BS 6100-3:2007

BRITISH STANDARD

Building and civil

engineering –
Vocabulary –
Part 3: Civil engineering – General
ICS 01.040.93; 93.010

https://geotechnicaldesign.info/en6100-3-2007.html

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BS 6100-3:2007

Publishing and copyright information

The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.

© BSI 2007

ISBN 978 0 580 53723 3

The following BSI references relate to the work on this standard:

Committee reference B/500
Draft for comment 04/30087596 DC

Publication history
Section 2.1 first published February 1984
Section 2.1 second edition, September 1992
Section 2.2.1 first published April 1990
Section 2.2.1 second edition, September 1992
Section 2.2.2 first published December 1990
Section 2.2.2 second edition, February1999
Section 2.2.3 first published December 1990
Section 2.3 first published September 1989
Section 2.3 second edition, September 1992
First published as Part 3 (combined revision of Sections 2.1, 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.3
and 2.3) August 2007

Amendments issued since publication

Amd. no. Date Text affected

 BS 6100-3:2007

Contents
Foreword ii
1 Scope 1
2 Vocabulary structure 1
3 Structural design and elements (03 1xxxx) 2
4 Earthworks (03 2xxxx) 8
5 Substructures and foundations (03 3xxxx) 25
6 Tunnels, shafts and caissons (03 4xxxx) 30
7 Superstructures (03 5xxxx) 47
Bibliography 53

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover,
pages i to iii, a blank page, pages 1 to 54, an inside back cover and a
back cover.

© BSI 2007 • i
BS 6100-3:2007

Foreword
Publishing information
This part of BS 6100 is published by BSI and came into effect on
31 August 2007. It was prepared by Technical Committee B/500,
Basic data. A list of organizations represented on this committee can
be obtained on request to its secretary.

Supersession
This part of BS 6100 supersedes BS 6100-2.1:1992,
BS 6100-2.2.1:1992, BS 6100-2.2.2:1999, BS 6100-2.2.3:1990
and BS 6100-2.3:1992, which are withdrawn.

Relationship with other publications

BS 6100 consists of the following parts.
• Part 0: Introduction and index.
• Part 1: General.
• Part 2: Spaces, building types, environment and physical
planning.
• Part 3: Civil engineering – General.
• Part 4: Civil engineering – Transport.
• Part 5: Civil engineering – Water engineering, environmental
engineering and pipelines.
• Part 6: Construction parts.
• Part 7: Services.
• Part 8: Work with timber and wood-based panels.
• Part 9: Work with concrete and plaster.
• Part 10: Contract terms.
• Part 11: Performance characteristics, measurement and
joints.
• Part 12: Plant, equipment and persons.

Information about this document

BS 6100 has been completely restructured and compiled on different
principles than previously. Consequently, this part of BS 6100
represents a full revision of the standard.
A general introduction to and explanation of the BS 6100 vocabulary is
given in BS 6100-0, which provides an alphabetical index of all the
terms in all parts of BS 6100. It is intended that individual parts of
BS 6100 are used in conjunction with BS 6100-0 because they do not
contain indexes themselves.
BS 6100-1 reproduces verbatim ISO 6707-1 and provides a vocabulary
of general terms for the building and civil engineering industry.
It is essential that individual parts of BS 6100 are read in conjunction
with BS 6100-1.

ii • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

BS 6100 does not repeat (or provide alternatives for) terms defined in
other standards or in other parts of BS 6100. However, it does refer to
where definitions can be found and includes a bibliography of all
referenced standards.

Presentational conventions
Details of the structure, layout and presentational conventions used in
this part of BS 6100 are given in Clause 2.

Contractual and legal considerations

This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity
from legal obligations.

© BSI 2007 • iii

BS 6100-3:2007

iv • © BSI 2007 This page deliberately left blank

 BS 6100-3:2007

1 Scope
This part of BS 6100 defines terms within the civil and structural
engineering industry, including:
a) structural design and structural members;
b) earthworks;
c) substructures, foundations and piles;
d) tunnels and tunnelling; and
e) superstructures, including large span structures and bridges.

2 Vocabulary structure
This part of BS 6100 does not contain its own index. Instead, a
comprehensive index of terms is given in BS 6100-0. As a result,
it is intended that this part of BS 6100 is used in conjunction
with BS 6100-0.
The layout of this vocabulary is designed in accordance with ISO 10241
with terms arranged in a classified order and numbered in accordance
with ISO 2145.
Each term has an individual number consisting of seven digits in two
parts, the first of two digits, the second of five. Each number tells the
following information about the term.
a) The first two digits represent which part of BS 6100 the term
belongs to.
b) The third digit represents which group of terms it belongs to
within the part.
c) The fourth digit represents which subgroup of terms it belongs to
within the group, as follows.
1) Works.
2) Parts.
3) Materials.
4) Activities.
5) Processes.
6) Plant, equipment and documentation.
7) Properties.
8) Spaces.
9) Miscellaneous.
d) The fifth to seventh digits determine the location of the term
within the subgroup.
Bold words within a definition indicate terms that are defined elsewhere
in this part of BS 6100, other parts of BS 6100 or other standards.
Reference to where the term is defined is given in parenthesis after the
bold word.
NOTE 1 References to terms defined in BS 6100-1 are shown giving only
the part number, e.g. (01); references to terms defined in all other parts of
BS 6100 are shown using their full reference number, e.g. (07 59005).
NOTE 2 Where more than one definition source could be referred to, the
reference containing the definition of most general applicability is given.

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BS 6100-3:2007

Alternative terms are given in medium type below preferred terms

which are given in bold type. All alternative terms have the status of
being deprecated. Abbreviations are given in bold type below the terms
to which they relate.
In the vocabulary, terms of more than one word are written in their
natural word order, e.g. pedestal elbow, and the word order is not
inverted, e.g. elbow, pedestal. However, inverted forms of a term are
included in the index in BS 6100-0.
Terms are only given in the singular form, even when the plural form is
more common (unless the term is only found in the plural form).

3 Structural design and elements

(03 1xxxx)
3.1 Works (03 11xxx)
03 11001 half-timbered building
timber framed building (01) in which the spaces (01) between
the exposed timber (01) components (01) are filled with another
material (01)

3.2 Parts (03 12xxx)

03 12001 slender beam
beam (01) with a slenderness ratio (01) exceeding a prescribed limit

03 12002 rib
continuous projection at right angles to a flange (01) or slab (01),
increasing resistance to bending

03 12003 bearing surface

surface that transmits direct compressive load (01) from one
structural member (01) to another

03 12004 panel
distinct portion of a building element (01) surrounded by
a frame (01) or other components (01) of the same type

03 12005 flat
rolled-steel section (01) of rectangular cross-section, whose
thickness (01) exceeds one-tenth of its width (01)

03 12006 strand
assembly of wires or fibres of considerable length (01) spun helically
in one or more layers around a core (01)

03 12007 hollow pot floor

in-situ reinforced concrete (09 33032) ribbed floor (01), spanning
in one or more directions, where voids (03 28003) between the
ribs (03 12002) are formed by cellular blocks (01) made of fired
clay (BS EN 12670) or lightweight concrete (BS EN 206)

03 12008 filler joist floor

in-situ concrete (01) slab (01) containing embedded steel joists (01)

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03 12009 coffer slab

concrete slab (01) spanning in two directions and containing recesses
on its underside

03 12010 waffle slab

coffer slab (03 12009) with recesses that are curved on
plan (BS ISO 10209-1)

03 12011 hammer beam

short horizontal structural member (01) at the foot of a principal
rafter (03 12018)

03 12012 straining beam

upper horizontal structural member (01) of a queen post
truss (03 12047) connecting the heads of the queen posts (03 12035)

03 12013 trimmer
structural member (01) supported by a trimming rafter (03 12020)
or trimming joist (01)

03 12014 flitch beam

composite beam (01) consisting of one or more pieces of timber (01)
of rectangular cross-section and one or more steel plates (01) bolted
together parallel to the major axis

03 12015 common rafter

timber (01) rafter (01), not forming part of a truss (01), that extends
between eaves (01) and ridge board (06 32033)
NOTE Sometimes given intermediate support by purlins (01).

03 12016 jack rafter

shortened rafter (01) abutting a hip rafter (03 12017) or
valley rafter (03 12019)

03 12017 hip rafter

rafter (01) in the line of a hip (01)

03 12018 principal rafter

inclined structural member (01) of a roof truss (01), in
compression (01), connected to a tie beam (03 12030) and
posts (01) and to which struts (01) are connected

03 12019 valley rafter

structural member (01) in the line of a valley (01)

03 12020 trimming rafter

rafter (01) of larger cross-section but the same length (01) as and
parallel to common rafters (03 12015)

03 12021 trimmed rafter

rafter (01) of the same cross-section as a common rafter (03 12015)
supported by a trimmer (03 12013)

03 12022 trussed purlin

purlin (01) in the form of a lattice girder (01)

03 12023 furring piece

tapered piece of timber (01) fixed to the top of a joist (01) in a
flat roof (01) to create a fall

© BSI 2007 • 3
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03 12024 curb rafter

rafter (01) to the top, flatter, slope (01) of a mansard roof (01)

03 12025 heel strap

u-shaped, steel strap placed over the top of a principal
rafter (03 12018) and bolted into the tie beam (03 12030) near the
wall plate (01)

03 12026 sprocket piece

short, tapered piece of timber (01) fixed to the lower end of a
common rafter (03 12015) to reduce the slope (01) of a roof (01) at
the eaves (01)

03 12027 dead shore

vertical shore (01)

03 12028 flying shore

horizontal shore (01) that does not bear on the ground (01) and
provides lateral support

03 12029 raking shore

inclined shore (01) that provides lateral support

03 12030 tie beam

structural member (01) connected to, and providing lateral restraint
for, structural members (01) that are otherwise unrestrained

03 12031 straining sill

structural member (01) on the upper surface of a
tie beam (03 12030), between posts (01) to take thrust from
struts (01)

03 12032 tie rod

tie (01) in the form of a steel rod (01)

03 12033 string
horizontal tie (01) in a lattice truss (03 12048)

03 12034 king post

central post (01) in a king post truss (03 12046)

03 12035 queen post

one of a pair of posts (01) extending from the point of intersection of
principal rafters (03 12018) and straining beam (03 12012) to the
tie beam (03 12030)

03 12036 king rod

king post (03 12034) in the form of a steel rod (01)

03 12037 collar
horizontal structural member (01) tying a pair of principal
rafters (03 12018) in opposite slopes (01)
cf. collar (03 44029)

03 12038 column head

enlargement at the top of a column (01)

4 • © BSI 2007
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03 12040 blockwork
masonry (01) of blocks (01) bonded and solidly put together with
mortar (01)

03 12042 bowstring truss

roof truss (01) in the form of a simple arch (01) tied between its
springings (01) and with bracing (01) between the arch (01) and the
tie (01)

03 12043 Belfast truss

bowstring truss (03 12042) with lattice bracing (01)

03 12044 half truss

roof truss (01) whose shape (11 27004) is half a normal
roof truss (01), partly supported by a main roof truss (01) and
at an angle, usually 90 degrees to it on plan (BS ISO 10209-1)

03 12045 hammer beam truss

pitched roof truss (01) with a collar (03 12037) and hammer
beams (03 12011)

03 12046 king post truss

pitched roof truss (01) that has a single main post (01)

03 12047 queen post truss

pitched roof truss (01) having two queen posts (03 12035)

03 12048 lattice truss

lattice girder (01) for a flat roof (01)

03 12049 wind girder

girder (01) with its major axis horizontal to resist wind action (01)

03 12050 friction grip connection

act or state of being joined with a high strength friction grip
bolt (03 12051)

03 12051 high strength friction grip bolt

high tensile steel bolt (01), used with a high strength nut (06 72092)
and hardened steel washer (06 72096), tightened to a predetermined
shank tension (03 15002) so the clamping effect thus provided will
transfer loads (01) in connected structural members (01) by friction

03 12052 shear connector

device that transmits shear (01) forces (01) between
components (01)

03 12053 stud
small projection from the face of a component (01) to facilitate
connection with another component

3.3 Activities (03 14xxx)

03 14001 plastic design
method of structural design based on the assumption that under
increased loads (01) a redistribution of stress (01) takes place across
a structural member (01) after yield point (01) is reached

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03 14002 prestress
introduce into a structural member (01) internal stresses (01) of
such magnitude and distribution that the stresses (01) resulting from
subsequent applied loads (01) are modified

03 14003 post-tension
prestress (03 14002) by tensioning prestressing tendons (01) after
the concrete (01) has hardened

03 14004 shore
erect shore (01)

03 14005 backprop
distribute construction loads (03 17023) through more than one level
of construction (01)

3.4 Processes (03 15xxx)

03 15001 deflection
deformation (01) of a structural member (01) caused by bending

03 15002 tension
state in part of a structural member (01) subject to forces (01) that
extend it

3.5 Properties (03 17xxx)

03 17001 fatigue
damage to a structural member (01) caused by repeated application
of stresses (01) insufficient to induce failure (11 17012) by a single
application

03 17002 monolithic
formed of a single stone (01), or cast to form a structurally continuous
mass

03 17003 normal stress

stress (01) component perpendicular to the area concerned

03 17004 permissible stress

stress (01) that can be sustained safely by a structural material (01)
under a particular condition

03 17005 proof stress

stress (01) applied to a material (01) sufficient to produce a specified
permanent strain (01)

03 17006 yield stress

stress (01) corresponding to a yield point (01)

03 17007 punching shear

stress (01) imposed on a structural member (01) by a load (01)
tending to penetrate that member
NOTE Calculated by dividing the load (01) by the product of the
perimeter of its bearing surface (03 12003) area and the thickness (01)
of the member.

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03 17008 elastic limit

highest stress (01) that can be applied without producing permanent
deformation (01)

03 17009 ultimate bearing strength

stress (01) that can be supported by ground (01) or by a
construction (01) without applying a factor of safety (01)

03 17010 effective length

length (01) of a beam (01), strut (01) or wall (01) assumed for
calculating the slenderness ratio (01)

03 17011 effective span

length (01) of a beam (01) or concrete slab (01) assumed for design
purposes

03 17012 simply supported

without, or assumed to be without, fixity at supports

03 17013 lever arm

distance between the centroids of compressive and tensile forces (01)
in a structural member (01) subject to bending

03 17014 neutral axis

plane in a structural member (01) subject to bending, where
longitudinal stress (01) is zero

03 17016 stress/strain curve

diagrammatic representation of the relationship between stress (01)
and strain (01) in a material (01)

03 17017 secant modulus

slope (01) of the straight line drawn from the origin to any given point
on a stress/strain curve (03 17016)

03 17018 tangent modulus

slope (01) of a stress (01) / strain (01) function

03 17019 section modulus

second moment of area of a plane section about its axis in its plane
through the centroid, divided by the distance from that axis to the most
remote point of that area

03 17020 plastic modulus

algebraic sum of the first moments of area about an axis through the
centroid of a cross-section of a structural member (01)

03 17021 modular ratio

ratio of the elastic modulus (03 17022) of two materials (01) acting
together in a structural member (01)

03 17022 elastic modulus

quotient of stress (01) divided by corresponding strain (01) in a
material (01) over the range for which this value is constant

03 17023 construction load

load (01) specifically related to the execution of construction
works (01)

© BSI 2007 • 7
BS 6100-3:2007

4 Earthworks (03 2xxxx)

4.1 Parts (03 22xxx)
03 22001 berm
ledge formed in the side slope (01) of earthworks (01)

03 22002 benching
earthworks (01) formed in steps

03 22003 counterfort
projection from the hidden face of a retaining wall (01) provided at
intervals to increase resistance to horizontal pressure

03 22004 toe wall

low retaining wall (01) at the foot of a ground (01) slope (01)

03 22005 cutting
section of earthworks (01) where the formation (03 22043) is below
original ground level (01)
NOTE The length (01) usually greatly exceeds the width (01).

03 22006 side cut

berm (03 22001) wholly below original ground level (01)

03 22007 shallow trench

trench (01) up to 1.5 m in depth (01)

03 22008 medium trench

trench (01) greater than 1.5 m and up to 6.0 m in depth (01)

03 22009 deep trench

trench (01) that exceeds 6.0 m in depth (01)

03 22010 narrow trench

trench (01) that is too narrow for operatives (01) to enter
NOTE Usually for cables (01), small pipes (01) and trench fill
foundations (03 32009).

03 22011 pit
open excavation (01) with characteristics (01) that differ from those
for a trench (01)

03 22012 shallow pit

pit (03 22011) up to 1.5 m in depth (01)

03 22013 medium pit

pit (03 22011) greater than 1.5 m and up to 6.0 m in depth (01)

03 22014 deep pit

pit (03 22011) that exceeds 6.0 m in depth (01)

03 22015 trial pit

trial hole
pit (03 22011) to determine the nature of the ground (01) or the
presence of underground structures (01) and services (01)

8 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 22016 fascine
firmly bound cylindrical bundle of brushwood (06 12114)
NOTE Main applications are to increase loads (01) carried by very soft
or waterlogged soils (01) or to support slopes (01).

03 22017 mix-in-place wall

impermeable wall (01) around an excavation (01) formed by mixing
the soil (01) disturbed by vertical drilling with lime (BS EN 459-1) or
hydraulic cement (09 13005) to stop water entering into the
excavation (01)

03 22018 rock anchorage

ground anchorage (01) with its fixed anchor length (BS EN 1537) in
rock (03 23027)

03 22019 soil anchorage

ground anchorage (01) with its fixed anchor length (BS EN 1537) in
soil (01)

03 22020 ground anchorage primary reinforcement

rock anchorage (03 22018) installed in an excavation (01) to
maintain overall stability of the face of the excavation (01)

03 22021 ground anchorage secondary reinforcement

rock anchorage (03 22018) installed in an excavation (01) to
overcome local instability
NOTE Local instability may be caused when fragments separate from
the surface.

03 22022 rock bolt

ground anchorage (01) in which a bar (01) is fixed or
tensioned (03 15002) in rock (03 23027)

03 22023 rock dowel

ground anchorage (01) in which a bar (01) is fixed in
rock (03 23027) without tensioning (03 15002)

03 22024 cut off drain

drain (01) across a soil (01) or rock (03 23027) slope (01)
intercepting liquid flow (BS EN ISO 772) down the slope (01) or
preventing water running behind the face of an excavation (01)

03 22025 counterfort drain

deep trench (03 22009) filled with material (01) that drains freely,
cut parallel to the line of steepest slope (01) and below the slip surface
(03 27025) to improve slope stability (03 27045) by reducing pore
water pressure (03 27011)

03 22026 slope drain

system of shallow drains (01) laid in a soil (01) or rock (03 23027)
slope (01) to drain surface water (01)

03 22027 garland drain

drain (01) formed within an excavation (01), at the level of an
impervious stratum (03 23001) underlying permeable
strata (03 23001), to intercept water that would otherwise flow into
the excavation (01)

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03 22028 sub-drain
drain (01) below formation (03 22043) to remove ground
water (BS ISO 6107-1)

03 22029 vertical drain

bored or driven hole filled with permeable material (01) to accelerate
consolidation (03 25020) of compressible soils (01) by improving
drainage (01)

03 22030 wick drain

vertical drain (03 22029) with perforated plastics or cardboard as the
permeable material (01)

03 22031 sand drain

vertical drain (03 22029) with sand (BS EN 12670) as the permeable
material (01)

03 22032 drainage layer

layer of permeable material (01) to disperse sub-surface water

03 22033 drainage blanket

drainage layer (03 22032) near the base of an embankment (01)

03 22034 well point

small diameter, long tube (01) installed vertically in the ground (01),
with a perforated length near the foot through which ground
water (BS ISO 6107-1) is pumped

03 22035 well point system

dewatering (01) from a number of well points (03 22034)
NOTE Usually around the periphery of an excavation (01).

03 22036 shallow well system

dewatering (01) in which ground water (BS ISO 6107-1) is pumped
from perforated tubes (01) surrounded by filter medium (05 33003)
installed in holes less than 10 m in depth (01)

03 22037 deep well system

dewatering (01) in deep excavations (01) in which individual
submersible pumps (05 12125) are installed in holes bored to the
required depth (01)

03 22038 vacuum well system

dewatering (01) in which a vacuum is induced in a well (05 21002) or
around well points (03 22034) so that pumps (01) can remove
ground water (BS ISO 6107-1) from less permeable ground (01)

03 22039 horizontal well system

dewatering (01) in which a flexible perforated pipe (01), surrounded
by a fine mesh, is installed at the bottom of a trench (01) and connected
to a vacuum pump (01) at ground level (01)

03 22040 multi-stage dewatering

dewatering (01) in which well point systems (03 22035) or shallow
well systems (03 22036) are installed at ground level (01) and at one
or more deeper levels (01) as excavation (01) proceeds

03 22041 eductor system

dewatering (01) with an eductor (07 42291)

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03 22042 electro-osmotic drainage

dewatering (01) fine soils (01) using an electric potential
difference (11 27112)

03 22043 formation
surface of the ground (01) in its final shape (11 27004) after
completion of earthworks (01)

03 22044 critical slip circle

circular surface of the soil (01) on which it is assumed a
slip (03 25009) will occur

03 22045 brob
nail spike
metal fastening (01) with its head bent at right angles to the shaft

4.2 Materials (03 23xxx)

03 23001 stratum
naturally occurring layer of a single soil (01) or rock (03 23027) type

03 23002 subsoil
soil (01) immediately below topsoil (06 13001)

03 23003 peat
dark, spongy soil (01) of vegetable origin and characterized by a high
degree of compressibility (11 27020)
NOTE Usually fibrous.

03 23004 clay puddle

pug
clay (BS EN 12670) remoulded with water to a consistency where it is
pliable under hand pressure; used as a water seal (01)

03 23005 cohesive soil

soil (01) that, by virtue of its clay (BS EN 12670) content and moisture,
will form a coherent mass

03 23006 non-cohesive soil

soil (01) that will not form a coherent mass

03 23007 overconsolidated clay

clay (BS EN 12670) that retains some of the imposed stress (01) from
a previous greater overburden (03 23019)

03 23008 colluvial deposit

rock (03 23027) deposited by gravity from its place of formation

03 23009 drift
soil (01) deposited as a result of glacial action (01)
cf. drift (03 41004)

03 23010 aeolian deposit

wind deposit
soil (01) deposited as a result of wind action (01)

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03 23011 alluvial deposit

soil (01) deposited by a stream (BS EN ISO 772) or
river (BS EN ISO 772), in its channel (01) or on its
flood plain (05 28005)

03 23013 granular soil

non-cohesive soil (03 23006) the particle size (01) of which is greater
than 0.06 mm

03 23014 running sand

sand (BS EN 12670) that exhibits flow characteristics (01) similar to
liquid due to lack of confinement or water flow

03 23015 cobble
rounded to sub-angular rock (03 23027) fragments between
60 mm and 200 mm in size (01)

03 23016 hoggin
naturally occurring material (01) consisting mainly of
gravel (03 23029) and sand (BS EN 12670) and containing sufficient
clay (BS EN 12670) to bind the mixture when compacted

03 23017 loam
fertile soil (01), mainly of clay (BS EN 12670), silt (03 23028) and
sand (BS EN 12670)
NOTE Often contains decayed vegetable matter.

03 23018 non-plastic soil

soil (01) with a plasticity index (BS EN ISO 14688-2) of zero or with
a plastic limit (BS EN ISO 14688-2) that cannot be determined

03 23019 overburden
soil (01) or rock (03 23027) that overlies other material (01)

03 23020 heavy ground

ground (01) the excavated faces of which require support relatively
quickly

03 23021 saturated soil

soil (01) having all its voids (03 28003) filled with water

03 23022 stabilized soil

soil (01) modified to improve and maintain its loadbearing capacity and
resistance to weathering (01)
NOTE Techniques include compaction (03 24008), chemical techniques,
dewatering (01).

03 23023 spoil
excavated material that is unsuitable or surplus to requirements

03 23024 isotropic soil

soil (01) that has identical properties (01) in all directions
NOTE Usually applied to permeability (01).

03 23025 overbreak
amount of rock (03 23027) excavated beyond the prescribed
profile (01)

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03 23026 overdig
amount of soil (01) excavated beyond the prescribed profile (01)

03 23027 rock
relatively hard naturally occurring part of the earth's crust that has not
been broken down into loose material (01) that can be readily
excavated (01) by hand

03 23028 silt
soil (01) that consists of particles between 0.002 mm and 0.06 mm
in size (01)

03 23029 gravel
non-cohesive granular material (01) that results from natural
disintegration (05 39040) of rock (03 23027) and consists of
particles between 2 mm and 60 mm in size (01)

4.3 Activities (03 24xxx)

03 24001 site investigation
determination of physical characteristics (01) of sites (01) as they
affect design and construction (01), and stability of neighbouring
structures (01)

03 24002 ground investigation

soil survey
exploration and recording of the location and characteristics (01) of
soils (01) and rocks (03 23027), and ground (01) conditions

03 24003 contiguous bored piling

retaining wall (01) construction using bored piles (BS EN 1536) in
close proximity to, or touching, each other, in one or two rows

03 24004 secant piling

retaining wall (01) construction using interlocked bored
piles (BS EN 1536)

03 24005 ground improvement

soil improvement
in situ decrease of permeability (01), increase of strength (11 27007)
or decrease of compressibility (11 27020) of the ground (01) by
mechanical means or grout (01) injection

03 24006 heavy tamping

ground improvement (03 24005) to a substantial depth (01) by
repeatedly dropping a heavy weight from a considerable height (01)

03 24007 vibroreplacement
stone column
ground improvement (03 24005) in which a large tubular vibrator is
used to form a deep hole into which gravel (03 23029) or stone (01)
backfill (01) is introduced as the vibrator is withdrawn

03 24008 compaction
process of packing particles more closely together

© BSI 2007 • 13
BS 6100-3:2007

03 24009 shallow compaction

compaction (03 24008) by ramming, rolling or tamping the
ground (01) surface to achieve ground improvement (03 24005) to
a shallow depth (01)

03 24010 vibrocompaction
compaction (03 24008) of granular soil (03 23013) or fill (01) by
vibrating a large tubular vibrator that is inserted deep into the
ground (01) and withdrawn

03 24011 vibroflotation
vibrocompaction (03 24010) in which jets of water are introduced to
assist penetration and compaction (03 24008)

03 24012 claquage
hydrofracture
ground improvement (03 24005) where grout (01) is injected under
significant pressure, usually through tube-a-manchettes (03 26055),
to form fissures so that a matrix of grout (01) is formed

03 24013 ground freeze

stabilize ground (01) temporarily by local freezing of the water within it

03 24014 ground injection

ground improvement (03 24005) by injection of grout (01)

03 24015 grade
shape the finished surface of earthworks (01) by mechanical means

03 24016 trim
shape earthworks (01) finally

03 24017 pole back

excavate (01) behind existing ground (01) supports and provide
support to the new face

03 24018 jet
apply water under pressure to displace material in order to aid
penetration of driven piles (BS EN 12699), well points (03 22034)
or caissons (01)

03 24019 strip
remove the upper layer of soil (01), including topsoil (06 13001)
and vegetation, preparatory to carrying out works on or in
subsoil (03 23002)

03 24020 skim
remove the top layer of, or irregularities in, the ground (01) surface by
mechanical means

03 24021 grub up
uproot small trees (06 12036), hedges (06 12007) and
shrubs (06 12035)

03 24022 blast
excavate (01) hard ground (01) with explosive (BS 5607)

14 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 24023 lay-on blasting

method of blasting (03 24022) by placing an explosive (BS 5607)
against a boulder (BS EN 12670) or other object without containing it
in a shot hole (03 28001)

03 24024 drill and blast

excavate (01) hard ground (01) in which explosives (BS 5607) are
placed in drilled holes and detonated

03 24025 popshot
carry out secondary breakage of material employing small
explosive (BS 5607) charges in shot holes (03 28001)

4.4 Processes (03 25xxx)

03 25001 boiling
displacement of soil (01) at the base of an excavation (01) or adjacent
to the toe of an embankment (01) caused by pressure of water

03 25002 internal erosion

removal of soil (01) particles caused by liquid flow (BS EN ISO 772)
through a soil (01)

03 25003 piping
internal erosion (03 25002) leading to sudden collapse
cf. piping (03 45001)

03 25004 cryoturbation
disturbance of a soil (01) structure by the action (01) of ground (01)
ice

03 25005 ravelling
failure (11 17012) of exposed cohesive soil (04 23005) by fracturing

03 25006 heave
upward displacement of the ground (01) as a result of
excavation (01), surcharge (03 27031) or installing
displacement piles (BS EN 12699)

03 25007 subsidence
downward movement of the ground (01) surface that results from
collapse, removal or displacement of underlying material (01)

03 25008 cambering
downwarping of a hard rock (03 23027) stratum (03 23001) in an
escarpment valley side or excavation (01) due to extrusion of a soft
underlying stratum (03 23001)
NOTE The soft underlying stratum (3) is typically of
clay (BS EN 12670).

03 25009 slip
landslip
movement of a mass of soil (01) or rock (03 23027) by gravity
NOTE Often a rotational displacement.

03 25010 rotational slide

rotation of a mass of soil (01) along a curved slip surface (03 27025)

© BSI 2007 • 15
BS 6100-3:2007

03 25011 circular slide

rotational slide (03 25010) on a slip surface (03 27025) that is
approximately circular

03 25012 non-circular slide

rotational slide (03 25010) on a slip surface (03 27025) that is not
wholly circular

03 25013 translational slide

movement of a shallow mass of soil (01) in a plane roughly parallel to
the slope (01) due to a weakness on the plane

03 25014 flow slide

mud flow
translational slide (03 25013) in saturated soil (03 23021), caused
by a sudden increase in pore water pressure (03 27011), in which the
soil (01) flows as a viscous fluid

03 25015 slab slide

translational slide (03 25013) in which the sliding mass remains more
or less intact
NOTE Usually occurring in the weathered (01) surface of a slope (01).

03 25016 block slide

translational slide (03 25013) in which a block of relatively strong
rock (03 23027) or stiff to hard clay (BS EN 12670) moves down a
slope (01) as a unit

03 25017 debris slide

translational slide (03 25013) of debris, forming a mantle on
a slope (01) or the disturbed material at the toe of a rotational
slide (03 25010), when rainfall (05 29004) or diverted surface
water (01) causes downward movement of the debris

03 25018 compound slide

movement of a soil (01) mass that combines the characteristics (01)
of a rotational slide (03 25010) and a translational slide (03 25013)

03 25019 landslide
large scale slip (03 25009) or flow slide (03 25014)

03 25020 consolidation
reduction of bulk volume of soil (01), usually over a period of time, that
results from the closer packing of particles caused by an increase in
effective stress (03 27014)

03 25021 misfire
complete or partial failure (11 17012) of an explosion, after action to
initiate it

4.5 Plant, equipment and documentation

(03 26xxx)
03 26001 undisturbed sample
soil (01) sample (01) obtained by specialist methods so that its content
and structure are not appreciably altered by the sampling (01)

16 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 26002 plate bearing test

test (11 14010) to assess bearing characteristics (01) of ground (01)
by loading a plate (01) in contact with undisturbed ground (01) and
observing the effect (ISO 8930)

03 26003 standard penetration test

test (11 14010) in which a penetrometer (03 26052) is driven into
soil (01) a standard distance with standard blows; the number of blows
required is used to estimate soil (01) behaviour

03 26004 vane test

in situ test (11 14010) of cohesive soil (03 23005) using a measuring
instrument (BS 6953) with a blade of cruciform cross-section that is
rotated to measure (01) shear strength (01)

03 26005 triaxial compression test

laboratory test (11 14010) in which a cylindrical specimen (11 12001)
of soil (01) or rock (03 23027) is subjected to simultaneous axial
loading and radial confining pressure to determine its shear
strength (01)

03 26006 unconfined compression test

compression (01) test (11 14010) on a cylindrical sample (01) of
cohesive soil (03 23005) without lateral restraint

03 26007 Proctor test

one of a number of tests (11 14010) to determine the
dry density/moisture content relationship (03 27004)

03 26008 sedimentation test

test (11 14010) to determine sizes (01) of fine particles by
measuring (01) their rates of fall through a liquid at rest

03 26009 sheeting
boards or steel sheets (01) used to support the ground (01) in an
excavation (01) or retained material (01)

03 26010 close sheeting

close timbering
pieces of sheeting (03 26009) placed close together to hold up the
ground (01) in an excavation (01)

03 26011 open sheeting

open timbering
pieces of sheeting (03 26009) spaced at intervals in an
excavation (01) to support ground (01) that is sufficiently firm to
make close sheeting (03 26010) unnecessary

03 26012 trench sheet

section (01) used to support the sides of a trench (01) or an
excavation (01)
NOTE Generally a cold rolled-steel section (01) installed vertically.

03 26013 timbering
temporary works (10 61001, 10 61002) in timber (01)

© BSI 2007 • 17
BS 6100-3:2007

03 26014 rider shore

inclined shore (01) that springs from the upper surface of a
raking shore (03 12029)

03 26015 back shore

jack shore
member laid on and fixed to the top of a raking shore (03 12029)
and supported on the sole piece (03 26020), from which a
rider shore (03 26014) is wedged

03 26016 waling
in timbering (03 26013), horizontal member supporting a
cofferdam (01) wall (01) or sheeting (03 26009)

03 26017 face waling

face piece
waling (03 26016) across the end of a trench (01) or tunnel (01)

03 26018 ground frame

top frame
frame (01) of walings (03 26016) and struts (01) set at or about
ground level (01) as a guide for the first setting of runners (03 26027)
or trench sheet (03 26012)

03 26019 shoring headtree

horizontal member placed immediately on the heads of
dead shores (03 12027)

03 26020 sole piece

member in contact with the ground (01), on which the foot of a
raking shore (03 12029) or dead shore (03 12027) rests

03 26021 needle
horizontal member inserted into or through a wall (01) and wedged up
to provide support

03 26022 wall piece

vertical member placed in direct contact with a wall (01) to distribute
the thrust from one or more shores (01)
NOTE Usually of timber (01).

03 26023 lip
lipping block
short length of timber (01), fixed to the top of a strut (01), that
projects sufficiently beyond its end to rest on a waling (03 26016)

03 26024 lacing
lacing boards
in timbering (03 26013), members fixed to pairs of
walings (03 26016), struts (01) or shores (01) to provide
extra rigidity

03 26025 puncheon
post (01) to support a higher waling (03 26016) or strut (01) from
the one below

18 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 26026 kicking piece

length of timber (01) fixed to a waling (03 26016) to take the
thrust from the end of a strut (01) that is not at right angles to the
waling (03 26016)

03 26027 runner
vertical member to support the sides or face of an excavation (01) and
progressively driven or lowered as excavation (01) proceeds, its lower
end being kept below the bottom of the excavation (01)

03 26028 guide runner

runner (03 26027) driven ahead as a guide for driving intermediate
runners (03 26027)

03 26029 poling board

sheeting (03 26009) in contact with the ground (01) and supporting
the face or sides of an excavation (01)
NOTE Usually 1 m to 5 m long.

03 26030 setting
frame (01) that supports the ground (01) around an excavation (01)

03 26031 cross poling

poling board (03 26029) placed horizontally across the face of a
tunnel (01); in a trench (01) where runners (03 26027) or
sheeting (03 26009) cannot be driven continuously and vertically,
horizontally across a gap between runners (03 26027) or sheeting and
tucked in behind them

03 26032 tucking frame

frame (01) in which walings (03 26016) support sheeting (03 26009)
boards at their ends

03 26033 tucking board

narrow piece of timber (01) behind walings (03 26016) in
tucking frames (03 26032)

03 26034 soldier
vertical members that support walings (03 26016) or horizontal
poling boards (03 26029)

03 26035 ground prop

in timbering (03 26013), post (01) between the lowest frame (01)
and a foot block (03 26039) on the bottom surface of an
excavation (01)

03 26036 base plate

plate (01) that distributes load (01) from a vertical or raking
structural member (01)

03 26037 adjustable base plate

base plate (03 26036) embodying a screw jack (12 56030)

03 26038 sole plate

horizontal member that distributes load (01) from posts (01) or
frames (01)

03 26039 foot block

in timbering (03 26013), a timber (01) pad to spread a load (01)

© BSI 2007 • 19
BS 6100-3:2007

03 26040 ledge
unframed member fixed across a board or boarding (01) to hold it
(or them) together

03 26041 liner
in timbering (03 26013), a member driven between opposite members
of a frame (01) to lock them in position

03 26042 page
short thin wedge (06 32230)

03 26043 cleat
block to prevent movement of a strut (01) or waling (03 26016)

03 26044 cutting-out piece

short piece of timber (01) that may be cut out to dismantle
timbering (03 26013)

03 26046 guide frame

timber (01) frame (01) erected above ground level (01) as a guide
for runners (03 26027) or sheet piling (01) or as a staging (01) from
which they may be driven

03 26047 slope rail

rail (08 32002) fixed at an angle to indicate the slope (01) of
earthworks (01) under construction (01)

03 26048 stank
small temporary dam (01)

03 26049 clay cutter

percussive boring tool (01), used in cohesive soils (03 23005), that
consists of an open-ended steel tube (01) to which a cutting shoe is
attached

03 26050 shell
percussive boring tool (01), used in granular soils (03 23013), that
consists of an open-ended steel tube (01) to which a cutting shoe is
attached and that carries a flap valve (01) at its lower end to prevent
material falling out

03 26051 soil sampler

open ended tube (01) driven into the ground (01) to obtain an
undisturbed sample (03 26001)

03 26052 penetrometer
measuring instrument (BS 6953) that establishes the resistance of
ground (01) to penetration

03 26053 piezometer
device installed below ground (01) surface to measure (01)
ground water (BS ISO 6107-1) pressure

03 26054 slip indicator

device inserted vertically into sloping soil (01) mass to measure (01)
distortions due to soil (01) movements and to monitor slope
stability (03 27045)
NOTE Usually a small diameter tube (01).

20 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 26055 tube-a-manchette
steel tube (01) approximately 50 mm diameter with perforations at
300 mm centres over a limited length (01), the perforations being
covered by pliable sleeves

03 26056 shot
explosive (BS 5607) and primer (BS 5607) placed in a
shot hole (03 28001)

03 26057 blasting agent

mixture for blasting (03 24022) that does not contain self
explosive (BS 5607) ingredients such as nitroglycerine or TNT
NOTE This term is not used in official British classifications.

03 26058 firing circuit

circuit that connects the exploder (BS 5607) to one or more
detonators (BS 5607)

03 26059 connecting wire

electric (07 17002) cable (01), used only once, that forms part of the
firing circuit (03 26058) within the blast area (BS 5607)

4.6 Properties (03 27xxx)

03 27001 maximum dry density
dry density (BS EN ISO 12570) or soil (01) obtained by a specified
amount of compaction (03 24008) or the optimum moisture
content (01)

03 27002 relative compaction

ratio of the dry density (BS EN ISO 12570) of a soil (01) to its
maximum dry density (03 27001)

03 27003 Atterberg limits

limits of moisture content (11 27033) of a soil (01) below which a
cohesive soil (03 23005) is no longer plastic and above which it is
liquid

03 27004 dry density/moisture content relationship

relationship between dry density (BS EN ISO 12570) and
moisture content (11 27033) of a soil (01) with a given amount
of compaction (03 24008)

03 27005 clay fraction

fraction of a soil (01) composed of particles smaller in size (01)
than 0.002 mm

03 27006 gravel fraction

fraction of a soil (01) composed of particles between 2 mm and
60 mm in size (01)

03 27007 sand fraction

fraction of a soil (01) composed of particles between 0.06 mm
and 2 mm in size (01)

03 27008 silt fraction

fraction of a soil (01) composed of particles between 0.002 mm
and 0.06 mm in size (01)

© BSI 2007 • 21
BS 6100-3:2007

03 27009 particle size distribution

percentage of prescribed grain sizes (01) present in a soil (01)

03 27010 perched water table

water table (BS ISO 6107-3) maintained above the general standing
water level of the ground (01) below
NOTE It is usually maintained by an impervious stratum (03 23001).

03 27011 pore water pressure

pressure of water contained in soil (01) or rock (03 23027)

03 27012 total stress

combination of all stresses (01) acting at a point in a soil (01)
or rock (03 23027) mass

03 27013 total pressure

pressure on a horizontal plane in a mass of soil (01), principally due to
the weight (11 27002) of the overburden (03 23019)

03 27014 effective stress

difference between total stress (03 27012) and pore water
pressure (03 27011)
NOTE For most purposes, that part of total stress (03 27012) borne by
inter-particle contact.

03 27015 pore pressure ratio

ratio of the pore water pressure (03 27011) to the total
pressure (04 27013)

03 27016 artesian
condition existing in an aquifer (BS ISO 6107-3) in which the
head (01) of the water is sufficient to cause the water to rise above the
surface of the ground (01)

03 27017 degree of saturation

ratio of the volume of water contained in voids (03 28003) to the total
volume of voids (03 28003) in a material (01)

03 27018 percentage air voids

volume of air voids (03 28003) in a soil (01) expressed as a percentage
of the total volume of the soil (01)

03 27019 skin friction

frictional resistance (11 27016) of surrounding soil (01) on the
surface of structural members (01) below ground level (01)
cf. skin friction (03 36007)

03 27020 internal angle of friction

in granular soils (03 23013) the angle whose tangent, when multiplied
by the force (01) normal to the assumed sliding surface, is equal to the
shear strength (01) of the soil (01)

03 27022 angle of repose

steepest angle to the horizontal at which the sides of a heap of granular
material (01) will be at rest

03 27025 slip surface

surface of soil (01) on which a slip (03 25009) occurs

22 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 27026 slip circle

circular slip surface (03 27025)

03 27027 slip plane

slip surface (03 27025) in one plane

03 27028 toppling failure

failure (11 17012) of a rock (03 23027) slope (01) where steeply
inclined discontinuities cause individual rock (03 23027) masses to
overbalance

03 27029 wedge failure

failure (11 17012) by sliding of a wedge of rock (03 23027) or stiff
clay (BS EN 12670) to the intersection of two or three well defined joint
planes or fissures (BS EN 12670) behind a slope (01)

03 27030 drawdown
distance by which water table (BS ISO 6107-3) in or around a
well (05 21002) or borehole (01) is lowered by pumping

03 27031 surcharge
material (01) or load (01) above formation (03 22043) either
supported by a retaining structure (01) or used to increase the rate of
consolidation (03 25020)

03 27032 earth pressure at rest

value of lateral pressure in a soil (01) mass, with a horizontal upper
surface, completely at rest and undisturbed by any external force (01)

03 27033 active earth pressure

minimum value of lateral pressure in a soil (01) confined by a smooth
vertical wall (01) as the wall (01) is moved away from the soil (01)
mass allowing the soil (01) to expand until it reaches a state of
equilibrium

03 27034 passive earth pressure

maximum value of lateral pressure in a soil (01) confined by a smooth
vertical wall (01) as the wall (01) is moved towards the soil (01) mass
causing the soil (01) to compress (01) until it reaches a limiting state
when soil (01) failure (11 17012) occurs

03 27035 gross loading intensity

intensity of vertical loading on the ground (01) at the base of a
foundation (01) due to all loads (01) above that level

03 27036 ultimate bearing capacity

value of the gross loading intensity (03 27035) for a particular
foundation (01) at which the resistance of the soil (01) to
displacement of the foundation (01) is fully mobilized

03 27037 net loading intensity

decrease or increase in intensity of vertical loading at the base of a
foundation (01)
cf. net loading intensity (03 37001)
NOTE Due, typically, to the weight (11 27002) of a new structure (01)
including earthworks (01).

© BSI 2007 • 23
BS 6100-3:2007

03 27038 presumed bearing value

net loading intensity (03 27037) considered appropriate to the
particular type of ground (01) for preliminary design purposes
NOTE Usually obtained from a table.

03 27039 allowable net bearing pressure

net loading intensity (03 27037) taking into account the ultimate
bearing capacity (03 27036), an appropriate factor of safety (01),
the amount and kind of settlement (01) expected and the ability of the
structure (01) to accommodate the settlement (01)

03 27040 A-line
line on a graph of liquid limit (BS EN ISO 14688-2) against plasticity
index (BS EN ISO 14688-2), giving an empirical boundary between
inorganic clays (BS EN 12670) and silty and organic soils (01)

03 27041 air voids line

line on a graph relating dry density (BS EN ISO 12570) to moisture
content (11 27033) of a soil (01) that has a constant percentage of air
voids (03 28003)

03 27042 saturation line

air voids line (03 27041) where the volume of air voids (03 28003) is
zero

03 27043 bulb of pressure

contour line indicating assumed points of equal pressure below a
foundation (01)
cf. bulb of pressure (03 37002)

03 27044 California bearing ratio

ratio of the force (01) required to achieve a given penetration
of a prescribed piston into a soil (01) to the force (01) required
to produce the same penetration into a standard sample (01) of
crushed rock (09 23012)

03 27045 slope stability

degree of stability of a soil (01) slope (01), represented by a factor of
safety (01)

03 27046 depth of cut-off

depth (01) reached by a diaphragm wall (01), sheet piling (01),
contiguous bored piling (03 24003) or cofferdam (01) wall (01)
below formation (03 22043)

03 27047 depth of penetration

total depth (01) below external ground level (01) reached by a
caisson (01) or the sheet piling (01) of a cofferdam (01)

03 27048 foundation level

level (01) of the lowest part of a foundation (01) relative
to datum (01)

03 27049 soil profile

representation of a vertical section of soil (01) strata (03 23001)
derived from a ground investigation (03 24002)

24 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 27050 haul
distance through which material (01) is transported

03 27051 chargeweight
weight of an individual explosive (BS 5607) charge used in
a shot (03 26056) or lay-on blasting (03 24023)

4.7 Spaces (03 28xxx)

03 28001 shot hole
hole drilled in rock (03 23027) and charged with explosives (BS 5607)
for excavation (01)

03 28002 firing point

place at which an explosion is initiated

03 28003 void
space (01) filled with fluids between particles

5 Substructures and foundations

(03 3xxxx)
5.1 Parts (03 32xxx)
03 32001 ground beam
beam (01) in a substructure (01) transmitting load (01) to
a pile (01), pad foundation (03 32006) or other foundation (01)

03 32002 leg
support in an underpinning (01) forming part of the permanent work
cf. leg (03 46004)

03 32003 tanking
impervious membrane that prevents infiltration of subsurface water

03 32004 kentledge
material (01) used as a temporary load (01)

03 32005 grillage
assembly (01) of layers of beams (01) on top of and at right angles to
each other, to distribute or concentrate a load (01)

03 32006 pad foundation

isolated foundation (01) that spreads a concentrated load (01)

03 32007 piled raft

foundation (01) formed of piles (01) and a raft foundation (01)
acting together

03 32008 widestrip foundation

strip foundation (01) of such a width (01) that transverse
reinforcement (09 33068) is necessary

03 32009 trench fill foundation

foundation (01) formed by backfilling (01) a mechanically excavated
narrow trench (03 22010) with loadbearing concrete (01)

© BSI 2007 • 25
BS 6100-3:2007

03 32010 soldier pile

vertical member that supports walings (03 26016) or horizontal
poling boards (03 26029)

03 32011 needle pile

small diameter pile (01) of cast-in-place reinforced concrete (2),
steel tube (01) or bar (01) drilled or driven through and connected to
an existing foundation (01) or substructure (01), and the
surrounding soil (01) to improve structural stability

03 32012 mini pile

small pile (01) installed with lightweight equipment
NOTE Usually less than 300 mm in diameter.

03 32013 composite pile

pile (01) constructed to suit particular conditions using more than one
method of construction (01)

03 32014 raking pile

pile (01) installed at an inclination to the vertical

03 32015 totally preformed pile

driven pile (BS EN 12699) manufactured or assembled above
ground level (01)

03 32016 timber pile

totally preformed pile (03 32015) of timber (01)

03 32017 steel pile

totally preformed pile (03 32015) of steel

03 32018 H-pile
steel pile (03 32017) of rolled steel H-section (01)

03 32019 box pile

steel pile (03 32017) of hollow section (01)

03 32020 pipe pile

tubular pile
cylindrical box pile (03 32019)

03 32021 small diameter bored pile

bored pile (BS EN 1536) with a diameter of 600 mm or less

03 32022 large diameter bored pile

bored pile (BS EN 1536) with a diameter greater than 600 mm

03 32023 percussive bored pile

bored pile (BS EN 1536) with the hole being cut by percussive means

03 32024 rotary bored pile

bored pile (BS EN 1536) with the hole being formed by an
excavation (01) tool (01) mounted on a kelly bar (03 36017)

03 32025 augered pile

bored pile (BS EN 1536) that utilizes a hole formed by
auger boring (01)

03 32026 straight shafted augered pile

augered pile (03 32025) without enlarged base (BS EN 1536)

26 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 32027 underreamed pile

belled pile
large diameter bored pile (03 32022) that has an enlarged
base (BS EN 1536) formed by undercutting

03 32028 jacked pile

pile (01) forced into place by jacking it against a reaction
NOTE Usually formed in short sections; typically jacked against
weight (11 27002) of structure (01).

03 32029 king pile

long pile (01) installed prior to forming an excavation (01) and
providing intermediate support to struts (01) in wide, strutted
sheet pile (01) excavation (01)

03 32030 rock socket

lower portion of a pile (01) boring, penetrating into sound
rock (03 23027)

5.2 Materials (03 33xxx)

03 33001 drilling fluid
mixture of water and other materials (01) used in boring, drilling,
tunnelling or other excavation (01) to lubricate tools (01), stabilize
excavated faces and transport spoil (03 23023)

03 33002 filter cake

semi-stable layer of permeable soil (01) formed in the face
of an excavation (01) by the infiltration of particles from
a drilling fluid (03 33001)

03 33003 slip layer

coat (01) applied to a pile (01) shaft to minimize negative skin
friction (03 36008)

5.3 Activities (03 34xxx)

03 34001 mud-in
stir bentonite (01) powder and water into granular soil (03 23013)
with auger boring (01) to facilitate the installation of a temporary
casing (BS EN 12699)

03 34002 direct circulation boring

method of boring in which fluid passes down a central pipe (01) to
lubricate the tool (01) and make the spoil (03 23023) rise

03 34003 reverse circulation boring

method of boring in which the lubricating fluid is used to transport
spoil (03 23023) by pumping it up a central pipe (01)

03 34004 air lifting

pumping technique in which air is pumped into the base of a suction
pipe (01) to reduce density (01) of material (01) in the pipe (01) and
induce upward flow to evacuate solids and fluids

© BSI 2007 • 27
BS 6100-3:2007

03 34005 blow
single application of a force (01) to drive a pile (01) into
the ground (01)

03 34006 compressed air work

work in a chamber that has been pressurized with compressed
air (BS EN 12110)

5.4 Processes (03 35xxx)

03 35001 blow out
sudden major escape of compressed air (BS EN 12110) from
a tunnel (01) or caisson (01), often accompanied by an inrush
of soil (01) and water

03 35002 blow down

reduce air pressure in a compressed air caisson (03 46024) to
overcome resistance to sinking

5.5 Plant, equipment and documentation

(03 36xxx)
03 36001 crib
temporary frame (01) or layers of horizontal members that transfer a
vertical load (01) from one level to another

03 36002 allowable pile load

load (01) that may be applied to a pile (01), taking account
of its ultimate bearing capacity (03 27036), negative
skin friction (03 36008), pile (01) spacing, overall bearing capacity
of the ground (01) below, allowable settlement (01) and appropriate
factor of safety (01)

03 36003 pile design load

load (01) that a pile (01) is designed to carry

03 36004 pile working load

load (01) that a pile (01) carries in service

03 36005 pile proof load

load (01) greater than the pile design load (03 36003) applied to a
selected pile (01) to confirm its suitability

03 36006 shaft adhesion

supportive adhesion (01) by which a pile (01) shaft transfers load (01)
into surrounding soil (01) or fill (01)

03 36007 skin friction

support given by the combined effect of shaft friction (03 37003) and
shaft adhesion (03 36006)
cf. skin friction (03 27019)

03 36008 negative skin friction

downdrag
downward pressure, exerted by a combination of frictional forces (01)
and adhesion (01) on a pile (01) by surrounding soil (01) or fill (01),
when the soil (01) or fill (01) settles relative to the pile (01) shaft

28 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 36009 decompression tables

schedules (10 26009) of pressure changes with time, which govern the
return to atmospheric pressure of persons subjected to a higher
pressure

03 36010 single acting hammer

impact hammer (BS EN 12699) that uses internal power to raise the
pile ram (03 36018) and is then allowed to fall

03 36011 double acting hammer

impact hammer (BS EN 12699) that uses internal power to raise the
pile ram (03 36018) and to increase the downward force (01)

03 36012 drop hammer

impact hammer (BS EN 12699) raised by a winch (12 36023) and
allowed to fall
NOTE Usually a metal weight.

03 36014 pile frame

movable structure (01) for installing driven piles (BS EN 12699) with
an impact hammer (BS EN 12699) in the correct position and
alignment

03 36015 driving cap

cap placed temporarily on top of a steel pile (03 32017) to distribute
the blow (03 34005) over the cross-section and to minimize damage to
the pile head (BS EN 12699) during driving (BS EN 12699)

03 36016 drilling bucket

boring tool in the form of a cylindrical container, at the bottom of a
kelly bar (03 36017) that incorporates cutting teeth or blades and has
corresponding openings in its base plate (01)

03 36017 kelly bar

sliding shaft on a drilling rig (12 26045) that transmits the driving
force (01) or torque to the drill (12 16005) from a driven rotary table

03 36018 pile ram

rising and falling part of an impact hammer (BS EN 12699)

03 36019 air deck

airtight platform (06 52012) in a caisson (01) or shaft (01) for
compressed air work (03 34006)

5.6 Properties (03 37xxx)

03 37001 net loading intensity
decrease or increase in intensity of vertical loading at the base of a
foundation (01) due to excavation (01) or the weight (11 27002) of
a new structure (01) including earthworks (01)
cf. net loading intensity (03 27037)

03 37002 bulb of pressure

mass (11 27001) of soil (01) around and beneath a pile (01) or group
of piles (01) that is subjected to stress (01) by the applied loading
cf. bulb of pressure (03 27043)

© BSI 2007 • 29
BS 6100-3:2007

03 37003 shaft friction

supportive friction by which a pile (01) shaft transfers load (01) into
surrounding soil (01) or fill (01)

03 37004 drop
stroke
distance which a drop hammer (03 36012) or pile ram (03 36018)
falls

5.7 Miscellaneous (03 39xxx)

03 39001 decompression illness
illness that may be suffered by people who are subjected to a too
rapid reduction in air pressure after they have been doing compressed
air work (03 34006)

03 39002 pain only decompression illness

bends
decompression illness (03 39001) caused by the formation of
nitrogen bubbles in limb joints
NOTE Manifested by pain in one or more of limb joints.

03 39003 serious decompression illness

decompression illness (03 39001) affecting cardiovascular,
neurological, respiratory or gastro-intestinal systems

6 Tunnels, shafts and caissons

(03 4xxxx)
6.1 Works (03 41xxx)
03 41001 adit
tunnel (01) driven from ground (01) surface to provide access to,
or drainage (01) from, underground workings

03 41002 pilot tunnel

tunnel (01) driven ahead of, on the line of and of smaller cross-section
than a main tunnel (01) to facilitate first stage excavation (01),
ground investigation (03 24002), ground (01) treatment,
drainage (01), surveying (BS 6953) or ventilation

03 41003 immersed tube tunnel

tunnel (01) assembled under water from preformed structural units
NOTE Usually floated into position and sunk on to prepared
foundation (01).

03 41004 drift
adit (03 41001) that slopes downwards from its entrance
cf. drift (03 23009)

03 41005 heading
tunnel (01) of small cross-section

30 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 41006 box heading

heading (03 41005) of straight-sided cross section where the
ground (01) is supported at its top, sides and across the floor (01)
NOTE Usually supported with timber (01).

03 41007 poled heading

piled heading
heading (03 41005) in poor ground (01) where full support is given to
the ground (01) using timber (01) boards or steel sheets (01) driven
ahead of the tunnel face (03 42019)

03 41008 stope
shaft (01) excavated upwards

03 41009 timber heading

heading (03 41005) constructed mainly of timber (01)

03 41010 cross tunnel

tunnel (01) connecting two tunnels (01) running alongside; gives
access between tunnels (01) for operators of emergency services

03 41011 step plate tunnel

length of tunnel (01) consisting of tunnel rings (03 42014) of
increasing diameter as a transition between tunnels (01) of
significantly different diameters

03 41012 blind heading

length of tunnel (01) or heading (03 41005) beyond any access

03 41013 access shaft

shaft (01) that facilitates entry of people and equipment to
a tunnel (01)
NOTE Not necessarily part of the permanent work.

6.2 Parts (03 42xxx)

03 42001 tunnel eye
provision for a connecting tunnel (01) within a tunnel
lining (03 42005)

03 42002 thrust pit

pit (03 22011) or shaft (01) for pipe jacking (01) or thrust
boring (01)

03 42003 jacking station

thrust pit (03 42002) together with the plant (01) needed for
pipe jacking (01) or thrust boring (01)

03 42004 intermediate jacking station

additional plant (01) for pipe jacking (01) or thrust boring (01)
located along a drive

03 42005 tunnel lining

cover and support to the rock (03 23027) or soil (01) surface at the
periphery of a tunnel (01) excavation (01)

03 42006 primary lining

structural tunnel lining (03 42005)

© BSI 2007 • 31
BS 6100-3:2007

03 42007 secondary lining

tunnel lining (03 42005) supplementing the primary
lining (03 42006) for decoration, improved fluid flow, protection or
structural enhancement

03 42008 expanded lining

primary lining (03 42006) of tunnel segments (03 42011) that are
expanded circumferentially against the surrounding ground (01)

03 42009 tunnel grommet

tunnel grummet
compressible washer (06 72096) used with bolted
segments (03 42012) to prevent leakage through bolt (01) holes

03 42010 shaft lining

cover and support to the rock (03 23027) or soil (01) surface at the
periphery of a shaft (01) excavation (01)

03 42011 tunnel segment

arc shaped component (01) forming part of a tunnel
lining (03 42005) or shaft lining (03 42010)

03 42012 bolted segment

tunnel segment (03 42011) connected to adjacent tunnel
segments (03 42011) with bolts (01)

03 42013 smooth bore segment

tunnel segment (03 42011) that provides a smooth internal surface
NOTE Usually of concrete (01).

03 42014 tunnel ring

assembly (01) of tunnel segments (03 42011) to form a complete
circular section one tunnel segment (03 42011) wide

03 42015 grout hole

small diameter hole in a tunnel lining (03 42005) for injecting
grout (01)

03 42016 grout plug

plug to seal (11 14007) a grout hole (03 42015)

03 42017 iron
tunnel segment (03 42011) of cast iron or spheroidal graphite iron

03 42018 blanket
layer of material (01) placed on a bed (01) to increase cover (01)
and/or impermeability so a tunnel (01) may be driven underneath
NOTE Usually under water.

03 42019 tunnel face

current end area of a tunnel (01) excavation (01)

03 42020 tunnel portal

entrance, or structure (01) forming an entrance, to a tunnel (01)

03 42021 tunnel crown

highest point of a tunnel (01) cross-section

32 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 42022 tunnel invert

bottom surface of a tunnel (01)

03 42023 lining roll

rotational displacement of a tunnel ring (03 42014)

03 42024 liner plate

tunnel segment (04 42011) of pressed steel

03 42025 steel lattice rib

steel rib in a lattice frame (01) used to support fabric
reinforcement (09 33095) in the arch (01) of a tunnel (01) where the
whole is embedded by being sprayed over with concrete (01)

03 42026 segmental lining

tunnel lining (03 42005) of tunnel segments (03 42011)

03 42027 guillotine door

vertical sliding door (BS EN 12433-1) with one guided plate (01)

03 42028 springline
line along the side of a tunnel (01) indicating where the curve of
the tunnel arch (03 47015) begins
NOTE Horizontal diameter in a circular tunnel (01).

03 42029 tunnel shoulder

position around a periphery on either side of a tunnel (01)
approximately half way between the springline (03 42028) and
the tunnel crown (03 42021)

03 42030 tunnel knee

position around a periphery on either side of a tunnel (01)
approximately half way between the springline (03 42028) and the
lowest point

6.3 Materials (03 43xxx)

03 43001 muck pile
pile of shattered rock (03 23027) in a tunnel (01) after
a round (BS 5607) is fired

03 43002 soil conditioner

additive (01) injected into a cutter head (03 46070) to
facilitate handling of excavated material by lubrication or
coagulation (BS 6068-1.4)

03 43003 rebound
portion of sprayed concrete (09 33035) that bounces from the surface
to which it is applied because of the velocity (BS EN ISO 772) at the
time of impact

03 43004 silica fume

by-product of producing silicon metal and ferro-silicon alloys; it
consists of mainly spherical particles of amorphous silicon dioxide and
is highly pozzolanic

© BSI 2007 • 33
BS 6100-3:2007

03 43005 tailskin grease

grease (01) applied to tail seal (03 46059) to increase its
impermeability

6.4 Activities (03 44xxx)

03 44001 box the face
box up
cover the whole or part of a tunnel face (03 42019) to provide support

03 44002 dental treatment

tunnel lining (03 42005) of small areas of the periphery at faults (01)
or large fissures (BS EN 12670) using concrete (01)

03 44003 clay pocketing

method of tunnelling through loose ground (01) by digging out small
pockets around the periphery of the excavation (01), backfilling (01)
them with clay (BS EN 12670) and embedding a tunnel
shield (03 46032) in the clay (BS EN 12670) to make a watertight seal

03 44004 shield roll

rotation of a tunnel shield (03 46032) about its axis during a drive

03 44005 blanket
deposit an impermeable layer on a tunnel face (03 42019) to limit
compressed air (BS EN 12110) losses

03 44006 pull
advance a tunnel (01) or shaft (01) after a round (BS 5607)

03 44007 back grouting

process of injecting grout (01) around a tunnel lining (03 42005)
after initial injection of grout (01)

03 44008 blind boring

process of drilling a hole without carrying out an exploratory
probe (03 44011)

03 44009 cut and cover

construction of a tunnel (01) with an open excavation (01) that is
subsequently covered with soil (01)

03 44010 new Austrian tunnelling method

tunnelling in firm ground (01) or rock (03 23027) using an in situ
ground support system
NOTE Rock bolts (03 22022) and shotcrete (09 33034) are commonly
used.

03 44011 probe
drill a small diameter hole outside or in front of a tunnel (01) for
ground investigation (03 24002)

03 44012 forepole
support loose ground (01) by driving poling boards (03 26029)
immediately ahead of the tunnel face (03 42019)

03 44013 muck out

remove excavated material from a tunnel (01)

34 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 44014 raise boring

method of excavating (01) a shaft (01) by boring upwards

03 44015 scale down

remove from the arch (01) of a tunnel (01) rock (03 23027) pieces
loosened but not dislodged by a round (BS 5607), or that become loose
later

03 44016 shove
incremental forward movement of a tunnel shield (03 46032),
tunnel boring machine (03 46029) or pipe (01)
NOTE Usually by means of hydraulic rams (05 12121).

03 44017 directional drilling

technique for installing a pipe (01) or duct (01) on a slightly curved
line using a machine with a guided steerable drilling head to form a hole
into which the pipe (01) or duct (01) is inserted

03 44018 impact moling

technique for installing a pipe (01) or duct (01) using a percussive
soil (01) displacement device to form a hole into which a pipe (01)
or duct (01) is pulled or pushed

03 44019 wet process

process of spraying concrete (01) where the hydraulic binder (01),
aggregate (01) and water are mixed before being supplied to a nozzle

03 44020 dry process

process of spraying concrete (01) where a dry hydraulic binder (01)
and aggregate (01) mix is supplied to a nozzle and water added at the
nozzle

03 44021 break out

construct an opening in the side of a tunnel (01) for a junction with
another tunnel (01)

03 44022 break up
construct an opening in the roof of a tunnel (01) for a junction with
a shaft (01) or an enlarged tunnel (01)

03 44023 caulk
form a pre-formed joint (01) between tunnel segments (03 42011) to
form a watertight seal

03 44024 lock in
enter a personnel lock (BS EN 12110) and thence a tunnel (01) or
shaft (01)

03 44025 lock out

leave a tunnel (01) or shaft (01) through a personnel
lock (BS EN 12110)

03 44026 decant
undergo rapid decompression in a personnel lock (BS EN 12110) and
then move to a decant lock (03 46095) nearby to be compressed to an
appropriate pressure and then decompressed in accordance with
normal practice
NOTE This procedure is now exceptional in UK.

© BSI 2007 • 35
BS 6100-3:2007

03 44027 oxygen decompression

use of oxygen for breathing during decompression

03 44028 chemical injection

inject chemicals into the ground (01) to modify fill (01) and/or
soil (01) behaviour by physiochemical processes or by cementing the
fill (01) and soil (01) together

03 44029 collar
ensure the correct location of a larger diameter hole by first drilling a
smaller one for a short distance, then enlarging the hole to the required
size (01) and finally inserting the full size (01) rock drill (12 26040)
rod (01)
cf. collar (03 12037)

03 44030 spile
stabilize a tunnel face (03 42019) by insertion of poles, bars (01) or
holes filled with grout (01) forward of the tunnel face (03 42019)

6.5 Processes (03 45xxx)

03 45001 piping
excess water pressure from within a caisson (01) causing material at
the base, outside, to become unstable; the material partly removed by
the flowing water is replaced by material from within the caisson (01)
thus forming a hollow similar to a pipe (01)
cf. piping (03 25003)

03 45002 squat
downward deflection (03 15001) from true of a tunnel
crown (03 42021)

6.6 Plant, equipment and documentation

(03 46xxx)
03 46001 horse head
rectangular frame (01) that supports a main tunnel (01) during
construction (01) of an opening in its tunnel lining (03 42005)

03 46002 Prince of Wales feathers

frame (01) supporting the top of a main tunnel (01) during
construction (01) of an opening that consists of a central post (01)
with splayed struts (01) supporting a tunnel head tree (03 46016)

03 46003 side tree

vertical or inclined support at the side of a heading (03 41005)
or horse head (03 46001)

03 46004 leg
vertical or nearly vertical member at the side or face of a
heading (03 41005) to support head boards (03 46007) or
heading head trees (03 46006) and to cover the exposed ground (01)
cf. leg (03 32002)
NOTE Usually of timber (01).

36 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 46005 sprag
inclination from the vertical of a side tree (03 46003)
or leg (03 46004)

03 46006 heading head tree

transverse member, part of a frame (01), in the soffit (01)
of a heading (03 41005), that supports the ground (01),
head boards (03 46007) and poling boards (03 26029)

03 46007 head board

longitudinal board that supports the soffit (01) of a
heading (03 41005)

03 46008 face board

board that supports a tunnel face (03 42019)

03 46009 byatt
biatt
temporary transverse horizontal member to support a deck (01),
walkway (01) or guarding (01) in an excavation (01)

03 46010 arch rib

structural member (01) with the profile (01) of a tunnel (01) that
supports ground (01) or tunnel lining (03 42005)

03 46011 benk bar

longitudinal corrugated steel plank to support ground (01)
or tunnel lining (03 42005), or to forepole (03 44012)

03 46012 kicker
temporary horizontal member wedged across a tunnel (01) to
distribute load (01) from a horizontal or raking strut (01) supporting
face boards (03 46008)

03 46013 timber brob

timber (01) block fixed to a heading head tree (03 46006) to prevent
a side tree (03 46003) moving inwards due to ground (01) pressure

03 46014 Yankee brob

z-shaped steel strap in tunnel (01) timbering (03 26013)

03 46015 thrust wall

wall (01) that takes reaction from hydraulic jacks (12 56028) when
pipe jacking (01) or thrust boring (01)
NOTE Usually temporary.

03 46016 tunnel head tree

upper horizontal member of a horse head (03 46001)

03 46017 roof board

length of timber (01) supporting the ground (01) above
a timber heading (03 41009)

03 46018 side board

length of timber (01) placed longitudinally between
side trees (03 46003) to support the ground (01) at the sides of
a timber heading (03 41009)

© BSI 2007 • 37
BS 6100-3:2007

03 46019 lagging
timber (01) or steel plank placed horizontally between
arch ribs (03 46010) to provide temporary support to ground (01)
or tunnel lining (03 42005)

03 46020 slurry support

support to a tunnel face (03 42019) provided by slurry (01)
under pressure in a compartment at the front of a tunnel boring
machine (03 46029)

03 46021 support and transport system

system for supporting ground (01) and removing excavated material
using slurry (01)

03 46022 breast plate

horizontal timber (01) supporting vertical face boards (03 460083)
that is itself supported by a tunnel shield (03 46032) or other
structure (01)

03 46023 timber heading head tree

length of timber (01) supporting roof boards (03 46017)

03 46024 compressed air caisson

pneumatic caisson
caisson (01), with an air deck (03 36019) and air lock (01); the air in
the working chamber is maintained above atmospheric pressure to
exclude water

03 46025 wet caisson

caisson (01), sunk in water bearing ground (01), that is open at the
bottom allowing water to enter

03 46026 ring beam

frame (01) at ground level (01) surrounding a caisson (01) and on
which it is supported

03 46027 box caisson

caisson (01) closed at the bottom and open to the atmosphere at
the top

03 46028 choker ring

bottom section of a caisson (01) including its cutting edge;
of larger external horizontal dimensions (01) than the remainder
of the caisson (01)

03 46029 tunnel boring machine

machine for advancing a tunnel (01) by rotary cutting

03 46030 shaft boring machine

boring machine operating downwards in a vertical direction

03 46031 earth pressure balanced tunnelling machine

tunnel boring machine (03 46029) with a cutting head that operates
in a chamber from which wet spoil (03 23023) is removed by an
enclosed archimedean screw (05 12122) of sufficient length (01) to
achieve atmospheric pressure at its discharge end

38 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 46032 tunnel shield

mobile steel structure (01) supporting ground (01) at the tunnel
face (03 42019) ahead of the tunnel lining (03 42005)
NOTE Usually cylindrical.

03 46033 Greathead shield

tunnel shield (03 46032) for hand excavation (01)

03 46034 open shield

tunnel shield (03 46032) that does not cover the tunnel
face (03 42019)
NOTE The tunnel shield (03 46032) is normally used for soft
ground (01).

03 46035 compartmental shield

large tunnel shield (03 46032) divided into compartments to provide
access for excavation (01)

03 46036 jacking shield

tunnel shield (03 46032) for pipe jacking (01)

03 46037 roadheader
self-propelled machine for cutting and loading soft to medium hard
rock (03 23027) in sections by means of a rotating cutter mounted
exactly or transversely on a boom

03 46038 cutting edge

leading edge of a tunnel shield (03 46032) or a caisson (01) shoe

03 46039 hood
upper part of a tunnel shield (03 46032) that protrudes ahead of its
body to provide overhead protection

03 46040 front shield diaphragm

curtain plate
diaphragm across the front of a tunnel shield (03 46032) or one of its
compartments to control the ingress of unstable ground (01)

03 46041 rear shield diaphragm

dam shield
diaphragm across the rear of a tunnel shield (03 46032) or one
of its compartments used in conjunction with a front shield
diaphragm (03 46040) to control ingress of unstable ground (01)

03 46042 tail skin

cylindrical rear portion of a tunnel shield (03 46032) or
tunnel boring machine (03 46029) in which the tunnel
segments (03 42011) are erected

03 46043 plough
steel plate (01) that protrudes from the external surface of
a tunnel shield (03 46032) and is used to correct or prevent
shield roll (03 44004)

03 46044 face ram

one of a group of hydraulic cylinders mounted within a tunnel
shield (03 46032) supporting the tunnel face (03 42019)

© BSI 2007 • 39
BS 6100-3:2007

03 46045 drum digger

tunnel boring machine (03 46029) with peripheral drive motors and
no centre spindle
NOTE For use in soft ground (01) and not currently available.

03 46046 separation plant

equipment on the ground (01) surface for removing solids from
a slurry (01)

03 46047 desanding plant

equipment for treating and eliminating sand (BS EN 12670) from
a slurry (01)

03 46048 grout pan mixer

grout (01) mixer that uses compressed air (BS EN 12110) to drive a
paddle and pump the mixture through a pipe (01)

03 46049 unshielded tunnel boring machine

tunnel boring machine (03 46029) without a tunnel
shield (03 46032) for support

03 46050 closed mode shield

tunnel shield (03 46032) that supports the tunnel face (03 42019)
while advancing

03 46051 air pressurized shield machine

shield machine (BS EN 12336) in which the forward part,
including the cutter head (03 46070), is separated from the rear
by a bulkhead and air pressure is applied to this part in order to support
the tunnel face (03 42019)

03 46052 reaming tunnel boring machine

tunnel boring machine (03 46029) that enlarges a
pilot tunnel (03 41002) in one or more steps

03 46053 ram shoe

fitting on the end of a hydraulic cylinder on a tunnel shield (03 46032)
to spread the load (01) on the tunnel ring (03 42014) or similar
support against which the hydraulic cylinders are pushed to advance the
tunnel shield (03 46032)

03 46054 continuous miner

self propelled machine that cuts coal (BS 3323) or soft materials by
means of a transversely rotating drum

03 46055 creator arm

swing arm on a boring machine or tunnel shield (03 46032) for
picking up supports and setting them down in position

03 46056 blade shield

tunnel shield (03 46032) of circular or D shape, whose outer
skin is formed of a series of blades that are advanced by rams while
the ground (01) is excavated by cutter boom (12 26039)

03 46057 closed shield

tunnel shield (03 46032) modified for use in subaqueous tunnels (01)
in which access to the tunnel face (03 42019) is limited to a number
of openings that can be closed to prevent inrushes of mud or water

40 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 46058 part face machine

shield machine (BS EN 12336) in which only part of the tunnel
face (03 42019) is mechanically excavated at a time and the
cutter head (03 46070) moves across the tunnel face (03 42019)

03 46059 tail seal

flexible device fitted to the tail skin (03 46042) of a tunnel
shield (03 46032), forming a seal between it and the assembled
tunnel (01) preventing material from the tunnel face (03 42019)
outside the tunnel shield (03 46032) or behind the tunnel
lining (03 42005) entering the tunnel (01)

03 46060 snorer
device for removing water from a compressed air (BS EN 12110)
tunnel (01) by means of a pipe (01) to free air and a valve (01)
controlled input; water is driven out by differential air pressure

03 46061 reaction ring

device for securing the position of a tunnel boring
machine (03 46029) in soft ground (01) using hydraulic cylinders
to exert pressure on to the walls of the tunnel (01)

03 46062 gun strut

horizontal longitudinal strut (01) mounted within a tunnel
shield (03 46032) and restrained so as to provide support to
face boards (03 46008) whilst the tunnel shield (03 46032) is
being moved forward

03 46063 steering jack

one of a set of hydraulic jacks (12 56028) installed in a jacking shield
(03 46036), controlling the direction of the tunnel (01) drive

03 46064 thrust ring

strong, steel ring bearing against the end of a tunnel lining (03 42005)
through which the force (01) from hydraulic jacks (12 56028) is
transmitted in microtunnelling (01), or in advancing a tunnelling
machine or tunnel shield (03 46032)

03 46065 lead pipe

length of pipe (01) modified to facilitate first length of pipe (01) in
pipe jacking (01) that has been modified to facilitate connection to the
tail of a jacking shield (03 46036)

03 46066 drilling carriage

mobile staging (01) for rock drills (12 26040) in tunnel (01)
excavation (01)

03 46067 drifter
heavy percussive rock drill (12 26040) for mounting on a screw or
chain feed with reversible rotation and air or water flushing

03 46068 rocker shovel

powered front-loading self-propelled shovel that discharges overhead to
its rear

© BSI 2007 • 41
BS 6100-3:2007

03 46069 stoper
pneumatically powered rotary percussive rock drill (12 26040)
axially mounted on a pneumatic cylinder for excavation (01) of
stopes (03 41008)

03 46070 cutter head

front end of an excavator (12 26006) with a cutter for
rock (03 23027) or soft ground (01)

03 46071 rock cutter

device rolled across the face of rock (03 23027) with the concentration
of pressure or stress (01) spalling (01) the rock (03 23027)

03 46072 roller cutter

rock cutter (03 46071) in the form of a truncated cone that
rotates around its axis; the side, reinforced by tungsten carbide
bits (12 16006), bears against the face of the rock (03 23027)

03 46073 disc cutter

rock cutter (03 46071) in the form of a disc whose tapered
periphery bears upon the face of rock (03 23027) and that rotates
about a central axis

03 46074 toothed cutter

disc cutter (03 46073) with a toothed periphery

03 46075 gauge cutter

rock cutter (03 46071) positioned so as to define the finished diameter
of the excavation (01)

03 46076 variable gauge cutter

gauge cutter (03 46075) mounted so the diameter may be varied
and/or so compensation for wear may be provided

03 46077 bench
mid section between a tunnel crown (03 42021) and a tunnel
invert (03 42022) excavated in horizontal steps

03 46078 cherry picker

hoist (12 36026) mounted on a carriage or on a monorail (01)
fixed to the roof for lifting empty wagons over full ones in a narrow
tunnel (01)

03 46079 erector
plant (01) used to install tunnel linings (03 42005) situated within or
immediately behind a shield machine (BS EN 12336)

03 46080 lifting finger

short bent bar (01) passed through a hole in a tunnel
segment (03 42011) to lift it

03 46081 roller bolt

pulley wheel, with its axle parallel to the tunnel (01) axis, that is fixed
to an assembled tunnel ring (03 42014) to facilitate assembly (01) by
hand of the next tunnel ring (03 42014)
NOTE Usually where no tunnel shield (03 46032) is used.

42 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 46082 roller bracket

bracket (01) temporarily fixed to a tunnel lining (03 42005)
and incorporating a roller that, with others, supports a movable
gantry (03 52007) or staging (01)

03 46083 safety curtain

diaphragm of steel or timber (01), across the upper part of
a pressurized tunnel (01) to diminish the risk to life caused by
a blow out (03 35001) in the case of a flood

03 46084 pressure chamber

compartment at the tunnel face (03 42019) filled with
fluid pressurized to balance ground (01) and ground
water (BS ISO 6107-1) pressure

03 46085 water curtain

water spray from nozzles, in a pattern, to reduce the spread of dust
during the excavation (01) of a tunnel (01)

03 46086 sand tray

horizontal plate (01) in front of a tunnel shield (03 46032) to
trap incoming soft ground (01) and prevent it filling the tunnel
shield (03 46032)

03 46087 Manchester gate

safety device placed across track (01) at the top of a slope (01) to halt
runaway vehicles

03 46088 automatic guidance system

system of lasers and computers (07 22031) that produces a visual
display from which an operator can steer a machine or that directly
controls the movements of a machine

03 46089 blasting curtain

flexible material placed across a tunnel (01) to limit the spread of
material from an explosion

03 46090 reek
collection of gaseous fumes in a tunnel (01) after blasting (03 24022)

03 46092 muck lock

air lock (01) for transfer of plant (01) or material (01)

03 46093 medical lock

chamber for the therapeutic recompression and decompression of
people suffering from decompression illness (03 39001)
NOTE Usually of two compartments.

03 46094 blister lock

vertical air lock (01) that has separate chambers for materials (01)
and people

03 46095 decant lock

chamber, adjacent to but separate from compressed
air (BS EN 12110) workings for the decompression of people
leaving the compressed air (BS EN 12110) workings

© BSI 2007 • 43
BS 6100-3:2007

03 46096 traverser
sub-frame upon which a small length of track (01) of a railway (01) is
mounted on wheels to allow wagons to be moved from one track (01)
to an adjacent parallel track (01)

03 46097 pumping system

pump (01) and pipe (01) system that carries cleaned slurry (01) from
the separation plant (03 46046) to the slurry machine (03 46111)
and return the slurry (01) carrying excavated material

03 46098 by-pass circuit

circuit in a pumping system (03 46097) to maintain the flow in the
pipe (01) while access to the tunnel face (03 42019) is closed or
otherwise unavailable

03 46099 flat car

vehicle that moves on track (01) and consists of a flat surface mounted
on a pair of axles

03 46100 segment car

flat car (03 46099) adapted to carry one or more tunnel
segments (03 42011) securely

03 46101 grout car

vehicle that moves on track (01) carrying a container for transporting
grout (01)

03 46102 bridge cylinder

short conveyor for transferring spoil (03 23023) from a machine to a
main conveyor or from one conveyor to another travelling in a different
direction

03 46103 California crossover

prefabricated unit of four rails (04 22051) so spaced to provide
track (01) through the central pair of rails (04 22051) as well as the
outer pairs and connected by crossovers (04 22043) at each end; the
unit is placed above existing track (01) and has ramps (01) at each end
NOTE The unit is used to provide a passing place in tunnelling; it can be
moved to another position as the tunnel (01) advances.

03 46104 man riding skip

bucket for handling spoil (03 23023), adapted, with safety devices, for
carrying people in and out of shafts (01)

03 46105 scaling bar

metal rod (01) used to scale down (03 44015)

03 46106 drop line

wire suspended down a shaft (01) to provide a vertical line in a survey

03 46107 Weisbach triangle

trigonometrical device for transferring an above-ground survey to
below ground (01)

03 46108 offset table

schedule (10 26009) of the distances of a series of reference points
from a reference line

44 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 46109 drilling pattern

representation of the arrangements, on the exposed surface of
the rock (03 23027), of the pattern of entry of shot holes (03 28001),
annotated to show the size (01) and depth (01) of each shot
hole (03 28001) and the type and amount of explosive (BS 5607) used
in each

03 46110 nozzle man

operative (01) in a shotcrete (09 33034) gang who manipulates the
nozzle and controls final disposition of the material
NOTE When using the dry process (03 44020) also controls consistency.

03 46111 slurry machine

shield machine (BS EN 12336) for use in soft ground (01) with a
bulkhead through which the excavated material (01) is transported
from the face in a slurry (01)

6.7 Properties (03 47xxx)

03 47001 dimensional creep
difference between actual advance of an assembly (01) and the
theoretical advance

03 47002 ironbound
condition arising from a change of alignment, where the tail of a tunnel
shield (03 46032) binds against a preformed tunnel lining (03 42005)

03 47003 lead
distance that one side of a tunnel lining (03 42005) or a tunnel
shield (03 46032) is in front of the other

03 47004 look up
distance that the bottom of a tunnel lining (03 42005) or tunnel
shield (03 46032) is in front of the top

03 47005 overhang
distance that the top of a tunnel lining (03 42005) or tunnel
shield (03 46032) is in front of the bottom

03 47006 rock mass rating

empirical geomechanical classification for quantitively assessing
rock (03 23027) and predicting tunnel (01) support requirements

03 47007 closed mode

characteristic (01) of a shield machine (BS EN 12336) that
maintains support of the tunnel face (03 42019) while advancing

03 47008 gauge pressure

air pressure measured by gauge (12 86029) above atmospheric
pressure

03 47009 hydrostatic balance

at a particular level, balance between pressure of air in a tunnel (01)
and ground water (BS ISO 6107-1) pressure

03 47010 tunnel air pressure

pressure of air in a tunnel (01)

© BSI 2007 • 45
BS 6100-3:2007

03 47011 air loss

quantity of compressed air (BS EN 12110) lost, measured at
atmospheric pressure

03 47012 stand-up time

time that the span (01) of the unsupported excavated roof of
a tunnel (01) remains stable

03 47013 overburden pressure

pressure in the horizontal plane at a given depth (01) due to
the weight (11 27002) of overburden (03 23019)

03 47014 water head

head (01) of water

03 47015 tunnel arch

profile (01) of the upper portion of a tunnel (01)

6.8 Spaces (03 48xxx)

03 48002 relieving hole
hole to break rock (03 23027) and thereby control and localize the
effects of the initial blast in a round (BS 5607)
NOTE Usually 75 mm to 100 mm in diameter.

03 48003 cut
group of shot holes (03 28001) surrounding a relieving
hole (03 48002)

03 48004 burn cut

cut (03 48003) in which all the shot holes (03 28001) are parallel

03 48005 confined space

space (01) with restricted ventilation where there is a reasonably
foreseeable risk to health and safety

03 48006 air bubble

space formed in the upper part of the slurry (01) compartment of a
slurry machine (03 46111) in which compressed air (BS EN 12110)
is used to maintain the slurry (01) at a pressure appropriate to the
conditions at the tunnel face (03 42019)

03 48007 wedge cut

cut (03 48003) in which central shot holes (03 28001) start in a
pattern of two vertical lines and converge in pairs to encompass a
wedge-shaped block (01) of rock (03 23027)

03 48008 trimming hole

shot hole (03 28001) on the perimeter of an excavation (01) to define
its profile (01) and fired last

03 48009 injection point

opening for grout (01) in a tunnel shield (03 46032) or tunnel
lining (03 42005)

46 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

6.9 Miscellaneous (03 49xxx)

03 49001 deoxygenated air
air with a reduced amount of oxygen

03 49002 blackdamp
air found in tunnels (01) and mines; it has less oxygen than normal but
more carbon dioxide

03 49003 firedamp
flammable mixture of methane and other gases

03 49004 explosive atmosphere

mixture of flammable substances in the form of gas, mist or dust in
which, after ignition, combustion spreads rapidly throughout the
unconsumed mixture

03 49005 potential explosive atmosphere

atmosphere that could become an explosive atmosphere (03 49004)

7 Superstructures (03 5xxxx)

7.1 Works (03 51xxx)
03 51001 large span structure
structure (01) with a span (01) in excess of 50 m

03 51002 cable supported structure

structure (01) with support provided by suspended cables (01)

03 51003 cable stayed structure

structure (01) with support provided by straight, inclined cables (01)

03 51004 framed structure

structure (01) with a strength (11 27007) and stability relying mainly
on its structural skeleton (03 52006) rather than on loadbearing
walls (01)

03 51005 tower
long, slender structure (01), either isolated or forming part of
a building (01)

03 51006 lattice tower

pylon
tower (03 51005) of open structural members (01) with intersecting
diagonal structural members (01)

03 51007 mast
long, slender, vertical support
NOTE Often held in position by guys (03 52011).

03 51008 cooling tower

structure (01) for lowering temperature of water by evaporative
cooling

© BSI 2007 • 47
BS 6100-3:2007

03 51010 shelter
structure (01) that affords protection from the elements, criminal
action or hostile action

03 51011 ski jump

structure (01) with an inclined platform (06 52012) to facilitate
take-off by ski jumpers
NOTE Usually a framed structure (03 51004).

03 51012 velodrome
arena that comprises both a banked track for cycle racing and facilities
for spectators

03 51013 stand
free-standing tiered structure (01) for spectators

03 51014 grandstand
large, permanent covered stand (03 51013)
NOTE Often incorporates additional amenities.

03 51015 amusement structure

structure (01) that accommodates facilities intended to give members
of the public thrills or excitement

03 51016 hoarding
construction (01) providing a surface to carry advertisements

03 51017 box girder bridge

bridge (01) the main structural members (01) of which
are box girders (01)

03 51018 slab bridge

bridge (01) composed of a single slab (01) of stone (01) or
concrete (01)

03 51019 girder bridge

bridge (01) the main structural members (01) of which are
girders (01)

03 51020 lattice girder bridge

bridge (01) the main structural members (01) of which are
lattice girders (01)

03 51021 deck bridge

bridge (01) in which the deck (01) is positioned at the top of
the main beam (01)

03 51022 through bridge

bridge (01) in which the deck (01) is positioned at or close to the
bottom of the main beam (01)

03 51023 drawbridge
movable bridge (01) in which the deck (01) can be rotated about a
hinge at one end and the other end raised

03 51024 retractable bridge

movable bridge (01) in which the deck (01) can be withdrawn from
its normal position

48 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 51025 transporter bridge

bridge (01) at a high level supporting a carrier from which
a platform (06 52012) or container is suspended and transported
from one bank (05 28001) to another

03 51026 Bailey bridge

lattice girder bridge (03 51020) fabricated in small units to facilitate
transportation and speedy erection
NOTE Originally designed for military purposes.

03 51027 cableway
Blondin
aerial ropeway (01) suspended between only two supports

7.2 Parts (03 52xxx)

03 52001 lamella roof
roof (01) supported by a space frame (01) with connecting
structural members (01) forming a diamond pattern

03 52002 dome
curved roof (01) structure (01) of a hemispherical or approximately
hemispherical shape (11 27004)

03 52003 hyperbolic paraboloid roof

shell roof (01) of hyperbolic paraboloidal shape (11 27004)

03 52004 barrel vault roof

shell roof (01) partly cylindrical in cross-section

03 52005 steel frame

frame (01) with structural members (01) of steel

03 52006 structural skeleton

frame (01) forming the main loadbearing part of a structure (01)

03 52007 gantry
high level platform and its supports enabling activities to be carried out
or equipment supported at that level, but also allowing passage or
operations underneath

03 52008 crane gantry

columns (01) and beams (01) supporting the ends of a
moving crane (01)

03 52010 hoarding
temporary structure (01) enclosing a site (01) or erected as
a barrier (01) to prevent access

03 52011 guy
rope (01) fixed at one end of a structure (01) and at the end to an
anchorage to provide restraint

03 52012 sway brace

bracing (01) to resist lateral forces (01) in a superstructure (01)

© BSI 2007 • 49
BS 6100-3:2007

03 52013 Pratt truss

truss (01) having vertical and diagonal structural members (01)
between the chords (03 52015) that together form right angled
triangles

03 52014 Warren truss

truss (01) that, between the upper and lower chords (03 52015), has
only inclined structural members (01) forming triangles

03 52015 chord
top or bottom longitudinal structural member (01) of a truss (01)

03 52017 standard bridge beam

one of a range of nationally agreed sizes (01) of precast prestressed
concrete (01) beams (01)

03 52018 cross head

lateral beam (01) that connects the tops of columns (01) forming part
of a bridge pier (01)

03 52019 bridge cap

top of a bridge pier (01) or bridge abutment (01) on which
bridge bearings (03 52028) are seated

03 52020 wing wall

wall (01) that extends a bridge abutment (01) to retain the
side slope (01) of fill (01)

03 52021 bank seat

foundation (01) at the top of a bank (05 28001) forming an end
support for a bridge (01)
NOTE Usually shallow.

03 52022 bridge parapet

protective fence (01) or wall (01) at the edge of a bridge (01)

03 52023 suspended span

simply supported span between cantilevers (01) in a
cantilever bridge (01)

03 52024 catenary cable

heavy uniform cable (01) hanging freely from two points in a curve

03 52025 bridge suspender

one of several hangers (06 72050) from a catenary cable (03 52024)
supporting a deck (01)

03 52026 cable saddle

metal block over which cables (01) pass
NOTE For example at the top of a tower (03 51005) of either a
suspension bridge (01) or an aerial ropeway (01).

03 52027 bearing
component (01) to transfer the load (01), from a structural
member (01) subject to movement, on to a fixed support

03 52028 bridge bearing

bearing (03 52027) from a bridge (01)

50 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

03 52029 roller bearing

bearing (03 52027) with one or more rollers between parallel upper
and lower plates (01)

03 52030 single roller bearing

roller bearing (03 52029) with one roller

03 52031 multiple roller bearing

roller bearing (03 52029) with two or more rollers

03 52032 rocker bearing

bearing (03 52027), constrained to prevent relative horizontal
movement, with a cylindrical or spherical surface

03 52033 linear rocker bearing

rocker bearing (03 52032) with a cylindrical surface

03 52034 spherical rocker bearing

rocker bearing (03 52032) with a spherical surface

03 52035 knuckle bearing

bearing (03 52027) that permits rotation by sliding of one part on
another and provides two or more structural members (01) with
mating cylindrical or spherical surfaces

03 52036 knuckle pin bearing

knuckle bearing (03 52035) with a cylindrical pin

03 52037 cylindrical knuckle bearing

knuckle bearing (03 52035) with cylindrical mating surfaces

03 52038 spherical knuckle bearing

knuckle bearing (03 52035) with spherical mating surfaces

03 52039 knuckle leaf bearing

knuckle bearing (03 52035) with a pin passing through a number
of interleaved plates (01) fixed alternately to the upper and lower
bearing plates (01)

03 52040 sliding bearing

bearing (03 52027) that consists of two surfaces sliding one on the
other

03 52041 pot bearing

bearing (03 52027) with a metal piston supported by a disc of
unreinforced elastomer (BS EN 923) confined with a metal cylinder

03 52042 elastomeric bearing

bearing (03 52027) that consists of a block of elastomer (BS EN 923)

03 52043 elastomeric laminated bearing

elastomeric bearing (03 52042) that is reinforced internally with
steel plates (01)

03 52044 plain pad bearing

elastomeric bearing (03 52042) without reinforcement (01)

03 52045 strip pad bearing

plain pad bearing (03 52044) the length (01) of which is at least
10 times its width (01)

© BSI 2007 • 51
BS 6100-3:2007

7.3 Activities (03 54xxx)

03 54001 box frame construction
construction (01) of a long, narrow multi-storey building (01)
with concrete (01) floors (01) carried on loadbearing walls (01)
across the width of the building (01)

03 54002 lift slab construction

construction (01) in which concrete slabs (01) are cast one on top of
the other near ground level (01) for subsequent raising to their final
positions and support by previously constructed columns (01)

7.4 Properties (03 57xxx)

03 57001 HA loading
normal design load (01) for highways (01)
NOTE This represents the effects (ISO 8930) of normal permitted
vehicles. Attention is drawn to the Road Vehicles (Construction and Use)
Regulations [1].

03 57002 HB loading
highway (01) load (01) requirements derived to cover abnormal
indivisible loads (01) likely to use the roads (01) in an area

03 57003 RU loading
railway (01) load (01) requirements derived by a Committee
of the International Union of Railways to cover present and anticipated
future loads (01) on railways (01) in Great Britain and in Europe

03 57004 RL loading
railway (01) load (01) requirements derived by the London
Underground Ltd to cover present and anticipated future loads (01) on
lines that carry only rapid transit passenger stock and lift engineers’
works trains

52 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

Bibliography
Standards publications
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
BS 5607, Code of practice for the safe use of explosives in the
construction industry
BS 6068-1.4 (ISO 6107-4), Water quality – Part 1: Glossary –
An additional 18 terms
BS 6100-0, Building and civil engineering – Vocabulary –
Part 0: Introduction and index
BS 6100-1/ISO 6707-1, Building and civil engineering –
Vocabulary – Part 1: General terms
BS 6100-4, Building and civil engineering – Vocabulary –
Part 4: Civil engineering – Transport
BS 6100-5, Building and civil engineering – Vocabulary –
Part 5: Civil engineering – Water engineering, environmental
engineering and pipelines
BS 6100-6, Building and civil engineering – Vocabulary –
Part 6: Construction parts
BS 6100-7, Building and civil engineering – Vocabulary –
Part 7: Services
BS 6100-8, Building and civil engineering – Vocabulary –
Part 8: Work with timber and wood-based panels
BS 6100-9, Building and civil engineering – Vocabulary –
Part 9: Work with concrete and plaster
BS 6100-10, Building and civil engineering – Vocabulary –
Part 10: Contract terms
BS 6100-11, Building and civil engineering – Vocabulary –
Part 11: Performance characteristics, measurement and joints
BS 6100-12, Building and civil engineering – Vocabulary –
Part 12: Plant, equipment and persons
BS 6953, Glossary of terms for procedures for setting out,
measurement and surveying in building construction (including
guidance notes)
BS EN 459-1, Building Lime – Part 1: Definitions, specifications
and conformity criteria
BS EN 923, Adhesives – Terms and definitions
BS EN 1536, Execution of special geotechnical work – Bored piles
BS EN 1537, Execution of special geotechnical work –
Ground anchors
BS EN 12110, Tunnelling machines – Air locks –
Safety requirements

© BSI 2007 • 53
BS 6100-3:2007

BS EN 12336, Tunnelling machines – Shield machines, thrust

boring machines, auger boring machines, lining erection
equipment – Safety requirements
BS EN 12433-1, Industrial, commercial and garage doors
and gates – Terminology – Part 1: Types of doors
BS EN 12670, Natural stone – Terminology
BS EN 12699, Execution of special geotechnical work –
Displacement piles
BS EN ISO 772, Hydrometric determinations – Vocabulary and
symbols
BS EN ISO 12570, Hygrothermal performance of building materials
and products – Determination of moisture content by drying at
elevated temperature
BS EN ISO 14688-2, Geotechnical investigation and testing –
Identification and classification of soil – Part 2: Principles for a
classification
BS ISO 6107-1, Water quality – Vocabulary – Part 1
BS ISO 6107-3, Water quality – Vocabulary – Part 3
BS ISO 10209-1, Technical product documentation – Vocabulary –
Part 1: Terms relating to technical drawings: general and types of
drawings
ISO 2145, Documentation – Numbering of divisions and
subdivisions in written documents
ISO 8930, General principles on reliability of structures – List of
equivalent terms
ISO 10241, International terminology standards – Preparation and
layout

Other references
[1] GREAT BRITAIN. The Road Vehicles (Construction and Use)
Regulations 1986, No. 1078. London: HMSO.

54 • © BSI 2007
 BS 6100-3:2007

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BS 6100-3:2007

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