Color
Design
Principles
and
Problems
Paul
Zelanski
&
Mary
Pat
Fisher
Chapter
:
Color
pp.
227-‐250
Franz
Kline.
De
Medici.
1956.
Oil
on
canvas,
6’9
1/2”
X
9’6”
CollecJon
of
Mr.
and
Mrs.
David
Pincus
Franz
Kline
used
colors
as
a
great
chef
would
use
herbs.
Color
is
an
extraordinarily
rich
tool
for
arJsts.
It
is
also
extremely
complex.
Unlike
learning
the
skillful
use
of
the
elements
of
design
explored,
just
beginning
to
appreciate
what
color
can
do
requires
comprehensive
study.
CharacterisJcs
of
Color
When
a
ray
of
white
light
from
the
sun
passes
through
a
glass
prism
or
a
spray
of
water
its
energy
is
broken
or
refracted
into
the
rainbow
spectrum
of
colors
that
humans
can
see.
This
visible
spectrum
of
light
refracted
through
a
prism
ranges
from
red
to
violet.
The
colors
which
we
can
disJnguish
correspond
to
different
wavelengths,
or
frequencies,
of
electromagneJc
radiaJon.
There
are
many
other
wavelengths
that
we
cannot
see
at
all;
infrared,
ultraviolet,
x-‐rays,
and
radio
waves
are
invisible
to
us.
Some
ArJsts
reproduce
the
colors
of
the
visible
spectrum
using
pigments,
substances
that
reflect
approximately
the
same
color
as
it
is
seen
in
the
band
of
the
same
name
in
a
spectrum
of
refracted
light.
For
instance,
yellow
pigment
absorbs
all
colors
except
yellow,
reflecJng
yellow
back
to
the
observer.
No
color
actually
exists
unJl
this
reflected
wavelength
of
light
is
received
by
the
eye
and
interpreted
by
the
brain.
In
reflected
colors
there
are
many
variaJons
on
the
pure
colors
of
the
refracted
light
spectrum.
Over
the
years,
theorists
have
devised
many
different
ways
of
squeezing
these
variaJons
into
a
single
theory
of
the
relaJonships
among
the
colors
that
we
see.
In
the
seventeenth
century,
Isaac
Newton
noJced
that
the
red-‐purple
at
one
end
of
the
visible
spectrum
looked
very
similar
to
the
purple
at
the
other
end.
He
therefore
drew
the
two
ends
of
the
spectrum
together,
producing
the
first
color
wheel.
Newton’s
color
wheel,
from
Op4ce
by
Sir
Isaac
Newton.
1706.
The
names
of
the
color
are
in
LaJn.
Rare
Book
and
Manuscript
Library,
Columbia
University,
New
York.
Pigments
for
sale
at
a
market
stall
in
Goa,
India.
Hue
Color
wheels
are
two-‐dimensional
models
of
color
relaJonships
that
deal
only
with
hues
–
the
names
of
colors.
Hues
opposite
each
other
on
a
color
wheel
are
said
to
be
complementary;
hues
next
to
each
other
are
called
analogous.
If
complementary
hues
are
juxtaposed,
each
appears
brighter,
if
closely
analogous
hues
are
juxtaposed,
they
tend
to
blend
visually,
and
it
may
be
difficult
to
see
the
edge
that
separates
them.
Even
in
simple
color-‐wheel
models,
controversies
have
arisen
over
which
few
hues
are
the
basic
ones
from
which
all
other
hues
can
be
mixed.
There
are
at
least
five
different
possibiliJes
that
seem
to
be
true,
depending
on
the
situaJon.
In
light
mixtures,
as
in
film,
photography,
computer
graphics,
and
TV,
where
refracted
light
operates,
all
hues
can
be
obtained
from
combinaJons
of
the
rays
that
produce
red,
green,
and
blue-‐violet.
Refracted
light
In
mixing
pigments,
where
reflected
rather
than
refracted
light
operates,
the
primaries
are
tradiJonally
considered
to
be
red
(magenta),
yellow,
and
blue
(turquoise).
The
secondaries
in
pigment
mixtures
are
orange,
green,
and
purple
(violet).
If
secondaries
and
primaries
are
mixed,
a
third
set
of
hues
is
created:
ter:aries.
In
pigment
mixtures,
these
can
be
called
orange-‐yellow
(the
hue
obtained
by
combining
orange
and
yellow),
red-‐orange,
red-‐purple,
purple-‐blue,
blue-‐green,
and
yellow-‐green.
If
reflected
colors
that
lie
opposite
on
each
other
are
mixed,
they
produce
a
neutral
gray.
Finding
that
actual
pigment
mixing
based
on
this
tradiJonal
pigment
wheel
did
not
necessarily
produce
colors
that
varied
from
each
other
in
equal
steps,
Albert
Munsell
worked
out
a
third
color
circle
with
five
“principal”
colors
that
relate
to
each
other
and
to
intermediary
mixed
colors
on
a
more
precise
numerical
basis.
Munsell’s
principle
colors
were
red,
yellow,
green,
blue,
and
purple.
Wilhelm
Ostwald
worked
out
sJll
another
color
circle
that
was
based
chiefly
on
how
colors
are
perceived
by
the
eyes
and
the
brain
rather
than
on
the
light
or
pigment
mixtures
in
the
world
that
we
experience.
In
Ostwald’s
color
theory,
the
primary
colors
are
red,
yellow,
sea
green,
and
blue
–
four
in
all.
Yet
another
system
was
devised
by
Arthur
Hoener.
It
deals
with
the
relaJonships
between
certain
colors
and
the
background
against
which
they
are
presented.
In
this
system
orange,
green,
and
violet
can
be
used
as
primaries
to
produce
yellow
(orange
plus
green),
blue
(green
plus
violet),
and
red
(violet
plus
orange).
If,
for
instance,
you
stare
at
a
medium
circle
for
a
Jme
and
then
glance
immediately
at
a
white
area,
you
will
“see:
it’s
complement
red
emerging
from
the
white.
A
lighter
green
circle
will
make
the
background
appear
greenish;
a
dark-‐green
circle
will
make
the
background
appear
whiter,
and
the
green
will
look
almost
black.
If
two
colors
are
presented
in
the
right
amounts
against
a
light-‐colored
background,
their
effects
will
mingle,
producing
an
overall
illusion
of
a
single
color
that
is
different
from
either.
Whereas
the
classic
theory
of
pigment
mixtures
defined
yellow
and
red
as
primaries,
claiming
that
they
cannot
be
combining
any
two
colors,
Arthur
Hoener
demonstrated
that
yellow
and
red
can
be
mixed
using
pigments.
If
you
look
closely
at
the
“yellow”
shape
coming
down
from
the
upper
right
of
Hoener’s
Penuous,
you
will
discover
that
it
actually
consists
of
green
and
orange
circles
on
a
light
background.
And
the
“red”
shape
coming
up
from
the
bomom
is
actually
violet
and
orange
circles
on
a
light
background.
Hoener
referred
to
this
opJcal
color
mingling
of
color
energies
as
synergisJc
color
mixing.
By
transcending
the
dogmaJc
“rules”
of
color
mixing,
he
greatly
expanded
our
knowledge
of
how
colors
work
together.
Arthur
Hoener.
Penuous.
1974,
acrylic
on
masonite,
(60
x
60
cm.)
Value
Hues
are
not
the
only
variaJons
we
see
in
colors.
Another
variaJon
is
value
–
their
degree
of
lightness
or
darkness.
Georgia
O’Keeffe.
From
a
Day
with
Juan,
II.
1977.
Oil
on
canvas,
4
x
3’.
The
Museum
of
Modern
Art,
New
York.
Georgia
O’Keeffe
used
an
extremely
limited
hue
paleme
in
her
1977
painJng
From
a
Day
with
Juan,
II.
The
only
hues
used
are
blue
and
gray.
Yet
by
gradually
varying
their
value
from
very
light
at
the
bomom
to
very
dark
at
the
top.
O’Keeffe
provided
a
great
range
of
color
sensaJons.
If
you
cover
the
middle
of
the
painJng
you
will
see
how
different
the
two
extremes
are.
The
top
has
very
strong
emoJonal
impact,
the
bomom
a
very
delicate
one.
The
transiJonal
area
through
the
middle
–
especially
where
the
grays
are
changing
–
has
a
mysJcal
quality.
This
is
a
fantasJc
range
of
sensaJon,
yet
it
is
based
merely
on
value
changes
in
two
hues.
SaturaJon
The
third
characterisJc
of
color
that
theorists
have
isolated
is
satura:on
(also
know
as
chroma
or
intensity).
This
is
a
measure
of
the
purity
and
brightness,
or
grayness,
of
a
color.
Janet
Fish’s
Cut
Peach
and
Blue
Vase
uses
all
the
colors
of
the
spectrum
at
high
saturaJon.
They
appear
almost
as
pure
as
transparent
jewels
with
light
passing
through
them.
In
comparison,
the
color
in
works
by
Paul
Zelanski
and
Robert
Lazuka
are
of
low
saturaJon,
dulled
as
if
by
thin
layers
of
grayed
paint
of
top
of
purer
hues.
In
pigments
there
are
two
major
ways
of
graying
a
pure
color
of
maximum
saturaJon
without
changing
its
value:
Mix
it
with
gray
of
the
same
value,
or
mix
it
with
its
complementary
of
the
same
value
(the
color
that
lies
opposite
it
on
the
color
wheel).
When
mixed,
complementaries
will
neutralize
each
other
unJl
–
mixed
in
the
right
proporJons
–
they
form
a
gray
that
resembles
neither,
represented
by
the
gray
in
the
center
of
the
color
wheel.
There
is
another
way
of
changing
saturaJon
that
can
be
explained
only
by
the
color
principle
that
is
true
in
all
situaJons:
Colors
are
affected
by
the
colors
that
around
them.
In
any
combinaJon
of
colors,
adjacent
colors
will
affect
our
visual
percepJon
of
their
hue,
value,
and
saturaJon.
Even
when
working
with
very
few
hues
arJsts
can
vary
their
effects
by
the
ways
they
are
combined.
Janet
Fish.
Cut
Peach
and
Blue
Vase.
1993.
Oil
on
canvas,
40x50”.
Grace
Borgenicht
Gallery,
New
York.
An
example
of
work
by
Paul
John
Zelanski
Color
Solids
To
devise
a
single
system
for
portraying
the
relaJonships
among
colors
along
the
three
variables
discussed
–hue,
saturaJon,
and
value
–
color
theorists
have
developed
a
variety
of
color
solids.
These
models
typically
show
value
as
measurement
up
a
verJcal
pole,
from
black
at
the
bomom
to
white
at
the
top.
SaturaJon
is
represented
as
horizontal
measurement
away
from
this
verJcal
pole,
from
neutral
grays
in
the
center
to
maximum
saturaJon
at
the
outer
limit
of
this
line.
Varying
hues
are
shown
as
posiJons
on
the
circumference
of
the
circle,
just
as
they
are
in
two-‐dimensional
color
wheels.
The
neutral
values
in
steps
of
1
from
0
to
10
A
circle
of
10
hues
at
value
5
and
chroma
6
The
chromas
of
purple-‐blue
in
steps
of
2
from
0
to
12,
at
value
5
Phillip
Omo
Runge’s
Farbenkugel
(color
sphere),
1810,
showing
the
surface
of
the
sphere
(top
two
images),
and
horizontal
and
ver4cal
cross
sec4ons
(boMom
two
images).
Color
sphere
of
Albert
Henry
Munsell,
1900
Side-‐by-‐side
comparison
of
nine
different
color
solids
for
the
HSL,
HSV
and
RGB
color
models.
HSL
and
HSV
are
two
related
representaJons
of
points
in
an
RGB
color
model
that
amempt
to
describe
perceptual
color
relaJonships
more
accurately
than
RGB,
while
remaining
computaJonally
simple.
HSL
stands
for
hue,
saturaJon
and
lightness,
while
HSV
stands
for
hue,
saturaJon
and
value.
Although
this
and
other
color
solids
are
useful
means
of
standardizing
color
names
and
of
demonstraJng
some
color
relaJonships
they
should
not
necessarily
be
accepted
as
reality.
Color
wheels
and
color
solids
are
a
parJal
map
of
how
we
perceive
colors.
There
is
much
that
we
do
not
yet
know.
Color
theory
is
in
a
constant
state
of
change,
and
different
people
perceive
colors
somewhat
differently.
Rather
than
being
dogmaJc
about
color
theories,
it
is
bemer
to
explore
with
an
open
mind
what
colors
can
do.
Computer
Color
Choices
Color
exploraJon
in
computer
graphics
offers
almost
limitless
possibiliJes.
SophisJcated
24-‐bit
computer
graphics
systems
make
available
over
16
million
possible
colors
from
which
to
choose,
far
more
that
the
human
eye
even
disJnguish.
These
are
all
created
from
combinaJons
of
the
three
primaries
–
red,
green,
and
blue-‐violet.
In
Jme,
color
generated
by
and
mixed
on
the
computer
will
have
a
tremendous
effect
on
percepJon
and
use
of
color.
Artwork
created
using
both
tradiJonal
and
digital
methods
during
the
producJon
of
the
digital
ficJon
piece
The
Diary
of
Anne
Sykes
Designed,
coded
and
wrimen
by
Andy
Campbell
Dreaming
Methods
-‐
experimental
venture
combining
ficJonal
narraJves
with
atmospheric
mulJmedia
designed
to
be
read
and
experienced
on-‐
screen.
hmp://www.dreamingmethods.com/
Color
Prejudices
and
Color
CombinaJons
Prejudices
toward
a
parJcular
color
theory
can
prevent
you
from
making
your
own
discoveries.
Many
of
us
are
vicJms
of
prejudices
for
or
against
parJcular
colors
and
color
combinaJons.
In
everyday
speech
we
use
color
names
in
ways
that
implant
or
reinforce
stereotypical
ideas
of
their
fixed
emoJonal
connotaJons.
Yellow,
for
instance,
is
oqen
associated
with
negaJve
connotaJons:
A
“yellowbelly”
with
a
“yellow
streak”
is
a
disloyal
coward,
“yellow
journalism”
is
distorted
and
sensaJonalist,
a
dishonorable
discharge
from
the
service
comes
on
a
“yellow
paper.”
Red
is
typically
associated
with
anger,
passion,
and
warmth;
blue
and
green
with
coolness
and
calm.
Some
of
these
associaJons
probably
come
from
typical
experiences
with
our
environment.
We
see
fire
and
angry
faces
as
red
and
therefore
link
the
color
with
warmth
and
passion.
We
see
skies
as
blue
and
therefore
tend
to
link
blue
with
the
seeming
coolness
and
distant
serenity
of
the
sky.
But
the
sky
at
sunset
may
be
red,
an
extremely
hot
object
may
glow
white
or
blue,
and
to
a
person
in
an
ice-‐bound
land,
red
may
bring
a
sense
of
peace.
To
limit
ourselves
to
more
familiar
color
associaJons,
defining
them
as
universals,
is
to
overlook
the
exciJng
possibiliJes
of
presenJng
blue
in
a
passionate,
emoJonal
design
and
red
in
a
serene
serng.
We
can
do
whatever
we
like
with
color,
so
long
as
we
can
make
it
work.
We
may
also
be
unwirng
vicJms
of
prejudices
toward
certain
color
combinaJons.
Color
theorists
have
long
tried
to
specify
rigidly
“the”
combinaJons
that
work
an
how
they
work.
Color
combinaJons
are
said
to
produce
a
quiet,
ressul
effect
if
they
avoid
strong
contrasts
and
colors
of
high
intensity.
Two
schemes
thought
to
create
this
effect
are
monochroma4c
(using
a
single
hue
in
a
range
of
values)
–
and
analogous
(using
three
to
five
hues
adjacent
to
or
near
each
other
on
the
color
wheel,
such
as
blue,
blue-‐green,
and
green.)
Pablo
Picasso.
La
Vie.
1903
Oil
on
canvas
196.5
x
129.2
cm
Fabric
squares
represent
a
monochroma4c
scheme
using
a
single
hue
in
a
range
of
values
Analogous
using
three
to
five
hues
adjacent
to
or
near
each
other
on
the
color
wheel,
such
as
blue,
blue-‐green,
and
green
Color
CombinaJons
Color
combinaJons
with
strong
contrasts
are
thought
to
produce
a
bolder,
more
exciJng
effect.
These
include
complementary
schemes
built
on
a
pair
of
hues
that
lie
opposite
each
other
on
the
color
wheel,
such
as
the
red
and
green
of
Toulouse-‐Lautrec’s
painJng
of
a
scene
from
Carlo
Pallavicino's
VeneJan
opera
Messalina
(1680).
Complementary
scheme
built
on
a
pair
of
hues
that
lie
opposite
each
other
on
the
color
wheel
Henri
de
Toulouse-‐Lautrec
painJng
of
a
scene
from
the
opera
"Messalina"
at
Bordeaux
Opera
cover
from
playbill
Dallas
Opera
2009/2010
season
Otello
Margot
and
Bill
Winspear
Opera
House
Double
complementary
schemes
two
adjacent
hues
plus
the
complements
of
each
Split
complementary
schemes
any
hue
plus
the
two
hues
to
either
side
of
its
complement
Split
Complement
Jle
design
by:TaJana
Tsevetkova
Split
Complement
Jle
design
By:
Ami
Inose
Triad
schemes
combine
any
three
hues
that
are
of
equal
distance
from
each
other
on
the
color
wheel
P.Fix-‐Masseau,
Periodical
Cover,
1948.
Tetrad
schemes
combine
any
four
hues
of
equal
distance
from
each
other
on
the
color
wheel
“Advancing”
and
“Receding”
Colors
Any
color
can
be
brought
forward
or
pushed
back
in
space
by
the
visual
clues
to
spaJal
organizaJon
given
to
it.
Richard
Lytle’s
painJng
Early
Sound
Cantabria
overthrows
the
noJons
of
advancing
and
receding
colors
by
making
the
same
colors
advance
and
recede
in
the
same
painJng.
Where
reddish-‐brown
areas
are
shown
in
the
foreground
(the
bomom
of
the
painJng),
associated
with
large
objects,
they
seem
to
advance.
The
large
reddish-‐brown
area
in
the
lower
center
of
the
painJng
seems
very
close
to
the
viewer.
But
in
the
next
strip
to
the
right,
the
reddish-‐browns
shown
in
the
upper
part
of
the
painJng
seem
to
recede
as
background.
Lytle
contradicts
the
advancing-‐and-‐receding
rule
again
and
again
by
conJnually
reversing
the
posiJon
of
his
colors,
as
though
he
were
shiqing
colored
films.
The
painJng
holds
our
amenJon
as
we
try
finding
logic
in
the
receding
and
advancing
color
forms.
Lyle
has
used
images
that
conJnue
despite
the
color
changes
and
has
held
the
whole
composiJon
together
by
a
chain
of
dark
values.
Richard
Lytle.
Early
Sound
Cantabria.
1972.
Oil
on
canvas,
7’
x
7’6”
Hues
and
values
themselves
may
be
used
as
clues
to
spaJal
organizaJon.
The
greater
the
contrast
in
value
and/or
hue
between
two
areas,
the
greater
the
distance
between
them
will
appear.
If
heavy
black
type
is
placed
on
a
white
groundsheet,
the
type
will
seem
closer
than
the
groundsheet,
coming
out
toward
us
rather
than
occupying
the
same
space
as
the
page.
This
is
because
the
black
contrasts
sharply
with
the
white
paper.
The
stronger
the
contrast
between
figure
and
ground,
the
farther
apart
they
seem
to
be
in
space.
As
they
approach
each
other
in
value
and
hue,
they
seem
to
exist
more
and
more
on
the
same
plane.
Guglielmo
Achille
Cavellini
(1914-‐1990-‐2014)
There
is
no
arJst
in
modern
Jmes,
perhaps
in
all
of
Jme,
who
tried
to
insure
(some
would
say
purchase)
his
place
in
art
history
with
the
intensity
of
the
Italian
arJst
Guglielmo
Achille
Cavellini.
His
art
of
“self-‐historificaJon”
was
based
on
the
premise
that
no
one
knew
the
arJst
bemer
than
himself
(or
herself),
and
that
he
(or
she),
rather
than
criJcs
and
historians,
was
bemer
able
to
guide
the
public
towards
an
appreciaJon
of
the
arJst’s
life
and
work.
Through
a
series
of
self-‐
produced
books,
performances,
fesJvals,
portraits,
novelty
items,
and
voluminous
correspondence,
he
sought
to
ingraJate
himself
with
criJcs,
curators,
and
arJsts
the
world
over.
In
doing
so,
he
laid
the
foundaJon
for
the
future
examinaJon
of
his
art
based
on
a
vocabulary
of
his
own
devising.
Roy
Lichtenstein
has
used
overlapping
as
a
clue
to
three-‐dimensional
relaJonships
in
his
Interior
with
Mirrored
Closet.
But
the
values
are
so
flat
and
the
shapes
so
simple
that
there
is
a
fascinaJng
interplay
of
ambiguiJes
as
to
where
these
highly
contrasJng
colors
lie
in
space.
There
is
a
great
deal
of
spaJal
tension
between
the
dark
and
light
diagonal
lines.
“SubjecJve”
Versus
Local
Color
Use
of
local
color
reports
the
actual
colors
of
objects,
as
we
would
perceive
them.
A
Night
in
the
Bike
Store
(Red’s
Dream)
is
a
tour
de
force
of
the
ability
of
computer
graphics
to
create
the
complexiJes
of
local
color,
including
highlight
and
shadow
effects.
By
contrast,
George
Segal
has
used
color
subjecJvely
to
create
mood
and
mystery.
Segal,
George,
1924-‐
Street
Mee4ng
Date
1977
Material
plaster,
wood
Measurements
96x95x52'
Subject
Sculpture-‐-‐United
States-‐-‐20th
C.
A.D
University
of
California,
San
Diego
The
George
and
Helen
Segal
FoundaJon
/
Licensed
by
VAGA,
New
York,
NY.
MaJsse,
Henri
Green
Stripe
(Madame
MaJsse)
1905
(165
Kb);
Oil
and
tempera
on
canvas,
40.5
x
32.5
cm
(15
7/8
x
12
7/8
in);
Royal
Museum
of
Fine
Arts,
Copenhagen
In
this
portrait
of
his
wife,
MaJsse
used
solid
colors
throughout,
and
depended
enJrely
upon
the
intensity
of
his
colors
to
create
depth
and
shape.
Thick
black
lines
and
rough
brush
strokes
completed
the
image.
Although
it
isn’t
necessarily
a
flamering
portrait,
MaJsse
did
exactly
what
he
intended
to,
creaJng
a
stylisJc
and
primiJve
painJng
that
deliberately
celebrated
the
use
of
color.
Monet,
Claude,
1840-‐1926
Poplars
1891
oil
on
canvas
81.9x81.6cm
Metropolitan
Museum
of
Art
(New
York,
N.Y.)
Impressionism
Landscape
Light
-‐-‐France-‐-‐19th
C.
A.D
University
of
California,
San
Diego
The
label
subjecJve
color
is
oqen
misapplied
to
works
in
which
the
arJst
has
observed
and
reported
local
colors
very
carefully.
Monet’s
Poplars
is
an
example
of
color
use
that
is
oqen
mislabeled
subjecJve.
Monet
watched
the
colors
of
the
same
objects
change
as
the
light
they
reflected
constantly
changed.
In
Poplars
he
observes
that
the
trees
on
the
riverbank
seen
perhaps
for
a
few
fleeJng
moments
during
sunrise
or
sunset
on
a
warm,
hazy
day
actually
appear
to
be
blue
and
red
rather
than
green
and
brown.
A
shadow
is
falling
on
them,
darkening
their
values,
while
trees
in
the
background
are
bathed
in
golden
sunlight.
Although
these
colors
do
not
conform
to
stereotyped
noJons
of
what
colors
trees
“are,”
the
colors
Monet
used
are
truly
local
–
the
colors
he
saw
–
under
specific,
short-‐lived
lighJng
condiJons.
Simultaneous
Contrast
Our
percepJon
of
color
is
affected
by
the
environment
in
which
we
see
that
hue.
Because
a
color
is
rarely
seen
by
itself,
the
surrounding
colors
will
influence
and
in
many
cases,
alter
the
color
perceived.
This
visual
phenomenon
is
known
as
simultaneous
contrast
and
occurs
when
one
color
is
seen
on
differing
backgrounds.
It
is
commonly
associated
with
complements,
but
it
can
also
occur
in
any
situaJon
when
two
or
more
hues
are
placed
next
to
each
other.
This
is
because
the
appearance
of
color
is
relaJve
and
is
always
affected
by
the
surrounding
hues.
For
example,
when
a
hue
of
yellow
is
placed
next
to
a
neutral
gray,
the
gray
will
appear
to
have
a
cool
or
violet
cast
to
it.
If
that
same
gray
is
then
placed
on
a
violet
ground,
it
will
have
a
warm
or
yellowish
cast
to
it.
A
similar
color
transformaJon
will
occur
if
we
place
the
same
midvalue
red
hue
on
contrasJng
backgrounds.
The
hue
in
the
square
literally
seems
to
change
color.
On
the
darker
background,
the
midvalue
color
will
appear
lighter
than
it
really
is,
and
on
the
light
background,
the
opposite
will
occur.
Simultaneous
Contrast
hmp://web.mit.edu/persci/gaz/gaz-‐teaching/flash/contrast-‐movie.swf
hmp://www.worqx.com/color/imen.htm
hmp://library.thinkquest.org/27066/theeye/nlsimcontrast.html
M.E.
Chevreul
–
simultaneous
contrast
hmp://www.fulltable.com/vts/c/cbk/c/c.htm
OpJcal
Color
Mixtures
A
color
interacJon
intenJonally
used
by
certain
arJsts
and
designers
is
opJcal
mixing
of
colors.
Nineteenth-‐century
French
poinJllist
painters,
such
as
Monet
and
Seurat,
placed
dots
of
unmixed
colors
on
or
near
each
other.
When
seen
from
a
distance,
the
colors
tended
to
blend
to
create
new
color
sensaJons.
Instead
of
mixing
their
paints
on
a
paleme,
the
poinJllists
forced
viewers
to
mix
them
opJcally.
When
it
works,
this
technique
evokes
luminous
color
sensaJons
that
pulsate
with
life,
for
the
colors
are
being
conJnually
created
behind
the
viewer’s
very
eyes.
From
a
great
distance
–
or
in
a
small
reproducJon
–
Chuck
Close’s
8
½
foot
high
self
portrait
painJng
begins
to
resemble
the
local
colors
of
his
actual
face.
But
at
close
range,
our
eyes
cannot
mix
the
dots
of
juxtaposed
colors,
so
they
take
on
an
idenJty
of
their
own.
For
the
arJst
to
work
at
this
range
with
colored
shapes
that
have
their
own
idenJty
and
yet
create
an
overall
opJcal
effect
that
can
be
perceived
only
at
a
distance
is
a
striking
achievement.
Chuck
Close,
American,
born
1940
Self-‐Portrait
1997
Oil
on
canvas
8'
6
x
7'
(259.1
x
213.4
cm)
The
Museum
of
Modern
Art
Giq
of
Agnes
Gund,
Jo
Carole
and
Ronald
S.
Lauder,
Donald
L.
Bryant,
Jr.,
Leon
Black,
Michael
and
Judy
Ovitz,
Anna
Marie
and
Robert
F.
Shapiro,
Leila
and
Melville
Straus,
Doris
and
Donald
Fisher,
and
purchase
Detail:
Chuck
Close
Self-‐Portrait
1997
Oil
on
canvas
Another
opJcal
color
mixture
extensively
explored
by
the
color
theorist
Josef
Albers
involves
middle
mixtures.
These
are
three
analogous
colors
that
relate
to
each
other
as
parents
and
child:
The
third
contains
equal
parts
of
the
first
two.
A
middle
mixture
of
the
hues
blue
and
green
would
be
blue-‐
green.
A
middle
mixture
of
dark
and
light
values
of
the
same
hue
would
be
a
medium
value.
If
the
middle
mixture
is
presented
in
the
right
proporJons
between
the
parents,
their
colors
will
seem
to
interpenetrate
it.
In
Intersec4ng
Orange
from
Josef
Alber’s
Homage
to
the
Square
series,
the
middle
mixture
–
the
orange
band
–
develops
a
red-‐orange
glow
near
the
yellow-‐orange
and
a
yellow-‐orange
glow
near
the
red-‐orange,
but
is
actually
painted
uniformly
in
a
single
color.
Alber’s
explanaJon
for
the
opJcal
mixture
is
that
a
color
seems
to
subtract
its
own
color
from
colors
placed
next
to
it.
Alber’s
work
clearly
demonstrates
the
only
absolute
principle
of
color
use:
Colors
are
affected
by
the
colors
around
them.
We
never
see
colors
in
isolaJon,
but
rather
in
juxtaposiJon
to
other
colors
with
inevitably
affect
the
way
we
perceive
them.
The
LaJn
Jtle
Vir
Heroicus
Sublimis
of
this
painJng
can
be
translated
as
"Man,
heroic
and
sublime."
It
refers
to
Newman’s
essay
"The
Sublime
is
Now,"
in
which
he
asks,
"If
we
are
living
in
a
Jme
without
a
legend
that
can
be
called
sublime,
how
can
we
be
creaJng
sublime
art?"
His
response
is
embodied
in
part
by
this
painJng—his
largest
ever
at
that
Jme.
Newman
hoped
that
the
viewer
would
stand
close
to
this
expansive
work,
and
he
likened
the
experience
to
a
human
encounter:
"It's
no
different,
really,
from
meeJng
another
person.
One
has
a
reacJon
to
the
person
physically.
Also,
there’s
a
metaphysical
thing,
and
if
a
meeJng
of
people
is
meaningful,
it
affects
both
their
lives.
Aware
of
the
strong
effects
that
colors
have
on
each
other
when
looked
at
in
juxtaposiJon,
Barnem
Newman
created
extraordinary
visual
sensaJons
in
his
Vir
Heroicus
Sublimis.
As
you
look
at
the
painJng,
many
things
happen
within
your
visual
percepJon,
if
you
give
the
opJcal
sensaJons
Jme
to
develop.
The
white
stripe
appears
to
develop.
The
white
stripe
appears
to
develop
a
yellow
cast
because
the
bluish-‐red
surrounding
it
subtracts
blue
and
red
from
the
white,
leaving
the
only
remaining
primary:
yellow.
The
other
stripes
change,
too,
they
interact
with
the
red
background.
The
center
of
the
painJng
may
appear
to
be
spotlit,
reflecJng
a
lighter
value.
Aqerimages
of
the
four
stripes
that
Newman
painted
begin
to
appear
along
the
painJng,
turning
it
into
a
dynamic
parade
of
ever-‐changing
verJcal
stripes
of
many
hard-‐to-‐describe
colors.
Some
of
these
are
strategically
placed
so
that
they
many
even
overlap
and
mingle
their
color
energies.
Newman
has
thus
evoked
an
extraordinary
range
of
color
sensaJons
with
an
extremely
limited
paleme.
Color
is
so
complex
and
rich
in
potenJal
that
the
more
you
experiment
with
it,
the
more
it
will
surprise
you.
The
color
theories
of
the
past
point
to
only
some
of
the
possibiliJes.
It
is
up
to
you
to
explore
further.
The
problems
that
follow
merely
scratch
the
surface.
They
are
only
appeJzers
–
hopefully
they
will
whet
your
taste
for
a
full
course
on
color
alone.
source:
Design
Principles
and
Problems
Paul
Zelanski
&
Mary
Pat
Fisher
Chapter
:
Color
pp.
227-‐250