6. Omega Delta Rho (ODR)/ Omega Delta
Phi (ODP)
 5. Salivary gland hypofunction; quality
History of Dentistry and quantity
A-N-C-I-E-N-T ･ O-R-I-G-I-N ✓ Saliva is a buffer or oral rinse
✓ The more it is viscous, the less
7000 BC oral clearance
- People were craftsmen 6. Poor oral hygiene; homecare practices
- They used bow drill as dental tool ✓ Permanent teeth - 32 teeth
✓ Deciduous dentition/baby teeth - 20
teeth

2600 BC
- Hesy-Re is considered as the first
dentist

1700-1550 BC
- Ebers Papyrus-Egyptian text which
5600 BC refers to diseases of teeth and
- People believed that tooth worms various toothache remedies (herbal)
caused dental decay 500-300 BC
- Hippocrates and Aristotle wrote
Causes of Dental Decay
1. Carbohydrates in the diet; fermentable about Dentistry
and frequency 100 BC
✓ Brush your teeth - Celsus is a Roman medical writer
2. Presence of biofilm bacteria: - Compendium of medicine on oral
Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus hygiene, stabilization of loose
acidophilus teeth and treatment for toothache
3. Susceptible tooth structure (teeth are and jaw fracture
not smooth); malocclusion - More advanced procedure on how to
(misalignment of teeth); newly erupted treat teeth
teeth (teeth are not that strong);
exposed cementum (less calcified) 166-201 AD
✓ To make our teeth stronger, we need - Etruscans - dental prosthetics
fluoride using gold crowns and fixed
✓ Our teeth is composed of bridgework
hydroxyapatite crystals, we need - Dental technologists make the
fluoride for it to turn to prosthetics
fluoroapatite crystals which is
bigger that lessen the chances of
getting cavity
✓ Crown = Enamel
✓ Root = Cementum
✓ Nerve of tooth = Pulp
4. Absence of fluoride; application of
dentifrices and rinses
✓ That is why we need to go to the
dentist for fluoride varnish
 History of Dentistry
M-I-D-D-L-E ･ A-G-E-S

700 AD
Removable Partial Denture (RPD)
- China
- Silver paste - used before for
filling
Amalgam
-mercury + alloys
-stronger than composite
Dental Pelican - first tool for tooth Composite
extraction -aesthetically okay

Dental Forceps
-used for tooth
extraction
-more handy and
Amalgamator
smaller
-mixes amalgam capsule

Handpiece
-used for drilling

- composite uses light

to make it bring back
the anatomy of tooth
High Speed Handpiece
-used in restoration
1210
-water coolant
- Guild of Barbers
- Surgeons - do more complex
procedures
- Lay Barbers - hygienic procedures
such as cleaning and cutting of hair
1530
✓ The Little Medicinal Book for All
Kinds of Diseases and Infirmities
of the Teeth
- First book dedicated to Dentistry
Dental Burs-these are what you put in the in Germany
handpiece
1575 American Era
✓ Ambrose Pare - Examinations and licenses were issued
- Father of Surgery ✓ Act No. 593 (1903) - “The Act of
- Published his complete works Regulating the Practice of Dentistry
(Practical Information about in the Philippine Islands”
Dentistry)
- Board of Dental Examiners
1723
✓ Pierre Fauchard Well-Known Dentists
- Father of Modern Dentistry
1. Dr. Gregorio Mateo
- Published “The Surgeon Dentist”
- First introduced dental fillings and - Father of Philippine Dentistry
dental prosthesis ✓ Founded Sociedad Dental De
- Identified acid that led to tooth Filipinas “Philippine Dental
decay Association”
1840 ✓ Colegio Dental del Liceo de Manila
✓ Baltimore College of Dental Surgery “Philippine Dental College”
- First Dental School - First Dental School
1873 (3-year course)
✓ Colgate 2. Dr. Francisco Ponce
- Mass produced the first toothpaste 3. Dr. Placido Flores
and mass produced toothbrushes 4. Dr. Joaquin Lada
followed a few years later 5. Dr. Bonifacio Arevalo
6. Dr. Francisco Tecson
History of Dentistry - First President of National Dental
Association (1924)
P-H-I-L-I-P-P-I-N-E-S

Dental Schools in the Philippines

Pre-Spanish Era
✓ Barbers extact tooth using fingers or 1. University of the Philippines (1915)
nail pliers 2. National University (1925)
Spanish Era 3. Centro Escolar University (1925)
- Dentistry was not considered as a 4. Manila College of Dentistry (1929)
profession
✓ Sacamuelas - any person skilled at After World War II
pulling teeth ✓ Philippine Dental Association (1945)
✓ Capital Jose Arevalo Dr. Joaquin Ladao
“Capitan Cheng Cheng” - First President
- First Filipino Dentist 5. University of the East (1948)
- City of Quiapo Visayas Institutions
✓ Speech, Mastication, Aesthetics, 6. Southwestern Colleges
Respiration 7. Iloilo City Colleges
8. University of San Agustin
✓ UST - special course
- Cirujanos Ministrantes (Surgery)
- Cirujano Dentistas (Dental Surgery)
 4. Must not be a member of the faculty
Republic Act No. 4419 of any dental schools
PHILIPPINE-DENTAL-ACT-OF-1965 5. Must not be connected in any
- act to regulate the practice of capacity with any business
dentistry in the Philippines enterprise, firm or company engaged
in buying, selling, manufacturing of
Objectives dental goods, equipment, materials
1. Regulation, control and suspension and supplies
of the practice of dentistry in the 6. Must be a member of good standing
Philippines of PDA or other bona fide dental
✓ Give guidelines on how to properly association for at least five years
manage and sanitize the clinic
2. Giving licensure exams Power Vested in the Board
✓ Theoretical and practical exam  Issue, reissue, suspend or revoke
3. Regulation and standardization of certificates of registration for
dental education the practice of dentistry subject to
✓ The board go to school to check what the approval of the president of the
subjects the students must take and Philippines
procedures they have to do (like how ✓ When you are already a dentist, it
many oral prophylaxis, etc.) is necessary to post in your clinic
4. Promotion and development of dental the certificate issued by the PDA
research in the country  Administer oaths, investigate
✓ They want you to produce research violations and issue summons,
after you graduate to be known subpoena violators and witnesses
worldwide  Visit dental school to determine
5. Stipulation of penalties for whether the minimum requirements
infractions or violations prescribed by law and or the Council
authorized under provision of
this act on dental education are complied
✓ They think on how to penalized a with
person who violated anything under ✓ It is necessary for the board to
this act visit dental schools and check if
they abide to whatever they
Board of Dental Examiners recommended
- Five members to be appointed by the  Look into the conditions affecting
president of the Philippines the practice of dentistry in the
✓ Candidates certified by PDA and or Philippines and whenever necessary
any bona fide dental association adopt or recommend such measures or
✓ Confirmed by the Commission on
discharge such duties as may be
Appointments
deemed proper for the advancement of
Qualifications the profession, the maintenance of
1. Natural born citizen of the accepted ethical and technical
Philippines and is a resident standards and the vigorous
2. Duly registered dentist in the enforcement of this act
Philippines
3. At least 10 years practice of
profession
 Prerequisite to the Practice of Dentistry Reissue of Unrevoked Certificate and
- No person shall engage in the practice Replacement of Lost Ones
of dentistry in the Philippines without - After expiration of five years from
a certificate of registration as the date of revocation of COR
dentist issued to him by the Board of
Dental Examiners after successfully
passing the required qualifying exam Goal and Value of Orientation
Frequency of Examination Why did you choose Dentistry?
- Two times a year in Manila (May and - Personal (your own choice)
December) - External (your choice is affected
- Not earlier that two months not later by your environment)
than three months after school year
termination; six months thereafter Characteristics of a Dental Student
1. Energetic
Scope of Examination 2. Enthusiastic
- Written and performance test 3. Patient
- General anatomy, oral anatomy, general 4. Persistent
histology, oral histology and 5. Disciplined
embryology, general pathology, oral
pathology, general physiology, oral As a Dental Students, how will you
physiology, pharmacology, microbiology, present yourselves to patients?
biochemistry, oral diagnosis and 1. You must be COMPETENT.
treatment planning, oral surgery, 2. You must act with FIRMNESS and EASE
anesthesiology, dental roentgenology, to instill the CONFIDENCE to your
periodontics, endodontics, nutrition, patients.
dental materials, restorative ✓ Make sure that the patients trust
dentistry, prosthodontics, you
orthodontics, public health dentistry,  How to achieve this?
dental jurisprudence, dental economics, • Study the theories
ethics, and private management • Master/Practice the craft or
the “Art of Dentistry
Issuance of Certificate ✓ Dentistry is not only
- Met all the requirements specified in about theories but also
this act practical
- Not younger than 21 years old ✓ You must have a presence
of heart and mind
Revocation and Suspension of
Certificates Who are involved in training a Dentist?
- Unprofessional and unethical conduct, 1. Dentistry Professors and Clinical
malpractice, incompetency or serious Instructor/Supervisors
ignorance or negligence in the practice 2. Members of allied professions
of dentistry (health professionals xray or
- Habitual use of intoxication liquors laboratory technicians, etc.)
and drugs 3. Government agencies (CHED, PRC)
- Making false advertisements 4. Private Educational Institutions
✓ Take care of your license 5. The patients
6. The Public
Goals of Dental Profession
1. Continually increase production
The Scope of the Dental Subjects
2. Continually grow profitability What is Dentistry?
3. Continually generate more referrals - Evaluation, diagnosis, prevention
4. Maintain a low-stress environment and/or treatment (nonsurgical or
5. Seek high professional satisfaction related procedures) of diseases,
and an enjoyable practice disorders and/or conditions of the oral
environment cavity, maxillofacial area and/or the
6. Gain financial independence adjacent and associated structures and
their impact on the human body;
Threefold Values of Dental Profession provided by the dentist, within the
1. Service to mankind scope of his/her education, training
and experience, in accordance with the
✓ Preventive or corrective treatments
ethics of the profession and applicable
2. Social security law. (adopted by the 1997 ADA House of
✓ Ideal means of livelihood, career
Delegates)
opportunities
✓ Evaluate the current situation of
3. Prestige to self the oral cavity
✓ Title, Doctor ✓ Diagnose the different diseases in
oral cavity and should know the
Ideal Characteristics of a Dentist specific disease so you can treat
1. Dedicated to a service the patient
2. Honest and sincere ✓ Prevention - take care of oral
3. Diligent cavity
4. Resourceful ✓ Treatment on maxillofacial (jaw and
facial area)
5. Charitable
Dentistry can be defined in 3 aspects:
Factors for a Successful Dental
1. As a science - involved in the
Treatment
study, diagnosis, prevention, and
1. The capability and skill of the
treatment of diseases and conditions
dentist to work on a given case.
in the oral cavity
2. Patient cooperation with the
2. As an art - involved skilled
dentist regarding medication and
craftsmanship/psychomotor skills/
operation.
technical skills
3. The need for the patient to have
3. As a profession - a calling or
faith and confidence to himself, in vocation requiring specialized
nature’s healing process and in knowledge and technical skills
building up positive thinking that following an intensive program
he will get well.
Scope of Dentistry
Inter-professional Referrals
1. Diagnosing oro-facial conditions
✓ Physicians ✓ Identification of illness in the
✓ Pharmacist oral cavity
✓ Medical technologist How?
✓ Nurses ✓ Examine the patient clinically
✓ Other dentist (specific case ✓ Interview about overall well-
referrals) being. (radiograph, medical
history, palpation)
 2. Removing tooth tissues and/or Panoramic Radiograph
placing materials -image of all teeth
3. Performing procedures on the -mixed dentition
orofacial complex, teeth, and the
hard and soft tissues surrounding or
supporting the teeth
✓ Does not end with teeth, you Permanent Teeth
should also address gum (gingiva) Radiograph
problems Deciduous Teeth
Radiograph
Mucoceles
9. Performing procedures on any person
-bump in the lips to prepare for or carry out a
-bites their lips
construction, fitting, adjustment,
more often
repair, or renewal of artificial
dentures or restorative or
Bony Exostosis corrective dental appliances
- additional
bone growth

4. Extracting teeth
5. Administering local analgesia and/or
sedative
drugs
✓ Anaesthesia
(may specific Basic Sciences and Dentistry
landmark) ✓ A dentist must be knowledgeable in
basic medical and biological
6. Prescribing medicines sciences
7. Prescribing special tests ✓ To be able to understand pathologic
8. Using onising radiation conditions, the dentist must be
✓ Presence of individual tooth well-educated with normal anatomy
✓ Anything that is solid appears and physiology
more light
✓ You won’t see soft tissues Introduction to Oral Anatomy
(black/darker)
✓ Bone is dense (teeth appear more
whiter)
✓ You can also see caries

Bitewing Radiograph
-upper and lower
teeth
 Jaw Muscles of Mastication
- Tooth bearing bones - Temporalis
- They compromised three bones - Internal pterygoid
✓ (2) Maxillary bones (upper) - Masseter
- External pterygoid

Two Types of Dentition

1. Primary or Deciduous Dentition
- 2o teeth, 10 per arch
2. Permanent Dentition
- 32 teeth, 16 per arch
-
-
-
-

- Two different bones attached

together

✓ (1) Mandible (lower arch)

- Yellow - incisors
- Orange - canines
- Pink - premolars (permanent)
- Blue - molars
Dental Tissue
1. Enamel
- Hard calcified
tissue
covering the
crown
2. Dentin
- Less calcified
tissue than
enamel
- Underneath the enamel
- Contains microscopic tuboles (which are 3. Cervical Margin
connected to the nerves and reacts to - Junction of the anatomical crown and
acidity, sticky, cold/hot temperature) anatomical root
- Stimulates sensitivity 4. Apex
3. Pulp - Tip or terminal end of the tooth
- Containing the nerves, blood vessels
and connective tissue
- Center of the tooth
4. Cementum
- Hard tissue covering the tooth root
- Giving attachment to periodontal
ligament
5. Periodontal Ligament
- Connective tissue fibers that
5. Alveolar Bone
connect the root to the socket
- Part of
the jaw
Dental Anatomy that holds
1. Crown and
- Clinical crown (portion of a tooth supports
visible in the oral cavity) the teeth
- Anatomical crown (portion of a tooth 6. Gingiva
covered with enamel) - Part of
the oral
mucosa
that covers the alveolar processes of
the jaws and surrounds the necks of the
teeth

Basic Tooth Forms

1. Incisors (4 per jaw; 8 in total)
- Cutting teeth
2. Root - Thin blade-
- Clinical root (portion of a tooth like crowns
which lies with the alveolus) ✓ Central
- Anatomical root (portion of a tooth incisors
covered by cementum)
✓ Lateral
incisors
2. Canine (2 per jaw; 4 in total)
- Piercing or tearing teeth
- Single stout, pointed cone-shaped
crown; 1 cusp
- Longest roots
What happens when bone around it is
healthy?
✓ There will be a lot of roots
embedded on the bone structure
3. Premolars (4 per jaw; 8 in total)
- Grinding teeth
- Has 2-3 cusps
✓ First premolar
✓ Second premolar
4. Molars (6 per jaw,
12 in total)
- Grinding teeth
- Has 4 to 5 cusps
✓ First molar
✓ Second molar
✓ Third molar

Surfaces of Tooth
a) Buccal - adjacent to the cheek
✓ reserved for that surface of a
premolar or molar (1ST molar to
3rd molar) which is positioned
immediately adjacent to the
cheek
b) Labial - adjacent to the lips
✓ reserved for an incisor or
canine (canine to canine or
anterior teeth) in which
positioned immediately adjacent
to the lips Tooth Numbering System
c) Palatal - adjacent to the palate 1. FDI Classification (Federation
✓ reserved for that surface of a Dentaire Internationale)
maxillary tooth which is
positioned immediately adjacent
to the palate
d) Lingual - adjacent to the tongue
✓ reserved for that surface of a
mandibular tooth which lies
immediately adjacent to the
tongue
e) Mesial - towards the midline
f) Distal - away from the midline
g) Incisal - tips of the incisors
- Only for anterior
h) Occlusal - farthest from the root
- Posterior surface

NOTE: mas malaki incisors ng maxillary

2. Palmer Notation

3. Universal Tooth Numbering System

 c. Class III - cavity present at proximal
Disciplines in Dentistry surface of anterior teeth (labial or
PERSPECTIVES-IN-DENTISTRY:TOPIC 5 palatal surface)
- Does not include the incisal area
1. Operative / Restorative Dentistry
- Branch of dentistry that deals with Celluloid
the prevention, diagnosis, and strip
restoration of natural teeth -parang plastic
- Deals with the functional and
esthetic restoration of the hard d. Class IV - proximal
tissues of individual teeth - Include incisal area
- Anterior teeth (canine to canine)

e. Class V - cervical margin

Classes: - Anterior and posterior teeth
✓ You get this when you brush too hard
a. Class I - pits and fissures of the
(toothbrush abrasion)
anterior and posterior teeth
- Focused on the occlusal area

f. Class VI - does not included in the five

classifications
b. Class II - present on the
mesial/distal part of the posterior
teeth
✓ Mesial or Distal surface is
collectively known as proximal

Wedge 2. Prosthodontics
wood-like - Branch of dentistry that deals with the
replacement of missing teeth and the
associated soft and hard tissues by use
of prostheses (crowns, bridges,
dentures) which may be fixed,
removable, or retained and supported by
dental implants
• It has three branches
Sectional Matrix Band/ 1. Complete denture - full coverage
Matrix Tofflemire oral prostheses that replace a
complete arch of missing teeth.
 2. Removable Partial Denture -
denture used for a partially
edentulous jaw aimed at
replacing teeth for functional
or esthetic reasons
3. Fixed Partial Denture- dental
prostheses that are mechanically
attached and securely retained to
natural teeth, tooth roots,
and/or dental implant abutments.
- These can be used to replace
missing teeth and is permanently
attached to adjacent teeth or
dental implants.
✓ Osseointegrate - bone will be
deposited around the implant body
✓ Edentulous - no teeth at all
✓ Dentulous - meron pa
✓ Oral Prophylaxis - remove calcular
3. Oral and Maxillofacial Dentistry deposit (using hand scaler)
- A branch of dentistry concerned with ✓ Coral Pink - healthy gingiva
the treatment of conditions, defects, Diseases of the Periodontium
injuries, and esthetic aspect of the 1. Periodontitis - the
mouth, teeth, jaw, and face. gums and bones goes
down
- Inflammation of
4. Periodontics
the tissue
- A branch of dentistry focusing
around the
exclusively in the inflammatory disease
teeth causing the shrinkage of the
that destroys he gums and other
gums and loosening of the teeth
supporting structures around the teeth
✓ Periodontium - supporting tissues
✓ “itis”- means inflammation
- Includes the gingiva (gums),
alveolar bone, cementum, and the
2. Gingivitis -
periodontal ligament
inflammation of the
✓ Dont / Donto - teeth gums
✓ Peri - around
✓ Supragingival - above the gum
✓ Subgingival - below the gum ✓ Periodontal Probing
✓ Calcular Deposits -form
of hardened dental
plaque
- caused by
precipitation of
minerals from
saliva and gingival crevicular fluid
(GCF) in plaque on the teeth ✓ Scaling
- easily build up in the mandibular
lingual anterior and maxillary buccal ✓ Root Planning
molars
✓ Gingivectomy - partial removing of gums
5. Endodontics 10. Roentgenology
- A branch of dentistry concerning the - Branch of dentistry that deals with the
dental pulp and tissues surrounding the use of radiant energy to diagnose
roots of a tooth diseases in the oral cavity
- Treats the pulp of the tooth ✓ Computed tomographic Scan -becoming
✓ “Endo”- within popular diagnostic tool in dentistry

Files Terminologies:
-needle-like tool used 1. Radiograph - shadow feature received in
to clean the pulp a radiation-sensitive film emulsion by
exposure to ionizing radiation directed
through an area or region, followed by
chemical processing of the film
Gutta Percha - fill 2. Radiation - the process of emission,
the tooth propagation and transmission of energy
by atoms in the form of waves
3. Radiolucent - objects permitting the
passage of radiant energy
6. Orthodontics - Appear black on the film (pulp
- A branch of dentistry that includes the tissues, gingiva, and carious
diagnosis, prevention, interception, lesion)
and treatment of all forms of 4. Radiopaque - objects that absorb x-rays
malocclusion of the teeth and - Appear white on radiograph
surrounding structures. (enamel, amalgam restoration,
✓ Malocclusion if the abnormal or bone)
malpositioned relationship of the
upper and lower teeth when occluded Common Radiographs used in Dentistry
✓ “Ortho”- to straighten up
1. Peri-apical - two
7. Pediatric Dentistry / Pedodontics to three teeth
- An age defined branch of dentistry that - Crown to root
provides primary and comprehensive to aveolar
preventive and therapeutic oral health
care for infants and children through 2. Bitewing - maxillary to mandibular
adolescence, including those with (part of the crown)
special needs. - 3-4 teeth
- Usually class
8. TMJ Specialization II
- Concerned with the diagnosis and (mesial/distal
treatment of temporomandibular joint of posterior)
disorder wherein the complex system of
muscles, ligaments, discs, and bones 3. Occlusal - impacted teeth
are not working harmoniously.

9. Implant Dentistry
- Concerned with the implantation of an
artificial tooth root into the jaw to
hold a replacement tooth or bridge
4. Panoramic - all teeth

5. Cephalometric

6. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)

- Dental CT-Scan
- Three dimensional
 Disciplines in Dentistry Angle’s Classification of Malocclusion
PERSPECTIVES-IN-DENTISTRY - In 1899, Edward H. Angle published the
first classification of malocclusion
Orthodontics - The classifications are based on the
- Branch of dentistry that deals with relationship of the maxillary and
the study, prevention, and treatment mandibular first molar
of malocclusion of the teeth
- Put pressure to the teeth so they Normal Occlusion
will move - Mesiobuccal cusp
✓ Malocclusion - misalignment of of the upper 1st
teeth; it also mean that teeth are molar occludes in
not in equilibrium the buccal groove
of the lower 1st
molar
Expanders - to expand
- Line of Occlusion: arranged on a
the arch
smoothly curving line of occlusion

Class I
Face mask - pull
the whole maxilla - Anterior teeth are crowded
- Mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary 6
if needed
occludes with the mesiobuccal groove
of the mandibular 6
Lingual Braces -
placed at the back
of the teeth

Class II
- Mandibular molars are more distal in
position compared to maxillary 1st
molar
✓ Ceramic braces are better aesthetically - Distobuccal cusp of maxillary 6
Invisalign -clear occludes with the mesiobuccal groove
aligners that are of the mandibular 6
removable
- Patient must wear
it for at least 20
hours/day

Retainers - to retain
the position of the ✓ Class II
teeth Division 1
- Maxillary
incisors are
✓ Removable appliance - 100% patient proclined
compliance for it to work
 ✓ Class II Oral Surgery
Division 2 ✓ Ectomy means removal
- Incisors are
retroclined Common Oral Surgery Procedures

Tooth
Class III
Extraction
- Mandibular first molar is more
mesial in position compared to
maxillary molars
Odontectomy
- Mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary 6
- removal of
occludes with distobuccal cusp of
impacted
mandibular 6
tooth/teeth

Apicoectomy -the tip of the tooth’s

root is removed
✓ Apico - means
apex
✓ Pseudo Class III a. Open up the gums
- Also known as b. Exposed the apex
postural class c. Cut the gums
III d. Remove the abscess inflammation
e. Close the opened area
✓ Class III Subdivision
Incision and Drainage
- to drain out
the pus built
up under the
skin
- Yellow - pus
Profile
Pre-prosthetic Surgery
Straight - Angle’s Class I ✓ Frenectomy -
remove a partial
part of the
frenum and
reposition it
Convex - Angle’s Class II - Frenum might
be too low
that causes
diastema
(space
Concave - Angle’s Class III between the
central incisors)
✓ Torus Removal ✓ Genioplasty - correct the chin
- Removal of ✓ Abutments - pillars/teeth na
extra bone- pinagkakapitan ng crown
growth (benign ✓ Pontics - an artificial tooth on a
not malignant) fixed dental prosthesis
- Exposed the
bone and scraped it off
- Torus palatinus (in the palate)
- Torus Mandibularis (Mandible)
Alveoloplasty and Vestibuloplasty
- recontouring of the alveolar process
- extra bone growth yung nagi-
interfere kapag maglalagay ng
dentures
✓ Osseointegrate - bone will be
deposited around the implant body

Additional info:
Root Canal
o Files
- Needle-like; different sizes
Dental Implant - Enters the canal
Placement ✓ Trapping the bacteria
✓ Makes the canal bigger
✓ Put gutta percha (more white)
Tumor and Cyst Removal o Two-Step Procedure
- Incisional 1. Treating the nerve
biopsy - remove 2. Restoring the tooth itself
a tissue ✓ Tooth could be weaker after
✓ Pathologist will o Post
be the one to
examine if the
- Drill into the area
patient has tumor or not - Use to retain the crown
o Resin
Two Jaw Surgery - Composite material
- Also known as Orthognathic Surgery ✓ Making the crown smaller
- if the patient has severely
maloccluded teeth
 under its jurisdiction, including
Philippine Qualifications the enhancement and maintenance of
MODULE 6 professional and occupational
standards and ethics and the
Philippine Qualifications Framework (PQF) enforcement of the rules and
- describes the levels of educational regulations relative thereto
qualifications
5. Department of Labor and Employment
- sets the standards for qualification
- promotes gainful employment
outcomes
opportunities and optimizes the
- quality assured national system for the
development and utilization of the
development, recognition and award of
country's manpower resources
qualifications based on standards of
- policy-coordinating arm of the
knowledge, skills and values acquired
Executive Branch in the field of
in different ways and methods by
labor and employment
learners and workers of the country
Domains and Descriptors
Different Departments Concerned with
- The PQF has eight (8) Levels of
Philippine Qualifications Framework qualifications differentiated by
1. Department of Education (DepEd) descriptors of expected learning
- Responsible for the promotion, outcomes along the three domains:
access, and improvement of the ✓ Knowledge,skills,and values
quality of basic education ✓ Application
- main agency tasked to manage and
✓ Degree of independence
govern the Philippine system of - The PQF 8-level framework with Senior
basic education High School as the foundation of the 8
2. Technical Education and Skills levels.
Development Authority (TESDA) - It has sub-frameworks in separate
- Republic Act 7796 – Technical subsystems of the education and
Education and Skills Development Act training system
of 1994 Example: Technical Education and Skills
- Tasked to supervised the technical Development Authority (TESDA) subsystem
education and skill development in covers National Certificates (NC) I
the Philippines through IV corresponding to the first
3. Commission on Higher Education four levels while the Commission on
(CHED) Higher Education Subsystem covers
- governing body covering both public Baccalaureate, Postgraduate Diploma,
and private higher education Masters, and Doctorate that correspond
institutions as well as degree- to Levels 6 to 8. The two Sub-systems
granting programs in all tertiary interface in the provision of diploma
educational institutions in the programs at level 5.
Philippines
4. Professional Regulation Commission see table on the last part :)
(PRC)
- administers and conduct licensure
exam and oath taking
- administers, implements and enforces
the regulatory laws and policies of
the country with respect to the
regulation and licensing of the
various professions and occupations
 product purchasing power is enhanced
Dental Career Opportunities (larger capital), ability to open
MODULE 7 extended hours and day
- Tasks can be distributed since you are
1. Post-Graduate Courses working in a group
- A postgraduate degree is an excellent - Divided yung money capital
way to specialize, retrain and develop - More networks
new skills in an efficient manner once
- You should deal with disagreements
you've learned the academic basics with
an undergraduate degree.
- Further postgraduate study gives 4. Military Dentist
students the opportunity to learn and - Military dentists take care of the
gain a deep understanding of their dental needs of active duty service men
chosen subject and women
- There are still lectures and - Some serve in a foreign country and
requirements support the Armed Forces in either
- No board exam peacekeeping or combat missions and
others are stationed stateside
- University-based
- You can still have your private
- Additional 3-4 years
practice when not in duty
- More specific in the field of Dentistry
• Requirements to become a military
- You can specialized the following: dentist
✓ Periodontics ✓ Licensed dentist
✓ Orthodontics ✓ Natural born Filipino citizen
✓ Prosthodontics ✓ Pleasing personality and of good
✓ Endodontics moral character
✓ Mentally and physically fit for
2. Private Practice
military service
- Most common career path taken by new
✓ Male-single/Female-single, has
and established dentists
never been married or borne a
- This type of practice provides the
child
highest level of independence possible
 Because you will be assigned
- All decisions concerning staff
to different places away from
oversight, property management,
your family
financial/business/legal
✓ Not more than 32 years old at
responsibilities, and providing
the time of his/her appointment
clinical care to the patients
as probationary
- You are your own boss (time) ✓ Not more than 38 years old upon
- You have to know the finances entry
- You must consider the following factors ✓ Height should not be less than
in establishing a dental clinic 60 inches for male and female
✓ Location • Advantages
✓ How much will be the cost? ✓ Fixed salary
✓ Legal papers (business permit) ✓ Free post-graduate schooling
✓ What materials should you buy? • Benefits
3. Group Practice ✓ Clothing allowance
- May describe a partnership of two or ✓ Free housing
more practice, to a large multi-state ✓ Medical and dental insurance
organization • Retirement benefits
- Responsibilities can be ✓ Lifetime pension
departmentalized for efficiency,
 • Disadvantage 9. Academe
✓ Rotation of duty - A dental professional, obtaining a
✓ Separation from family degree like Masters/PhD who works as
teaching personnel at a college or
5. Government university
- Dental professional who find employment - In order to be part of a faculty, a
in the government funding health dental professional must took a master
clinics or for specific branches of the course
government
- Dental clinic in the house of 10. Dental Research
representatives - Someone who invests time, knowledge,
- Pension and salary are high and expertise to investigate ways to
- Downside - facilities improve the oral health of the public
- Hindi mo mamamanage yung tools at kung and how to provide safe, high-quality
ano lang available, ‘yon ang gagamitin professional care
- More on laboratory works and data
6. Community Dentist or Public Health gathering
- A dental professional who works in a
public sector, focusing their skills
and expertise on population-based Hand Instrument and Devices
dentistry instead of treating an MODULE 8
individual patient
- The ultimate goal is focused on
improving oral health of a group of Hand Instruments
people within a community - Handy
- This is more of an office work than it • Parts of Hand Instruments
does on treatment or work in a dental 1. Handle - also known as shaft
clinic - where you hold the instrument
- dentist's role involve gathering data 2. Shank - neck
and information to identify community
- between the handle and blade
problem, then developing programs that
can be used to improve public health 3. Working end - also known as blade

7. School Dentist
- A dental professional who works within
the perimeters of a school, providing
annual dental check-up and emergency
dental care needed by the students
- Data gathering is also done to keep the
dental record of a specific student
- Advantage: fixed hour
Basic Dental Instruments
1. Mouth Mirror - comes from
8. Company Dentist different sizes and it is
- Works for a company, providing the up to the dentist what to
dental needs needed by the company's use
employee • Function
- Procedures done are often covered or ✓ Provide indirect
subsidized by an insurance company, or vision
the company itself ✓ Retract lips, cheeks,
- No initial investments and tongue
✓ Reflect light into
the mouth
 • Characteristics • Characteristics
✓ Flat surface mirrors ✓ Pointed tips:
- accurate image sharp, thin,
✓ Concave mirrors and flexible
- image magnified ✓ Types:
1. Orbin
2. Cotton Forceps 2. Shepherds
• Function 3. Pigtail
✓ To grasps and/or
transfer material in and Rotary Instruments
out of the oral cavity
1. Handpiece
✓ For hygienic purposes
a. Straight Handpiece -
✓ To transfer cottons into
long axis of bur is same
the mouth of a patient
as the long axis of the
• Characteristics handpiece
✓ Plain or serrated tips - Used in the laboratory as
variety of sizes well as in clinics
✓ Angled tips • Types
i. Slow speed handpiece - usually
3. Explorer used in laboratory
• Function ii. High speed handpiece - used in
✓ To examine teeth clinic
for decay b. Contra-angle Handpiece
(caries), - Primary
calculus, handpiece used
furcation, or in the mouth
canals, and - Head of the
other handpiece is
abnormalities angled away and
then towards
• Characteristics
the axis of the
✓ Pointed tips: sharp, thin, flexible
handle
✓ Types:
• Types
1. Orbin
i. Low speed - used for removal of
carious dentin
2. Shepherds
- 500-15,000 rpm
3. Pigtail ii. High speed - used for cutting
the enamel and dentin
- Some mini head
- 160,000-500,000 rpm
4. Spoon Shape Excavator
• Function 2. Burs - rotary instruments with bladed
✓ To remove
cutting heads
temporary
fillings
✓ To remove soft
caries or dentin
✓ Used when the
cavity is too
deep
• Parts of a Bur Amalgam
1. Head - functional end 1. Amalgam Well
2. Neck - connects head and shank - Where a newly
3. Shank - inside the handpiece mixed mixed
• Types amalgam is placed
1. Diamond Bur
- commonly used in 2. Amalgam Carrier
high speed - Double-ended
handpiece instrument with
- Grinds away tooth wells on both ends
tissue to pack fresh
- Leaves a rough amalgam in and carry
surface to prepared tooth
- Short lifespan

2. Carbide Bur 3. Amalgam Condenser

- Usually made of - Also known as
tungsten carbide plugger
(3x stiffer than - Used to press the
steel) silver filling
- Cuts and chips away into place
tooth
- Leaves a smoother 4. Matrix Band
finish
- Used for Class II cavity
- Able to maintain - In cavities
sharpness involving
- Long lifespan more than
✓ Flutes - the lines in carbide one tooth
surface
• Commonly Used Burs - Necessary to
1. Round (Diamond) surround the
- Used for tooth with a
initial matrix band to help confine the
access restorative material to the cavity
preparation during condensation
- Helps to determine proper contours
2. Inverted Cone and location and form proximal
contacts in the restored tooth
(Carbide)
5. Tofflemire or Matrix Band Retainer
- Maintain stability of matrix band
3. Straight Fissure during condensation of restoration
(Carbide)

4. Tapered Fissure
(Diamond)
6. Wedge Composite
- Makes sure 1. Composite Placement Instrument
that the - Used to place composite
matrix bands restorative
is in place material
- Made of
7. Amalgam Burnisher anodized
- Used to smooth the surface of aluminium,
freshly placed amalgam plastic or
restoration tefflon
2. Woodson Composite Instrument
- Highly polished stainless
instrument used for composite
placement and contouring

8. Carvers
- Removes excess material, contour
surfaces, and carve anatomy back
into amalgam restoration before
it hardens 3. Mylar Strip
- This strip is
• Types
used to
a. Discoid-Cleoid Carver
isolate the
cavity in
preparation
- Used for Class
III and Class
IV

4. Finishing Strips
- Used to smoothen the interproximal
surfaces

b. Hollenback Carver
Characteristics Amalgam Composite
Color Silver Tooth-colored
Retention Mechanical Mechanical
retention Retention (uses
wherein it uses acid that
undercut or causes small
trapezoid shape holes)
for something Chemical
to hang on) Retention which
use bonding
agent as a glue

Hardness Harder, Weaker

stronger
Drying Takes time to Uses curing
settle down (8 light for it to
to 10 minutes) settle down
Polishing After 24 hours After it
so patient undergo curing
needs to go light, it can
back be polished
 Disinfection
Sterilization and Disinfection - process that uses chemicals to
- They are both used for decontamination destroys pathogenic microorganism
- Make sure we do not spread pathogens - eliminate most forms of
microorganisms
Classification of Dental Instruments ✓ hindi naeeliminate yung spores
(Spaulding Classification) kasi resistant siya
✓ Bacteriostasis - process that
1. Critical
inhibits growth of bacteria
- Sterilization
- Static means inhibiting growth
- Sterile areas of the body, including
of microorganism in the area
blood contact
Example: Surgery forceps ✓ Bactericidal – agent that can
kills bacteria
2. Semi-Critical - Cidal means kills the
- High level disinfection bacteria
- Mucous membrane or non-intact skin
✓ Sa mucous membrane mabilis Antiseptic – substances that stop and
magpenetrate yung bacteria prevent the growth of microorganism
Examples: cotton forceps, mouth - Inhibits growth of microorganisms on
mirror, explorer, spoon shape living tissues
excavator, burs Three Levels of Disinfection
3. Non-critical 1. High Level
- Cleaning and/or low to intermediate - Elimination of most microorganisms
level of disinfection except high levels of bacteria
- Intact skin spores
Examples: rubber bowl, eye protector, - Used ethylene oxide gas,
stethoscope, dental chair (disinfect glutaraldehyde solutions to
every after patient) disinfect
- Eliminate the spread of
Sterilization Mycobacterium tuberculosis, TB
- the process of eliminating all bacilli
forms of microorganism, both 2. Intermediate Level
vegetative type and spores - Elimination of most organisms; some
- no form of microorganisms will be viruses, fungi, and bacterial spores
left may not be eliminated
✓ Eliminate spores which are - Uses formaldehyde, chlorine
resistant to disinfection compounds, alcohols to disinfect
- Eliminate the spread of Polio virus
3. Low Level 3. Number of concentration of the
- Elimination of most bacteria, but organisms entering the body.
not more resistant organisms such as ✓ Gaano karaming microorganisms yung
mycobacteria and spores present?
- Uses Quaternary ammonium compounds, 4. The portal of entry
detergents to disinfect
- Eliminates the spread of Herpes Methods that can Destroy Bacteria
simplex virus, HIV, Hepatitis B, 1. Physical
Salmonella - Temperature: flame, hot air, steam
✓ What does cleaning do? Physical under pressure, moist heat, boiling
removal of foreign material 2. Chemical -sometimes called Cold
- Wash using soap / detergent sterilization
Examples: Glutaraldehyde, Phenols,
Factors that Can Affect Sterilization and
Hydrogen Peroxide Alcohols (70% ethyl
Disinfection
alcohol)
1. Prior cleaning of object
3. Gas
2. Organic and inorganic load present
- Ethylene oxide gas
✓ Gaano ba karami yung bacteria?
3. Type and level of microbial Types of Sterilization Machines
contamination
Autoclave - a
✓ What if masyadong mataas yung level
pressure chamber
ng disinfection ang kailangan?
used to sterilize
4. Exposure time to the germicide
equipment and
✓ Cide means to kill
supplies by
5. Physical nature of the object
subjecting them
✓ Material of the instruments
to high pressure
6. Presence of biofilms
saturated steam at 121 °C (249°F) for
✓ Coating on the instrument
around 15–20 minutes depending on the
7. Temperature and PH of disinfection
size of the load and the contents
process
- Goal Standard
- Steam - effective for sterilization
Factors that determine whether or not
- Large amount of heat and pressure
infection would set in: - Equipment and supplies that are made
1. Susceptibility of the host from plastics cannot undergo
✓ Host = you ; gaano kalakas immune sterilization using autoclave
system mo? - Before you put the instruments
2. Virulence of the organism inside the autoclave, make sure that
✓ Gaano kalakas yung virus? Flu lang they are inside the sterilizing
ba? pouch
Sterilizing Pouch - ineffective against prions, and the
- Used to protect effectiveness of the glass bead
and maintain sterilizer for viral infection
the sterility control has not been demonstrated
of an item unequivocally. (hindi lahat ng
microorganism mapapatay niya)
Ultraviolet rays/light
- artificially produced by mercury Glutaraldehyde
vapor lamps, carbon arc lamps, and - an organic
cold quartz lamps compound with
- used to sterilize air, surgical the formula
instruments, and treat infections CH2(CH2CHO)2
- can produce harmful chemical - A pungent
reactions in the human body colorless oily
Dry heat liquid that is used to sterilise
- earliest forms of sterilization medical and dental equipment
practiced - It is mainly available as an aqueous
- utilizes hot solution, and in these solutions the
air that is aldehyde groups are hydrate.
either free
from water 1. Physical cleaning
vapour, or 2. Soak to Glutaraldehyde
has very 3. Place inside the sterile pouch
little of it, and where this 4. Put inside the autoclave
moisture plays a minimal or no role
in the process of sterilization.
Glass beads sterilizer
- used for sterilizing the working
ends of
endodontic
files and
reamers by
placing them in
a container
containing
glass beads
heated to approximately 225°C
(437°F) for a defined period of time
 Dentist Chairside Position
Pre-operative Requirement 1. Proper positioning promotes convenience
1. Good illumination for both dentist and patient.
- Light must be sufficient and bright 2. Helps improve work efficiency
enough - The dentist would see the structures
- Good light sources especially in better inside the patient's mouth
examining posterior teeth 3. Decreases effort thus conserves energy
- Mouth mirror bounces light 4. Lessen risk of work-related injury
5. Promotes better illumination

Basic Operatory Positions (McGehee, 1984)

1. Position 1 (right side in front)
Dental chair light Dental Loupes can magnify
2. Position 2 (right side behind)
helps with 5x or 10x 3. Position 3 (Left side behind)
illumination Note: This is not the common clock position that
we are using right now because today we use the
dentist chairside clock position (used for right-
handed dentist)

Dentist Chairside "C1oc�" Position

(right-handed dentist)

Dental Mouth Mirror Handpiece today

bounces light already has light

2. Systematic office arrangement

- Everything should be within reach
- Materials should be placed within reach
3. Good architectural and engineering design
- Structural integrity
- Clinic should be strong enough to
surpass disasters like earthquake
4. Proper operatory equipment position
- Proper divisions
- privacy
Operator's Zone
5. Proper positioning of dental furniture
- dito usually nakaposition yung dentist
- between 7 o'clock and 12 o'clock
Dentist Chairside Positions and Posture
Module 9 Static Zone
- between 12 o'clock and 2 o'clock
• Chair position is an important aspect in - the dentist never goes here
the success of a dental treatment because - Kapag nandito yung dentist, wala na
it helps the operator to have a good siyang gaanong makikita at
visibility and accessibility of the oral uncomfortable na between the dentist
cavity and the patient
• Proper operator's position and posture
during treatment leads to lesser chance to
get muscle strain, fatigue leading to a
more efficient treatment
 Assistant's Zone 12 o'c1oc� (direct rear position)
- between 2 o'clock and 4 o'clock - Operator is directly behind the patient
- it will be easier for the assistant to - This position has limited application
suction or give materials to the  Working areas:
dentist a. Lingual surfaces of mandibular teeth
Transfer Zone
- between 4 o'clock to 7 o'clock Denta1 Chairside "c1oc�" Position
- area where assistant transfer (left-handed dentist)
instrument to the dentist
• When it comes to clock position, it is
between 7 to 12 o'clock lang
• Most of the time, the dentist will be
either at 7 o'clock, 9 o'clock, 11
o'clock, and 12 o'clock position

7 o'c1oc� (right front position)

- Right side in front of the patient
- Helps in patient's examination
- Patient's head may be tilted towards
operator to increase ease and
visibility
Operator's Zone
- Usually used in consultation
 Working areas: - Where the dentist is positioned
a. Mandibular anterior - Between 12 o’clock and 5 o’clock
b. Mandibular right posterior area - 5 o'clock (left front position)
- 3 o'clock (left position)
c. Maxillary anterior teeth
- 1 o'clock (left rear position
9 o'c1oc� (right position)
- Right side beside patient
Static Zone
 Working areas: - Between 10 o'clock to 12 o'clock
a. Facial surfaces of maxillary right Assistant's Zone
posterior teeth
- Between 8 o'clock to 10 o'clock
b. Facial surfaces of mandibular right
posterior teeth Transfer Zone
c. Occlusal surfaces of mandibular
- Between 5 o'clock to 8 o'clock
right posterior teeth

11 o'c1ock (right rear position)

-
-
Right side behind the patient
Operator is behind and slightly to the
Proper Dental Posture
right of the patient Importance of Good Posture
- Preferred position for most dental ✓ Dentist should have a good dental
procedures posture during treatment
- Most areas of the oral cavity are ✓ A good dental posture during treatment
accessible either using direct or would make the dentist's body not hurt
indirect position after a long day in the clinic
 Working areas: ✓ The dentist would not have a body ache
a. Palatal and incisal (occlusal) or strain after treatment
surfaces of maxillary teeth
b. Mandibular teeth using direct vision
1. No stooping of shoulders. Dentist shoulder
should be erect with both his feet on the
floor about a 1-1 ½ feet apart.

According kay Doc

✓ The arms of the dentist should be at
2. Avoid leaning over the patient. 90° position when treating the patient
✓ Sometimes 60° pero nakakangawit, beyond
60° hindi na okay
✓ Dentist's feet at the floor 110°
✓ Dentist Chair helps with the position
of the dentist
✓ Slouching = slipped disc

Position of the Patient

✓ 0°to 20° leaning and elbow movement

3. Avoid bending the neck when examining or

treating patients.

✓ 0° to 15° head
movement

✓ 90° yung dental chair if magiintroduce

ng treatment (upright position)
✓ The patient's ✓ Reclined position kapag maguundergo na
head must be with ng treatment
the same level of
the dentist's
DENTAL CHAIR
elbow
- clean and polish the upholstered parts,
✓ 60° to 100 ° arm
including crevices.
movement
- put on clean headrest covers
- bring the chair to the lowest and basic
position
✓ 45° hand position

DENTAL UNIT
– clean and polish with non-abrasive
materials.
-the waste trap in the cuspidor should be
empty and clean.
- Clean and polish bright the cuspidor,
- Put off electric switch
- Put out the Bunsen Burner
. - Put off the supply to the cuspidor
- Put off compressed air, if the units is
fitted with cut-off valve.
ROOM IN GENERAL
- clean towels.
- gauze and cotton rolls should be ready for
the next day.
- put off the heat radiators, electric fans,
and air-conditioners.
- Doors and windows should be locked.
- Must be cleaned.
- All electric gas, adequate switches must be
put off.

RECEPTION ROOM AND APPOINTEMNT DESK

- Furniture and fixtures should be clean and
Polish.
- Drinking fountain should be clean
- Typewriter or Computer should be covered after
Use.
- The time of the clock must be set.
- Ashtrays should be emptied and cleaned
- Keep lavatories clean

PROSTHETIC LABORATORY
- Put off the burn-furnaces, water baths,
vacular, boil-out tanks, lathes and dental
engines.
- Put off and polish the lathe blower.
- Close the air and gas valves
- Check and fill the plastic artificial stone
and investment bin
 - Protect the part being worked upon
Finger Positions from injury
Module-09 - Lessen vibration of the tooth being
worked on
✓ Point thumb – for rest - In general, guards make the area
✓ Finger rest – for stability steadier
✓ Dominant hand – used to be more - To prevent slipping/slippage of
stable/more precise instruments
Finger Position
Hand Instrument Techniques 1. Pen Grasp – very
Instrument grasps – way of holding the commonly used
instrument - Similar to the
- The first three fingers are used to manner in which
hold the instrument (ring, middle, one holds a pen
index fingers) in writing
- The last two fingers are for rest - Thumb, index,
(pinky and thumb) and middle fingers contact the
1. Pen grasp – for lower quadrants instrument while the tips of the
2. Inverted pen grasp – for upper ring and pinky fingers are placed on
quadrants the working tooth as rest
3. Modified palm and thumb grasp - Applied usually in mandibular arch
- Palm facing away the patient
- Example: holding dental explorers
and mouth mirror
2. Inverted Pen
Grasp – the
Finger rest – position assumed by the instrument in
third, fourth, and fifth fingers directed
- Stabilize the position of the upward or
instrument when the pencil grasp is inward toward
used the operator
- Essential for the control of - Used in lingual and labial surfaces
movement of anterior teeth
- Enables activation of a strong - Applied in maxillary arch
movement while providing control - Palm towards the patient
and preventing injury/trauma to the - Ring and pinky fingers assume rest
soft tissues from an instrument that
inadvertently slips 3. Palm and Thumb Grasp – powerful grasp
- The tooth surface provides the most in comparison to the pen grasp
stable and firm support for the - Shaft of the instrument is grasped
finger to rest by all the four fingers, while the
. thumb is free of the instrument and
Finger Guard – rest on the nearby tooth of the same
position assumed by arch
the finger of the - Thumb not in contact with the
non-operating hand instrument
  Tasks of a Dental Assistant
✓ Keeps all the instrument in proper
working order
✓ Sterilization and preparation of
instruments
✓ Makes patient comfortable
Picture A. Palm and Thumb Grasp
Picture B. Modified Palm and Thumb Grasp ✓ Develop radiographs
- Thumb tilts the instrument ✓ Taking impressions of teeth for
study models
4. Position where NO REST is used ✓ Prepares materials for temporary
- All fingers grasp the instrument fillings and other tasks under the
- Control of direction of the dentist or
balance is hygienist
present ✓ May also be present during a
- Example: dentistry procedure
holding ✓ Seating patients in the treatment
forceps, area
cotton ✓ Providing assistance in the office
pliers ✓ Ordering supplies
- Example Procedure: tooth extraction ✓ Serve as an office manager or
receptionist who manage the business
Dental Clinic Assistant and Hygienist aspect of dentistry – manage
patient records, filing, and recall
Dental Clinic Assistant systems
- Multi-skilled member of the dental
health team Dental Hygienist
- Provides support to both the dentist - Licensed dental professional who
and the dental hygienist specializes in preventive oral
- Is charged with responsibilities health
- Effectively becomes the operator’s - Some are licensed to administer
local anesthesia
extra hands
- Assist the dental operator to - Typically focusing on techniques in
provide more efficient dental oral hygiene
treatment  Requirements to be a Dental Hygienist
✓ 2-year certificate in dental hygiene
 Requirements for Dental Assistant
✓ Dental assistants usually learn from a recognized college
their skills on the job ✓ NSO/PSA birth certificate/Marriage
✓ High school students interested in a contract (for married female
applicants)
future career as a dental assistant
should take courses in biology, ✓ Transcript of Records with scanned
chemistry, health, and office picture and remarks “For Board
practices Examination Purposes”
✓ Dental assistants must be reliable, ✓ Valid NBI clearance
work well with others, and have good ✓ One Good Moral Certificate Form
manual dexterity (barangay, church, school, employer)
✓ In some states, dental assistants ✓ Diploma
must be licensed or registered
 Procedures Performed by Hygienist
✓ Prophylaxis
Clinical Attire
✓ Scaling – a type of cleaning that Module-10
removes plaque and tartar from Proper Attire
around and below the gum line - The dentist must wear comfortable
✓ Root planning – involves scraping and clean attire when treating his
and smoothing the root surfaces of patients. This also applies to all
the teeth. Gum tissues can more dental staff and in some cases even
firmly reattach to roots that are the attire of patient
clean and smooth
✓ Taking of radiographs Attire of a Dental Clinician
✓ Dental sealants 1. Head cap
2. Disposable mask
3. Face shield / eye protector
4. White coat / Gown
5. Scrub suit
6. Flat comfortable shoes
7. Clean gloves / sterile gloves
Latex – natural material made of
✓ Administration of fluoride rubber
✓ Providing instructions for proper - Popular
oral hygiene and care choice,
✓ Pre-procedural screening lightly
powdered,
✓ Suture removal
cost-
 Tasks of Oral Hygienist
effective,
✓ Provide oral hygiene instructions,
high level
preventive dentistry, and dietary
counseling of touch sensitivity
✓ Prophylaxis
Nitrile –
✓ Perform laboratory functions alternative for
those allergic
Training Techniques for Patient’s Comfort
to latex
- Stand behind the chair as the - Most puncture
patient is being seated in order to resistant,
make immediate adjustments for the great fit
patient’s comfort
- A towel is placed like a bib, on the Vinyl – latex-free, looser fit,
patient low-risk
- All necessary instruments must be tasks only
placed on the bracket table, without (non-
allowing any to hang over the edge hazardous),
- The operating spotlight or light lightly
should be turned on and adjusted to powdered,
illumine directly the field of most
operation economical
 Operating Room PPE during COVID-19
1. Sterilized Gloves – sterilized Mask – use of N95 respirator masks
according to FDA standards - In contrast,
- One in a million chance that the N95
gloves are not sterile respirators
- No more that 1% in the set have are stiff
pinholes masks
- Used for surgical procedures / OR - Filter that
set-up blocks 95%
2. Sterile Gown and Headcap of particles
- Breathable, impervious, fluid measuring 0.3 microns in size
resistant, cottony feel, designed to - Fit-tested to each healthcare worker to
allow comfort during long duration ensure they create a sealed barrier
surgery - Good breathability with design that
3. Sterile shoe cover does not collapse against the mouth
- Must be put on correctly and worn
University of the East Clinical Attire of during the procedure
the Clinician - Must fit snugly against the user’s
face to ensure that there are no gaps
between the user’s skin and
respiratory seal
- Must capture more than 95% of the
particles from the air that passes
through it

1. Comfortable shoes
- White for the 6th year, black for the
rest
2. Coat or scrub suit
- Blue -surgery department
- Green – endodontics-periodontics
department
- Coat and complete uniform – the
rest
3. Head cap
4. Disposable mask
5. Face shield / eye protector
6. Disposable gloves
NIOSH–filtering facepiece respirator Use of Protective Lenses or Goggles
(full face or half-face)
- Negative-pressure
half-face piece
respirator
- Seals tightly to
the face and fits
over the nose and
beneath the chin,
covering your
nose and mouth
- When a user
inhales, the
pressure inside the facepiece is negative
with respect to the ambient pressure
outside the respirator
- A person’s lungs are the. Mechanism that
draws air through the filter
- An elastomeric respirator is commonly made
from synthetic rubber or silicon material,
and filters are attached to the facepiece
Use of Face Shield
- Used as barrier protection for the facial
area and associated mucous membranes from
airborne body fluids (blood, saliva,
bronchial secretions, etc.)
- Must be full face length with outer edges
of the face shield reaching at least to
the point of the ear, include chin, and
forehead protectors, and cover the
forehead
Aerosol Generating Procedures (AGP)
- Any procedure that will use both high
speed and low speed handpiece
- Use of air-water syringe
- Use of ultrasonic scalers
Non-Aerosol Generating Procedures(Non-AGP)
- Dental check-up without using air-water
syringe

Donning and Doffing

- “Putting on”and “removing” of PPE

“Contaminated” and “Clean” Areas of PPE

✓ Contaminated – outside front
- Areas of PPE that have or are likely
to have been in contact with body
sites, materials, or environmental
surfaces where the infectious
organism may reside
✓ Clean – inside, outside back, ties on
head and back
- Areas of PPE that are not likely to
have been in contact with the
infectious organism
Doffing (removing of PPE)
Where to Remove PPE Dental Records
✓ At the doorway, before leaving patient Module-11
room or in anteroom ✓ Records of Cases – file of every patient
✓ Remove respirator outside room, after door
has been closed The Patient’s Role
Note: Ensure that hand hygiene facilities are  The Patient’s Complaint / Chief
available at the point needed, e.g., sink or Complaint
alcohol-based hand rub - present complain of the patient and
the reason for his visit to the
Patient’s Attire dentist without being asked
1. Head cap - primary problem – reason for the
2. Eye shield / dental protective glasses patient’s dental visit
3. Disposable bib - you need to require the patient to
4. Gown describe what he/she is feeling
through his/her own words so you get
University of the East Clinical Attire of the to address it easily
Patient 1. Preventive – a patient visits his dentist
1. Head cap once or twice a year for a checkup and
2. Eye protector prophylaxis (every six months)
3. Disposable bib / polybib - No pain or existing symptoms
4. Patient’s ID - Prevent further dental problems that
they might encounter
Cleaners – cleansing physically is the - Procedures:
removal of dirt and debris. i.e. brushing, Oral prophylaxis
sweeping. In this procedure – water, soap After cleaning, application of fluoride
and detergent are used so the teeth would be stronger
- It is advisable to cleanse any object Sealants – no cavity yet but you cover
intended for sterilization the grooves so food won’t get stuck
Detergent – is a cleansing agent, as 2. Curative – the reason for every patient
water, soap or soluble or liquid to visit a dentist
preparation (soap less) synthetic - Patient is experiencing symptoms
Soap – made usually by action of alkali already
on fat or fatty acids - Pain is the symptom that they usually
feel
Note: Both soap and Detergent have - Treatment depend on the symptoms that
emulsifying oil that holds dirt in suspension the patient feels
Gum bleeding or gum is painful – treat
the gums
Sensitivity – check the specific tooth
because most of the time, patient will
be able to pin point which tooth is
painful
3. Cosmetics – the patient is motivated for
consultation to improve his facial
esthetics
- As a dentist, examine what should be
done first. If there is a tooth that
needs to be treated, treat it first
before going to esthetics
 Dentist’s Role Conditions of the mouth given attention
1. Pre-treatment Consideration – the dentist during oral examination:
is responsible for evaluating the 1. Missing teeth
conditions or symptoms of the case 2. Supernumerary teeth
- Evaluate the existing condition - not properly aligned; harder for the
- Examine the chief complain patient to
- Check the teeth, gums, tongue, and clean
other soft tissues inside the his/her
patient’s mouth teeth
- Check thoroughly, clinically - Oral hygiene
might be the
- Take x-rays to verify your diagnoses
problem
2. Case of Exigency – in case of exigency
where only one plan of treatment is 3. Developmental defects on tooth
possible, the denial or delay would surely Amelogenesis
destroy the patient’s health, and it is Imperfecta
necessary to perform the operation one - The enamel
- Also known as Emergency Cases has yellow spots;
- This should be treated first (priority) there is a problem
3. Voluntary Consent – when a patient in the enamel
decides to go to the clinic and sits on during development
the dental chair of his own accord, it is - enamel is the
considered as consent strongest part of
- Patient can choose among the number of tooth
possible plans of treatments - Downside of
enamel problems:
Priority Data esthetics might not
1. Full name of the patient be good; sensitive
2. Address – to know the demographic teeth; teeth are not
condition, it would tell you about the strong / brittle
nutrition of the patient - Severe case of
3. By whom referred, if at all – to Amelogenesis
nd rd
establish rapport; common denominator imperfecta (2 pic, 3 pic) – walang
4. Date of admittance enamel at all kaya dentin na yung nakikita
na yellowish
5. Age of the patient
4. Caries – remind the patient about the
6. Sex importance of brushing of teeth
7. Laboratory findings or medical condition
5. Attrition, abrasion, erosion
– is the patient allergic to any
✓ Attrition –
medications?
napupudpod yung teeth
8. The payments because of tooth to
9. The condition of the mouth tooth contacts
✓ Abrasion – when the
Note: signature of the patient is important teeth wears out
because it can be a legal document if he/she because of mechanical
signed it and what he/she wrote were true contacts (maybe
because of
toothbrushing/
brushing too hard)
 ✓ Erosion – loss of tooth surfaces Dental Chart
because of acids - record of the patient’s dental
(example of acid:
history and treatment
bulimic patient,
yung acid sa vomit - Simplified graphic representation of
nila, teeth wear the teeth on which clinical,
off) radiologic, and forensic information
6. Deformities of may be recorded
the jaws, teeth, - Can be used legally
malposition of - Used for forensics
teeth, condition
of occlusion
Local and Systemic Conditions
7. Firmness of the gums, their texture, and - If there are clinical and laboratory
also the tongue and floor of the mouth findings pertaining to the
a. Gums – structures in the oral cavity where
gingivitis or the diagnosis cannot be very well
inflammation of brought about or instituted,
gums systemic findings might aid in the
b. Tongue assessment of the local data.
- Diseases occur because the mouth is
also an essential constituent of the
human body
- There is a mouth-body connection
wherein any condition which affects
the system will also affect the
Black hairy Geographic Simple mouth
Tongue Tongue Ulcer
Manifestation that the patient already has cancer - Dentists are expected to be able to
c. Floor of the mouth recognize some of the manifestations
of certain pathologies in the body
- Torus or in the mouth of their patients.
mandibularis Cases that are suspected of systemic
nature should be referred to
physicians

8. Inflammation of visible soft tissues Routine Examinations

- This is an - The General Physical Build -
early sign that the
"Dentist's appraisal
patient has Crohn’s
- The mouth - examination of the soft
disease or
inflammation in the tissues, the teeth, radiographs of
bowel the alveolar tissues, the occlusion,
9. Pain etc.
10. Calculus or calcular deposits, stains - The systemic conditions – It is
11. Condition of the alveolar bone necessary if an ailment of the mouth
12. Teeth filled or restored has apparent or possible
13. Any other deviation from the normal complications elsewhere in the body
condition of the mouth or if an ailment of another organ
14. The condition of the pulp manifests in the mouth
 Body temperature Fever - also called as Pyrexia
- The body temperature is the balance - A high abnormal temperature of the body
between heat production and heat
loss in the body. Fever may be present in:
 Rectal/ear temperature - about 1. Severe infections
adegree higher than oral 2. Reactions to post-surgical operations
 Oral temperature - Lower than 3. Neurogenic fever from injury of the
rectal central nervous system
 Axillary temperature - Lower than 4. Fever may be present in dehydration, due
to reduction of blood water
oral
5. Fever may be produced by drugs and other
chemical substances
Vital Signs
o Body temperature – approximately Thermometer - used to measure the
98.6°F or 37°C temperature of the human body
o Pulse rate – 60 – 100 bpm (beats o Mercury thermometer
per minute) - Very toxic if released into the
o Respiratory rate – 12-16bpm environment and can cause serious
(breathes per minute) health problems for humans and
o Blood pressure – 120/80 mmHg wildlife
(millimetres of mercury) - Affects fetal and child development
by preventing the brain and nervous
system from developing normally
Note: If a patient has fever, it is an
early sign that the patient has an
infection Different Types of Thermometers:
1. Multi-purpose thermometers
2. Oral thermometers
Special Considerations
- Record ought to show vital information 3. Rectal thermometers
such as: 4. Armpit (axillary) thermometer
1. Adverse drug reactions 5. Eardrum thermometer
6. Forehead thermometer (forehead strip
2. Prescription issued
thermometer)
3. Treatments in the past or present
whether systemic or dental, 7. Pacifier thermometer
emergency or not 8. Disposable thermometer
4. Health conditions when the patient
was still a child
5. Behavior problems

Laboratory findings and other

pertinent matters
- Dental records also include:
1. Plaster casts and impression of the
teeth
2. Old dentures
3. Photographs
4. Pertinent reports from family
members
5. Prognosis from colleague consultants
 Fundamental Compartments of an Ideal
The Dental Office Dental Office
Module 12
1. Reception area / Receiving area
From the PDF of Doc ✓ This is the first thing that the
What are the things to think when patient would see
setting up a dental office? 2. Treatment room / Operating room
1. Must be able to support financially – 3. Laboratory Area / Sterilization room
from rental fee of the space, dental 4. Lavatory Facility
materials, complete instrumentation
2. Site location Optional
• Analyze the community and patients 1. Recovery Room
• Parking 2. Sterilization Area
• Site of the clinic – reception, 3. Office
business office, operatory/ 4. Storage Room
treatment room, restroom, staff’s 5. Security Room
area, x-ray room, sterilization area 6. Dark Room
3. Interior design consideration
• Lighting, color, flooring, walls, Features of a Reception Room
ceilings 1. Telephone, television, WiFi
2. Magazines/newspaper
From the PowerPoint
3. Lavatory
General Considerations when Putting 4. Basic living room furniture
Up a Dental Clinic 5. Proper interior decoration
1. Finances 6. Pieces of art
✓ Modify depending on the materials 7. Digital frame with sample cases
✓ Be financially ready 8. Informational materials
✓ Renovation or construction –
30k/sqm Basic Features of the Operating Room
✓ Dental chair – 50k-2M 1. Diagnostic equipment
✓ Xray Machine (Periapical) – 50k- 2. Dental chair
200k 3. For specialists, appropriate equipment
✓ Autoclave – 8k-200k – pedodontics, periodontics,
✓ Materials endodontics, surgery, sterilizer,
❖ Excluding Rent, utilities, autoclave
salary
Dental Chair
2. Convenience / Environment Josiah Flagg – created the first ever
✓ Is the clinic near you? head rest for dental chairs that would
✓ What would be the size of the keep the head in a fixed position
clinic? during the dental procedure (1790)
• Self-convenience: safe, James Beall – patented the first
proximity to house, dental chair (1867)
accessibility
• Patient’s convenience: safe, Parts of a Dental Chair
accessibility, parking 1. Cuspidor / Spittoon
2. Saliva ejector
3. Aesthetics / Beauty 3. Hi-vacuum ejector
✓ It has to be professional looking 4. Tumbler / cup holder
5. Bracket table
6. 3-way syringe (air, water, air & water)
7. Handpiece (low speed and high speed)
 8. Dental light 5. Recognition of materials – proper care
9. Operator’s chair of prosthodontics/restorations
10. Assistant’s chair 6. Understand the profession literature
11. Headrest History of Dental Materials
12. Backrest Dating as early as 500BC – present
13. Footrest • Metals – gold (superior metal) - to do
14. Armrest dentures, fixed bridges, attached teeth
together
Adjunct tools - Most stable
1. Intra-oral camera • Plaster and wax models - to get the
2. Peri-apical radiograph machine mold of teeth
3. Light cure machine • Prosthetics of bone, ivory, wax, metals
4. Ultra-sonic scalers ✓ Fake teeth - teeth of corpses
5. Amalgamator • Porcelains – late 1700s
6. Panoramic/Cephalometric radiograph • Amalgam – early 1800s
machine • Acrylics – 1940s
• Adhesive dentistry – 1970s – present
Introduction to Dental Materials - We used to cement the crown

Module 13 Oral Environment

1. Temperature variations
Dental Materials
- Normal temperature of oral cavity –
- Stuff that we use to fixed patient’s
32°C to 37°C
teeth
- Food intake/drink – 0-70°C
- It is different from dental instruments
2. pH variations
Science of Dental Materials - pH is neutral – pH 7.0
- Defined as “The study of composition - food intake/drink – pH 2-11
and properties of dental materials and 3. Variations in Masticatory forces
the manner in which they interact with - Muscles of mastication apply forces
the environment they are placed” to dentition
- Basic science which deals with - varies from tooth to tooth
physical, mechanical, and biological - decreases from anterior (low forces)
properties of dental materials to posterior (high forces)
- The study of science of dental
materials gives the operator a basic Characteristics of Ideal Materials
knowledge about the materials 1. Biocompatible – non-toxic, non-
- This help to choose a material and irritating, non-allergenic
allow him/her to effectively manipulate 2. Mechanically stable and durable –
it strong, resistant to fracture
Why are we studying this field? 3. Resistant to corrosion – does not
1. For the knowledge to make optimal deteriorate over time (crown)
selection of materials 4. Dimensionally stable – little changes
✓ Study the case, study the materials by pH, temperature and solvents
that you’ll use in every patient 5. Minimal conduction – insulates against
2. To understand the behavior of the thermal or electrical charge
materials, use, handling, manipulation 6. Esthetic – looks like oral tissue
3. Safety considerations of the materials 7. Easy to manipulate – minimal or
4. Patient education regarding dental reasonable effort and time needed
restoratives 8. Adheres to tissues – retains onto, and
seals tooth structure
 9. Tasteless and odorless – not a. Chemotherapeutic agents like
unpleasant to patient Dentifrices, mouthwashes and
10. Cleanable / Repairable – easily cavity varnishes
maintained or fixed m b. Pit and fissure sealants
11. Cost-effective – affordability vs c. Fluoride releasing agents
benefits or disadvantages - Preventive dental materials can also
serve as Restorative materials
Classification of Dental Materials - Can be either:
Four Main Groups a. Short time periods
1. Polymers – chemical compound
b. Moderately long time periods
consisting large organic molecules
2. Restorative dental materials
formed by the union of many small
monomer units a. Direct restorative dental materials
- Used intraorally
- Combination of materials
- Fabricate restorations /
✓ Denture base
prosthetic devices directly on the
✓ Polymerization – chemical reaction
teeth or tissues
in which low molecular weight
b. Indirect restorative dental
monomers are converted into high
materials
molecular weight polymer chains
- When materials hardens - Used extra orally
- Formed indirectly over a cast or
(ex: alginate)
models
2. Metals – an opaque lustrous chemical
substance that is a good conductor of 3. Auxiliary dental materials
heat and electricity and when polished - Materials used in the process of
is a good reflector of light fabricating dental prosthesis
3. Ceramics – an inorganic compound with includes:
non-metallic properties, typically a. Impression materials
composed of metallic (or semi-metallic) b. Dental waxes
and non-metallic elements c. Gypsum casts and model materials
- Softer than metals d. Finishing and polishing abrasive
- Aesthetically superior than metals e. Acylic resins for impressions
4. Composites – materials made from two f. Acid etching solutions
or more constituent materials with 4. Temporary restorative dental materials
significantly different physical or - Sub category of restorative
chemical properties, that when materials
combined, produce a material with - Intended to be used to restore the
characteristics different from the tooth temporarily.
individual components - These include:
a. Orthodontic wires
Classification of Dental Materials
b. Cements used as temporary liners
1. Preventive Dental Materials
c. Cements used as temporary
- Basic aim is to provide resistance
filling materials
to the progression of an active
d. Acrylic resins used for inlays,
carious lesion
crowns, fixed partial dentures
- Carious lesion cause the
demineralization of the dental Selection of Dental Materials
enamel 1. Analysis of the problem
- Includes the following: - Basic and very important step
- Incorrect analysis may lead to wrong
treatment plan
 - Poor prognosis and failure treatment - For caries of various degrees;
(e.g. selection of filling material) anterior or posterior teeth
2. Consideration of the requirements
o Crown
- Enlist the requirements that a material
- Indirect restoration to replace
mist meet
missing crown of tooth, or protect
- Requirements of a material are
remaining crown of tooth
dependent upon the situation
- Caries, fractures, teeth with Root
3. Consideration of the available
Canal Treatment, esthetics
materials and their properties
- Made of porcelain, metals, or both
- Clear concept about the properties
- In case of immediate problem, must o Bridge
choose from the materials in hand - An indirect restoration; to replace one
- Dentist must be up to date with the or more missing teeth
advancements - “fixed” – not removable; cemented to
- Thorough comparison of properties of existing teeth
the available materials with - Made of porcelain, metals, or both
requirements - Abutment – the existing tooth / teeth
4. Choice of a suitable material supporting the bridge
- Final step - Pontic – the replacement tooth
- Narrowing the range of choice
Factors: o Indirect Restorations
a. Availability • Inlay – a fabricated restoration
b. Ease of handling made of metal
c. Cost-effectiveness or porcelain
that replaces
Identification of Restorations missing tooth
o Dental Restoration – restores function structure;
and appearance of oral structure lost does not
by pathology, injury, or is include the
congenitally missing restoration of cusps
Examples: • Onlay – a fabricated restoration
a. Pathology – caries ; fillingInjury (as above) that does include the
– broken tooth ; crown restoration of at least one cusp
b. Congenitally missing – prosthetic
(i.e. bridge) o Veneers
c. Direct restoration – a restoration - All porcelain or acrylic facing for
that is created and placed directly tooth
into the prep site of the tooth - Primarily used for esthetic reasons
(i.e. amalgam filling, composite, - Can alter shape and color of
filling) existing teeth
d. Indirect restoration – a o Denture
restoration that is created outside - The removable dental prosthetic used
of the mouth on a model of the to replace all of the teeth on an
prepped tooth and later fixed into arch; patient is edentulous
the mouth (i.e. gold crown, denture) - Made of acrylic (teeth may be
o Direct fillings porcelain)
- Usually made of amalgam (silver - Partial denture – replaces some
metal) or composite (acrylic) teeth in the arch; patient is
materials partially edentulous
 - Made of acrylic usually with metal
substructure and clasps
o Endodontic Restorations
- Endodontic – inside the tooth; Root
Canal Treatment
- Gutta percha – used to fill the
canal
- Post and core – the post is a metal
piece that is screwed into and
cemented into the root canal
- The core is built-up around the post
to create more available tooth
structure

Pediatric Restoration
o Stainless Steel Crown (SSC)
- Prefabricated
- Cemented
o Space Maintainer
- Holds spaces where primary tooth was
prematurely lost
- Stainless steel band / crown with
loop
- Fabricated outside of the mouth;
cemented

NOTE: READ ALL THE ACTIVITIES THAT WE HAVE

SUBMITTED BECAUSE THOSE MIGHT BE INCLUDED ON
THE FINAL EXAM. GOOD LUCK! :)
- EXCELLE