ENEMIES AND NEIGHBOURS 

(Arab-Israel conflict)

Table of Contents

Introduction.........................................................................................................1

What is United States interest in this disputation?..........................................2

How has the U.S. been involved in the conflict?..............................................2

An analysis using IR theories:...........................................................................4

Conclusion:..........................................................................................................6

REFERENCES...................................................................................................6
Introduction
For several years Israelis and Palestinians have skirmish for the holy land. As it is the most
critical dissension and the USA being unconditionally supporting Israel still strive to
reconcile the interests of both parties. Multiple US administrations have taken decisions
about the peace process which would result in two states. The solution is highly criticized due
to Donald Trump administration controversial policies revised by Joe Biden but still left with
several flaws
A middle-eastern region with great religious importance for Semitic religions such as
Muslims Christians and Jews is embedded as the spun-out territorial dispute. In great number,
Jews started emigrating after the Holocaust of world war 2 which resulted in the massacre of
6 million Jews .UN general assembly in 1947 recommended a two-state resolution declaring
Israel as a sovereign state to which Palestinians had an arduous resistance in response as they
thought Israel has snatched their ancestral land with help of western powers. The dispute took
a turning point when after 6 days of war Israel protectorate the West Bank and Gaza areas. In
this scenario of major conflict, 242 resolution was arrogated by the UN Security Council
which legislated withdrawal of forces from disputed areas.[ CITATION Ric \l 1033 ] Mostly
the international stakeholders are strongly supporting the two-state resolution reverting in the
favour of Israel. Mutual recognition needs to be practiced by both states and the international
community. Such kind of peace agreement should be initiated that would honour protestation
of both states, for future peace of Arab states 

What is United States interest in this disputation?

Many assorted interests of the U.S such as restoration of energy resources, fending off the
Soviet Union and Iranian supremacy, securing Israel's survival and peace with Arab allies,
fighting against terrorism, human rights protection, and reducing refugee flow. The USA has
strategically tried to solve this dispute by addressing border regional stability and supporting
its alliance with Israel. Secondly, US involvement is due to robust pressure of American
Jewish and Christian groups which are fervently supporting Israel. 

How has the U.S. been involved in the conflict?

The U.S has played the most indispensable role in Israel -Palestine conflict after World War
II and was the first to recognize Israel as an independent state. U.S played a major role in the
wars of 1967 and 1973 when Israel was helped by Britain France Russia and the U.S itself
again Egyptian and Syrian forces. After the war US foreign policy completely interchanged
with Arab states and bought it near to nuclear confrontation.
US President Jimmy Carter in 1978 hosted the Oslo accords that initiated peace talks between
Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Palestine. The peace talk’s concentration was to sustain future
diplomacy in Mideast. Bill Clinton administration in 1988 proposed a plan for two-state
resolutions for development and prosperity. Trump administration on the other side took a
pro-Israel stance in august 2020. Abraham accords were signed during the Trump
administration between Israel Arab emirates and the United States in which both countries
plighted normalizing their ties. Further Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco also reconciled. This
accord faced extreme criticism by opponents of normalization as these moves betray the
Palestinian cause. Any such initiative would only be accepted after the creation of an
independent Palestinian state. The Biden administration continued the normalization and
peace treaty of Abraham accords.
What is the U.S. position on Israeli normalization?
Israel's labor party started making settlements after the war of 1967 to build up defense in
areas of the West Bank due to the brawl of Arab Israelis wars. The United States refused for
years officially about settlements to avoid international sanctions on Israel. President Ronald
Reagan George Bush, Bill Clinton always spoke in the boon of Israeli settlements in occupied
territories. Obama administration took pre-emptive steps and guarded Isreals interest against
political movements. This was done by penalizing business operating by the Israeli in the
west bank. Trump administration plan was also set according to which Isreal would absorb
thirty percent of the area of the west bank. In July 2020 Israel Prime Minister Benjamin
Netanyahu was expected to move to continue with expropriation but U.S lawmakers, human
rights experts, and leaders worldwide.
2. Timeline

1. Zionism: was an organized political movement in 1897 when the founder of Theodor
Herzl convened the first Zionist congress for a Jewish state in Palestine.
2. Skyes-picot agreement:
After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire during World War 1 the sykes picot agreement was
signed between Britain and France in which the territories were decided between them.
France gained the mandate for Syria and Lebanon and Britain granted the mandate for Iraq
and Palestine.
3. Balfour declaration:
The policy bought up by the British government was in the favour of Jewish homeland in
Palestine
4. British rule 1919:
British rule in Palestine was marked by several controversies and violence. The Arabs
strongly oppressed Jews hence they started making rebels local groups called Haganah due to
insufficient protection by the British.
5. UN partition plan:
UN general assembly on 29 November showed extreme abnegation regarding the plan in
which 44 pc areas were Arab state and 56 pc was a Jewish state. After the British withdrawal
on May 14, 1948, Israel was established and recognized by the Soviet Union UN members
but not by neighbouring Arab countries. 
6. Second Arab Israel war:

In year 1956, this war took place. The reason for this was due to nationalization of Suez
Canal company by the Egypt which took the waterway away from the control of French and
British control. Gaza strip was the base of guerrilla activity for Israel .hence Britain and
France invaded Egypt 
7. Six-day war 1967:
In 1967, Israel decided and started war strikes against Syria, Egypt and Jordan. The situation
continued for six days without any intervention from any other country which resulted as
Israel gaining the control of the Gaza Strip. It was a large part of Sinai Peninsula, the west
bank and Golan heights which is known as occupied territories.
8. Yom Kippur war 1973:
The surprise attack was launched by Egypt and Syria on the Jewish Day of Atonement. Arab
forces made significant advances before Israel rallied and pushed invaders back beyond
ceasefire lines
9. David accords 1978:
A framework was designed among multiple parties including President Anwar Sadat of
Egypt, Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel, and President Jimmy Carter US. They
signed the accord which established a framework in order to prevail peace between Israel and
Egypt 
10. Israel occupation of Lebanon 1978:
In response to cross-border attacks by PLO Israel invaded in 1978 and 1982. They became
occupying force till 2000
11. Oslo accords 1993:
The intifada (Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule) persuaded Israel to withdraw its forces
from the Gaza strip allowing interim Palestinian government in those areas. Subsequently,
that accord also failed.
12. Abraham accord 2020:
Abraham's accord is the pact signed between the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and the United
States of America. The accord was signed for the new beginning of the peace process and in
order to normalization the imperfect relations between Israel and the United Arab Emirates.

An analysis using IR theories:

 Hegemonic influence can be described by the theories of realism and liberalism:
 Realist
A realist believes that military masses and strong use of tools can only protect the interests of
both states. Realists are not in the favour of bilateral relationships. Israel and Palestinian
relationship describe the imbalance of power as Israel has more material and military power.
Here the question arises, who is supporting Israel? How Israel has gained so much military
supremacy in West Bank? it’s all due to the US undoubting for supporting Israel and its
heinous acts.US always wanted Israel's hegemony in the west bank due to fact of its
economic interest but to display itself as a developed nation it adopted diplomacy and acted
as mediator in Israel Palestine conflict.
 Liberalism: 
Liberals are in favour of solving problems through treaties so that would initiate peace for
both states. These people are not war supporters and understand the limits to use military and
armed forces to prevent threats only. Both the liberals and realists are in the favour of two
state solutions the only difference is that realists use the idea of power and liberals use the
idea of reconciliation and cooperation between the two states. 
A rights-based approach in practice:
For understanding the right-based approach first we need to understand US policy towards
Israel - Palestine. The United States is still sequentially worsening the situation. The United
States should scrutinize its bilateral alliance with Israel to stop the domination and violence
Israel is conducting upon palestanians.US should adopt such foreign policy to stop heinous
acts of massacre and Jewish supremacy and follow peace accord policy. 
For right-based approach to be practiced the unbalanced relationship between Israel and
Palestinian people needs to be recognized. Palestinian people who are suffering the
domination and military occupation should be provided surveillance. As per the Fourth
Geneva convention, it is clearly stated that occupied terrorises and they people must not be
deprived “in any case or any manner whatsoever” of the protections secured them under the
convention, including in any agreements they may sign.[ CITATION Pen \l 1033 ] .All these
accords attenuate the inequality of Palestinian people and procure their rights and freedom. In
the scenario of territorial disputes, the U.S has always withdrawn from its stance and
Palestine has remained under occupation. Israel has violated requisition numerous times and
has kept the accession o West Bank and Gaza in its control.
This method also will be used as a testimony if Israel continues the blockade of Gaza the
United States would take an equal stance for the right protection of Palestinians US should
end the policy to support Israel blindly and defend them on international voilations.US
endeavours to protect Israel from international pressures by funding with multilateral bodies.
In such circumstances, neutral policy should be adopted and in case of any violation criminal
court should be persuaded to make decisions.
 
Conclusion:
Over the past two decades, Israel has moved toward a more and more intransigent position on
the Palestinian issue. The government today is utmost conservative than previous
governments which conducted peace processes to solve the conflict. Israel in its country has
liberal democracy and many people advocate Israel's nationalism and justice for Palestinians.
They also argue about the dignity of the Palestinian people. The only solution for both
countries is sovereignty and depletion of imbalances among both of them. Biased behaviours
by the international community should be abolished to sustain the peace process. That would
be the only resolution for progress and economic development.

REFERENCES
Abraham Accord and Normalization Process[229].pdf

Negotiation Fundamentals[228].pdf

The Abraham Accords Immediate Significance and Long Term Implications[230].pdf

At the One Year Anniversary of the Abraham Accords: Normalization Agreements in Action
- United States Department of State

https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-us-policy-israeli-palestinian-conflict