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OLDGLORY InstituteIIouse,
NewKyo,Stanley.
57,1,1WestIning Park
Chicago,Illinois6063,1
Co. Durham,DH9 7TJ tisA
Tel. (0207)283332

Here at OI-D GLORY'SEuropeanHeadquafterswe thought it about time our customerssaw one ol our
longerrunningrangesin colour.

This monthwe illustrate just a tiny sampleofthe possiblevariantsin olrr 25mm r\mericanCivil War
range Each 25mm ACW pack containseither20 mountedcavalryor 6 guns and 24 crew (with a
selectionof guns) or 63 infantry includingcommand All packs containvariant figures Price per pack
126 More itemsu'illbe addedto thisranqesoon

UnionInlantryMarching Confederate
Inlantn \4arching
UnionInlantryAdvancing Confudcrate
Int'antnAd!ancing
UnionInlantrySkirnishing ConfiderateInlhntn Skirmishing
UnionCavalry Conlederate
Cavalry
Adillery(for bothsides) Hood'sl-exans

The photographs
showligureslrom Hood's Texansand ConlbderatesAdvancing.Figureshaveseparate
heads,
enabling
trulyindividual
unilsto be createdThercarc around8.000possible
variants.

/" icrarce: Chanrp D€ Vars. I I Rne De Se\igne. 700{.Pafis 1r Slrap: TrasguC B. C^lcdcllrr 5. zli(ll{).Nladrid
In Gertuanr: Batllc Grornd Gancs Mrlllcrcrl-cch.l8. 861a0 A|gsbcrg.(rltzl) I lr 9r-0

Post& Packins: UK&BFPO l07oofordervalueELROPE25-olo of ordervalue

Ot,TSIDEETJROPE
509i,ofordervaiue
Weaccept
VIS . & MASfERCARD.Chequesmadepayable to: OldGloryCorporation
{1.00 pluslargeSAE\\rlh l8p slampplcasc
Calaloglre

rICU RESCOXTAINLEAD , NOT SUITABLEFORCHILDREN

When replying to adverts please mention Wargarnes lllustrated.

 40 CoalwayRd,
Wolverhampton,
wv31LZ
England

TeUFax:.0902654164

15mm WORLDWAR Il - Now 80 Vehicles in White Metal

15811 B.drd,n30${Oi<D 6S TMk
l5Bl2E.dIord3lonoDcsTrulk 1sG9 SnJGlrl shdnTsm
15829 Bdad Tl5 L{hr Tanl
15830 Us)5Im Pa(i H@Qq 15Cr2 Md;sr€Conbhae
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rsB3e F;ch4TmrAii riir. h

15842 wW2 Fm.h 75nm ro6DtuGuo

lscl+ P'x;turvA*lF LonoTsnn

20hh H;P cudd F10,6 aid v"hd6
L 20o'hHoFecurd Biah ddra@e

NEW STARSHIPFLEETFORFULLTHRUSTRULES
wi€d.6lhE6'hoFueglas.omFneiaT}ededgordg@mpi6Gfr6

&4dlr'[as!d|6dbdhod
so+be!& 50,
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{4s.@,o'+6iblli@ lkr.ian*atdi&r
qblq@d.Pd 6 R?d \dr.4EF&G6-tr.9t

s.D.D. SoleNorthAmericanDistributor
40 CoalwavRoad.WolverhamDrol Brookhurst Hobbies 12188Brookhurst
WV37LZ.TeVFax:
0902654i64 Street,GardenGrove,Califomia,92640,
uxoo4 0%od.v.."@rrjoP6F4 or,% i0'odorde v4r
USA.I el:( /14)636-3580or Fax:(7I4)
636-9150

When replying to adverts please mention Wargames lllustratcd.

[4ONOLlTl-l DESIGNS 'JAMAFco". Hornsea,
ca,d€ns.
svawbe.ry Norrh unir€.
HU181L]s
Hlmbe*.oe. Knedom
Telephone:(0954)535210Fax:(0964)536006 Pleale mak6cheql€s pavabletoMoNoLTH MA L ORoEF
Posta.dP a c k n g A
: d d I O % o v e r e 7 5 p o s t p a i dE u o p e a d d 3 0 %W o r l d w i da€d d5 0 % ' o n , a d uFai a e a * I b c
welmme
Tradeand Dealerenqurrles
25mm Scale Buildingsi Dark Ages - suitable
forlronAge(pre-Roman) (=1300
to Feudal
rightlhrough AD)

Eramotesotthe 25mm sate modes are tlsrared and 15mmscal6v€rsionsare de avallab6 Tie p.od!.r codo showsth€ s€€
b'";;[.;;;;;;G;;;;a[buidnsoruee@deDA15ol.For25mmscareburdLne,lseoA25olercrvrod€lsaresuppr]odunpai'led

DA25-01 SaxonA Frame TimberHut

DA 25-02 SmallThalched

DA25 03 Srra T rro"r & Mro wrll p 8 Daubi!! DA 25-04' Loa-WalledThatchedHul

2'=

6
DA2505.MediumTimbel&MUd/WatlLe&DaUbHutDA2506-LonqTimber&MUd/Wallle&DaubH

DAz5{7 . L"'q" ti'b"r Thatched

Hut,Doub|eDoor DA25.08' Slone& TimberBotlomThatched
LonoHouse
us olsriburor:BROOKHURSTHOBBIES l2l ss Brookhurst svet Gdd4 Go@,ca 926-40 -us-A
a*rg.to.e hours
iton" irrliogo-osao Tme)oruseour24hourFa{nlmber:(714)6369150
(us Paciic
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Wlren replying to adverts please mention Warganes lllustrated'

 MONOLITH DESIGNS 'JAMARco;, srawu"'.y earuenE, no.*.pJ€ nodIiiEiEiEIGo 1us.unedKoodom
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25nh r.dld.lau dlnq! n.nq. 20mmWWll:Trdch sy.l.m {.lao.ulLbl.

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IIEROICS
& ROSFIGURES
1/300thSCALE METALFIGURES t 1.40 Packscontaining
50 Intantrvof 20 Cavalrv
or 6 Guns& Crew

;ii: |::.,:iE*
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q!!la4Liv'Ll t'75

HEROICS
& ROSFIGURES
U n i t 1 2 , S e m i n g t oT
n u r n p i k eS, e m i n g t o nT,r o w b r i d g eW
, i l t sB A1 4 6 L B ,E n g l a n d .
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 '7

UARGAiIfI Contents
Illurfraled Page
l3 AnthonyR. Tucker JFK tnd Ih€PII(D Incident
Apologiesto readershopingro seepart two of JervisJohnson's 17 MikeJohnson Tacticsin lheFrancGPrussian Wrr
serieson wargamingAncientsusingWdlrar?,rfl?f rulesin rhis Pad III: Fmn R?slitr to Rules
issue.Owing to the large numbersof Spanish..Cristino" 2I) PeterHofs.hrd€r Napoleon's LastViclorJ
uniformsswarmingoverour colourpagestherewasno roomto Th€Baaeof LignJ,t6 Jurc 1tt5
deployJervis'sphotogaphs,so he's held in reservetill next TheMrth & theRealitr,P tm
28 PaulSteve$on ForcingFox'sGap,14September 1862
A recentphotographi€ trip to Chicagohas toppedup our A snzll A,C.W. senado
sto€kofillustrations.A coupleofdaysin the basement 34 DsvidEickleJ& 'BuNtingtosh€I...'
ofKeith
kidy-with a visitfromHerb Gundtcontibutinsto thesession PhilipRobinson
- providedsome good shots.especiall)of Kinh s WesLern 36 ConradCgirns& "A Savage addRonanticWal'
gunfights€t-up. (Two of theseareon thismonrh'sbackcover- Rdph Werver Spain1833-1840
with figurespaintedby SteveLawrence,the latePeterCilder, PartII: TheCittino fones
andTelry Methenyof'The Sword& Palette'paintingserice. 46 PatrickMccin TheSiegeoforleans, 1428-1429
A coupleof daysat The Emperor'sHeadquarters enabledus A lhmnstatioD Wargane
to shoot somefine figures and terrain by Tony Adams, Todd 54 ClassifiedAds
Fisher,Tom Tuck, YonanBadalandseveralothers.who'll all
getafullcredit whenwe publishthe photos. Frontcoverphoto:25zm WaryanetFound An entfiSutcs
Photographing under2000watts-worth of tungstenlampscan ftoththeco e,lion oJdesilne^Alan & Mrchactpcry in aian?
becomequite warm work, but fortunatelyoppositeEHQ on stagedby TheTwinsat' Plrtizan' in NewarklastMay.
WestIrvinePark Roadis rheApple pub, wherethe delecrable Back .over Ttro shotsIrom the excellent.o ecton of i,e -
Janinewas alwayson hand to ply us with cool, refreshing knownAmeican waryamerKeith Leidy. Sudanmarketptacein
beverages: an efficientandconscientious barmaidwho contri- 25mmConnoi:sewFigures(fomerry in theco ectionof ke late
butedgreadyto thesuccess of our photosessionl Peer Gilrler) andasc rh-built haciendadefendedbtBritannia
MiniaturesBunfghtefi againstFitst CorpsMeticans irreRulars
Watganesllusltated is pubhshedon the tast rhutsdayot pa.h frcn thei 1846-I848 range.
morinrlSlralagemPubtrcatrons Lld 1BLoversLane.Newa,k,
NotlsNG24I HZTel.063671973EDTTOR: Duncan Mac.artane.
TYPESETTING & BEPRODITCT|ON By: pressptanServcesLt;.
PFINTEOIn England.O|STR|aUTOBS: Cbnao Maoazrne
Mlteling._TavnoclFoad.WesrDray'onMddteseix
U.S.A.SUBSCRIPTIONS
uB7 7OE Are availablefrom:
usa: I ne Emperors Headquarlers,5744westtrvtngpar< Boad
Chicago.llinois60634 Tet 312 777 8668 CANiDA: BAFM The Emoeror\ Headouariers
574.1West lrviDg Pari( Road, CHICAGO, Illinois 606.t4.
9ompgny. !1cr_?0-.l-41!!ll Foad Easr.camblose.onrario. Telt 312-7778668
Canada. N1B I POAUSTRALIA: BayCorpto.,Esse-x Vrn,ature;
Lld..I Lowanna P,acedorrsby NSWZO77FBANCE: JFUrde $56for ll issues.Don t missour!
Gue,e Dtluson,6 'ue de Marssonrer. paris75017. G c t i n r o u c h$ i l h U n c l e T o d d !

SUBSCnIPIIOIS 'or 12 ssuesorwarcames ',tustrared

a,er2o n
theU.K.Euope& rsl otWoddsurtace:C30.Fi:slot Woroarmait.!4{
BACI( XUflBEIS n rssu4ercept.os1,2&3a6sr,ravartabte G.J.i'. FIGURINES
ate220@chposrp6d.BacrrunbeB0toJrocc4,onasoecqeKra WargmesFigurospaint€dro cott€cioBstandard.
publi€rior-WarganesWoddare a e sti avartabte:Nos.
i.3 4:C240po9 snm to30mm.smmsamplo h€ withSAEo,5 tRCs.
paid.No.5lt.80octo.d. Forsamprg15nh tiqu6 andrrsrsend !1 .95or e295
BIIDERS iorwaaaaestxusrrated tcapac' r2Esues,. B,roe6ro. lor 25mmsampl6fgur6,pay.bl€ro G€6rd Conrn,
wargames worrddrsoavaila!e.sane@pacy,samepre. p, e:[6 posr 2'l Chelsfi€ldM€ws,Sta.ronCtos, OlD|nqlon.
paidinUK.Re3lot World:addC1.50erlra6;rade (enl.BRsrFN Not.i i.b;;numDd
F'onISTRATAGEI 5mmaspdiaiiry. Td.pnon€:0689020it 5 (24h4
PUTiGATIo S rTD., UScustomll! plo!8€ 3€ndS5bill lor lsmm sanolc + tbr
ll lova.r lana, lcurak ottr, GZalHZ, Enfl.nd.

EMPIRES,
EAGLES&LIONS
M4@ry@try&@
UKsubsto thebi monthlyfullcolourAmerican
@&gP&av
Hlllop,Crcolfybn, Doiingion,ShE{sburySY57ll{.
Napoleonicmagazineareavailablefrom Ll:07113.718632
StratagemPublications.
Oneyeaissubscripdon (6 issues):
t23.50 (€ill to Wl subsc.ibers) --_ ?d-,?
Issues1-8alreadyavailable.Singleissues:
!4 post paid.
18 Lovers Lane, Newark, Notts NG24 lHZ,
 FROMAROUNDTHEWORLD"
HOBBYPRODUCTS

RAODI'OII TIIB IIIIINI]:

PAIIT ONI]
The Axis forcesare in retreat and the Allies are in
hot pursuit...so on to Berlin and Victory!!!
In this month s advert BRoOKHURSTHoBBIESgivesyou ffgur€6,figures,and ntore fiSuresboreff8ht all dle batd€son
the secondfront, whether it be on the W€stemFront or drerded Eatteh FlonL lhis erdensive.ange of quality 20nm
rn€talminiature€com€6from the b6t mdufactuers, lik€ SHQ Minial',c, D'.w's Miliria, Ftgur6-Amu-Anilery
GAA), and of courseWaryd6 Foundry. We alsohavean excellents€tof rules from Fireb.se G.m6. Sotake thb oP-
portunity !o fight in Europeand placeyou order with BROOKHURST HOBBIEStoday!

Pi,ar Fzl@ touu dw t ;w in 52 Cliddbome@pfrion.(10

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ss-{ 3 x Rifleoens/K93 M. rnt tq-"p tuts uith u1& fgut6!
20mmWW II Figures 3 r Rlfld.n w/($ Finng U.S. Alrbon. TooPl 1t44 s3 3'Molhr dion/Pi.t @o.(9
Pnce!.r r..k .rc.Dt sheE s6,6 PaE€rslEk Temi !lov- AA.1 NCO(thoaFon SMG)& 2
olremlr:liaa'.a .. $iL50 i.8 & Firing(l fiBe) . . i3.60 9I lleavy wBpon/onmnd
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D6iSnedbt Mi.h,el leq AA-3 3 RjfleaenMwitrg B.lti.h Anh.d S.pt.db.r l9al
S CoabarE gine6 ... t1.75 A -4 FiringCo!p: NCO
Th. Y,"*s tft nM oi i1. btood!tud16 S99 Un6rursfuncr,RifleSF (IhomFon sMG),BAR 55 PdatuFr *ion{ro oen)
oI ont\t tnn Ubh, .nn tE drsns nad€& SniperCwla3
hotdle tt Rtitu titut nhdffi 56 Clid€rla.d.d @p dion.(Ilj
5910 3: s.huue w/MPrl,t AA-s Mding Go!p: NCO
intoCffiry. rte ot. th. Ed qin-
59ll A^d-TankGunCrs (5tigs) [ftohpsn SMC),DAR s/ Y Modi dion/piat 6s.{9
fntry tttt u.ltd b td W ntu othd
thtn vi. Mntu hinsdt q 'cnbt' ''''''''''''''''''1475
'IhrGM6niSrt AA4 ofiid (Mt), RTq SNCO 58 Hdra w6pon/@ooand
b k dat titt k.r
NEW Am.rlqn l.f.ntty 19{4 t@ tbtd y.r.-trdttefgv6b t OhanFo. sMc)
CI-l NCOM1, & 2 Pjn@en (in l. AA-7 60om Modr & 4 w, fir Bnt.h Cot'rmnd6 1944-45
in8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4.35
se lnaudr sion.(*o nfl6,
AA-3 J0 al. MC & 3 @w, lirin& .
CI-3 3 PjoenenbovinA GR-l Mq2 Fi.ingPrc.e (Aund, '''''''' '" t 36 0
Sl0 Hdrt €poc, ohmnd
CI-l BARGbup 6rin8 AA-9 &zmk:Tem movinS&
*ions.(( 8un, ofti6, d '
CI'5 SaRCbup hovinB GR,2 atrin30 {i3s.) . . . . . . . i3.60
Cl6 Ofiie., NCO IvB (Elkie AAr0 Padl'jrdeE (5 4133.). . t4.75
Sll 2" nortu and Pi.t rdhr (Mo.
c R 3 3r NCOw/MPao All ^.r Gddd(s ri8.) i,1.7s
br, Piai Ed jo e - to @n)
GR-{ 3 r RjnercnVK98 Fiins coMlNG SOON: by rh. ri@ yo!
Ih. Bntdl .nd C@M@te knqE (cl-7 ttF c.ffir W.f.n-SS 1939-42
tr. Mrin8 h.n tun .fon b libttE c R 5 3 x Rineoen */KsB Mo{in8 @d rhir NEw AD.d.r!
rO and &|rt r lEr-7 ftR 13)wde
Enop..in ke tgn6 td !@ Nr. otu bG 6holld b€ available to 512 PaM. Cre.adi€. dion
cR-7 purh o. b B€.In and Visrj'l AIF (SMc' rins - 10 o€n)
NEW BddBh& C.nadl.n lnfa^- the Anerian in{altsy snouB b€B€E Sl3 3lms Morh dion.(3 Mots
try (4'l Patt.h H.lmet) GR-3 SlmMohr&5@Firin8 dng s@ NEw RrlEln (cl-11 .nd
'''''''''''''' '' ''4175
Ffn NCO (shn SMC)& 2IUne st,l Hdtt wapon/suppod
GR-9 31mMod&5.wMov-
s.diotu.O HMc,EnSin*o
i.a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.75
BT-2 BH CrcuPadv.n.in8 Drew'sMilitia MediA€t- l0sen)
GR-10 MMGI2 on dipod & 5 @
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 13

JFKANDTHEPT 109INCIDENT
byAnthonyR. Tucker
A shotrangoutthatechoedaroundtheworldon 22 November
l963.In Dallas,Texas, LeeHarveyOswald,allegedlya Marxist SOLOMONISLANDS
and pro-Castroagitatorassassin.ted PresidentJ.F. Kennedy. The Solomons€onsistof six major islands,most of them
Evento thisday his molivesremaina mysteryand a question volcanic,andstretchabout1,000milesnorth,westto south-east
mark handsover whethertherewasmorethan one punman. of Bougainville,in the Australian mandatedtenitory of
Whilst providinga credibleexplanarionfor the co-nsprracyPapua-NewGuinea(an areaonce againtroubledby conflict
theory Oliver Stones movie JaK is largely supposition. today)to the islandofFatakain theSantaCruzgroup.Thisisto
However,partly as a result of his untimelydeath and the the north of the Torr€s (sceneof Lucy lrvine'sdese( island
dramaticconfrontationwith the USSRovertheCubanMissile book Cdslawd)and subsequent filrn) and Bank lslandsin the
crisisthepreviousyear,JohnF. Kennedyhasbecomea national condominiumof the New Hebrides.North to southfrom the
hero,with CapeKennedySpaceCentre,KennedyAirport and atollof OntoogJava(thelargestin theworld)to theatollhlands
the KennedyCentre for PerformingArts just a few of the ofRennellandBellonaisabout500miles.Intotalrhelandmass
exampl€s perpetuating his name.Somesawhim asa potential of the Solomons is some11,500squaremiles.
politicalbright star. while olhers felt his was an overrared
Presidency.
RISING SUN
Kennedythoughnearlynevermadeit to the US Presidency.
ln 1943whileservinginth€SolomonlslandsintheUSNavy,the During the early stagesof the PacificWar the Japanese war
youngKennedywasnearlykilled, andit wasonly hispersonal machineinflicteda seriesof crushingdefeatson the Western
determinatioirandcouragethat ensuredthe survivalofhimself allies. In Malaya. Singaporeand Hong Kong, Britain lost
andthemenunderhiscommand.TheS€condWorldWar is tull 150.000 €asualties; in the DutchEastIndiesthe British.Dutch
of survival stories. but those in th€ Pacific Theatre oI and Americanssuff€red 75,000 casualties,whilst in the
Operationsrank as someof the most remarkable.Kennedy\ Philippines100,000 US and Filipinotroopswerelost.The high
story is no ex€eption.His braverygainedhim the Navy and tideofJapanese militarysuccess wasmarkedby theirdefeatat
Marinemedalandthecitationsignedby AdmiralW.F. Halsey. the Battle of Midway in June 1942. ln that one engagement
US Navy stated His courage. enduranc€and excellent Japanese navalairsupenoritywaswipedout.
leadenhipcontributedto savingo{ severallives and was in Despitepledgingto committhe bulk of thei war effon to
keepingwith the highesttraditionsof the United StatesNaval Europe,Americancommitment tothe Pacificwasaslargeifnot
Service." geater.TheUS took theirfirststepstoreconqueringthe Pacific

MIDWAY Hamilton 63BrewlandStreet

Calston

M:niatures KA4
Scotland 8DX
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07r6258|55
islandsin August1942by landingonGuadalcanal. Thisbloody
battlewasbut a foretasteofthingsto comeandwasfollowedby
theinvasionofthe centralSolomons, NewBritain,Newlreland
and the New Guinea area. The stepping-stone Operation
Cleanslate,launnchedftom Cape Espennce, Guadalcanal,in
February1943se€uredthe RussellIdands.June-October 1943
sawa sedesof actions,from Operationloenails,theinvasionof
New Georgia,to OperationsGoodtime^nd Blr.rs.&/against
Mono andChoiseul.
The SolomonIslandCoastwatchers, a branchof the Royal
AustralianNary lntelligenc€Division,playedan instrumental
role in the campaignby keepingthe Allieswell informedof all
JaDanese trooD ard naval movements.The Islandersalso
op;rateda higtly efficientorganisationfor the recoveryofshot
down pilots and naval survivors.Solomon scoutsguided
survivorsright under the nosesof the occupyingJapanese
forces,to the nearestCoastwatcherfor a US Navalpick up to be
arranged.One such survivor was to be LieutenantJohn
FitzgeraldKennedy.

TOKYOEXPRESS
Although the first phaseof Operation loenatb in June1943was
a success,the Japanesedefenderswere far ftom beaten. The
Japaneseregionalcommander, GeneralSasaki,plannedtohold destroye^for barges,launcheda straffingrun, but coming
a lineon NewGeorgia{romBairokoHarbourtoSundaylnletto under heary gun fire releasedfour torpedoes,all of which
the westand from this line he intendedto laun€ha counteF rnissed.PT 157fired two and missed.Both boats.underfire.
atta€kagainstthe Americans.Sasaki's plansdepended on him withdrewtowardsGizo.
beingprovidedwith sufficienttroops andsupplies. For thesehe Next PT lTl ofDivision A, unawareofB\ attack.launched
reliedon Admiral Kusaka,who hadearlierorganised the runs four torpedoes whichall nissedandwasthenforcedto retire.
ofthe "Tokyo Exprest'in whichfastJapanese destroyers had DivisionsR and C hadthe samebad luck, firing a numberof
landedreinforcements on Kolombangara Island. torpedoesbut scoringno hits- Although a rotal of about 30
After the US invasionof RendovaIslandon 30 June 1943, torpedoeswere fired by the PT boats,theseunco-ordinated
AmericanMotor Torpedo Boats and other light craft were attackswere a completefailure.The Japanese steamedon to
stationedaroundthe islandsof KokoranaandLumbarainside reach Vila, spenl 45 minutescalmly off-loadingand then
RendovaHarbour-Basingfacilitieswerecoflstructed for l5-20 departed.
boats.The Elco PT boatshad a displacemenl of 38 tons, bul
with a fivefoo. draftanda speedof 4Uknoistheywereidealfor DISASTER STRJKES
operatingin andaroundthe islandwaten.Armamentconsisted PT 162andPT 109,unawareof whatwashappeningexceptfor
of four 2l inch aorpedotubes,or two torpedoiubesandeight the gunfire, movedup BlackettStraitwherethey werejoined
depthcharges, plusfour.5inchBrowningmachineguns andone by PT 169from DivisionA. In the contusionof the night the
20mmcannon.The crewhcomplimentnumbered14.A young ,4ndgid (HeavenlyMist)underLieutenant-Commander Kohei
skinnyLieutenantJohn F. Kennedy,USNR commanded one Hanamiand CaptainKatsumoriYamashiro,whetherdeliber-
suchcraft. atelyor accidently,
wassuddenlysteamingdownon Kennedy's
The PT basecommanderat RendovaHarbourrec€ivedan boatat 30 knots.(AJterthe war CaDtainYamashiroclaimedit
urgent 'Most Secret' messageon I August 1943, tuom the was an accident). Before PT 109 could manoeuvre dhaster
commanderTask Force 31 on Guadalcanal,indicatingthe struck.ln an almightlycrashtwo crervwereinstantlykilledand
"Tokyo Express" was going to resupply Kolombangarathat
the boat was diced in tsro. The stern sank quickly, but
nigha.The m boatsweredespatched to stopthem.Lieutenant fortunatelythe bowsremainedafloat.SeamenPatrickMcMa
Kennedy'sboat, F I 109,wasin B DivisionunderLieutenan. hon and wiliam Johnstonwerethrownoverboardand badly
HenryJ, Brantinghamin PT 159.They weresentto coverthe injured,so Kennedyand EnsignLeonardThom swamout to
westernDartofBlackettStraitbetweenWanaWana,Gizoand rescuethem, then with the rest of the crew they clung
Kolombangara Islands,while Division A was to the eastto moumfullyontothe bows.
blockthe approaches to Vila on Kolombargara.To the north Justbeforethe collisionPT 162had unsuccessfully tried to
the islandwas coveredby a squadronof PTsunderCommander fire its torpedoesand afterwardsPT 169fired two to no effect.
Kelly anddestroyers underCaptainBurke. Bothboats,thinkingthecrewof PI109 deadandnot wishingto
US intelligenceprovedcorrect.TheJapanese haddecidedto hangaroundandconfrcntmoreJapanese destroyers, withdrew
ferry 900troopsplus suppliesin threedestroyers,the llagi*aze, into the darkness.The followingday, to make matterseven
Arushi andShigurc, \\ith the Am agrri asescort.By nightfall the worsefor Kennedyand hh renainingdew, the bowsrolled
Japanesedestroyerswere clear of BougainvilleStrait and over.Hehad no realoptionbut toget hismento swimto Plum
steaming down'TheSlot'(NewGeorgiaSound)towardsVetla PuddingIsland,one of a stringof isletsstretchingsouth'east
Lavella,on a coursethatwouldtakethemduesouthinto Vella from Gizo. This wasa distanceof three and a half milesand
Cuff throughBlackettStraitto Vila and into the waitingPT Kennedyswamit, towingMcMahonby a sirapclenchedin his

DivisionB patroled in two sections:LieutenantBraniing-

hamt PT 159 was paired with Lt Liebenow'sFI 157; Lt
lnwery's FI 162 with Kennedy'sPT 109. The PT boats
STRANDEDBEHINDJAPANESELINES
locatedthe Japanes€
successfully but failedto inform Vangunuand Gatakailie to the south-eastof New Georgia,
v€ssels,
eachotherof their inteniionsto attack.PT 159.mistakinethe whileKolonbangaraandV€llaLavellasiretchnorth-w€stofit,
 15
separated fromNewGeorgiabytheKula andVellaGulfs,with
Arundel Island to the south of Kula culf. and cizo and
GanonggaIslandsclosingoff Vella culf at irs southemend.
BetweenGizo and WanaWanalay PlumPudding,Naru and
PatDaran Islands.
STANDTO! 94
The tenain ofthe centralhlandsis rugged,dankrain forests
covertheir volcaniccores.Evenon the inhabitedislandsther€
at the
were no roads,exceptcoral trackson someplantationsanda
few coastalpaths.The junglewaslush and hard to enter,the CarltonLe WillowsSchool.
beacheshad many mangrove-filledinlets, alive with mos,
quitoes. Off shore lie numerous lagoons fringed with coral
WoodLane,Gedling,
In 1943theSolomons hada populationofonly about100,000
Nottingham
Melanesianand Polynesianpeoplesscatreredover 11,500
squaremiles.Furthermorein the immediareareawete about Saturday,19November,1994
11,000Japanese toops, as well as the Japanese Na!y. There
was every chancethat Kennedyand his men would remain DEMONSTRATION& PARTICIPANON
saranded about40 milesbehindJapanese linesto die,beshotor GAMES.TRADE STANDS.
€apturedbelorehelpcouldbe summoned.
On Kolombangara, the Coastwatcher LieutenantR. Evans, RE-ENACTMENTGROUPS,PAINTING
RANVR, had seen a blaze thai night. In the moming he COMPETITION,BRING & BUY, BAR,
scanned BlackettStraitandspottedan unidentifiedobject.He
reportedthis and rec€ivedwoid from the Coastwatcher
CAFETERIA.
on
Rendovathat PT 109had been lost. Evansthen ale(ed his
scoutsto keepa sharplook our for anysunivoA.
In the meantime,despiteexhaustion,during the next two ContactAndy,
daysand nightsKennedyand Ensignceorge 'Barney' Ross
bravedthedangersof thePacincwaters,su€h assharks, jellyfish Fife & Drum WargamesClub,
a.d coral,to swimout to FergusonPassage to the eastin the on Nottingham (0602)403611
hope of finding any searchingPT boats.On the third day, or (0602) 616919
because ofthe growingneedfor food,rhe 12menstruggled one
and three quaner miles south-eastto OlosanaIsland.Then
KennedyandRossswamanotherhalfanile to Naru Islandon
the edge of FergusonPassage.There they found a tin of
rarnwater,a canoeandsomeJapanese sweets,but fortunately
no Japanesesoldiers.Wirh the canoe the two men tried
desperately to paddleto Rendova,but it keptcapsizing. not up to nogood,flewoff-On safelyreachingEvans,Kennedy
was given a changeof clorhesand some tea. Then it was
arrangedfor the PT boatsto meet him and the canoenear
MISTAKENFORJAPANESE PatparanIsland,from wherehe couldguiderhemto his men
Two of Evans'sscouts,Biuku casa and Eroni Kumana, still on Olosana.On Sunday8 August 1943,PT 157rescued
patrollingtheareaspottedKennedyandRoss.Mistakingthem Kennedyand his crew,one week after they left Rendovaon
lbr Japanese they withdrew,forruitouslyto Olosana.There their abonive interceptionmission.AJter all hh exedons
neither group could speak the orher's language,but Ensign Kennedyfound he had damagedhis back and contracted
Thom,by pointingsk).rardandrepeating"Whitestar"(theUS malaria.(He laterrequiredtwo discoperations. )
aircraftrecognition symbol)madeitcleartheywere Americans.
Kennedymade contactwith Olosanaand tried a Iurther
unsuccessful trip out into FergusonPassage.On 6 August POSTSCRIPT
K€nnedy carved a messageon a coconut shell and Thom Ironically on 6 August the "Tokyo Express" had been
scribbledoneon an oldBumsPhitip(SouthSea)CompanyLrd successtully interceptedoff Kolombangara.The US Task
storeinvoicefrom Gizo.Thesewere-village
eivento Biuku andEroni. Group 31.2,consisting of six destroyers,sankthreeJapanese
The s€outspaddledeastto Raraman in the WanaWana destroyertransports,carrying 940 soldien and 700 naval
lagoonand met Ben Kevu, oneof Evans'sleadingscouts.He penon.el, and€hasedoffthe escort.Thusendedthe Japanese
senta message ao Evans,whilst Biuku, Eroni and John Kari effortsto reinforceKolombagara, neaningPT 109'sordealhad
madethenighttrip to Rendova. not beenin vain. The / nagfi es€aped, but wassunk in the
Evans re€eivedthe messages past nightfall, so the ext MakassarStraitoffBalikpapan,Bomeo,in 1944by a magnetic
mominghe despatched Benwith five othersin a largecanoeto minewith aconsiderable lossoflife-
collectKennedyfrom Naru, in orderto arrangefor his crew\ Kennedylasted thewarwithoutfunhernisbap,whichmakes
evacuation.Biuku meantimereachedthe US Naval baseon the tngedy of his assassination all the morepoignant.He was
RoviannaIdand and wassentby PT to the baseat Rendova, reunited with his clew in 1960when he ran for the Dresidencv.
whichhadaheady receivedamessage fromKennedyviaEvans. Severalof themcampaigned for him in rheeleclio;s.
A maj;r
reuniontook placeon 20 January1961,whenth€ygatheredin
Washingtonto see J.F.K. inauguratedas the rhirty-fifth
RESCUED president of the UnitedStates-Two yearslater,havingescaped
LieutenantKennedy,concealed underpalmfronds,wasfeffied beingrun downbyaJapanese destroyer, drowning,beingeaten
overto Evans.They hada closeshavewhena Japanese plane by sharks,captureandbeingshotup by a Japanese plane,the
buzzedthe canoe.Ben Kevu suddenlyleaptup and, $/ith the haplessKennedywasmurderedby one of his fellow country-
others,b€ganwaving.Theplane,apparentlysatisfied theywere
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f l ! \ o u r r c \ o u r b a t t l . \ . l a n h f u tt o t h e
r r c r ' c s! c t u a L l \c n r p l o \ . d . 2. lrench Inrrtia
F o r r r \ p a n I u s c 1 1 1 6D ; . r l F o f C 1 o , 1r u l . s ( T D F G ) a d a p r c d Y o u r r u l e ss h o u l dr c l l e c lr h . r c t u c l a n c o c t F r e n c hc u r r d u n i t s .
n ) r u s e $ r r h 1 5 m m l i g L r r e s s o l h r r t h . { r o u n dj \sdcoaul cb l . d u t a n d a n \ F r e n c h i n f a . r r \u n i r s $ h i c ha . e . n t r e n c h e do r o c c u p \a
Io l' to 15r:rrd\ .,i:.. hrl.ropm . r o r e. . , n r 1 r, p r . I t . r r . , r ..r.,.,,,
f r i c n d l ! L r n ni n t r o u b l c .I s u s l c s rr h r r t h e \ $ i l l o n l \ m a k c\ u c h r
1. The Skirnrilh Scrren m o \ . r i ! l o r . r l o n r D 6i \ l h u \ n I h r u $ p . r r e t e \ a n t u n i i p c r
\\'hcthcr Frcnch or f.us\ir.. use lighr infxntr! (Cha\scurs.
Z o u . r \ . \ . T u r l o s . J a e g c r .S c h L { z e nltb r r h c r o t e \ h i c h t h e \
s e r e d c s s . . d t o p l , r \ . T h . \ \ c r c d e s i g n r dL op r o b e .l o b . a n l. .lrtiller) In Supporl
i r r n a n t .r o s h i c l dr h ef o r c c sn r o \ i n ! u p b e h i . d t h c ma n dl o d r a \ r / \ d d + i I o r . i n h r r t f \ u n i r s m o r r l . i f i r i e n d h ! i 1 1 e . \i !
t i r e l $ : r \ t r o m r h o l e i o r c c s .I n r f i t f t i r c l .o r c o u n r e r - r t r a c ka. t F I R I N G N r l h i n c a f s h L nr h l r n r o \ e . E a A h o i t I s u g g r \ ts i l h i n
I h e o p n m u m m o n t e n l r h . \ $ c r c r o f a r t l i k e a c u n a r n . t o 1 0 0\ i r f d s( 8 . a l I ' t o 1 5 ! a r d s )i o r h e r . x r o r o n r i r h c r l t a n t .
''c\xrurlrc
. r o r l l o \ \ r h . i i r r c e sb e h i n dt h e mt u m o i c f o r $ a r d 1. Ntitrailleuseln Support
t o f u f i l t h e a r t . r c kT i m i n gi s a l l . I n t ! r t i c u l a r . r h . c n r i r ea r l a c k A d d + l t o F . c n c hi n f a n r r \ u n i t s n l o r e l ci f F r e n c hU i t r a i l t c u ! .
s i l l b e c o m cd i ! l o c e d i l r h o s cs k i n n i s h e ras r c p i n n e dd o $ . f o ' b a t t e r i c \a r . F l l i l \ ( l \ \ i l h i r e r ^ h o t r h a r m o \ . E a r \ h o r f o r
.. t.,, f..e. .e\_, ,r . r . _ r r , , , r r o \ .i a r, \ i r l r a i l l e u s . l I s L r s s e $n i t b i n 1 5 ( Ir x r d s( 6 . a t l t o 1 5 \ . a . d s ) t o
1i3
the rearoron eitherflank.Thisis in additiontoanyincrement thesetendedonly to be usedwhenmovingup to the front line
und€r3. above. out of rangeor out of sightfrom theenemy,or in a final assault
againstpoor or brokentroops.In TDFG the lowestPrussian
5. PosiaionbgofFrench Mitraileu$ Batteri€s
Befor€battlecommences roll a D6 per Mitrailleusebattery'A infantryunitis a battalionof20figuresrepresenting 1000menin
placed an independent the field. However,I would make this rule flexible to allowalso
roll of l meansthatthe batterycanbe as
for half-battalion columns (10 figures) or company columns (5
battery,for examplewellforwardwith theinfantry.A roll of 2-6
figures), with the following rules:
meansthat it must be assignedto a specific artillery battery
throughoutthe gameandwill be positionedandwill movewith 10.1 Haf-Battalion Columns:
it at all times, and furthermore must fire on the same target minus1 on first moveofmelee
unlesspreventedby reasonof range. but savingthrows for artillery casualtiesonly (a 6 on a
D6, throwper casualty).
6. Fbing FrcnchArlillcry ard Mitrailleuse Batteries
As mentioned,theprioritytargetwasinfantry,andtherehadto 10.2Corhpany Colunns:
be a compelling reasonforbatteriesto actin concertandaimat - minus1on first moveofmelee
the sametarget.Ac€ordingly: - but savingthrowsfor artillerycasualties (a5 ora6on a
D6, throw per casualty)and rifle fire casualties (a 6 on a
6.1 Where the ht€nded terget is enemyartillerJ batteries,this
D6, throw per casualty).
will only be permitted:
- to support French in{antry or artillery attacks on the 10-3 WhetherHalf-Battalion or CompanyColumnssr€ us€d:
target battery; OR - whenin attackthe remainingfiguresof the battalion
- iI the target battery is causingmorale checksto inlantry which are not themselves in columnformationmust be
or cavalrywithin 200yards(8" at 1"to 25yards)to the front thrownforwardin skinnishorderwithin 12"(300yardsat
oronaflank. l":25 yards)of thefront of the columns.
- ifcompanycolumnsareused,theremustbea minimum
6.2 Wh€rethe intendedlarget is €nemycavrlry' thiswil only be
permrtEd: oftwo perbattalion.Thispreventsthewily Prussian player
- if the cavalryis actuallythreatening thatbattery;OR from putting three-quarters of his line infantry into
- iJ the cavalry is threateninga friendlyunit within 200 skinnishformation!
yards(8"asabove)to thefrontorona flank. ll. Frcnchor PrussianColumns- wh€nthe atrackis Halt€d
Wlere a columnhasbeenpinned(in TDFG this meansit has
6.3 Where 2 or more batteries are requir€d to fire on same
tsrget, this is always REQUIRED in the case of a been forced to go pronehavingre€eived at least4casualtiesthat
tum tuom rifle or Mitrailleuse fire) then - if it is orderedto
Mitrailleusebattery(subjectto range)whichis wishingto
fire on the sametargetastheartillerybatterytowhich it has resumeforwardmovenent-a D6 mustbe rolled.Ifthe resulth
beenassigned. In the case of separateartillery batteies or lowerthanthe TOTAL numberofcasualtiesfor that unit (not
aDindependent Mitrailleusebatterywishingto fire on the iusttheonesreceivedin that tum) the unitcanresumeforward
movementin whicheverformationis chosen.whethercolumn
sametarget,thisis only permitted:
- if the targetunit threatensbothbatteries;OR orotherwise.Ifthe resultis higher,the unitMUST resunethe
- to suppo( French infantry or cavalry attack on the
targetunit; OR 12. Fr€nchor Prussirn Cavalry Charg€s
- a rollof6on a D6 (to reflectcoincidence l) AND IN ALL 12.1 Recaling a Charge. Once orde$ are acted on for cavalry
CASES: to charge,theycannoteasilybe recalled.Accordinglythe
- therelevanttestsin 6.1 and6.2ar€satisfied. chargewill continueuntil:
7. Firing PrussianArtillery Theobjectiveis attained;or
Thereare NO RESTRICTIONSon the type of targelor on a The cavalry wins .he nexr rnelee(for examplewh€re the
numberof batteriesselectingthe sametarget-As a matterof cavalry has been counter-chargedbefore it reachesits
practice,to ensuresurvivaland to maintainthe upPerhand, objective);or
Prussian gunners usually silenced the enemy anillery and The cavalry is forced to retire in any event due to failing
Mi[ailleuse batteries fi]st, afld then tumed on the enemy moraleor losinga melee,
inJantry(or cavalryif it presenteditselo.
12.2 Chargingorer unreconnoitrcdgrcund. Eachchargemove,
8. ResupplyingArtil€ry and Mitraileoses roll two D6. In TDFG therc aretwo operationsper tum,
8.1 Frenchartilery andMitrailleusebatteriesmustlimberup, so if cavalryis chargingin both operationsthen the dice
withdraw off-table and remain off'table Ior a full move to will haveto be rolled for eachoperation. lf a double4, 5 or
rcsuppry. 6 is thrownyour cavalryhasproblemsasit indicatesthat
8.2 Prussianartillery batteries must limber up and withdraw the ground over which th€y are €hargingis seriously
onemoyeonly.It thentakesafull nove to be resupplied. pitted,for examplewith unseendrainageditches,rabbit
8.3 Whilstbatteriesare beingresuppliedtheycannotfire, and warrensandsoon. Youwill now needto roll a furtherD6
onceresupplied rememberthattheyaretirnbereduP. with the followingconsequences for yourcavalry:
9. The French- Furia Franceseor D€f€nsive? A m of I or 2: Irse 1 figure as a casualty(in TDFG 1
For the openingbattles,the generalrule shouldbe for the fisure = s0 nen)
French to 6ght using the defensivetactics, occupyingridges,
- andusualyoutnumbered by 3:2at least. A roll of3 or 4: Lose I figure as a casualtyand 1 figule
hillsandfarmhouses
movesat halfspeedandlagsbehind
However,why not add somevariety by allowingthe army
commander or oneofthe divisionalor brigadeconmandersto A roll ofs or 6: Whathappensheredependson whether
go "Furia Francese"(through an excessof cognac and the chargemove is the one which brings your cavalryinto
nostalgial)? contactwith theenemy:
10. Prulsian Infrntry Columns If the move in question IS the one which brings your
Whetherfull battalion,half'battalionor companycolumns, charging cavalry into contact with the enemy, the
 19

TABLETOP GAMES WARGAMESRULESFROMTTC

29 BERESFORD AVENUE.SKEGNESS, MODERNPERIOD NAPOLFONIC& 18Ih CENTIJRY
ChillMg.r 20{0 El.s at6 f3.15
LINCOLNSHIRE, PE253JF. 43.15
D!.s .l (Etrop€:n LGG) f2.95
lcEac Raas' uK l0%(Mir 30pJ Die6r 5 (Re$ or wo.ld Liss) orb
(tM 15% (Su'fa€) 60% (Ai.) !3.75
Iirdd.h Equipmdr hnk .,/p
Crcdit Card Ord6 : (0?5J) ?677?9 Mod.D Aimn Hddbek €3.5 !3.75
Baul.an6(Sftmnos) e2.15 Adion Under Sail .&n Ed. 13.75
SENDS.A.E,FORNEW Md l3rh C.nbry d!.s 12.95
C.Ar Comand.r t3.95
W.R.G RULES & BOOKS An & sd (an avallMdhg l3dr c.nbry Any Lnb e7.15
PIa$ norc rh.t wc r€ mw a 42,95
t3.75 t2.?5
ORDERrim d y bur *. *iU siill b.
Bddyomt (vicham skidhh) €2.95
.ncniling dr sh.ws 6 nm.l. Pnhsuh (Mod sub cmbrr) f3.50
ANCIENT PERIOD
ACTION TJNDER sIEcE (Ar. & Med siegs) 7 YEARSWAR GUIDES
SAIL {h sdttion Nol ThcBrirlsh 8795
No2 TheFtrch E!.25
NapoleonicNavalRules t2_25 Swod & Shicld(Skimish) f2.15
No3 TheAusdi,rs 12.95
Rudis (Cldi2bB & OwioG) t7j5
By steve Bemie f3.75 t3.95 MEDIEVAL PERIOD No.l D'.ftusims t3.75
No5 nE Swc.,.s 82.15
No6 Thellarcvenms 43.25
IN TTIE GRAND RENAISSANCE PERIOI)
t7_95
No7 TheSdom 12.15
MANNER Swod & Pisbl (Skimhh) t2.15 A.C.W.aATTLE CUIDESt195 d,
R.vis.d l95c20l)l) Rules c.tlysburg S{ond aul Run
Peter Gildes Napoleonic tul€s f2.95
w.R.G.BOOI$ Stoffi Riv.. Antibn
for 25m, figues by ReiSate Fird Bull Run WilsonCE.l
Fftfly { l/Jt}Ih sc{lc) !3.95
wdsans Grcup Cdnhinedtum I 1,3lJ0Scale)l!.95 c.d.rMountain FEdoi.k$urg
f2.50 wwll LhG & Or3.nisltids [3.95
fll.95 WwlI Baarams (S.trriot ll.?5
Tacric.lComm{d.r (Sttm) '2.95
Rules for Naporons crmp6igE KoAs Col)rlrtrdr (Div Scalc)!3.95
VO FLAGS
in EulG bv A w.hon {3.75 TEnrh (wwl TEnchwarhrc) 12.25 The full 6nge of Revo Flags
K6icftosh (w\M Skimish) t3.50 dd TE sfe6 also sl@ked
arsicds t3.75 Dogfigh over F|and.6 (An) $.25
WE NOW STOCK H & ROS sends a.E. (2 IRCS)fd r opy
CHALLf,NGER 2(|OO t2)5 W NEW I99'I CATALOCUE
Rcvis.{tNtod.nRrl6 14.25 WWN TANKS & EQUIPMENT f3.a
Rry w"E llndhn FiCbdng)

ditch/rabbit warens are deemedto be within a few yards fuchard Holmes. Secondly,the writings of StepbenShannvrho
of the target unjt and will lherefore causemaxinum cenainly has a graspfor the period. Thirdly, as an insight for
disruption. Accordingly, your unit will lose 1 figure as a what it meant to the everydayFrench Line inlantryman in this
casualtyand 1 figure movesat half speedand lagsbehind pei,od, The Debacleby Emile Zola, an English translation is
AND 30% of the charginefigures making contact suffer availablein the PenguinClassicseries. It is worth reading for
-l in theresultantmelee. the descriptionof the battle of Sedanand the graphic portmyal
If the movein questionIS NOT the one which bringsyour of the Bavariaoattackon Bazeilles.
chargingcavalry into contact with the enemy, then your
cavalryhasmanagedto negodarethe tenain difficulty and sO,MO+SECONDIIANDWARGAMESFIGIJRES
there is no efJecton its pedormance. Alwaysin stock.AII scales.
Mostmanufactur€rs.
SAEstatingintercstsfor lbtsto:
A.J. Dumelow,
CONCLUSIONANDSO{JRCES 53StantonRoad,Stapenhill,
I hope thesearticles prove to be useful and will help to give a Burton-on-Trert,StalIsDEIS9RP,
framework for youl Franco-Prussianbatdes, and in particular Telephone:(02t3)530556.
witi iUustrare the powerslruggle whichwaswagedberweenrhe
FrenchChassepotrifle andthe PrussianKrupps breech-loading
artillery.
There is no doubt about it, tbe Fr€nchhavean uphill struggle SCHEMATICA
SOFTWARE
to beat their more numerousPrussianadversaries.but siven Rules
on Diskforlhe Atari,Amiga& IBM/rc
gooduseofterfain anddeploynenroflighr infantrytheF;nch NRVDr5X5, MW mrr,l^Ts fORTHrrtrTui,rN.^ NrWStrrn Of 0r5r5t$NCtNC rOU
are well able to keep the Prussianartill€ry at bay and to stun if ECmNCr sLfrO?ACnONAr,$rOrD Bttmc6,
Nlrouo\r( - ^rrrFb oJN,pok n( wrrr,€ (sed 6 ,s I b, paid ra rndr
not repel the Prussianinfantry. 4"ry''J|i4F'Jnipor|yfoo(
vrrcr]^r w ff rI- qnc{,^qii:Ffdh*,.rI n6rro\cl tL|*€id'oB
Which bringsme on to a widerissue why w€ wargameat all. 5!hbelor:ry *ioi rcmPru$nn b hdianwrB o y f19.99
For me the enjolment is not in actually wiDning (fairly rare rrc ANo $Or - CNiis rheGE6ni.e ton Lib Medielrd,,.trlborcqi roll*ii8 ri€
ri* ad dmiQ ot i\e riG, Kpde fie rnlrr or fi. Rmiere ror fl9-95
occasionsan'way!) but in rccreating the style of warfare in $^$ tt r! ^NotM nvts rln +1ts nr^ ro rl. 4rly $dFdl piod ' o.".
miniature and recapturing the "feel" of a Franco-Pnssian d"prdtu.irddim 4 {m 1r' mF md i 4,h s&port hl m, r6p \F rr9 $
A l d e . b o w . r , o n ! l - ' ! I r y k F n b o dq L r n d4 n h . t l , 6 . r ] l c
battle, in recognition of the hardshipsbome by the soldiersof ,,to M,hbb CrO$ ACnONleiro, e$ll, M|crO rN$ ^rvribdry @nbarvr00, !r1 1
NAVtf nr sY,nMrfror,nrrldRp$.ddrdhl,ilrDrrv rff9,irsH,uNlvtrt{
the day a]ndthe esptit de cotps and camaruileriewh]'chWriIJlg s||tr,{$R, nrlL cle rdion I r iihbh tor:ry peidd La youd!.idewa@n .iFbiiiE,
C lt{GN WOttD coE a coidr ror)oo hbdoo baik . Uo ro 20.osbi6, im mry
from that commonexp€rience. l€drs b n t2.95 o' tl4 95'it 016 m d&!or.hoke^l irhe6rhi d !r9.9r Pnri
As to sources,I would just like to pay tribute to three in indu{k U.K.pdF, t!mE +10*, REtol i\e wo'ld + l5*. lBrirc o'de^.bt diel.izerd
$e loo{bh or Hisi oeisiry).ch€q6 dc. ro
particular. Firsdy, me Ro,'.l to Sedan, a marv€[ous book 3,no( 5?&{N$orro[ H^DnnD,
ru
published for the Royal Historical Society, the author being
 RAPIDFIRE!
FastPIayRulesfor
WorldWarll
In 20mmor 15mm
byregularWlcontributars
ColinRumford&Richard
Marsh
A4format.76pp. + 8pp.ofcolour
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8 scenarios,
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otts NG241HZ
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welcome.)
 2l

NAPOTEON'S IAST VICTORY

-The Battleof Llgny,l6June 1815
TheMyth & TheReafiq:PartThf,ee
By PeterHofschroer
BLUCITER'S
POSITIONS flankofthe Prussjanposition,'dugin' in thetownsofSombreffe
andTongrinnewith its a(illery on thecommanding heighrsand
Bliicher'sdispositions indicatethathisprioritywasto holdopen with lhe marshyLignyBrookactingasa moatto theforeof this
the major road to hh rear whichran from Nivellesto Nanur. position. Were they to artempt ro cut off the Prussian
Btilow'sCorpswas expectedto anive from the direcrionof line-of-communication to Namur.thentheFrenchwouldhavea
Namur, whilst Wellington was due from the direction of hardtime takingthisposition.Had Biilowarrivedhere,aswas
Niv€lles. expected,then the French righr flank would have been in
Tactically,the Prussianswereon thedefensive andneededro dangerof being rolled up by the advancingPrussians. Only
play for time for their re,inforcements and alliesto arrive. BlUcher\right flank was'in the air', a clearindicationthat he
Zie.hen'sCorps,aheadybloodiedin thefighringof theprevious wasexpecting substantialsupportfromthisdirection.However,
days,was lo acl as an anvil, absorbingNapoleon\ hammer- had Napoleonattemptedto flark this position,Pirch'sCorps
blows until Bnlow and/or Wellingtonflanked his positions. wasdeployed in sucha waythat it couldhavecounteredsucha
Thus Bliicher took up positionsin St. Amand and Ligny,
tuming them into mini-fortresses. Ziethenplacedhis reserves The terrainwaswellchosen.The wholeofthe Prussian front
largelyin deadgroundto the rearof hispositions,althoughit is was coveredby a marshybrook, the towns were smallbut
possiblethatpart ofJagow'sBrigademayhavefor a iime been substantialand forned significantdefensivepositions,the
exposedtoartilleryfire from G6rard\ Corps.Ligry wasthekey reserveswere well placed,in €overand in deadground,but
to thePrussian position,soto therearofthistownPirch'sCorps neverthelessnot muchmorethan lkm from the front. The one
waspositionedto act as a reserveto Ziethen.in the coverof majorweakpointwastherightflank,but re-inforcements were
deadground,largelyout ofsightofthe Frenchandout of range expected from thisdirection.In all, troopsin thisposirioncould
o{their artilery. Thielernann\Corpswaspositioned on theleft be expectedto put up a spiriteddefencefor severalhours,

MapOne:TheBattleofligny, PositioNat Connenc€ment ofBattleat 2.30pm.

Thedefensive strengthofthe Prussian posirionsareapparentfromthismap.ThevillagesofLigny andSr.Amandwereprepared
for defencewith troops'dugin'. Reserves werein placebehindthesepositions,out ofsightofthe French,in deadgrouod,a;d out
ofrangeoftheir artillery.Werethe Frenchto captureSl. Amand,thento advancefurtherintothe Prussian position,theywould
havetonarch uphillagairstthePrussian grandbatterydrawnup betweenSt.Amandta Hay€andLigny.Thisgenrlestopeis very
muchlike a bowlingalleyandanytroopsa emptingsucha manoeuvre wouldprobablyenjoythe fateofa skittie.
The villageof Bryehasalsobeenpreparedfor defenceshouldrheFrenchbreakthroughat Ligny.The bulk of the reserves are
placedto the rear of the Prussianpositionnearto ihe Prussianaxis the Nanur-Niveuesroad. Thesereserveswere so well
concealed that, for a time, Napoleonthoughthe wasfightingonly two andnot threePrussianCorps,a factwhichunderliesthe
inaccuracy ofWellington'smuchquotedcomments on the Prussian positions.
III Corpsisin positionsbehind theLignyRiver('LigneBach'onthismap)whichwasin1815a gooddealmorema$hythantoday
andformedin effectan impassable barrierexcept at thebridgeswhi€hthePrussians defendedinsrrength.IIICorpswasto holdits
positionstokeepthe road1oNamuropenforBiilow tojoin the remainderofrhePrussian Army on t7 Juneat latest.
The rightofthe Prussian positionisopentoaflankingmoveby theFrenchwhichindicatesthatthePrussians at2.30pmthatday
werestill expectingWellingtonto anive.Napoleonhadthe opiionofflankingthe Prussians hereanddrivingrhemawayfromthe
Anglo-Allies,towardsNamur.However,Napoleondid not merelywanttoseparaterhetwowingsofthe Allied forces,hewanted
to destroywhathe thoughtwasar inferiornumberof Prussians in thepositionsrheyheld.
The keyto the wholePrussian positionis clearlyth€ villageo{ Ligny.lts possession
wasbitlerlyconrestedfor the wholeof the
battleandthe breakthrough only camewhenFrenchengineers threwa bridgeacrossthe LignyRiver,rherebycircumventing the
stronglyfortifiedvillage.

Map T$,o:Close-upof th€ Centreof the PrussianPositionsa. 2.30pm.

BhcherandWellingtonmetshortlybeforethe battlecommencedat theBussyWindmill(MnhlevonBussyon themap,slightly
tothe riShtaridabovethecentreofthe map).Fromhere,Wellingtonhada goodviewofthe essential partsoflhePrussian
position.
He couldseethat lhe troopsin immediatedangerof theFrenchartillerywerein fortifiedpositionsin LignyandSt.Amandandhe
coulds€ethal the bulk of the reserves
werein deadground,oul ofsightofthe Frenchandout ofrangeoftheir artillery.Partof
BrigadeSteinmetz,lothe rearof St. Amand.wasindeedpositionedwithin 1.000pacesof two Fren€hbatteries.Thesetroopsdid
notstayforlongin thatposition.TheanilleryofC6rard'sCorps wasclearlydeployedfor bombarding Ligny,Vandamne'sanillery
forbombardingSt.Amand.G6rard'sguns werearound500pa€€sfromtheperimeterofLignyand1,000pac€sfromtherearofthe
village.ThePrussian troopsimmediately to therearofthevillagewerealmaxinumeffectiverange.As theFrenchwereonlygoing
to win thebattleby takingLigny,theywereobviouslygoingto €oncentrate theirartilleryon thevillageandnot wasleammunition
takingpot shotsat troopsat maximurnrange.Any 'overs from the bombardment ofthe Prussianpositionson theperimeterof
Lignywerelikelyto be stoppedby thebuildingsb€hindthem,sowhatis thebasisofWellington\comments? Therearetwo logical
conclusions one can draw aboutthem: lf Wellingtondid makeihesecommentsat the rime. then he wassufferingfrom poor
eyesight.or werethesecommentssuddenly'remembered' aft€rthe even$asa flimsyexcusefor Wellington'sfailureto keephis
wordon 16Juneandcometo Bhcher'said?
22
positionednear Ligny. A physicalexaminationof the ground
showsthat part of Jagow'slroopswereexposed,for a time at
least,but this wasthe only parl of Bhcher'stroopsnot in a
strongposition.Theserroopswerein fronrofWellingtonwhilst
he wasat the mill, soonecanonlyassume thathewasreferring
to thesesix baitalionsand not the entireposition.lf welling-
ton'sstatement is to be lakenasreferringlotheenlirePrussian
positionthenit is clearlyerroneousandanolherindicationthal
Wellingtonwasnotin fullpossession ofhisfacultiesonthatday.

NAPOLEON'S
PLANOFBATTLE
Napoleon'sstrategyforl6Junewasquitestraightforward. Ney
wouldplaywith Wellington.holdinghim up, whilstNapoleon.
lith the bulk of hisforceswouldinflict a crushingblowon the
Prussians. With Bliicherbeaten andin retreat,Napoleonwould
t) Napoleonat Ligny.The lastraysofsunlight.Paintingby G. then turn on Wellington with the bulk of hisarmyandcrushhiln
Weiss. in turn. To achievethis end, the PrussianArmy had to be
defeatedin rhe posrlionsit had occopied.Some historians
cnriciseNapoleonfor not havinglurned the Prussian's weak
allowing both Wellington and Bliicher to complete the rightflankandtherebymanoeuvred then out oftheir positions
concentration oftheir forces,regainingpart, ifnot all ofthe 18 andseparated themfrom wellingtonby drivingthem backon
hoursleadNapoleon hadovertheAllies. Namur.As Napoleonhimselfsaidon thispoint:
It is probablethat Blncherhopedto hold out for the whole 'The questionin lbis batrle was nor that of separatingthe
dayin thispositjon.allowingWellirgtonandBnlowto comeup. Englishfrom thc Prussians: we knewthatthe Englishcouldnot
What indicatesthis is that evenknowingtbat Biilow wasnot bereadytoacttill thenextdayi bul herethepointwasto hinder
goingto arrivethal day,he held openthe roadto Namurwith thatpartoftheIIICorpsof Blncherwhichhadnot joinedhinby
Thielemann\Corps,andevennot beingcertainthat Welling' 1lam andwhichcamebywayofNanur, andalsotheIVCorps,
tonwouldarrivethatday.he left hisrightflank'intheair'. was whichcamefron Liageby wayof Gembloux,from unitingon
BliicherexpectingLignyto be a two dayaffair?was he hoping theficldofbattle.Incuttingtheenemy'slineal Ligny,hiswhole
to clawbackall thoselost hoursby holdinghh posilionsuntil rightwingat St.Amandwasturnedandcompromised; whileby
reinforcedon 17June? simply beconing mastersof St. Amand, we should have
CenainBrjtishhistorians arecriticalof Bhicher'sdisposition. accomplished norhing.'r
mcfltioningthe commentthat Wellingtonapparentlymadeon
it. Tbis commenloriginatesfrom Harding€.who. speakingto Put another waf. Napoleons plan was characteristically
Wellington.said: subtle. He wasgoingtosmashI andII Prussian Corpswithsheer
'Whenyou had examinedthc Prussianposition.I remember brute force. His dispositionsindicate this quite clearly.He
deployedhisanilleryin grandbatleriesbeforeSt. Amandand
you muchdisapproved of ir, andsaidto me, if th€yfight here, Ligny and massedhis infantrybehindthem. He wasgoingto
theywill be damnablymauled.' attemptto hammerihe Prussians into submission and wanted
The Duke added: They were doited in this way all their therebv to destrovhalftheirarmv.
bodiesalongtheslopeofa hill. sothatno cannon'ballmissedits

This commenthassincebcen usedby certainhistoriansto THEBATTLE

underlinethealleged rashness and ineptitudeofBliicherandhis Napoleon$'assome$'hat lardy in gettingup that morning.H€
staff. There are a numberof pointsthat can be madehere. took muchlongerthan necessary to sendour orders.He lost
Firsrly.a physicalexarninationof theterain thatBhcherchose severalof tbe precioushoursthat he had gainedby his rapid
andhis dispositions on it do not supportsucha statement;the advanceat the beginningof the campaign.The battle
overwhelming majorityof histroopswereeitherin'hard cover' commenced at 2.30pm.Bliichernow hadonly twelvehoursto
or in deadground.Mosl of thosein effectiveFrenchartillery regain.By wayof an aside.if wellingtonhadbeenquickeroff
rangewere;nfortifiedposilionsor in deadground.out ofsight. the mark and had not dalliedin Brusselsfor so long, thenhis
Mostof thoseout of effectiveFr€nchart'lleryrangewerealso forcescouldhavebeenin a posrlionto interveneat Ligny. As
out of sight.Secondly,the Blicher-Gneisenau teamconsjsted Clausewitzcommented,Wellingtoncould have concentrated
of highly experiencedprofessionalsoldierswho had won a his{orcessometwelvehoursearlierhadhebeenat thefrontand
numberofbattles againsttheFrenchin generalandNapoleonin rot in Brussels-Bliicherwas. in effect,attempting1o rectify
parricular.Finally,the positionstakenup by thc Prussianshad Wellington's errorof judgement.
beenreconnoitred somemonthsbeforehardandwerecarcfully The first attack was by Vandamme'sCorps. with Lefol's
selected for the purposeof fightinga defensivebattle.Sowhy DivisionstormingSt. Amandand Cirard\ Divisionassaulting
did Wellingtonmakesucha slatemenl?The famousmeeling St. Amand la Haye. Jagow'sthree battalionswere quickly
betwe€nthe two Allied commandentook placebelweennoon ejectedfron St. Amand.but the Frenchadvancewasslopped
and lpm at the BussyMill, a coupleof hoursbeforethe battle by Steinmetz whoseBrigaderetookmuchofthe villageonly to
startedandbeforedeployments werecompleted.At thistime. be $rown out by Frenchre inforcements. By 4prn all of ihe
partofZiethenstroopswer€lakinguppositionsbehindLigny. villagewasin Frenchhands-Steinmetz\Brigadewasby now
Part of thesetroopswere marchingor posilionedacrossthe shatteredand fell backand Jagow\ threebatlalionsrejoined
French front, within artillery range. panicularly Jagow\ their brigade.St. Amandwasat the bottomof a slopeandthe
Brigade.Jagowlaler movedhis troopsto otherposilions.The Prussian artilleryat the top, firing downhill.waseasilyableto
authorof thisessayhasyet to find anyaccounts whichindicate stopthe Frenchcorningout of the coverof the village.Pirchs
thatthisbrigadesufferedat all from Frenchartilleryfire whilst BrisadelhenretookSt. ArnandlaHave.butwasunabletohold
 2-1
it for long. A secondaltemptto stormthe villageresultedi
Pirchfallingba€kin disorder.Bl0cherhimself,witnessing these
eventsfrom the nill at Bussy,ralliedthesebattalionsandsent
thenofffor a third andsuccessful assaulton thevillasein which
Girrrd qas killedand two other Frenchgene'alsse\erely
wounded.Inthe meantime,Tippelskirch\Brigadehadmoved
throughWagnel€e andfellon theFrenchleft onlytoberepulsed
by Habert's Division and thrown back in total disarray,
beginningaorally at the far sideofWagnel€e.
Fightinghadalsostartedfor thevillageo{ Ligny,itselfa smal
fortressof walls,hedges,solidfarmhouses anda castle.Three
times G€rard'sassaultswere thrown back. Onlv when the
Frenchhowitzershad begunto set fire to the villagedid the
Prussians showanysignsofweakeningandlet theFrenchenter.
The bitter hand-to-handfighting went on for severalhours
whilstbothsidesfedin freshtroops.
3) Bhcher's fall at Ligny. This sketch by Richard Kndt€I,
Itwas becomingcleartoNapoleoflthat he wasgoingtohave althoughaccurateasfar asuniforms go, showhow muchof our
great difficulty in pushingback the Prussianswith frontal Thenextpictureof the
historicalinterpretations
arcconjecture.
assaults, soat 3.15pm,hesenthisfamousorderto Neyto move sameevent,below,showsBliichertrappedundertheotherside
onto th€ Prussianflank. Shonlyther€after,newsarrivedthat of his horsefrom Knotel\ interpretationand Nostitzwith a
NeywasheavilyconmittedatOuatreBras.lt wasthenclearto drawnswordasopposed to apistol.which interpretation is the
Napoleonthat it wasunlikelythat Ney couldassist.lnstead,at
3.30pn,NapoleonorderedD'Erlon to carry out the flanking
march and anxiouslyawaitedhis arrival. At 5pm, thinking
D'Erlon'sarrivalimminent,Napoleon{ormedupthe cuard for supportedby artilleryfire, advancedto takethe Prussians by
thedecisiveassaultonLigny. On hearingnewsthata columnof surprise.The Frenchachievedthe long,awaited br€akthrough.
enemytroopswas4km tuomhisleftflank,hedelayedhis orders. Bhcher, recognising the danger,orderedRoed€rto throw in
It tookanhourtoestablish thatthis"enemy"columnwasin fact threecavalryregimentswith whichhe hopedto sremthe tide.
D'Erlon andthat thiscolumnhadnow tumedaroundandwas Accompanied by hisADC, Nostitz,heledrhecavalrvreeiments
marchingaway.Itwasnow6.30pm.Napoleonwouldnow have in pe^on. ..rbrein hand.Deloa\ cuirxriersrepulsed thx
to makebisdecisivemovewith only thosetroopsimmediately charge.Bliicher'shorse,struckby a buliet,fell to the ground,
availableto him. He wouldnot now be ableto gaina decisive trappingthe elderlyFieldMarshalunderirs dyingbody.It was
victory,destroying the Prussians totally. only a counter-charge by Prussiancavalryand the ensuing
In the meantime,Tippelskirchhad managedto occupythe confusionthatenabledBliicherto be rescued from hisperil.He
hamletof St. Amand (not the village)and Marwirz'sCavalry vasno'whorsdecombatandthePrussian centreshattered.
Bigade had advancedto north of Wa$el6e. The bartte
quietened downsomuchrhatth€Prussians thoushrit wasabout
lo endfor theda) qhen \ andamme. wirhfre,htorces. morerl GNEISENAU ORDERS THERXTREAT
{orward again,with the Guard in supporr.Bliich€r made a Commandofthe Prussian armynowfelltothe nextmostsenior
counter-movewith Brause\ Brigade, along wilh part of officer,Gneisenau. Both St. AmandandLignywerein French
Krafft's,checkingthe crard's first advance- Bliicher,seeinqa hands. The Prussians,however, still held Sombreffeand
chance ro decidemarrers for rheda).purhimseltal rhehead;f Tongrinne.They wereindeedbeaten,bur not decisivelv.and
parts of the Brigadesof Steinmerzand Bosewith which he conrinuedto hold good posirion
a on Lhefield of ba le. As
managedto ejectthe Frenchfrom St. Amandla Hayebefore Biilow wasstill too far awayto
arrive by rhe next day and as
theGuardforcedhim ro halt.Thebattlewasstillin thebalance. Wellington'smovements werestilt uncertainto the prussians.
With the sun setting,Napoleonstruck the decisiveblow Gneisenau deemedthar a rerreatunderthe coverof darkness
againstLigny.His GuardSapperslaid a company,wide brjdge wasin order.CertainBritishaccounts, wantingto portraythe
acrossthe ma$hy Ligny Brook over which the Old Guard, Prussians as incompetentand cneisenauas an anglophobe,

2) Ligny, r6th June 1815.The battle for possession

of the
Bridgeofthe Ligny Brook at the Fermed'En-Bas.Paintingby
RichardKnotel. 4) Bliicher'sfallat Lignyfrom anotherperspective
24
make out the direction of retreat, a decisioflof strategic
importanceto the outcomeof the entirecampaign,chosenby
Gneisenauto be merely a random coincidene.Take, for
instance.Chandler's venionof the ev€nts:
'Immediatelyafterdark,GeneralGneisenau, the Anglophobic
chief of staffof the Prussianarmy, wasfacedwith the needin his
commander's unexplainedabsence to decidethe directionthe
retr€atshouldtake andthe placewherethe reassembly of the
shakentroops shouldrecommence. Convincinghimselfthat
wellington had let his Allies down badly, Gneisenau's basic
ideawasto withdrawthe armytowardLiage.However,in the
lateeveningof l6th with still not a traceofhis commander-in-
chief and a crowd of worded staff officers and corps
commanders impatientlywaitingfor orden, Gneisenau wasin
no positiontoweighdelicatelybalancedpros andcons.Thebald
factwasthathisarmyhadalreadybeendrivenbackbeyondth€
Nivelles-Namurroad - the shortestroute to Liage and
consequentlyit seemedadvisabletofallbacklowardLouvainto 5) Fighting in Ligny. Although quite inaccurateas far as
the north for initial regrouping.Various town nameswere uniformsgo. this impr€ssionby FriedrichCampeshowsthe
mentioned,but some officersin the uncertainlight of the ferociousnatureof the streetfighiingfor the possession ofthis
campfirefounddifficultyin findingthem on their maps until vitalvillage.
Wavrewasnentioned.As everybodycouldfind that town on
themap,itwasarbilrarilyselected asthe i.itialrallyingpoint.'' In the confusionof this retreat.it is dilficult to establish
Chandlermentionsno sourcefor the above.This is not beyond doubt what the actual facts are. That Gneisenau
surprising asmuchofthis version ofevents is in conflictwith the ordered a retreaton Tilly is not disputed.ThatPrussian officers
ac€ounts ofparticipantsin thisseiesof events. blocked the natural line of retreat towards Namur and LiEge
Germanhistoriansas well have nade muchof this fateful which certain units were already following is recorded in a
decision.They tend to seeGne'senauas the roble herowho number of sounes. These points indicate that the Prussian high
threw cautionto the wind by orderingthe PrussianArmy to commandhad every intentionof doing its best to maintain
burn its bridgesand fall backon wavre. Despitewellington's contactwith Wellington.Theseindisputable factsbeliestories
treachery,the honourablePrussians ofcoursekepttheirword. of Gneisenau s alleged mistrust of Wellington and that the
movingto a positionfrom wheretheycouldadvance tosuppon Prussian high command had any intention of abandoning
the Anglo-Allies.Take, for instance.Olle€h\ account(my Wellington s forces. That in itselfjs an indication ofhow much
translation): the Prussians felt let down by Wellington's inadequate support
on 16June.
'Gneisenau, with a €ommanding airofcalmness, surrounded by It would aho be wrong to assumethat the Prussians, in
severalseniorofficers. pausednearthepavedroadto thenorth burningtheirbridges,weretakinga greatrisk. It wouldnot be
of Brye.He threwan eyeon the mapandthendecidedwith the an insurmountable problemto re-establish their linesof supply
authorily and responsibilityof a capablecommanderto: alongroutesfurtherto the northoftheir currentpositions.The
Retrea.to Tilly andWavre.' decisionto rctreaton Wavrewasmerelythe logicalcons€qu
H;storiansmay write their flowery prose, but the fact of the e.ce of the strategyof campaigndecidedon at the meetingat
matteristhatthereisonlyoneeye-witness accouniof thisevent. Tirlemont on 3 May which was maintainedthroughoutthe
thatby Reiche,andeventhatisdisputedbysome.Thisaccount campaign.Referenceto the diary of Bliicher'sADC, Nostitz,
runsasfollows(my translation): underlines thispoint:
'In the meantime,havingtakenup the reinsofcommandon his 'I can maintainwith utter convictionthat neitherbeforenor
own authodtyafterBliicher\ fall. Gneisenau issuedthe order during the battlewereanyorden givenregardingthe direction
to retreatonTilly.Thisindicatedhisintentionto movetowards ofany withdrawaltbat maybecomenecessary. Moreover,such
the English. orderscouldnot possiblybe givenbecause theywoulddepend
'At thismoment.I net Gneisenau on the particularcircumstances current when sucha retreat
on lhe Romanroadandhe were ordered. I was thereforesomewhatdoubtful about
informed me of the new line of retr€at. (Until then. the choosinga routealongwhichto bringthePrince(i.e. Blucher-
Prussians had beenfallingbackin th€ directionofNamur and author'snote).Aconferen€ewitheitherGeneralGneisenau or
Liagewhichwasevidentlynotascutoff asChandlerwould have Grolmanwasout ofthe questiondueto the growingconfusion
us believe- author'snote.)Althoughit wasalreadyquitedark and darkness,to try to find eitherof them wouldhavebeena
bythen,I couldstillseeenoughon my mapto notethatTillywas wasteoftime. . . A decisionhadto be made.andso I decided
on the directiono{ WavreandstartedofftowardsTillv:bothto
'As it wasprobablythat severalmoreoflicerswer€usingthe my righI,ndIo m) teftlhereseregroups ol wounded andmen
same map, which would certainly create confusionand separated from theirunits.NowherecouldI find a singlebody
difficulties,I suggested thal inst€adofTilly being€hosenasthe of formedtroopswith whichto protectthe Prince'sperson.'6
pointto fallbackon,a townturtheralongthelineof movement Two pertinentpointshere.Firstly,the Prussian staffhadnot
likelyto beon everyothermap\houldbeselecled in'tead. s taken a decision on a line of retreat either before or du ng the
battle.This decisionfell to Gneisenau aloneandwasmadeon
Thus Gneisenaunamedwavre as the poinl on which to the spurof the moment.Secondly,il would appearthat even
retreat.Reicheard other office$ formed a chainacrossthe disorganised groupsofPrussiansweremakingtheir wayin the
Namurroadandredirected the retreatingPrussians. Gneisenau dnecdonofTillyandWavrebeforeBliicherwasin apositionto
then rode to Mellery to set up his headquarters where,by approveor disapprove. It wasGneisenau andGneisenau alone
€oincidence, he foundthe injuredBliicherrestingin a barn. whoshouldbe accredited with thedecisionto retreaton Wavre
 SIMON'S SOLDIERS
A p,ofessonal pddng seMce lo' wargamers by a krgamer.
An scal6.areRd to' (!p ro I lolmr bur l5lm a specialry qth a
fi.ngliz\ @rlrryurler@argamer
.mbd of sldddds available to suit you! tcte ed your pockei.
The gaEe6 are the same b we hatrc moved!!
'for anyone wishing to cori$ine
Fo. a 15!m saEple sad tl.so ro 14 Ca€ Ffunnor, aFclla, the nulriber
Bddgdd, Md. clan. CF31 zHG or 6nua qunching book-keeping powe! of the computer with
Shton Chdlesrorrh on 0556 76a556 for det fl5. the aesthetic appea.lof rhodel soldiers there are a
and it wasGneisenau alonewho decidedro maintaincontact nunber of'battle malragehent' systenrson the
with Wellington.To decribehim as an 'anglophobe'with an market. The besl that fve seen is the Napoleonic
'Hard Poundingi ftom English Computer Wa.lgames,
irrationalmistrustof Wellington'sinrentionsis not supported
by anobjectiveanalysisof theavailablefactsandparticularlyof who also produce an lSth Century proqEam."
FC Revie0 AEguEt '93
CONCLUSIONS For the Wargamer who w€nts the best:
1) The two Allied armieshad to deployover a wide areaIor 'EardPounding'
reasonsof supplyaswell asthe needto coverseveralpossible
linesot advance b) the French.'lheywouldlheretore haveto ComputerModented WargEmesrulesfo! the
concentratetheir forcesin orderro defealNapoleonandto do NapoleonicPeliod.And for thosewho want
so,theywouldhaveto work inclosecollaboration. nothinglessthanthe Dog'sB . . .
2) Thenatureoftheirdeploymentrnadeit inevitablethateither
one or both of thesearmieswould haveto fight one or more 'Over the Hills . , .'
delayingactionsto buy the time neededto completetheir
ComputerModeratedWargamesRuleslor the
3) The fact that Bucher's forceswere closeto the French Aqe of Reason.
staningpositionsmadeit inevitablethat hisarny wouldbe the
fiIst to engageNapoleonwith a view to fightinga delaying
S29.95inc. p6ip
action.This is indeedwhat did occur,so rhe widely accepied fo! IBM,PC,Atari STandAmigaSystetnsfrom:
myth of the 'rash' Bliicher needlesslyacceptingbattle for
battle'ssakeis simplyin conflicrwirh a logicalanalysisof the fi nglia\ Oomputerffiurgumes
WateEideCottrge,Buto.i!.[o!rdale, NorihYolbbite,
4)The factthatWellingtonwasslowin concentraring hisforces via Catdottl Lf,6 3NA.Tet 052+163081
& 0905.350409.
led 1o Bliicheracceptingthis battle on termslessfavoumble
than necessary.Had Wellingtonnot beenso hesirant,he may
well havebeenina positiontojoin Bliicheron16June,thereby
forcing Napoleon to fight a defensivebattle at unfavourable

5) Bliicher acceptedbanle on 16 June expectingsubstantial Wherecan I find2000MilitaryBooks?

directsuppo( from Wellington.Wellingron,due to poor staff
ln the
work in his headquarters, did not havecorrectinformarionon
the actualwhereabouls of his troops.He could not keep his KENTROTMAN
Caratogue
promise,albeita qualifiedpromise,toBliicher. of course!
6)TheBattleofLigny, in theform it happened, occurreddueto
stafferrorsin bothAllied headquarters.The intentionwasthat Ken Trotman Ltd
Lignyshouldbe the decisivebattleofthe campaign.Itwasnot. uN !, !5 D(q v:tl, GDH$ cBr 8ao, Eql2d
Onecandisputethedetailsofwhythis was,butwhatis beyond
disputeis that Blicher's staffmanagedto get roughly75% of Fine and Rare Books
theirforcesto therightplaceaatherighttirne.Wellington's
staff on Military History
rnanaged a poor30%. Napoleon,lackingNey andLobau,had and Weaponry
managedto concentrale around 660l. of his forces for rhis
engagenent. If Wellingtonhadbeenon rheballinsteadofatthe
ball, Napoleonmay well have mer hh Waterloo two days

7) Bhcher'sp maryobjectiveat Ligny wasto buy time, time

tbr the Allied forcesto concentrate. He certainlyhopedto fight
the decisivebattle on the 16th, with Wellingtonfalling on
Napoleon's left.At theveryleasr,hehopedro holdthisposition
all that day to enableBilow to arrive and/orWeltingtonto
conpletehisflankingmarch. Had Bliicherheldhispositionsfor
all of lo June,thenthe batLle wouldha\ebecomia rwo-dav
atfair.wilh rheAIliei superiorily of numbers comingInroptai
wilh rheprobableresuhola defearof Napoleon.
Send lo, atee catalogue nc^
Finalry, a parting shotfrom ChesneJ:
'Of the tacticalfaultsof Bliicher it
is not necessary
Ma orderis ourspeciality.
to sDeak
fuaher:and his rrraregical mistaleaLrheoutser,ihe tos.of KENTROTI\,IAN LTD.
Biilow by imperfectorders,hasbeenfully nodcedbefore.Of UNIT11, 135 DITTONWALK,CAI/BRIDGE,
Wellington,viewedindividually,it is sufficientro saythat his CB58QD
enemy. had mattersbeen properly rnanaged,should have
26
attackedhim with 20,000nen more,earlyin theaftemoon;and Miiming, Friedrich Carl FerdinandFreiherr von. AIIJ merr€n
that he at dark, thirty hoursafter his fifft waming,had only Leb?n(Berlin,1851)-Importantsetofmemoin from a leading
presentat QuatreBrasthree'eighths of his infanrry,one-third figurein thisdrama.
ofhisguns,andone-seventh ofhis cavalry.Truly, in holdinghis Miifflins, Friednch Carl Ferdinand Frcihert von. Miifilins's
o$n. lhe_great fnglishmanosed somethinglhaL day to
History of the Canpaisnof 1815(London, 1816).A useful
accountby oneofBlicher'sstaffofficerswho enjoyedaccess to
Wellington'snight out at a party costthousands of Prussian Wellington's aswell asBliicher'sheadquarte^.
casualties. Fortunately,he madeup for his gave enors two
dayslater. N^poleoin.Covesponclence de Napovon ler (Pans, 1869).All
worksemanating from the pe of NapoleonBonapartehaveto
BIBLIOGRAPHY betreatedwith a degreeof€autionandarebestchecked against
Chandler, David G. Ca,rpaignsof Napoleon (London,1966). other, hopefully more reliable. works. However, this is a
A standard refercnce work with a particularly informative prinary sourcewhichhasto be examinedwhen investigating
analysiso{ the Napoleonicsystemof warfare, but which thiscampaign.
unfortunatelytepeatsas fact manyof the mythssurounding Nostitz, Gen€ral Graf von. Dar Tagebuch.les Genemlsdel
Napoleonandhiscampaigns. Alwaysa usefulstartingpointfor Kava etie Grcfenro, Nordz. lI. Theil. (Berlin, 1885).The
the generalreader,but not a sourceuponwhichonecanplace diaryofBliicher'sADC wasparticularlyusefulon the question
totalreliance. of thelineof retreataftertheBattleofLigny.
Charrras, Lieut.-Colonel.Histoirede k Canpagnede 1815 Ollech, General der lnfalteie. GeschichtedesFeldzusesvon
Waterloo(Pans,1869).The authoritativeFrenchwork on the 1815nachstchivalischen Qrelen (Berlin,1876).Thefirstmajor
canpaign.Well researched andclearlypresentedwith only the Germanwork on the campaignbasedon archivesources.One
hasto be a litde carefulwith this work asa degreeof national
Chesney,R. E. , Colonel Charles C. Waterloo Lecturcs:A Study biascreepsin.
of the Canpaignof 18t5.Fourth Edition. (London,1907).A Plotho,Carl von. Der Kieg desverbtindeten Eurcpasgegen
goodsupplenentto Sibome\ authoritativeaccount.Ch€sney Frunkrcich in lahrc l8I5 (Betlin. 1818). The earliest tull
detailshissourcesandexposes so manyofthe myths.The first accountof the campaignin Gernan. This work is useful as it
editionappearedin 1868.The authorof thisessayrefered to quot€sa numberoforders,etc.
the fourth edition as it containsa number of corrections.
particularlyfrom Germansources.Essentialreadingon the Reiche.GeneralLudwig vor,. Memonendet GenerahLudt')igs
campaign, modemhistorianstendto ignorethiswork.A reprint von Reiche(2 !ols., Leipzig,1857).One of the few published
isinplanning. accountsof an officer in Gneisenauhslaff- thh work leaves
manyquesuons unanswereo.
Clausewitz,General Carl von. Del Feldzug von 1815in
Frunkreich(Betlifl, 1835).Oft quoted,but really of lessusethan Ropes, John Codman. Iie Almpaign ofWaterloo A Military
one night hope. The youngClausewitzlackedthe analytical Itr.'rory (New York, 1916).where else can one go for an
capabilities of a trainedstaffhistorianaswell asthe clarityof unbiasedaccountof the campaignthan to an American writing
exDression that one wouldhaveliked from sucha well known io the middleofthe FirstWorld War?Ropes'comments area
participantin thecampaign- little suspectin places,but this accountremainsone of the
betterhistories producedinthe Englishlanguage thiscentury.
Friedrich, Rudolf. Det Feldzug 1815 (Berlin, 1913). An
authodtative accountby oneofthe morerespectedhistorians of Sibome,Capt.W. Historyo{the War in FranceandBelgiumin
the GermanGeneralStaff.Unlike Lettow-vorbeck,Friedrich 1815(London.1848).One ofthe greatclassics, despiterecent
doesnottakea politicalstanceonthe subject. criticism. an authoritativeand well researchedwork which is
marredonly by a failure to list its sourcesin detail and to
Gourgaud,C6n6ral.Campagne de dix-huncentquinze,etc.,
ecite A SL HAIene.Avec desnotesd'un ofricier a emand(P^is,
1818).Gourgaudaccompanied Napoleoninto hisfinalexileon Stanhope,Philip Henry, 5rh Earl. Notesof Cowe$ations with
St. Helena.This a€countof the campaignof 1815wasactually the Duke ol Wellington, 1831-18J7 (New York, 1886).Another
Napoleon's, butwaswrittenin the nameofGourgaud.As is to source ofinlonnation on wellington andhisactionsdurinethis
be expected,thereis a degree of self-justifi€ation and excuse camPa'gn.
making,but asaprimarysource,attentionhasto be paidto it. Thiers, M. A. Hisroile du Consulatet de l'Enpie (Pans, $62).
Gurwood, Lieut.-Colonel.Despatches of FieA Marchal the A multi-volumereferencework w tten by an infamous
Duk of weuington(London, 1838).An invaluableprimary chauvinist-Of little value as a rcliable source.someof the
source-If only BliicherandGneisenau hadprovideduswith as author'sinterpretations providefoodfor thought.
muchinformation! Wellington.KG, DukeoI. Supplementary Despatches, Cores-
Hamley,Col. Edward Bruce. Hamlels weltington's Carcer pondence and Memoranela of Field Ma$hal Arthur, Duke of
(London,1860).Someusetulinsightsinto wellington. We ington, KG (I.ondon, 1863).Edited by the sofl of the first
Duke,thiswork providesa numberofinsights.
Kennedy,KCB, General Si lamesShaw. Noteson the Battleof
wate oo (Loidofl, 1865).Kennedyservedon wellington\
staff. His accountand analysisof the campaignare most NOTES
valuable. t Stanhope, p.109.
' Conesp, vol. 31,p.472.
Lettow-Vorbeck,von. NapoleonsUnteryang1815. Erster
(Berlin. The offi€ialGerman ". Chandler Canps. of Napolpon,p.1057,1058.
Band. Elba-Be e A iance 1904). ,
" Ollech,p.156.
historyof the campaignproducedby the HistoricalSectionof
the Genenl Staff.well researched, if a little pro-Prussian in ) Reiche,Memoiren,vol. 2, p.201.
places.Retutesa numberofthemyths,but unfortunately not all " Nostitz,Tagebuch, p.31.
' Chesney, p.129.
ofthem.
 *3rpE#s*l!!
KEEPWARGAMINp2"r.n.rTorac?eai
rdu' d'ul' ucsdoarey
PUSLISIIINC ffiHllEtE
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3 Hen'elClosr.Thornab!,
?IRSONSCIIARITI
28

GgP
FORCINGFOX'S
14Septembett862
By PaulStevenson
''The enemt in
lrcnt vasprcssingus,and I sah,but one $'ayout, CONTEDERATEFORCES
and that wosto charyethosein my [ronl, rcpel thembeforc they
could recover,makea dashat thosein my reat and cut my h,ay Elementsof D.H. Hill's Division
MajoFceneralD.H. Hill. superior,benefit2,points6
Lieutenant_Colonel ThomasRuffin, Garland's Brisade
13thNorthCarolinaInfantry Big. Gen.S. Garland.average, benefit2, points4
2 regiments:20figureseach,rifle-musket, average
I regiment:10figures.rifle-musket,av€rage
BACKGROUND TO THEBATTLE Anderson'sBrigade
DuringLee'sfirst invasionofthe Norih, th€Army ofNorthern Brig. Gen.G.B. Anderson,average, benefit1, points3
Virginiawasforcedto fendoff theArmy ofthe Potomac'sthrust ,lregiments:15figureseach,rifle-musket, 6lite
againstits lineofmarchacrossSouthMountain.D.H. Hill, one ArtillerJ
of Lee's divisioncommanders, was taskedwith holdingthe Battery: I section lo-pounderParroit, average,I section,
mountainpasseswhilst the rest of the army concentrated to l2-pounderhowitzer.average
meetthe threat.One ofthesepasseswasFox's Gap,whichHitl Cavalry
pluggedwith Garland'sBrigade. Col. T.L- Rosser,average. benefitI, points3
lregiment:l0figures,carbine,6tite
Battery:l section.12-pound€rNapoleon, I se€tion,3-inchrifle,
VICTORYCONDITIONS 6lite
Union:Capturcthecrossroadsat Wise'sHouse bytum 12. Conmandvaluetotal 34 points:zl|% = t4 points,60% : 20
Conf€derate: Preventthe Unionvictorycondit;ons. poinls

TERRAINDESCRTPTION HISTORICAIACCOUNTOFTHEBATTLE
Woodsarcamixtureoflight andheavy.Heavywoodsare rough At 9-00am,Cox launchedScarnmon's brigade,support€dby
terain. Light woodsand slopescountas brokenlerrain.The Crook.againstthe Rebelcentre.Thcrewereconsiderable gaps
wall is an imDrovedDosition. in thc Confederate deploynent which the Yankees exploited.
The RebelsrallicdnearWisesCrossroads. but weredrivenoff.
D.H. Hill managedto rally a scratchforce afld with some
DEPLOYMENT artilleryheldoffCox until G.B. Andersonarrived.
Conf€derale: Garland,the batteryandRosserdeploytheirunits Andersonlaunchedan unsuccessful counter-attackagainst
arlxhere on or north of the road markedA A. Deployone Cox's line which was now angledacrossthe slope arcund
real and one dummy hidden marker for eachregimentand wise's.However,Coxwirhdrewhislineto hisoriginalposition
sectionofartillery. On Tum 4 D.H. Hill arrivesandon Turn 6 at noon. From then on both sideswere quickly and heavily
G.B. And€rson'sBigade arrives.bolh on orwithin 6in€hesof reinforced.Fightingcontinuedfor theremainderof theday,but
theroadmarkedB. at nightfallthe Confederatesstill had conirolof the mountain
Union:Unitsmayenterby,on, orwithin6 inchesof.oneor both Coxlostatotal of 356men.The RebelslostGarland.andhis
markedB on Tum 1.
rcadentrances brigad€was completelyrouted. Conlederatelossesare not
known, but during the whole Antietam campaignGarland\
Brisadelosta totalof443men.
UNIONFORCES
KenawhaDivision
Brig. Gen.JacobCox, average, benefit2, points5
lst Brigade
Col. E. Scammon, average,benefit1, points3
2 regiments:25figures€ach,rifle-musket, green
I regiment:20figures,poor rifle'musket,green
2nd Brigade
Col. G. Crook,average,ben€fit1, points3
2reginents:25figuresea€h, rifle-musket, greefl
1 regiment:20figures,poorrifle musket.green
CavalrJ
l regiment:10figures,poorbreechloading carbine,green
ArtiIery
Battery:2 sections,
20-pounder Parrott,average
Battery:2 sections,1o-pounder Parrott.green
Battery:1 section,2o-pounder Parrott, 1 section,10 pounder
Parrott,l section,12poundermountain howitzer,green
Commandvalu€total 40 points:40% = 16 points,60% = 24
ponts
 29

RUSSIANS
HOVETSna
RclolH!6'.fucJ?0!
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B?td,,vrcsecljons B.2a
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GTADIATORGAMES
Quality WargamesMiniatures

FALI OFTHEROMANEMPIRE
trMG
(Painted
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Company)
AvailableIrom stockmanyunitsof foot, mounted
15mmLateRomans,Goths,and Hunt andartillerypricedfrom 70p perfigure.
hfantrypackets{10figt11.3sInfantry (5fiqt I0.3s
command
command(3liqt
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StockfiguresusedareA.B.
Largequantitesareusuallyheldin stock.

THE COSTINCLUDESTHE FOLLOWING:

Thefigure,painting,scenictexturedbasing
vamish,commandgroupswhereappropriate,
flagssuppliedwhereappropriate.
Postageandinsumncechargeincludedin pricefor
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orderssentpostageat cost.
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30

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CIVILWAR
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 After tenyears,TSSare still the WargamingWorld,slargestproducerof scenicboardsfor your tabletop.
Listedbelowarea selectionof TSSitemsfrom our catalogue.

Tr{ofoor sQU,rxx
fiocxs Nf,N T.S.S.HEXNIW
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$Sa Nksh(*at ogsedma *irh grs sunom,l) f6m .umFv$rl.r4tuhitr!$lm. 'ISSM6 €.@
TSSi Undlldrg Tsnin - nd hills Ctrlly
T5S6 UndulariigTerain *irh hills $fl t t*' tut roo
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TSSI5 SrEighrrhtuugi River l" d. ;; Tss\a urdltms t].5{
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; r s s x 5u n d u d m i t r H | | r4m
TSS'(o Frtds
rm lssxr Ronglrcra C50
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;;; NsxlusraEhrsRm-11^ 13.m
T5536 Shthrrft.krnniig rrcughbrcken3rclid ;;;; Tssx|| dPconnsmn 14m
TSSIT Cond mck toiDingrhtuBh broketrgroud ;; Tssxl: l2rcome's,Eim r4m
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 BI'RSTINGTO
SHELI. . . SORRLTEII
ot
HOWTOMAKEREATISTIC AERIAT
AIVDGROUI\ID
SHELLBI'RSTS
By PhilipRob son andDavidBickley

INTRODUCTION Fig.1.

9 t
How do you copewhenyou havea bright idea threedaysbefore
you stagea display gameat a major show?Do you file it away
for a later date or presson, while secretlycursingthe fool with
the good idea for his appalling sens€of timing? Somereaden

d6A
may have seenthe gameswe have stagedat severalMidlands
showsover the last two or three years;we certainly seemanyof
the samefacesaskingquestionsabout this or that aspectof the
gane. Although we have been wargamine for over twenty
yeals, it hasonly b€en in th€ latter stagesthat we have t.ied to
stagevisualy attractiveandinnovativedisplaygames- no mean
feat when the workforce is a merc two and 'the lad'! In this case
we werc preparingto stagean American Civil war gameat this FiE.2.
year's"Midland Militaire", a local showat which we alwaystry
to stage a game. On the Tuesdayevening, as we made frnal
preparationsand added last minute touchesto the game and l\ .4n
figures, we thought that it would look more realistic if we had ((! 4 t(-\
some aerial slrcll bursts to mark units under anillery fire, to <-)
complementthe battery fire marken representedby wadding
'loaned'from the insideof a three piecesuite! (In order to avoid
divorce,or wone, this is availablecheaplylrom craft andhobby
shop6!)This article describeshow these bursts may be made
ry
w
simply and €heaply,yet mal€ the gamemuchmore realisticfor

. ag g
th€ visitor. We even describea variant or two which we have Fig.3.

WHAT YOUWILL I{EEI)

In order to consfuct either aerial of gound shellburstsyou will
needthe folowing ingredients:
wire supports.We found that makingfour at onetime wasabout
Milliput the righr appmach.You are trying to representthe flash of the
10anp tusewne, piano wi:e or similar moment following detonation of the sbells.Stan by rclling the
wadding Mlliput itrto four small balls, about l5mm in diameter. (Refer
A supply of two pencepiec€s,washers,or sinilar to Figure 2.) Pinch out small piecesof each ball to form an
Bas€texor other favouredbasingmaterial irregular star shape.Make surethat eacharm of your shapeis in
PVA Adhesive a differcnt direction to representthe shell burstingopen. When
No specialtools are necessary you are happywith your work, fix the rcsulting burst to the top
of on€of the wire supports.(Refer to Figure2.) I-eavero harden
offovemisht.
METHODOF CONSTRUCTION Paintint of the burst is the next Phaseof construction As
Fintly you must cut the wire to differ€nt lengthsto add variety your burstswill later be coveredby piecesof teasedwadding,
to the look ofth€ thing,As we wargamein 25mmscalewe used you shouldrcmemberto paint the shapemorebrightly than you
the iolowing range of m€asurements- 17cmdown to 1lcm. otherwisemight. If your coloursarc too dul, they wil hardly be
Next, bend about 2cn ftom one end of the wire at right angl€s, visibleon the table, If they me too bright they will not havesuch
your fingers are 6ne with fuse wire, piano wire needs mor€ an impr€ssiveeffect. Paintthe shapefirst with a dull red, suchas
bruteforce or pliers!The final lcln shouldbe bent againto make the 'Red Leather' of Colour Party Paints.Nen, Painton y€llow
the basesection'L' shaped.(SeeFigure 1.) streaksruDdng out from the c€ntle on eachalm of your burst.
Secondly,placethe basesectionof the wire onto a two pence We found no other wo* necessary,but you are all ftee to decide
piece- rcmembernot to usethe 'Head' side, thus avoidingthe for youlself if other work with the btush is justified. I-€aveto
chargeof 'Defacing the coin of the Realm'! Cover the section dry.
with Miliput and leave to harden off ovemight. (R€fer to Teasethe wadding into small pieces no mor€ than zqn in
Figurel.) diameter.It shouldbe thin enoughfor the shapeyou madeto be
Next, mix a bal of Milliput of sufficient quantity to makethe visible as if through a mist. Coat the shapewel with PVA and
numberof c€ntralflashpiecesyou will later fix to the top of your Fess the wadding aromd tbe shape, taking care to nake it
 .TIIE GRANARY',BAIIBURYROAD,LOWERBODDINGTON,
FRONT DAVENTRY,NORTHANTSI{NII 6XY
TEL. 03n A1n FAX: 032760569
RANKFrgarines MaiI Orde6 ODlv- No CallersPIea*!

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BNl15 P.ivate,advancing BN122 Priv.te.cbeginglowpone
BNl16 Private,sta.ding firing BNI2I Private.cbdgitrgh ighpor|e
8N117 Private.stedingfiring.in foragecap BNI24 Private,chagirShighpone,ir for.8eep
8N118 Privare,kneelinsIrins BNl25 Srrs€ant.s(andhssboutins
BNl19 Private,shndingreadyto tue BN126 Officer. advancinpwitb sabr€and rifl€
8N120 Private.shnding readyto fire. in foraSecap BN127 Offcer wearingpals*, advancinswith sabr€
ALL IIGURES 55DEACH
DISCOTJNTS
We offer our custoBe6 the following dimunts: 10%on goodsvaluedf50.00 andover. l2tt% on g@dsvaruedfl5.00 dd over. 15%
ongoodsvalued{1m.00andover-uh% on s@dsvalued!150.00andover.20%ongoodsvaluedI200.mandover.
POSTAGEANDPACKING
IIK & BFBO- Mjnimu m posraBe& p.cldng i! 50pence.Orde6 up ro !40.00 pleaseadd 10ol"for P&P. Ordersoyerf40.00 goodsare
despatched POSTFREE OVERSEAS - Minibun postage andpackingisI1.m. EUROPX- Please add20%to @stofgoods
for P&P.
USA- Su.faceMail pleaseadd25% to costof goodslor P& P. Amail pleaF add50% ro costoI Aoods{or P&P ordersunder{4o.m
value.Aimail pleaaeadd33%to costof goodi for P&Porde6 ovrr I€.m value.AUSTRALhb I\EW ZEALAI\D - Surfacemail
pleN add30% to costof goodsfor P&P. Airmail pleaseadd60%lo costof g@dsfor P&P.
ALSO AVAILAELE- 25nrn SevenYea6 War, FrenchIndian Wds, JacobiteRebellion 1745.ECW, Napoleoriq dd Amen6
War oflndependence.
SENDNOW - For our free comprehedsivecatalogue- pleaseenclosea lar8eSAE or jnst telephone.
OUT SOON- NapoleodicB.itish & FrenchLight Cavalry.
AI,L CRDDITCARDSTAKEN
NORTH AMERICA -Th. Enperorrs Herdquanes,5744 W. Inire Plrk Rosd,Ctlc.go, n. 60634USA.

slighlly irregular while, at the sametime, covering the whole

Whenthewaddingis thoroughlydry, teaseit out furtherinto

the final bulst shapeto suit. Trial anderor witl be necessary
SecondChanceGames
Matl Order specialists in board wargamlng.
here. Dry brush the waddingwith a black paint, suitably
thinned. lt only renains now to model the baseto match your Spectallsts in old and
terrainandfigures.We usedBasetexmat€rialin greenwhichwe out of prlnt games and magazines.
dry brushedwith yellow when dry. Ausr-alan DesiqnGroup,AvalonFlill,Badelne,ClashofArms,
The finished products look really effective ard make Columbia Gamies, G.D.W,GlttT,Moments
Fres-no, inHisiory,
excellent marken for units under artillery fire. You will Omeqa Gmes,OSG,Peoples Warqamas, Simulbons
Canada, SPI
Taildorce,TtreGamen, VrctoryWesiEnd,WW.W.Yaqujnto.
probably find you needbetween12and 24 suchbulsts, bur they
really do not take all that long to make. S & T Command subrcription919.003 bsoerorf72.00
6 i65u€sinclusiveof p6lag€ andpacLlng.
OTIIER POSSIBLEAPPLICATIONS OdprsutsareavailablelorMoves,C3l,Op€niions, F&M,Geneml
etc.GDWEuropa fans- ETO& Europa N€wsinstock.I al5obuy
It is equally possibleto make representationsof ground shell yourunwanted gamesandmagazines, sendh1s.
burstsusinga variant of this technique.No wire is needed,the
Milliput is rclled into a ba[, pressedonto the coin, andthe burst
Nec,Ll6tol Products
AienddalTme C895 I'oda{t !3395
shape teasedout from it. Painting and waddiDgapplications Ar&nG €2995 lb6td6 !29.95
follow the principlesset out above.Basingwil needmore care, Battelorcelmu UZ95 LrndlniB tz).$
Batt6fdd€Add6 l2A95 Lrninsad fll.95
asthe eruptinggtound needsto be suggestedaswell asthe basic TlE&rd60lw.rol@ 134.95IiahaEE v6.%
colour for your bases.(Refer to Figure 3.) Trial and error vill, Borcdino 130.95l{edFur 135.95
again,be yourbestguide. BnbinsbndsAlme 127.95N.Dddd d* Danube 1m.95
Cmnd *30AN in€PoioM 11295 No&{dF&bDielMu'iE6boF) !26.95
For the more ambitious - or simply more blood-thirsty - a G@nshald 129.95RisolFE (hand $195
figure, suchas Dixon'sACW 16r, 157,or 185couldfiIst be Dd\6oIkion0 144.955&T169:hcAhnbcanp t1236
glued to the coin before the Milliput bu$t is modelled and the EqhhAin*. .95 Sasuio:l}eSa&ldval€nda !,1695
Emmy.flheGr6 153.95S.ondFMt !89.95
wadding added. This would allow sectionsof the figure to be Fabhnkhhring(C*!ysb!41 12695 SitAg.jnlR@ E).35
seenat the momentof the explosion.Gory, we koow, but cudna 92.95 volsaFmi f1895
bound to be a talking point for somevhito$. HmEslmdPsli/ POA WdddwdGe ,1?"95
h.Jdng& Pd6bgel0%
This simpleaddition to the visualappealof your gamewill not
go uDnoticed, as our rec€nt experiences at the "Midland SendA5s,!tr+ ,ketun6Jattq24 w.cd4tge
Militaire" have demonstnted. Perhapsthis short article will SecondChanceGames,182BoroughBoad,
encourageother readen of Waryamesllustated to sharctheiI Wallasey, L446NJ.Te[ 051-6383535
MerseyEide
ideaswith a wider audienceto the benefit of all gamers,whether
they presentdisplaygamesor not.
36
..ASAVAGEAI\[DROMANTICWAR"
sPArN1833-1840
Parl II: TheCrtsttnoForces
by ConradCainu. Colourplatesby RalphWeaver
(ln this a icle I am delighedto supplementmy own diagrams artilleryreadyto serve,but in factduringthe conflictfar fewer
with colour plates of the €ombatants,preparedby Ralph wereavailable, andall seemto haveservedasinfantry(theonly
Wea!er.theSecretary of the Conlinenlal
WarsSociety.fhis artillerypieceswere 16gunsofthe Madr'dmilitia,whoparaded
society exists to further r€searchinto European warfare them aroundbehindthe mulesnormallyemployedto pull the
(includingwars conductedin other continentsby European municiDal dust-carts).
forces)in the nineteenthcentury,and publishesa newsletter, Naturally,the Militia wasunableto performas well as the
TheForciqnCone.spondent. Newmembers arealwayswelcome regulars,for la€kof training,but it neverthelessemergedwith
andshouldcontactMr Weaverat 32 PerwellAvenue.Rayners creditfromth€war,oftenhavingshowngreatspirit,particularly
Lane,Harrow,MiddlesexHA2 9LS.) in the defenceof suchstrongplacesas Bilbao, and in 183,{,
Eibar.Whensummoned to surrenderthe lattertown.itsMilitia
commander wrotebackto the attackinggeneraladdressing hirn
INTRODUCTTON as 'the litle leaderof Biscayantraitors and cowardJ'. As
Oneofthe mostimpo antreasons \{,hytheCarlistsintheNorth previoudymentioned.relationsbetweenthe Militia and rhe
wereableto oryanisethemselves beforebeingputdownby the Carlistswereparticularlybad,
forcesof the centralgovemmentwasthat in 1833the Spanish Five other sourcesof troopswere the Carabin€ros, volun-
regulararmy wasnot very large,and. in somebranches,not teers,and the Portuguese, Frenchand British legions,which
very good either. Over the next sevenyearsit grew fairly will be coveredin separatesections. Finally,the Queenhadth€
moderatelyin size;but therewasnothingmoderateaboutits useof the navy,and this includedthreebattalionsof Marine
improvement in quality. lnfantry,who sometimes sewedon land.
Thisarticlewill describethe Queen'sforcearmby arm,but as
a preliminarynote it is well to set out the severaldifferent
'armies'at her disposal.The regular army was raisedby THEINFANTRY
conscription,andconsisted ofinfantryregiments with longand Due partly to the terrain over which much of the war was
glorioustraditions ratherasin Britain,althoughsomeof the fought,the infantrywas the predominantarm of the Liberal
rcgimen$were older than any British equivalent aswell as army,althoughnot to thesameextentaswith theCarlistforces.
morerecentlyraisedbodies.Sometimes;t is hardto keeptrack Itwas organised andtrainedafterFrenchmodels;the standard
of regimentsoverthe decades, however,because nol only did drill'bookwasthe 1791R6glement, the sameashadbeenused
they changetheir names,but the political uncertaintyand byNapoleon'sarmy,andso battalionscouldform line, column
mistrustof the 1820'shad meantthat the Spanishmaniafor andsquarein the normalEuropeanway.Lineswereeithertwo
re organisation wasgivenfull rein. The situationwaswont in or three men deep. Naturally,colunns were rnuchusedin
thecavalry;be€ause FerdinandVIII sawthisarmasparticularly combar,r) rheywe'e easie'ro mdnoeuvre in mountainous
"Liberal", he had dissolvedmany ancientbodiesand set up
countrysidethanwerelinesiafterZumalaoirregui hadinflicted
entirelynewregiments. severaldeleatson the Cristinos.aheytook to formingthick
It wasasa resultof the King'slossof controlof hisarmyfor columnsin battlewhichthecarlistswerereluctantto aDoroach.
threeyean that in 1824,whenhe regainedabsolutepower,he Squares wererheclassic meansof \eerngott ca\alry.bul drd
createda RoyalGuardthat wasdesigned to be totallyloyalto not, contraryto popularbelief,alwayswork- asIateas 1866a
the thrcne. It was, no doubt, partly inspiredby Napoleon's Prussian square,with needl€-guns, wasbrok€nby the Hanove-
6lite, but moredirectlybasedon the revivedRoyal Guardof rians- and in Spain,the formation€ouldfail both sides.For
LouisXVIII notonly because l-ouiswasa fellowBourbonand example,at Maella in 1838,two baltalionsof the C6rdoba
absolutist,but becauseSpain, even more than the rest of regiment,an old-established regular unit, were rolled over
Europe,took to imitatingFrenchmililaryfashionin the years b€cause they couldnot form squarein time. At the endo{ the
afterWaterloo.The Guardwasdiv'dedinto palacebodyguards battleof Herraraon 24thAugust1837,all tbat remainedofthe
- who will not be describedhere and the GuardiaReal govemment'sforceson the field were a coupleof baltalions.
Ert?dof, a miniaturearmy,completein all arms.andmanned Carlisthorsemenchargedthe squaresseveraltimes,and the
by chosenpersonnel.Apart from a tendencyto play politics, lancersfinally broke them after the cavalryhad riddenround
alwaysa riskin sucha corps,the RoyalGuardwasa greatasset them,inflictingcasualties with pistolsandcarbines. (Verylikely
to the govemment, beinga fi$t-ratefightingforce. theLiberaleshadrun out of ammunitionby thisstage).
A secondrecently-rahed corpswasthe NationalMilitia, or The mostimportanlskill that the armyof 1833hadto leam
Urranar,re-titledNationalGuardfrom 1835.The Militia had wasthat ofskirmishing.whichwasessentialforall troops,not
beena short-lived,highlypoliticalbody duringRiego'srule, just thoseofficiallydesignated lightregiments or companies. In
andwasrevivedby a decreeof 16thFebruary1834to fight the connection with this, I will summarisethe 1837 Trutado de
Carlists.Theoreticallyall men betweenl8 and 50 who had lictica, writtenby a Guardcaptainandpublished officially.It is
certainlevelsof wealihwereliableto serve.but in oncticethe a practicalwork, showinghowtroopsshouldb€ trainedto fight
numberofmilitia who couldbe deployedwaslimitedby a lack the Carlistseffe€tively, althoughgiventhe natureofthewar, it
o{ armsandtheneedto makesureall membersheldDoliticallv wouldhavebeenimpossible for all colonelsto havereceiveda
correcr opinion\.One wflter(Duncan. JJ7)esrimar;d thari; copyby 1840,anda thoroughoverhaulofdrill hadto awaitthe
1841therewereover 195,000 infantry,6,000cavalryand7,000 1840's.Manv resiments- like the Frenchrevoluiionaries -
 37
wouldhavehadto learnon ahejob. DIAGRAMST.3
The aimofthe l/arado wasto trainthesoldierin closeorder (Afl re-dmwn ftom Tmtado de TAdica. This work shows a
drilltrjr, and lhen in skirmishing,so that the finishedproduct six-company battalion,but the movementswould havebeen
would be able ro act in formed massesor en zuerri d. as just the sameforthestandardeight-company unit.)
circumstances drcrared.The Crisrinoswere trying. as had
Zumalaceregui,to producea'lmiversalinfantryman",but by 1. The battalionin line sendshalf its companiesforward.
very differentmerhods.They had learnt by bitter experience Thesein tum put out a skirmishline.
not onlythedangers ofhavinga forcethatwasunableto fightor
movefastin brokenterlain, but alsothoseof usingunrrained
troops- secondlineones,admittedly- that were not solid
enoughto standup to Cabrera'sarmyon the plainsofAragon.
The lratudo first showshow the individualis ro be driled.
then the company,then the bartalion.Lineswere two-deep,
and,for a corpsoflight infanlry.whichis thebodyfor whichthe
tr€athewaswritten,all mo\ementwasdoneat pasorcdoblado
to bugle-calh.Thereweresquaresof l company,3companies,
and a wholebattalion,somewith facesfour deep.Linesand
columnswere trained to advanceand fall back. and Dass
2. A line formsinto a columnof march(4 wide) to crossa
expediriou.l) lhroughdefrle..Afrerclo,eorderdnll hadbeen
bridge,andre-deploys into a columnofattack.
€ompleled,the menwere dividedinto groupsof 16 or 20 for
skirmishingpractice.Each file fomed a pair. The two men
would operateat variousdistan€es from eachother, but not
morethan8 pa€esapart,and not morethan24 pacesfrom the
nextpair.The skirmishline ("la guerrilla")couldbe srraighr,or
asemicircle, assuitedthesituation.Soldienshouldmakeuseof
anynaluralcover: whenoneof apairwa.loading. lheoLherwas
lo leepqalchwirha loadedmusker. Alsoraughlsererheskitls
of advancingto the front and side, and (most difficult)
retreating,shootinga1lthe while.
Once thesesmall groupswere trained. two groupswere
taughthowto operatetogether.thencompanyskirmishing was
introduced- normallyhalf a companywas to be er gre'r7la
whilethe otherhalfremainedin the rear asa support.Finally,
the wholebattalionexerchedtogether,so part could form a
skirmishline;everso often men were fed from the supports,
and others retired. so the guenilla was kept fresh, and
strengthened or w€akenedasrequired-Onebattalionwasable
to coverthe wholeof a mulli-batralion columnon all sides.the
outpostsbeingstrongeston the sidewilh the mostdemanding
tefain.
3- A line formsinlo a columnof marchto passa defile,then
formsanotherline.
ORGANISATION
OFTHEINFANTRY
In 1833the army and guard numberehabout 116,000in all
(excludingvolunteersandmilitia),the greatmajorityfoot. All
battalionshad eight companies,exceptin the Militia, where
battalionsvariedbetweensix and ten companies. Guardsand
Marinebattalionslackedflank compani€s, but in the line there
wer€six centrecompanies (f&rr/eror,or cazadoles in the light
infantry) and t\|o companiasde prclerencia ({anadercs ^nd
cazadorcsin rhe line, carubinercsand d/alorer in the light
units).Grenadiercompanies couldbegroupedtogethertofonn /--- - "

There$'ere24 line regiments,eachof threebattalions,and

Table A (from Clonard)showsthe 17 rgimentshe listsas in
SDainin 1829.However.confusionis boundto arisedu€to the Therewerefour regiments ofGranaderosin lhe Guards,two
re-namingandre-numbering of regimentsbeforeandafterthe ofprovincialGrenadi€rs. andtwo of ProvincialCazadores - all
war. and it may not list all the units that fought in the war. had threebattalions.The Drovincialunits had beenraisedin
Cenainlyat leastone extra regiment.'La Princesa',served. 1824ftomflank companies of provincialregiments andby 1833
There\ere also42singlebal'alionpro!incial regiment.. some weretull-timesoldiers.
ofwhichlaterbecame regulars.andwhichcouldthemselves be Therewereno true corpsin the Napoleonicsense- th€ war
very ancient- 'Guadalaiara' wasfoundedin 1667andbecane wason too smalla scale-andno standardised organisationfor
regular after the war. In peacetime.only a cadre of each divisionor brigades.All thebattalionsofa regimentmightfight
provincialunil wasnobilised;in war they a€ted,look€d,and together.or be in differenttheatresat the sametime. Guards
behavedasregulars. werc sometimes massed,but alsocould be brigadedwith the
Nine regimentsof light infantry servedin the war. three, lineandprovincialunits,althoughit wasnot regardedasa good
includingReinaGobemadora'.beingraisedduringits course. ideato includeNationalMilitia in field armies.unlesstherewas
Allhad two battalions.exceptReinsGobernadora', whichhad no option. lnfantry sometimesco'operatedadmitablywith
38
cavalry- for example,at Chiva in 1837- andboth armscould be 18.3mn bore ("de a t7" in contemporary parlance- l7 balls
includedin the samedivision. For example,the armythat lost at weighedone (Spanish)pound). In 1835it was decidedto
Maella was an excellent division called "El Ramilete" (the standardise on the Britishboreof 19.3mm("de a 15")because
pickedones),conposedof all tkee battalionsof 'C6rdoba', of the largeDumbenof B.itish weaponsthen in circulation, and
two of'Africa', two squadronsof the lst Line Cavalry and one a 1836modelwasproducedin this calibre still Fr€nchin style.
ofthe 6th Light Cavalry. The 'Reina Gobemadora' regiment seems to have carried
Baker rifles.

INIANTRY T,'}IIFORMS
ANDEQIJIPMENT
The fu[ dressfor the line is shownin PlateI; the cut is basedon
that of contemporaryFrance,althoughthe predominantcolour
of Spanishunifoms, turqru, seemsto havebeena rather lighter
or brighter shade than the indigo of the French soldier.
(Natunlly, there wasno standardisationof the actualcolour of
garmedts,especiallyin the field.) On the shalo - which was
"viva IsabelII"
sometimesmore cylindrical than illustmted here - wasthe red A nonregulation officer's su)ordu)iththelegend
cockadeof Spain,wom on aI shakosin the army, aod a plume Blade length 30' (76cnts).Like a Ctistino infantry swottu, it
and band in companycolours. (Red for granaderos,geen for would havebeencaried in a bla.k lEathetscabbardwith brass
cazadores. yellow for fusileros.)The flank companieswore mounts,suspendedfrom a waist-or shouldrr-bebin a frog. By
coloured epaulettes, and, usually, yellow barc on the cuffs rcgul^tions,cente conpany olficercshould have cofied a
known asrardinetdr.Trousen werc white or pale grey. NCO'S, staight-blided sttord. (AU u'eapotlsappearby pemission of a
drunmels and flank companieswore a hanger, either in a
doubl€ftog with a bayonet,or by itself on the left hip, withe the
bayonet on the other shoulder,belt, forward of the cartridge-
box, in Fr€ncy style. The pack was of brown leather; aboveit
was the geatcoat, rolled into a blue-and-white striped bag.
Drunlnels had red andgold laceand,probably, white chewons
on their sleeves.Rank badgeswill be covercdat the end of the
article,
It is very likely that evenparadedressdid not conJormalways
to regulations,and certainly it was ftequently much modified
for campaigning(Plates2,3,4). The shakocould be coveredin
oilskin, or rcplacedby a turqui forage-cap,tasselledand piped
in companycolouls. nbarSdrar (rope-soledsandals)replaced
boots. The knee-lengthgreatcoatsaw much service, as did a
sLightlyshoaer rurqui trock-coai.with collar in company
colours. Where appropriate, epauleites and sardinatascould TtatoFrcnch st+'otdsthat may have seenaction in the war. The
appearon thesegaments. Soldien might leavetheir hangers, FrcnchForcign Legion mat havebeenequippedn)iththeModel
andone 6oss-belt, in store, and they took up a white waistbelt 1831pseudo-Roman"coupe-chout", but il not they A'ouldhave
to keepequipmentin place. still beencarryingtheod"sabrc-biquet" (thespecimenshownis
Eight of the light regimentslooked much the same,exc€pt the Model 1816). The side arm of Spanishflank conpany
theh coarees and trousersweregreen.rhe tormerwith yellow rank-and-file wat a copy of the lancr y)eapon- sergeanr and
collars, piping, and cuff-flaps. The buttons were white. Except officetshad a slightlr longerhangetv)ith a thrce-batgund.
thal the caTadores (i.e. the cenlre companies)had yelow
epaulettesand the tiradorcs none, Companydisrinctions*ere
as in lhe Line. Plate 5 shows the 'Reina cobemadora"s TI{E CAVALRY
distinctivefield dress,with black belts; its full dr€sscoateewas Ofthe I16,000menin thearmyin 1833,only8,500werecavalry,
green,facedlight blue, and double-breasted. andof thesenot all would havehad horses.The total numberof
The cut of the Marine Infantry rmifom wasmuchlike that of regimentsroseftom sixteento €ighteenby 1840(seeTable C);
the line, but in rather differcnt colours. Facings,piping, and the difficulties of providing enoughhones and the natureof the
epauletteswere rcd, and all wore yellow sardinetas_ The shako theatres of war precluded greater expansion. The cavalry -
hadarcd bandandbluepop-pom;equipmentwasblack. exceptfor the Royal Guard was not paticularly good at the
The Royal Guard infaotry's unifoms are too complex to beginningof the war, fearsof policital unreliability andexpense
describein tu detail here. The fu dressof 1$3 fPhte 6) was of maintenance having harmed it more than the infantry.
muchthe samefor all regiments,the Provincial regimentsusing However,the horsedarm leamt its trade, andby the time of the
yellow lace, and the catadores wearing a shako aod yellow Royal Expedition it was a highly proficient force, limited only
epaulettes.This wasmodified by the removal of the chestlac€, by a lack of opportunity to show its full potential on many
rcplacementof the bearskinby a cylindrical shako,the addition
of a waistbelt, and of rcd trousers.Plat€7 showsone variant of The nature of the war meant that the squadron,rather than
field dress;coveredshakoes,sandals,white linen cartridge,box the regiment, was the normal tactical unit, and the various
covers,q/hitelinen packs,and greatcoats(a darker grey than in squadronsof a regiment might se e separatelyfor years on
the line) were alsoused.All ranksshouldhavecarried hanqers. end. In tfteory both Line and Guard cavalry was divided into
Theredoesnol seemb havebeena setdressfor lhe Miiiria; heavy("line") andlightunits,but in Factic€all troopeEhadto
eachregionor town pmbablyhadits own. However, the general undertake all the duties of cavalry, acting as convoy escorts,
appeamnce*as probably much like that of the Line, with scouts,etc. aswell as a striking force in battle. The exploits in
shakoesor turqui foragecaps,coateesand frock-coats. theopenfield naturallyhaveattractedthemostattention,but it
S$ords are covered in the captions. The standard muskets could be arguedthat the sizeof Spanishhorses(smaller,slower
were the 1815and 1828models,both French in aDDearance. of and weaker, but better on broken ground, and - like Spanish
soldiers- morehardy andfrugal than their British counteryarts) 1838 by red lancer coatees faced white (ex-British?) and
made them more suited to scouting than fomal charges. czapskas,and in 1839by sky-blue jackets, faced white, and
Various gen€rals, notably Espart€ro and hon, did keep wide-toppedshaloes.
concentmtedbodies of horse which could be v€ry effective in Cavalrymen appear to hav€ been issu€d shel-jackets - in
battle, but thes€were nomally countedin the hundredsrather yellow for the Hussa$ - and foragecaps.Trumpeterswore red
than the thousands. in the Line and Light units; in the Hussarstheir lacewasof this
Excellent results could be obtained in batde wherc cavalry colour, and the coloun of dolman and pelissewere in rcveised
and infantry supported one another, and the fact that the colours.Their shakoeswere sky-blue.
Cristino Hors€wassmal in numbersperhapsmadeit easierfor As with the infanty, the Guad cavalry uniforms are too
th€ generalsto use it in a sensiblemanner,and to prevent a complex a subject for me to cover fully here, so I wi[ linit
senseof exclusivityand arrogancethat wasa featue of cavalry mysef to describingwhat seemsto have been the situation by
in some armies. For one instance of how usefi even one the middl€ of the war, when all four regimentswore much the
reginent - in this case an 6lite one - could be, there is sameuniform. This consistedof a single-breasted,short-tailed
Espartero'svictory over Guergu6on 22June1838at Pefrac€rra- turqui coate€, with red cufis, collar, and piping. There was
da. T\e Carnst'H'i:arcs de.4rkbnr' tkew back someCristino white laceon th€ collar, andon the cuffsof the heaq rcgiments.
light infantry, and were endangeriDgunits of Guard infadry, The booted overallswere grarci (Frcnch: garanc€),a deepish
when they wer€ chargedby the'Hrtsarcs de Ia Pi cesa'.The red. Coracerosappearto havegive[ up their cuirassestowards
Liberal hussarswent on to defeata squadronof Carlist lancers, the endofthe war, althoughthey werestill usingthem at Huesca
take 3m prisoners,4 guns,and rcut the enemyarmy. in 1837- they looked like French cuirasses,with brasscenbal
More examplesof distinguishedwork can be found among Dlates.
the deedsof Leon's force, which at Los Arcos the sameyear Their headg€ardistinguishedthe regimentsfrom eachother.
consisted entirely of cavalry - Gmnad€ms a Caballo and The Coraceroshad a h€lmet like that of the Dre-1835Line
Lancerosof the Royal Guard, British lancers,and the lst and cavalry.but witb a forward{urlingbearskincresai lhe tiradores
3rd Line. It charged and beat a Carlist cavalry force in a of the regiment had a shakolike the 1812Russiankiwer. The
face-to-facebaltle in which, it is said,only oneshotwasfired. At Granaderosa Caballo had a tall bearskincap, with a red patch
Allo the next year kon (now l€ading 1 squadroneachof the on the backbearinga white genade, a white tass€lin ftont, and
Cazadoresand Comcerosof the Guard, the British lanc€rs,and white cap-lines.Their tiradoreshad a lower busby,red{opped,
line and light horse) was buming Carlist crops, when the with a white plumeandlines. l-ancershad anelabomteczapska,
Cazadoresfound themselvesat risk fiom a flank charge by with a white plumeandlines. Lancershad anelaborateczapska,
Carlist hoNe. Leon had placedthe Comcerosand Bitish in a which could be coveredin oilskin. The Cazadoreshada tall iron
position to take care of suchan eventuality, which they did by helnet with brass fittings and a high brass comb carrying a
routing the Carlists. horsehairtail; in 1835theychangedto a cylindricalshalo \r'ith a
In 1828 each regiment should have had 480 men and 384 white top band and plume, and yellow cords as well as $h;te
horses,in foul squadronseachof two companies,exceptfor the cap-nnes.
Guards,whosefour rcgimentseachhad648menandtl4 hors€s Shabraqueswere turqui, edged white; valiseswere in the
(atrd fm too many officers many of thesewould have been samecolours,squarefor the hea\y regimentsand round for the
s€rviDgfor social rather than military reasons).Until 1835all light. Sheepskinswere black for Lancerosand Coraceros,white
regirnentsexc€ptthe Cuards equippedtheir men with swords for the rest, always edged red. Cloaks werc turqul, double,
and carbin€s,but in that year all troopersin the line and light caped,and lined red with a red collar. (Thos€of other cavalry
regim€ntswere convertedinto lancers,exceptfor one company weremediumgrey, exceptfor the Hussars,who wore white.)
oftiradores per regiment, who retainedcarbines.The 'lltirares The swordsare describedin captionsto the plates. Lances
de la Princesa'took trp the lancein 1835.It appearsthat ooly the were, it appears,of no standardpattem, and measured2.5 ro
Lanceros of the Royal Guard carried lances; all of the 2.9m. The blades were flat, rather than triangular as in the
Cazadoreshadcarbines,asdid one tiradore companyin eachof Bdtish army; sometimesthey wereheld to the shaftsby langets.
the other three resiments. Penonswer€ red over white for the cuard, red-yellow-redfor
the Hussars,and red over yellow for all otheN. (Or perhaps
sky-blueover yellow for the Line. ) Carbinesand pistolswereof
CAVALRYI]NITORMSANDEQUIPMENT variousmodels,of 18.3mmcalibre.
Somefeaturesllerc similar for all cavalry.The metalcolour was
white (exceptfor the Hussars),and a[ units savethe Coracsfor
(cuirassiers)had a pouch-b€lt,doubl€dfor rhosewith carbines.
Troopersof Guard regimentshadwhite epauleties,of all others
(exceptthe Hussa6) brassshoulder-scales.
Plates8 and 9 show the Light and Line cavalry in their 1824
uniforms, replac€dby thoseshownin Plates10and 11in 1835.
The line cavalry's horse-fumiture was like that of a French
Napoteonic cuirassier - turqui edged whit€ with a white
sheepskinunti 1835,whenit changedto sky-blue,edgedyelow.
Th€ light cavalry had a pointed shabraqueand round valise,
sky-blueedgedred, and a black sheepskin,edgedred; in 1835 Thestaight sword is the 1815modelfor heavJand linc cawlrt,
the colour ofthe cloth changedto green,edgedyellow. caftied bt a nnk"e. It b a copy of the French heavy cavalry
When they were raised in 1833the'Hrisares de la Princesa' modeb, and the very similat 1825model i'ould haveabo been
had a most elabomte costume- white shako, sky-blu€dolman wom in the war. A thirulmodel \)a: inboducedin 1832,trith the
facedwhite, white pelissewith black fur, yellow lace, a red and samehilt but the1796modelblade, Iesssuitablefor theth st but
yellow banel-sash,and sky-blue ovenlls with a yellow stripe.
They were the only troops to usea sabretache,of black learher. 'Ihe
sabrc is the 1815model, fot lvt cavalry, and b again
The pointed shabraqueand round valisewere sky-blue, edged basedon Ftench Napoleonic ori?inal:. 1822and 1825modeh
yellow. There wasno sheepskin.This uniform wasrcplacedin lookeclevenmore French.
40

TIIE ARTILLERY theory) the MacheteModelo 1834 (a copy of the French

"coupe-choux"),or an equallyridiculous1836-pattem short
Anillery wasmuchlessimportantthaninfantryor even€avalry sword.Nodoubtthesewereoften l€ft in storeorreplacedbythe
in mostbattles,andwasrarelydeployedin greatrumbers,due muchsuperiorinfantryhanger.Therewasan 1836musketoon
partlyto thedifficultyoftransportingitoverthelandscapesoverfor mountedandmouniainartillery,of 18.3mmcalibre,which
whichmuchof the war wasconducted.As Spainwasshortof lookedlike a shortinfantrvmusket.
draughtho$es,gunsmighthaveto bepulledby oxen,or mules,
or left behind.Therewaslittle risk of beingoutgunnedby the
enemy,for Carlistartillerywasevenweaker.Evenif one did THEVOLUNTEERSANDPARA.MILITARTES
bring gunsup into the mountains,there might be little they
coulddoagainst an enemywhotended to fightin openorderor One of the reasonswhy the army expandedrelatively
fiom behindcoveras muchas possible,althoughoneweapon moderately du ngthewarmayhavebeena desirenot to annoy
whichtheBdtishfoundusefulwasshrapnel-thiscould the populace too much. The lack oI manpower forced the
besetro
govemmentto rely, to a considerable degree,on volunteeror
explodeaboveor behinda Carlistbarricade,renderingit wors€
thanuseless. para-military units, especially early in the war. Thesehad the
Wheregunsreallycouldmakea difference wasinsieges,and advantage ofbeing simple to administer, andwereassuitedto
to illustraaethe point one can compare Oniah almost dealing with the Carlists as were the regulars, at leastuntil the
disasterous siegeof Morellain 1838with that of Esparteroin enemy managed10 organiseitself into a proper army.
provinceswere equippedin the
1840.Oreahad only five gunslargerthan 8-pounders and his Volunteen from the Carlist
gunnerswerenotonly lackingquarter-sights andtangent-sights sane wayas the Carlists,so could moveaseasilyasthem.They
and portfires,but inexperienced in the techniques of battering suffer€d from conesponding disadvantages. Volunteen who
walls.In contrastEspa(erodeployed800gunners,600sappers, hadbeenneighbours oftheirfoeswerepanicularlybrutalto the
eight24pdrs,l6pdrs,ten7'howitzersandter mortars.His three Carlists, and the para-militaryCarubinercs,whose duties
fieldbatterieshada totalof two 16pdrs,four 12pdrs,rwo8pdrs, includedfighting smugglers,could not have expectedto be
and4 howitzers.Mulespulledthe heavyguns,and2,000more popular. The volunteerswere calledP€serelorbecauseof their
drewthe 500cartsneededto bringupammunitron. dailypay,whichwasa lot morethanthat of the regulars-After
The field anillery expandedfrom three to five reginents the Carlist armiesbecameorganisedit was found that real
duringthe war, eachwith two battalions.Eachbattalionhad soldierswere neededto fight them; one hears less of the
threebatte es(or companies - the wordsappearto havebeen Carabineros and Peseteros as the war progressed. Although,
usedinterchangeably) plus a train company.Therewere also because Cabrera\armytook muchlongerto achievea stateof
fix€d gadson gunnersithe siegetrain seemsto have been competeDce than that of ZumalacArregui, voluntee$ werc
formedandmannedas andwhenneeded.The horseartillery imponant in Aragon after they had ceased to play a majorrole
wasincreased fromsixto twelvebatteriesin 1835.orsanised in 3 in the north: by 1838 or 1839 their days were over eventh€re.
b.Aad?t.One brigadewa! a.aralo. lrue hoFe aniller) \irh Peseteros and Carabineroswere said to numberb€tween
both gunnen and drivers mounted; the other two were them 10 and 12.000menin 1833-Most of the former seemto
/,ronrddo,with the gunnersridingon limbers.A fourthbrigade haveservedasinfantry,andhavea blackor rifle-greenuniform,
r{asfonned in 1840. whichled to their nicknameof Zos Negror,laterappliedto all
Arti e a a lono , or mnle-pack mountainguns,wereraisedin Cristinos.Thereare scattered references to varioussquadrons
1833,but itappearsto havetakensometime to equipandtrain of volunteercavalry,threeof whichwereunitedin 1839toform
the batteries.By 1838thereweresixcompanies, eachof eight the 8th LightCavalry.HoweverthemostfamousPesetero unit
howitzers,attachedto the NorthernAJmy, with othergunsin was a battalion of Biscayans known as the Chapelgorris
Ged-capt,who hadparticularreasonto hatethe Carliststhey
The Guardartilleryexpanded from rhreeto four batteriesin closelyresernbled. A fewforeignenservedin thiscorps,which
1835,onevolarreor a caballo.theothersmontado.Eachshould was more popularthan mostCristinoswiththe BritishAuxiliary
havehadfour guns,but the actualsizeof batteriesdepended on Legion,lowhicb it was attachedfrom1836.Plate14showsone
the numberofeunsafldcrewat hand. uniform; laler the battalion took up the Britishred jacker.but
keptthe distincaive b€rets.
Carabineroswere mountedandfoot gendarmes andcustom-
ARTILLERY UNIFORMSAND EQUIPMENT officers, the predecessors of the Civil cuard, who provided
th€n own honesandequipment.Plate15showstheir uniform;
Thepieceswere ofbronze,andbasedon thecribeauvalsystem, an Enghh Carlist(Henningsen, I. 115,6,147)describedthem
whichhadbeenintroducedinto Spainin 1783.Standardpieces aswearinSblackuniforns,but that mayhavemeanttheir very
included24,16,12(lone and short), 8 (long and short) and
4-pounderguns, a 4-pounder mountain gun,9" and 7"
howitzers,lookingmorelike gunsthanthe stubbyGribeauval
howitzers.By 1839the normal mountainpiecewas a short THEFOREIGNLEGIONS
re-chambered 5" howitzer.A B tish-stylehorse-hamess had I will notbe coveringtheBrithh Legionhere.asI intedit tobe
beenintroducedin 1820,and by 1833batterieswerereceiving the subjectof a separatestudy;nor is anythingbut the most
newboxedlimbersandsingle-trailgun-carriages on the Bdtish basicinformationappropriatefor the FrenchForeignLegion,
model. The governmentalso purchasedCongreverockets, asAzanafldWindrowhavealreadydescribedits deedsandits
whichwereoften easierto moveacrossmountainsthan were dressin greatdetail.
guns. The Ledonaries(refered to by Spaniards asthe A/geliros-
Plates12 and 13 show line gunners.The Cuard artillery Algerines becauseof their previousstation)arrived4,000
startedthe war in a very fancy braidedcoatee,which was strongin 1835.in six battalions.ln March 1836a batteryand
replacedby onelike that of the cuard cavalry,but with yellow threesquadrons of 'Polish'lancerswereformedout of Legion
epaulettes andbnss buttons-Overallswereasin the cavalry; personnel.By 1838,afterfightingwirh asmuchdetermination
the shakowasmu€hlike that of line horseartillerv.but with a asthe bestof the Spaniards, andhavingbeenpunishedseverely
brar\plate.whiteplume.andyellowcap-lines. by the Carlists.the country,and the neglectof the French
Horsegunnerscaried light cavalrysabres,foot gunners(in government, the Legionhadbeenreducedto 500.
 4l

The uniform was usually a tall, taperingred cloth cap, I Line Coizadot,FuI Drcss.
coveredin oil-skin,anda blue-greydouble-breasted greatcoat,
with red epaulettes for grenadiersand yellow for volriguers. 2t Line Grunaderch frock coat-Note the non-regutationtinen
Trouserswereredorwhite,wom overwhitegaiters.Theforage pack. Grenadietsmight also weat epaulettesand sardinetas
€ap was nuch like that of rhe Spaniards.dark blue with a
crimsontasseland piping. Equipmeniwas as in Napoleont 3t Line Fusilercin grcarcoat.He rctainsthegrest-coatbagon hi:
time, but it appearsto have beenreplacedby a Carlist,sryle pack,to holdarc ed blanket.
belly-box.Officershad a dark blue frock-coat.The lancers
probablywore the Legion's shell,jacket,dark blue, piped
crimson,with epaulettes whereappropriate. crimson,the fringes red mixed with silver or gold. First
I will alsospenda little spaceon the portuguese Legion,for corporalshadtwo diagonalredstripeson eachforearm.Second
the oppositercason - I have discoveredlittle about its
appearance. The bodythat enteredSpainin 1835consisted of
6,000foot and750horse,recruitedfrom thebestresularunits-
ahhoughone.lhe Cr(adalpr10 Pozo , wassdidro havebeen BIBLIOGRAPHY
madeup of adventuren of all nations left over hom PortuAal's This list is far from cornprehensive; it exclud€sworksdealing
recenrcivil war. The only uniformwhrchwe can be sure-was primarilywith the BritishLegion,but triesto provideasmuch
wornin Spainwasthatoftheinfantry a darkbluecoatee,faced aspossible inEnglish.Piralais a weightyclassic,
but goodshort
red,withwhitewoollyshoulderwings, whitecrossbetts andgrey .accounts canbe foundIn Holt.andAlbi rnd Slampa. Cene'al
trousers.Onecouldguessthat the Cacadoresworc brown,and works on Spanishhistory are also e\cluded,lor reasonsor
thecavalry at leastoneregimentwasof well-equipped tancers
- blue, if regularPortugueseuniforms were followed.
J. Albi & L. Stampa,Canpanat de h caba eria espanolaen el
siglo XIX , Il, Ma&id, 1986.
P.F. Apalateg\ti, O anendi,SanSebastidn,1940.
BADGESOI'RANK P. Azan, La L'gion Estrcngercen Espagne,Pais, N.D.
The four gradesof field officerdisplayedtheir importanceby J.F. Bacon,Slrlearr t 8,rca), London,1838.
ringsof lacearoundthe cuff; captainshadtwo full epaulettes, Lt. Col. L. Badcock,Ro! Chleaveslron ajournal kept in Spain
while lieutenants only had fringeson the right shoulder,2nd and Portugal durine the lears 1832, 1833and 1834,Londor',
lieutenantsonly on the left. All regimentalofficersalso had 1835.
theirrank indicatedby lacebandsaroundthe topofthe shako. F. Barado,Lavida militatenEspana,Barcelona,1888.
The lacewassilverfor cavalry(excepthussars, who had their B. Bar€eloRubi, ,4aari atoportatil etpanol, Ma&id, 1976.
ownsystemofrank-badges) andlightinfantry,otherwisegold. W. Bollean, The wa6 of successionin Spain and Portu7sl,
First sergeants had epauletteson both shoutders,second London,1870.
sergeants only on the righr. The slrap of the epaulerteswas LM. Bteno. Soldadosde Espana,Melaga, 7978.
42
I.M. B\teio, Trcpascarlistas,1833-1810,M lala,1984. (Aft€r Clonard,1851,VI,472-3)
J.M. Bueno,La infante a y a i eia de narina, 1537-1931,
M'tlaga,1985. 8 provisionalregiments wereformed,but saw,it appears,little
I .M. B\eno, Guaftliasrcalesde Espana,Madnd, 1989.
I .M. Bt|J.eno.
Andaluciay su: nilicias , Madnd, 1990. In aI. 1.015officersand 20.769men died of illnessand
J.L. Calvo Peres& L. cravalosGotuales, BonderatdeEspafia, wounds in the lineandlightinfantry;195and10,751 werctaken
Madrid,1983. prisonerand did not rejoin later; only 173officersand 18,738
Cafilogo generaldElmuseode a i e a,Madid,7909. mendeserted, 2.450othernnks werecommissioned.
R. Heman Chant, Spanrrh,?e/, TunbridgeWelh, 1983.
Conde de Clonard, Histotia oryanica de las annar, Madrid,
1851. TABLE B -LIGHT INFANTRYREGIMENTS
Conde de Clorard, Alrrm de la cabelleia espafiola,M^dnd,
1861. TITLE FOI'NDED
W . Cam$^ll, Gonez at SanRoque,and thesoidisantliberclsof Cazadores del Rey Porprivilegio
An dalusia,Lnndon,7837. Voluntarios de Arag.jn 1762
Gustave d'Alaux, Arc8on vista por un Iranc* durante Ia Gerona 1792
pimeru guera ca ista,ed.J.R. Cimenez,Zaragoza,1985. Voluntarios de Valencia 1794
F . Dtlx.can,TheEnglish in Spd;a,London, 1877.
Voluntarios de Navara 1802
F. Ferrer LUI & J. Hehet, Biblioqrafia iconoercficadel trcje
Voluntadosde Bail6n 1808
militat de Espana,Mexico,7963. Cazadores de la Reina Gobemadora 1835
R. FoId, Theunchangeabbcharacterof a b'arin Spain,London,
1835
1838. Caz adores de Luchana 1831
A. Gil Al\aro , Gloias de la infanteriaespanola,Madid,7893. (After Clonard,1851,VI, 472-3)
J.W. Giles,Prints- in SanSebastidn MilitaryMuseum.
C.F. Henningsen,/ trelve month'scampaignwith Zumalacdr
regd, Londor, 1836. TABLE C - CAVAI,RY
Historia y Vida, spe.ial number, 1976 "Una guera salvajey C"baIeria de Lin€a

E. Holt, TheCaiist t/,atsin Spain, Londor., 7867. No

M. BurkeHonan,fre couftandcampofDonCa os.London, I Rey
1836. 2 Reina
B. Ja es, ZumalacAtegui, el caudiUo rcmAnico, Madid, 3 Principe
t9'72. 4 Infante
J.L LasaEnsaola,.li.rregui elBue i erc,Bilbao.1973. 5 Borbon
F. Lichnowsky,SoayerirudEla Buete ctuileen Espaqne,Pais, Cabalcria Ligera
1844. I Castilla
A. Pnah, Historia de la guena civil enie lospartidos libetal y 2 LEon
calirra, Madrid1855(andmanyothereditions). 3 Extremadura
A. Ruiz Martin, Etolucion (k los divisas en los armat del
eiercib espafiol,Madid, 1982. 5 Albuhera
Duque de la Torre, Erpaia beltcd,XIX, Madrid, 1961. 6 Catalufia
Tratadode tdcticaparc Ia infanteia ligetu,Valencla,l83'l. 7 Navafia
I.vlgon, Hi:toriadelaa i eia espanola,Ma&id,1941 . 8 Lusitania(founded1839)
M. Windrow, Unifonns of the French Forcign Legion,Poole,
1986. de laP.incesaIsabelMariaLuisa(founded1833)
Hrisares
Cusrdia Real
Coraceros(Cuirassiers)
TA3LE A _ LINE INT'AI\TRYREGIMENTS Granaderosa caballo(Horsecrenadiert
(Thosestationedoverseasare omitted)
Cazadores
No, Titl€ Founded
I R"v Porprivilegio Colourpnturcs ove eaf:
Immenorial.
z Reina 1537
3 4t Lieutenant of Line Grcnadien, canpaign dress. A brust
Infante Porpdvilegio grcnade6 womovct hc oihkinshako-cover.
5 Saboya 1537 5t lst Seryeant, Reina Gobemadan rcgiment, in campaign
7 1539
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6| Grenaderc,
10 SanFemando Porprivilegio T crcnaderc,RoyalGua, field drcss.Co arsweresometimes
11 C6rdoba 1630 btuefor this unit.
14 ZaraEoza 1660
15 Mallorca 16f2 1824-1835.
8&9t Light andLine Cavalrymen,
t7 1764 l.0&lL Line andLight Cavablmen,1835onwards.Theyellow
l8 EstremaduIa t'766 coake vlas sad b be ha epv,earingthan iti turyul
l9 Castila 1793 predecessot. A wakrcolow in the Mabid Amf
m Borbon t196 Museumshowsan offrcet vlith pink facings,nthet than
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PRODUCTIONS
45
 THESIEGEOFORIE,ANS
1428.1429
A DemonstratlonWaqgame
byPatrickMcGi)l

Over the next year the Lance & LongbowSo€ietywill be Henry Vl as king. Within three monrhsof Henry'sdeaththe
runningthissiegegameat a numberofwargame shows.So, as king of France,CharlesVI died, thus the infant Henry VI
Duncan has taken some nice photographsof rhe game, I becamethe rulerof two realms.
thoughtit would be appropdateto do an articleandthrow in the Henry\ death shouldhave spelt disasterfor the English, but
simplesiegerules we useto wargameit for good measure, on the contrary,Henry's youngerbrother, John, Duke of
Bedford,now RegentofFrance,took overthe reinsof power
and conrinuedwherehis brolherhad left oft. He marri;d lhe
HISTORICALBACKGROUND Duke of Burgundy's sister thus strengtheningAnglo/
I dare say most people visualisethe Hundred years War as a Burgundianrelationsand his armiessoundlytrouncedthe
seriesof selpiece battles where English archerskill thousands Frencb at rheBattle!ofCravant ( l42J)andVerneuil{1424). By
of Frenchmen,e.g. Agincourt,Crecyand poitiers.W€ll, I do the summer of 1428the English had a firm hold on rnost of
not wish to disappointyou, but this wasnot really the case. FrancenorthoftheLoire. (SeemapI for the storysofar.)
Throughoutthis period the war was conductedon a land,
grabbingthene, wherebythe Englishtried to occupylarge
areasof France,with or without the aid of the French.To TIIE ENGLISHLAY SIEGETO ORLEANS
accomplish thistheyeirherlaidsiegetokeycities,wa ed rowns In August 1428,the Duke of Bedfordhad raisedan arny of
and castles,or they went on a "Chevauchee"(a sortof medieval 5,000nen andhe sunmonedthe Englishcommanders to pa.is
Tour de France).The Chevauchee wasa raid oe€Drnroenemv to discuss thebestwaytoutiliseit. He satdownwith theEarlsof
terriLory.wherethe army plunderedand tenoriaedlhe toc;l Salisbury,Suffolk and Warwick, and the Lords Talbot and
populationas it carvedits way through enemyheld lands. Scales to decideon the nextEnglishtargetolconquest.
(Perhapsthis is whereceneral Shermansot the idea for his Therewere two alternatives opento the English.The filst,
marchacrossceorgia duringthe Ane ca;Civil War). Soin a suppo ed by Bedford,waslo makea widesweep(Chevauch€e)
nutshell,theHundredYealsWarwasaseriesofsieqes andraids . throughMaineandinto Anjou, capturerhe city of Angersand
punctuated by rheoddpirchedballle: then invadePoitou.linking with pro-Englishcasconyto the
After HenryV's vicroryarthebattleofAgincounin 1415,the south.This planwouldthuscut off rhe Frenchfrom rhe seato
Englishwar machinebeganto devourFrance.White Henry the west,makingit extremelydifficultfor them to receiveany
conquered Normandy,the Frenchnobilityweretoo engrossed fu(her aid from Scotland (the French armv at Vemeuil had
in their own personal squabbles to offer any organised around6,500Scotsin it).
resistance. The Frenchwar efforthadgroundro a haltbecause The secondplan, favouredby Thornasde Montagu,Earl of
the BurgundianandArmagnacfactionswere lockedifl a violent Salisbury, wastomakeadirectattackon thecityofBourges,th€
strugglefor control of rhe mad French king, ChartesVL This centreof Frenchresistance, which housedthe court of the
strugglecameto a headin 1419whence(ain membersof the Dauphin- who had declaredhnnselfking CharlesVII on his
Dauphin Charles'shouseholdmurderedJohn the Fearless. father'sdeath. However,before the Englishcould capture
Duke of Burgundy, during a parley on a bridge on the river Bourges,theywouldhaveto captureOrleansfirst, asit was
of
YonneinMontereau. ThisdrovetheBurgundians,led by philip strategicimponance, lying about halfuay from Paris to
the Good Duke of Burgundy,into th; Englishcamp, thus Bourges.This secondplan offeredthe chanceof bringing
the
weakeningFrenchresistancestill further. warto a speedyconclusion ifit wassuccessful,and the maiority
ln 1420- after lengthynegotiarions betweenthe English, ol the Englishcommandersappearro have \uppodedSatis-
Burgundians andQueenIsabeauofBavaria,wifeofCharl;sVI bury'ssuggestion.
-Henry V narried CatherineValois,the king,sdaughter,and
TheDukeof Bedfordreluctantty gavewayto thewishesof his
was made successorto the throne of France on CharlesVI's commandenandtowardsthe endofAugust 1428,
the Earlsof
death.The agreementalsobarredthe DauphinCharlesfrom Salisburyand Suffolkmarchedfrom pa;s with
5,000to 6,000
thelineofsuccession, astheQueenhaddeclaredhima bastard. menandheadedfor Orleans.Tbey6rqtofa capruredJanvi e,
Everythingwent w€ll for the English over rhe next coupleof an mportantwalledtownon the Paristo Orleansroad
yearsasrh€y moppedup mosl of Nodhem france. Tha onty they marchedsouth, by-passing andthen
Orleans,and laid sieaeto
setbackduringthispedodwaswhenThomas,DukeofClarence Meung and Beaugenc)downsrreamot the cily. Bolh
ihese
andbrorherof HenryV. wasIefi in chargewhiterhe king was townswerc on the north bank of the t ire
and controlled
bneflyin England.Thomasmanaged rog;r himsetfki ed;r rhe important.iver crossings. By 25 September1428both these
Battle of Bauge,22 March 1421,whenhe rashlyattackedrhe obJecriveswere rakenandlhe EarlofSatrsbury nexrdirecredhrs
Frencl/Scobarmy ot the DauphinChartes.However,belore effonslowardsthe rownofJargeau.upstream
ofOrteans.The
the Dauphincouldbuild uponhisgoodfonune. Henrytanded Lnglrsharmj. havingleft garnsonsar Meung
and Beaugency,
at Calaisandrookan Engtistr,Ourgundian arrnyon a riiA aeep crosledrhe Lore andmarchedsoulhof Orlednsandtaidsieee
into Frenchteritory, forcing the Frencharmy to rerreat beyond to Jargeauon 2 Ocrober.Threedayslaterrr was
caprured.a;d
the riverLoire. nearBlois. townof Chareauneuf funher upsrreamfe shonly;fte r*ards.
As soonasit becameevidentthat the Frenchwerenot going ThusSalisbury hadinvesred rheciryon borhsides.'rSee map|.)
to offerbattle,Henrywithdrewhis armyto Meauxnearparis, He DowmoveddirectlytowardsOrleans,
ocrupyingOlivit, i
passing Orleanson theway.FromOctoberl42ltheEnalishlaid suburbof Orleanson the south bank of the Loira.
and th€
siegeto Mraux until rrsfallon 2 Ma, 1422.During L-h,\liege EnglisharmyIinall) appeared beforethe waltsofOrleanson 12
Henry sufferedhis first bour of sickness, probablydysentet, October1428.
anddiedon 31 July 1422,aged35, leavinghis8 monthold son While Salisburyhad beenconductinghh operationsin the
 47
with walls.(Seemap2.)
?rt.r)J How on earthwasan English afiny of probably no more than
4,000by now, goingto iake the city? The Earl of Salisburydid
not appearto be wonied by the prospectand op€nedhis attack
on the city's defencessoon after he arrived. He captured the
Barbicanand bombardedt€s Tourelleslrith his anilerv. The
Frenchabandonedit. destroyingtwo archesof rhe iridge
betweenit andthe city walls asthey withdrew. The English then
promptly occupiedthe BarbicanandLesTourellesandfortified
-o)ar n. a convent,€alledLs Augustines,which wassrill standingto the
d",l^
southof the Barbican.
'/
The first stageof the siegehadtaken abourfour weeksandthe
Jo, 7ea /' easewith which the English accomplisedtheir task seriously
affectedthe morale of the city's defenders.At this point in the
proceedingsSalisburywas possibly not even contemplatinga
full siegeandwasmore than likely planningto storm the city.
During the last week in October, Salisburyand someof his
outlying area,tbe city of Orleanshad madeprcparationsof its captainsvisited Les Tourelles to espythe city from high up in
own. The order had been given to desfoy the suburbsarcund one of its to*ers. While he was peering out of a window a
the city and vast areas were razed to the ground. With the French gunstone, fired ftom the €ity, struck the tower and
suburbsbumt, the English would be denied decentbiuets for mortally wounded hin. With Salisbury dead the chain of
the impending winter and the defenders' artillery also had a commandpassed downto the timid Williamde la Pole,Earl of
clear line of fire ftom the city walls. At this time, Orleans Suffolk. lnstead of prosecutiog the siege he withdrew the
situatedon the north bark of the river Irire, wasprobably the Englishforcesfrom Orleans,leavingonly a smaltgarrisonin L€s
best defendedcity in Fmnce.It had numercustowers alongthe Tourelles.On hearingthe news of Salisbury'sdeath and
citywallsandfivehuge gatehouses, andwasd€fendedbya large Suffolk's inactivity, the Duke of Bedford promptly sent Lord
garrison. On the southem side of the city a stone bridge of Talbot and l,ord Scaleswith reinfor€ementsand his orders.
nineteenarchescrossedthe river l-oire and al the endof this lay They arrivedin the vicinity of Orleanson I Decemberand
the imposingfortressof I€s Tourelles,a huge gatehouse immediately orderedthe Englishbackto the city.It wouldalso
defendedby two gJeattow€rs and a drawbridge. On the south appearthatSuffolkwaseitherrelievedofhis commandorstood
bankof the Loire lay the Barbican,calledthe Fortressof l,es down in favour of Lord Talbot, for he only appearsto have
Tourelles, a large earthwork revetedwith masonryand topped taken a supportingrole after the arrival ofTalbot. Over the nexr

.\ r. C*u,.a^-,

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 49
coupleof monthsTalbotbeganto ringOrleanswith siegeworks tracksby a hail of arrows,crossbowbolts and cannonballs,
andforts in an effon to blockadethe city. Most of the siegelines forong them to withdraw out of range of the English.
were to the north of rhe Loire and to the wesrof the city. Throughoutthe aftemoonthe Frenchlauncheda numberof
However,because the siegeworkswereincomplere thecitystill attacksagainsttheEnglishgarrisonin LesAugustines, but each
receiveda trickleofsuppliesandreinforcements. time they were beatenba€k with hea\,ylosses.By the late
ln February a French army of about 4,000 men left Blois to aftemoon the French had exhausted themselvesand werc
relievethe city, but on hearingof the approa€hof an English streamingback towardsSt. Jean le Blanc as the English
supplytrain consistingof three hundredbanelsof henings, launcheda counter-attackto help them on their way,
underthecommandof SirJohnFastolf,theydecidedto pickon Fortunatelyfor the French'La Hire' had kept a reserveof
what they thoughtwas an easytarget.They were routed by mountedmen-at-arms and attackedthe Englishin no-mans-
Falstolf on 12 February 1429, at the Battle of Rouvray (or land, throwing them back in some contusiontowardsLes
"Herrings"asit wasnamedby the English).
Augustines againpursuedby the Frenchmob. This time the
Over the nextthreemonthsTalbot continuedwith his siese Englishcould not organisestiffer resistance and the French
tadicsand wasslowlyclosingrhe ner aroundO'leans.(lf ydu managedto breach the defencesof Les Augustinesand
look at map2 showingthecity andsiegelines,thisis howfar the overwhelmit. What remainedof the garrisonescapedto the
siegehadprogressed up to the beginningof May 1429. ) coveroftheBarbicanandIJs Tourelles,
All that afternoonTalbothadbeenunableto sendreinforce-
mentsauoss the river, as Jean de Orleans,the Bastardof
JEANNELA PUCELLEARRII'ES AT ORLEANS Orleans,hadlauncheda seriesof attacksftom the city against
On 29 Aprif 7429,Iea ne la Pucelle(berter known to the the BastilleSt. Laurent,in an effortto keepTalbot'smenhom
Englishspeaking worldasJoanof Arc) ar vedin thecity with a interveningacrossthedver.
smallrelievingforce.By 5 May, shemanagedto whip the civil ThateveningTalbothadto makea decision.He couldeither
population of Orleansinto a frenzy and a large mob rushedout withdraw the garrison from Les Tourelles during the night,
of the Burgundy gate on the east side of the city and whi€hwould be moreor lessadmitting defeat;or he couldsenda
overwhelrnedthe Bastille St. Loup, slaughreringthe English largeforce acrossthe river andlauncha counter-attackfron the
garrison.ThiswasSuffolk'sH. O. andhe eitherescaped, or was BastilleSt. Pdviei or he couldorderLesTour€llesto hold out
Iuckyenoughnol lo be therewhenir *as altacked.Ar thesame whilehe attackedthe city, hopingto catchthemunprepared. It
time as t}Ie attackon St. Loup the militarygarrisontaunched wasthis latier plan that Talbot adopted.During the night he
anotier attackon th€ BastilleParis.This was done to stop withdrewthe gadsonsfrom the BastillesSt. Privieand lle de
Talbotsendingreinforcements acrossto St. Loup andcatching Charlemagneand concentratedhis forceson the north bank of
the disorganised mobin theopen. the Inire.
The followingmoming,7 May, the French now reinforced
by the majodtyof the garrison,thoughleavingenoughmenfor
ATTACK ONLf,S AUGUSTII{ESANDLES the defenceof the city massedfor the attack on the Barbican
TOURELLES andLesTourelles. At around8o'clocktheymoved foruardand
The followingday,6 May, Joanof Arc anda largeforceof the beganto fill the ditcheswith faggotsso they couldget to tbe
citizensof Orleanscrossedthe Loire tothe southbank.aeainst walls.By aroundr o'clockthisworkwascompletedandthefirst
lhe wishes of thef renchcommande'r otthe milirar\eati'on. realauackwentin, ledby Joanof Arc. As theyapprcached the
The Engli\hin BasiilleSt.Jeanle Blan..seeing Lhaiinarrack wallsof the Barbicanthe Frenchcameundera \ritheringfire
wascomingandhavingwitnessed the slaughterof the English from the English,but thisdid not stopthemreachingthe walls
ga[isonat St.Loup,abandonedthe fort andfledto thesafetyof andputtingup theirscalingladdefs. As theyattemptedto climb
l-es Augustinesand Les Tourellesasthis mob of citizensled by the wallsthey werepeltedwith afiows andmasonryfrom above.
Joanlandedon the southbank of the .iver. The mob, drunk Joan,who had alsoreachedthe \vall,beganto scaleoneofth€
with theirsuccesses sofar, setfire to St.Jeanle Blancandbegan ladders,but wasshot from aboveby an English archerand she
to advanceagainsrLes Auguslines.They were in for a ntsly fell to the$oundwith anarrowstickingoutofhershoulder. She
shockl wasquicklycarriedto the rear asthe Englishcheered,andthe
ks TourellesandLesAugustineswerewell defended withall initialattacksoonlostits momentumasthe Frcnchretiredout
mannerof defensiveworks. The commanderof the English of therangeof the Englisharchers.
forcessouthof the dver. William clasdale.had 500-600nen All aftemoon the French Iauncheda seriesof attackson the
under his commandand he packedthe walls and ramparts, Barbican,whileJoanlay in a field rccovedngfrom herwound.
waiting for the inevitable attack. The Frenchmob, who had by By about5 o'clocktheFrenchseemedtohavehadenoughand
now beenreinforced by someof the garrisonunder Etienne de the Bastardof Orleanswas about to call it a day whenJoan
Vignolles,'LaHire';Jeande Brosse,Sirede Boussac, Marshal anived back on the sceneand urgedthem to make one last
of Fradce;andGillesde Rais,numberedabout4,000men.As attack.The Bastard,realisingthat the Englishmusthav€alrnost
they approached L€s Augustines,they weie stoppedin their spentthemselves aswell, complied.His planwasto attackthe
Barbicanagain,but thistime he alsoordereda bargeto be filled
with pitch,faggotsandanythingthatwouldburn.Thiswasto be
SOME HERALDIC BANNERS set on fire and floated under the drawbidge leadingfrom l,es
Tourellesto the Barbican.He alsoorderedsomeof the city
garrisonto spanthe brokenarchesofthe bridgeandattackLes
1 . Jeand'Orleans,"The Bastardof Orleans" Tourcllesfrom the city. At around7 o'clockall wasreadyand
2 . Etiennede Vignolles,"La Hire" the Frenchattackedagain.The bargefull ofcombustibles was
3 . Jeande Brosse,Sirede Boussac floated under the drawbridgeand set alight as the city ga[ison
4 . Gillesde Rais put a makeshiftbridge of planksacrossthe broken archesof the
5 . JeanMaletde Graville bridge. This two-prongedattack, aided by the smoke and
Thomasde Montagu,Earl of Salisbury confusion caused by the buming barge, did the trick. The
'7.JohnTalbot,Lord Talbot Frcnchpouredover the walls of the Barbican.The English
8. Thomasde Scales,Lord Scales men-at-anns under Glasdale lought a desperate rearguard
50

WARGAMES FIGURES PAINTED THEWARGAME

to collectoasstandarG.SendSAEor two IRCSfor pdcelist
to. D. Seagrove, To wargamea siegeon the scaleof Orelansis beyondthe
THE IAST DETAIL resources ofalmostanywargamer.Indeed,to do it with 25mm
196 ParlauntRoad,L-andev.Slough,BerkshlreStji 8AZ figuresyou would needa wargamestable the sizeof a large
garage.So, for the purposeof our demonstration, we have
action as some of the defendersbolled acrossthe burning basedour gameon the Frenchattackson Les Augustinesand
drawbridgeinto LesTourelles. By thetimeGlasdaleattempted LesTourelles.Allthe terrainwasmadeto orderbyJuli€nStraw
to crossit $th a group of his men, the drawbridgewas so from as manycontemporary pi€ruresand drawingsas I could
weakened by theflamesthatit collapsed undertheirweightand find. Thegameyouseein thephotographs coversanareaofsix
Glasdaleanda numberofotherswerecastto the bottomof the
Loire.SoonafterthisLesTourelleswas capturedandthewhole Movingon ro the wargames armies.You will needsom€of
Engl;shgarison was put to $e sword,none appearto have your figuresbasedon singtebasesfor fightingwith our simple
surr'ived,evenforransom.(Seemap3.) siege les.TheEnglishgarrisonis represented by 60figuresfor
ourgane, whichrepresencabout600menat a ratioof l figure
EPILOGUE equals10men.We alsogavethemonelightbombardandcrew,
plus onecommandfigurewhichrepresents William Glasdale.
At around10o'clockthat eveningbothsidesof LesTourelles For the Frcnchwe allowed256figurcsandtwo light bomards,
werebridgedwith planksandthe Bastardof Orleans,Joanof whichrepresents around2,600menin total at a ratioof 1 to 10.
Arc, La Hire, De Boussacand Gilles De Rais triumphantly Botharmiesarebrokendownasfollows.
crossedover the Loire by lhe hastily repairedbridge and
enteredOrleans.The followingday.I May. the Englishraised
thesiege,but not beforedeployingtheremainderoI the English THEENGLISH
armybeforetheir siegelines,stretchingfromSt.Laurentto St. Thesearesplit into iwo forces.One in LesAuguslinesandthe
Pouair.openlydefyingthe Frenchto comeout ofthe city and otherin the BarbicanandLesTourelles.
fightin theopen.Theywaitedfor two hoursin vain;lhel-rench
retusedto cone out andfighl, so the Englishmarchedoff. The IN LES AUGUSTINES:9 Men-at-arms; 12Armouredlroops
restis hislory.In the followingmonththe Frenchwenton the with Inngbowsi 6 Armoured troopswith Bills or Heavymelee
offensiveandcapturedJargeau.MeungandBeaugency, forcing weapon;2 Armoured troops with Handguns;5 Armoured
Talbotto retreattowardsParis.On thewayhisarmywasidden troopswith crossbowsi 1 Light bonbardwith 3 or4 crew(these
downby a surpriseFrenchattackat the Battleof Patayon 18 have no fightingvalue).
This givesyou 34 figuresplusthe gun
June1429,whereTalbotwasseriouslywoundedandcaptured
by the French-It took anothertwo yearsbeforethe English IN THE BARBICAN AND LES TOURELLES: 7 Men-at-
couldsecure hisrelease.As for JoanofArc. shewasburntat the arms (onc of theseis Glasdale)i12 Armoured troops with
stakeasahereticinRouenon 3l Mav 1431. Longbowsi4 Armoured troops with Bills etc; 3 Armoured
 51
troopswith Handguns.
Thisgivesyou26 figures.
FEUDAL EUROPERANGE
INFANTRY lOP EACH
TIIE IRENCH
TheFrencharea rightoldmixture.Thesearesplitintosixunits
orBattles,eachwith a commandfigure.
THE MOB: LedbyJoano{Arc.50 Unarmouredcitizensarmed
with all typesofmeleeweapon.One ofthesefiguresshoutdbe
in fullplatearmourto represent
JoanofArc.
TIIE BASTARD OF ORLEANS: 6 Men,alarms; 26
Armouredtroopswith Heavyneleeweapons;16Unarmoured
troopswith Crossbows.
DE BOUSSAC:6 Men,at,arms;26 Armoured troops with
Heavymeleeweapons;l2 Unarmouredtroopswirh Crossbows. MOUNTED
CAVALRYPR]CE COMPLE1E gOP
JEAN DE GRAVILLE:6 Men-ar-armsi26 Unarmoured IHONE SOLDSEPARATEAT 55P]
troopswith Spears;12 Unarmouredtroopswith Crossbows.
Spearsmaybe upgradedto Armoured.
GILLES DE RAIS: 6 Men-at-arms;26 Unarmouredtroops
with Spears;12 Unarmouredtroopswith Crossbows.
Spears
maybe upgraded to Armoured.
Any of the four maincontingentsmay substituteup to four HORStrS THEKtrtrP
crossbowmen for handgunners.All the meleetroopsin rhese
contingentsshouldbe formedinto 8 figurefronrages,4 ranks
HeroesMiniaturts FEW Lf,FT
LA HIRE: 10 Mounted Men,at-arms.Thesecan be used
dismounted.Havesuitablein{antryfiguresstandingby.
THE BOMBARDS:2 Lighl Bonbardswith 3 to 4 creweach.
Theseare not attachedto anyone unit and are usedro make sEo2sY.
breaches
in the ramparts. * s.A"E.Fo. tist*
Why Pry FancyPric6 ?
Note:Ifthe bombardsscorea hit on a ramparr,theymakea l"
breachin it andkill anyfigurebehindit-
rule.)The Frenchmustalsoattacktwo wallsof the Barbicanat
once.so theymustmakeat leasttwo breaches in the ramparts
and fill the ditch beneathrhembeforethey can attack.Once
SPECIALRULE both sidescomeinto contactar the top of the walh usethe
In ourgametheBarbicanis surroundedby a ditch.To beableto MELEE RULES lo decide the issue.The rules are not
gettothewallstheditchmustbefilledwith6 faggots.Onefigure complcared. so are rdealfor a panicipalion
game.Whenwe
carriesonefaggotandmustr€achihe ditchto throwitin.Ifhe is lirsltoughrour thegame.JuLenSrrawhadlheequi!alenL of a
killedanotherfiguremusrrakehisplace.The figuressta(their 25mmGlasdalein theBarbican,whokilleda dozenFrenchmen
run from 12"awayfrom theditchandmakea nicetarsetforthe beforebeingpickedoffbyasneakyFr€nchHandgunner!
Fnglisharcher\.We alsomdkea rule lhar rhe bombardsmusl
makea3"breachin thetop ofthe rampartwhere rheattackgoes
FURTHERREADING& ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
As 5ome ot you may have already garhered.rhrs article
(tog€rhersith rhemapsby DerekSrone).isdnabridgedversion
MECHANICSOFTI{E GAME of my book.Ieanne La Puce e and the Siele of O.batLt. So,
As in the realsiege,the wargameis dividedinto two separate without blowingmy own trumperroo much, I would recom-
rctions. fhe fi'sl obiectiveot lhe Frenchn ro capruie trs mend this to anyonewho is interestedin the sieaeand the
Augustines whilethe Frenchbornbards poundthe Barbicanio campa'gn in general.However,it I hadlo recommen-d booksfor
makesomebreaches in the ramparts.This initialartackshould turtherreading,the two mostreadilyavailableare: 7r,4rr o/
b€ undertaken by theFrenchmob.supported byoneor moreof Watin lhc ldtddleAec\tt\ C.Oman,andTheAgin ou Wattty
the other cdntingents.The Englishin L€s Augusrines.sup A.H. Burne. Both thesebookscanbe obtainedthroushvour
porledby the shootingofthe archersin the Barbi€an,musttry localhbra'y.M) own book.whrchco!er"rhe"ege anag;ue,
anddefendit for aslongaspossible, bur at thesametimeifthey detailedbiographies and the heratdicbannersof all the main
are gorngto be overrunby rhe French,they mustabandonit characters, is still availableftom Freezywater
Pubtications, t4
with sufficientmento helpboostthe garrisonin LesTourelles Meadway,EnfieldEN3 6NU. and costst9.50 (includinqp&p
and the Barbican.This is carriedout by usingthe ENGLISH u .K . r .
EVASION rule. (See the rules.) Alt figuresmove at the FinallyI wouldlike to thankJulienStrawfor producinethe
movement ra€ andaresubjectedtoone altackbeforeescaping. reruin. my co-aurhorArmrnd Pacourn Franceior rranstirine
All the Englishhaveto do is reacha wall of rhe Barbicanto all (heFrenchsourcesinto Engli\h.andrhe Lance& t ngbow
es€apeilhey canstillbeshotat by rheFrencharchers.Onlyafter Societymemberswho giveup their time to lend a handai the
the Frenchhavecapturedl-esAugusrines cantheybegintheir wargames Show5 up anddownlhecounrry.B) lhe $ay if you
attackonlheBarbican.If youhavea ditcharoundthe Barbican fanc)someofJuliens tenainhe canbeconracled al: a Lo\aer
asin ourgane, youwill haveto fillit with faggors.(Seespeciat Way,Chickerell,Weymouth,DorsetDT3 4AW.
52
Movement- Melee- Shooting- Morale/Evasion
THE RIJLF^S:GameSequence:
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FORTHCOMING NEW D.B.M.l00Competition

THE TUNBRIDGEWELLS WARGAMESSOCIETYs open
Bring and Buy
day Cavalier95 *ill be held on 26 February1995.featuring Trad€ Stands * Bar and Refreshments
Trade Srands.demonstrationgames.participationgames.a
bring and buy stand. and a FREE painting competition.
Enquinesare invitedf.om any locauybasedwirgamesclubs
who wish to pur on demoDstrations etc. Enquiriesabout
Cavalicrshould bc addressedto: Clive Mclcod. 25 Royal
Avenuc.Tonbridge.Kenl TN9 2DB. Telr 0732-'150676 (home)
or 081-913 7645(work).
THE WEST MIDLANDSMILITARY MODELLING SHOW
1995will bc hortcd. as usual.by thc Alumwcll Wargames
Society. at theAlumweuSchool in Walsallon
Sunday.12 March
1995.With over60traders.40displavs($argaming.nodelling
and re-enacrrnent) and an attcndanccof over 1.500peoplein
1994il is oncof the leadingmilitaryhobbiesshows.A11in all the
showprovidesan idealopportunity for tradersandhobbyists to
meetfor talk andrrade.Tradeenquiriesshouldbe directed10
Dav'd Jarman on 0922478817and displa)- and general
enquiriesloAndrewBrationon (1921-3,1980.
56

NORTHERNMITITAIRE '94
29tJn&30th ocToBBRrgg4
SALFORDCOLLEGEOF TECHNOLOGY.
SALFORD, MANCHESTER
Situatedwest of the City Centre at the end ofthe M6O2which leadsoffJunction 12ofthe M62.
Adjacent bus andrail stations.
This is avenue with ground floor access,no
stepsor lifts, good lighting, barsand
restaurants.All the usualactivities you have
cometoassociatewiththis longestrunning
major event - trade stands,painting
competitions,etc.
Adequateprivate parking facilities and
pdvate outdoor areafor the outside activies.
Opentng Ttmes Saturday l0.30am to 5.Oqrm
Sunday 10.00r.m to 4.3Opm
Admission Adultsl,2.50
TwoD:yTtcket54.0o Under 14 and O'A'P"S gr'0o
This is a super venue, bring along th€ family and
enioy a good day our.

frrei SorpttE 15mmMetalFigures

Johnny Reb (A.C.W Rule6)tl4.5o
lgsunr
6tU!5
EebelY. , Ya*.€ Hunah!
A.C.W.Scena o booh secuelto AdEE & Dn t6.95
T'be
HenenislicGr6ks 038)
Canna!'n'anst44l& Gdrs (53)
fIlE ZOUAVE
THEA''ERrcA CIVILWAR of 6amegfor lonlon
@empb
SOCIETY'IAGAZINE
llal6 Re=naFen@l,o)
Erizabdns kbh w& (58)
U,K.Sub!12.50
Eu@p€
per4i$ues
per4 i$ues
416.00 an!toDomocountirg
nridy Y€E Wt (65)
EmlishCtil Wd l79l
S*in Yem wd l2S?l
91 BALLARDS LANE
GAMEKEEPEFI
F6n.h & l.did wd l!,31
criwin India{30) 75 Macdonnel51. LONDON,
FINCHLEY, N3
An€n6 wu ol hdEp€ndon€(201) Guelph
onr. Ni H 227 081-3462327
U-S.M.i6 ws {30)
Amed@ cril wd (217) NowZeslandAggnls Columbia,
PlainsIndid wd (105) APMP.O.BoJ(12250 AvalonHill.Chaosium,
Mdimilli& Exp.ditan (50)
G'al PaaouauMWarl47l NewZealand
Chnsbhurch, FASA,
lralio wd ol |-nd.pend€nci!
{f101 GDW,GamesWorkshop, lCE,
AuslroPru$ranWar( I47) llallanAgsnls
Frd@P@id War(192) MIRLITONS,G. Mavlair. Palladium,
Miniliqs, Standard,
Spanish-Ah.nen wd (71)
(F!gu$inb€t€E .6 app'oin.b rumbd€ Steveiacrsoi, TSR,victoryGames,
50029Tavamuze, FireEe WestEndGamesandmany,manymole
WORLDWIDE "AIL ORDER
SERVICE
-rryus-
S.A.E.fot ILLUSTRATEDLISTS. or€N 6 DAYSA WEEK9.30.fr&6 (SAT5.3!rmt
FREIKORPS15,25Plincetown Road,Bangor, MAII ORO€RWELCOME. 5ENOS^€ FORUT
Co.DownBT203TA.Northernlreland ACCESS/V|SAwtL@ME
TelephoneNo.0247472860
 57

34COPELAND CLOSE, Ps'&klbBU'('l0r

iniatures Desigrcd b! Michael Perc!

BASINGSTOKE,
HANTSRG224JX
TELt 0256-811746
(After6pnj

SSPanze.grenadiers
paintedby SpecialForces

20mmWWII
SS PA\ZER(;RE\.{DIERS 1941 AMERICAN tNFA\TRY T944

Bri Nco(sci)ri l R irtn.o

ssi P!D{{hri* r.,qtr !q Eg & Fu4 i16s(s)

316 ofiq csM (nonFo^r & Runn.r
ktuc"-d"&$P'NRr
:3i0iriii;:::rliiil
SENDASSAEFORT!LLLTST
\oRlrlrwRrc\\ Dr$xmtloR: ( K STOCKIST:
D.seon & Csrs., 19 P".nie St. j Gtassoe
xeep $a.gaming. London Rod, Derizes
Rebel Tr@p, T..ders Hall, Sin Rd,
Rcdhg

H I N C H L I F F2E5 m mF I G U R E&SE Q U I P M E N T S

N A P O L E O N IFCR E N C A
HR T I T L E R
EYQ UI P M E N T S
TUROPEAN
AGENT:DraperModes,Ooievaarlaanl,98oo Dei.ze,Eel8ium.Tel& Fax:(091)80 02 40. DraperMode
s of Bet8ium
nowsuppty
seecledran8e!olall2smmclasicHtnchlifiefsures
& equipnenl.
USAACTNI:TheColonial Connection,T00lamestown Road,wittiam;bulE.Va 2jt85 USA.Tel:8042299419.
AUSTRAUAN ACrNri MililaryHobbies,I 41W$r Tetrace,
Adetarde
5000.5 AudratiaTe a Far:08 23I 4772.
EXPORTPOST & PACKING CHARCES: Weon y chaEerhe acrlalposra8e,
anymoneynollsedwittbecredired.
TUROPE: Add307,.USA,CANADA, AUSTRAL|Aetc:Add50%forAtRMAtL
NAPOLEONIC:
FRTNCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS: SEVEN YEARS WAR:ENCLTSH CtVtLWAR:AMERtCAN wAROFTNDEpENDENCE:
PERSONALITIES:
AMERICAN CIVILWAR:EARLYMIDIEVAL: RENAISSANCE RANCE] ANCIEN]5: BRITISHCOLONIAL: EQUIPMENIS.
STARTERPACKS forAtLIHE AGES LISTED ABOVE.l2 flcS & DFTA|LID CATALOCUt: Xs.00:POSTFR[E.
PIEASENOIE NEw PnIcEsEffrclvE FRoM 1.1IANUARY,994:
lNf&CAvrlcs:4sp HORSIS:fron60pI994CATA|OGUE:€1.s0

'onor*o,nrnrr*93J'r#3#if
&"JB'Bio,*rur^or,*,r,
Phonet 075147424A faxt O7S147729A
SrdlfttofK&MTes

tL*RBuRN
A*mrrs, N.yoR*s
aoxrR",tnti,i9$iionfl5,l. mcxrRrNc. yo187s'

When replying to adverts please nention Wargames Illustrated.

58

trflf,teAAflnf,atures 26 BowleaseGardens.Bessacarr.
Doncaster,SouthYorkshireDN.l 6AP
Tel: {0302)530038Mon. to Sat.9am-7Dm

,ttUSTE4tED Nassauinfanirybatialionfromth€ collection

olDavidThomas.
HIGHOUALlry25mmFIGURES
FORTHE
WAEGAIVIERANDCOLIECIOR
DESIGNEOBYPETERMORBEY

3tit I EtNlNl 7A\\y IN AYII] lr CL:

rj

BERLII..I945_ THEFINALBATTLE
An.w.ndsupeft lydeiign.d ahd
.ove'instheepi(iinalbatlelorBe in. n!he(ominqmonlhrw€
s h a l L b e r e l e a s l vn aq na n u m b e r o
equipmentforthk p.riod (ov. nq bolh lh€RedAhyandthe
vailousrorc5thatiookpadlnthedefen.e olth..iry.Aswith
ourAdanri.wall bngethkwi I (o
oninqsihar will enableth. adenr wargam.r!o puton a qame
of toewag$ anpopodionr.

When replying to adverts please mention Wargames Illustrated.

 Figures
For Wargamcrs
& Collectors
Exclusiveh'
manuJactured in the
southoJ Englarul by,
The ultimate15mmNapoleonics
New PeninsularWar BritishFlank& Centrecompanyadvancing
at PorteArms and with levelledmuskets- also mountedLine, Lisht
and Highlandcolonelsand mountedRHA officer.
also available
10mm WW2 AirborneForces
All you needto refight Operation Market Garden!
Also newreleases in our hugeFranco-Prussianrange.
New 10mmTanks Panther out now - UniversalCarriersoon.
luc al\o .\t,'.1 l5nun 2Snn updietnlIrqt nnJ Lanqton.thipt

Drian
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4a r'nter g(rfn e nzLt ia ktr.e,t

Qualitypaintingassured.Orderin
confidence,
the standarei
you seeis
deliveredto yourdoor.

IntroductoryOJkr
ir-!uf's dL '!ntd and.on\Lnedbr BrianR sqle.iordandprinrcdfor RedouhEnidinses
For a limited period all orders over
t100 qua!tfi lor a cltscountoJ l0oo.
Fromf7.50 a figure
lncludingths costoffoot ormounred
flgure.S.d{lanSAI orNo tRCsforaiull
I l0 RoebanlSrreer.
cidsgo\v.Cll lEA. Tel: 041 554Uq44

When replying to adverts please mention Wargames lllustrated,