Appendix: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities Appendix: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities

for Chemical Substances at 25°C for Chemical Substances at 25°C

S° S°
ΔHf° ΔGf° ΔHf° ΔGf°
Substance (J/mol Substance (J/mol
(kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol)
K) K)

Aluminum: HBr(aq) −121.6 −104.0 82.4

Al(s) 0.0 0.0 28.3 Cadmium:

Al(g) 330.0 289.4 164.6 Cd(s) 0.0 0.0 51.8

AlCl3(s) −704.2 −628.8 109.3 Cd(g) 111.8 — 167.7

Al2O3(s) −1675.7 −1582.3 50.9 CdCl2(s) −391.5 −343.9 115.3

Barium: CdS(s) −161.9 −156.5 64.9

Ba(s) 0.0 0.0 62.5 Calcium:

Ba(g) 180.0 146.0 170.2 Ca(s) 0.0 0.0 41.6

BaO(s) −548.0 −520.3 72.1 Ca(g) 177.8 144.0 154.9

BaCO3(s) −1213.0 −1134.4 112.1 CaCl2(s) −795.4 −748.8 108.4

BaSO4(s) −1473.2 −1362.2 132.2 CaF2(s) −1228.0 −1175.6 68.5

Beryllium: Ca(OH)2(s) −985.2 −897.5 83.4

Be(s) 0.0 0.0 9.5 CaO(s) −634.9 −603.3 38.1

Be(g) 324.0 286.6 136.3 CaSO4(s) −1434.5 −1322.0 106.5

Be(OH)2(s) −902.5 −815.0 45.5 CaCO3(s,

−1207.6 −1129.1 91.7
calcite)
BeO(s) −609.4 −580.1 13.8
CaCO3(s,
Bismuth: −1207.8 −1128.2 88.0
aragonite)

Bi(s) 0.0 0.0 56.7 Carbon:

Bi(g) 207.1 168.2 187.0 C(s, graphite) 0.0 0.0 5.7

Bromine: C(s, diamond) 1.9 2.9 2.4

Br(g) 111.9 82.4 175.0 C(s,

2327.0 2302.0 426.0
fullerene—C60)
Br2(l) 0.0 0.0 152.2
C(s,
Br−(aq) −121.6 −104.0 82.4 2555.0 2537.0 464.0
fullerene—C70)

Br2(g) 30.9 3.1 245.5 C(g) 716.7 671.3 158.1

HBr(g) −36.3 −53.4 198.7

1
Appendix: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities Appendix: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities
for Chemical Substances at 25°C for Chemical Substances at 25°C

S° S°
ΔHf° ΔGf° ΔHf° ΔGf°
Substance (J/mol Substance (J/mol
(kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol)
K) K)

C(g, CS2(l) 89.0 64.6 151.3

2502.0 2442.0 544.0
fullerene—C60)
CS2(g) 116.7 67.1 237.8
C(g,
2755.0 2692.0 614.0 C2H2(g) 227.4 209.9 200.9
fullerene—C70)

CBr4(s) 29.4 47.7 212.5 C2H4(g) 52.4 68.4 219.3

CBr4(g) 83.9 67.0 358.1 C2H6(g) −84.0 −32.0 229.2

CCl2F2(g) −477.4 −439.4 300.8 C3H8(g) −103.8 −23.4 270.3

CCl2O(g) −219.1 −204.9 283.5 C3H6O3(s)

−694.1 −522.9 142.3
(lactic acid)
CCl4(l) −128.2 −62.6 216.2
C6H6(l) 49.1 124.5 173.4
CCl4(g) −95.7 −53.6 309.9
C6H6(g) 82.9 129.7 269.2
CF4(g) −933.6 −888.3 261.6
C6H12O6(s)
−1273.3 −910.4 212.1
CHCl3(l) −134.1 −73.7 201.7 (glucose)

CHCl3(g) −102.7 6.0 295.7 C2H5OH(l) −277.6 −174.8 160.7

CH2Cl2(l) −124.2 — 177.8 C2H5OH(g) −234.8 −167.9 281.6

CH2Cl2(g) −95.4 −68.9 270.2 (CH3)2O(l) −203.3 — —

CH3Cl(g) −81.9 −58.5 234.6 (CH3)2O(g) −184.1 −112.6 266.4

CH4(g) −74.6 −50.5 186.3 CH3CO2−(aq) −486.0 −369.3 86.6

CH3COOH(l) −484.3 −389.9 159.8 n-C12H26(l)

−350.9 28.1 490.6
(dodecane)
CH3OH(l) −239.2 −166.6 126.8
Cesium:
CH3OH(g) −201.0 −162.3 239.9
Cs(s) 0.0 0.0 85.2
CH3NH2(l) −47.3 35.7 150.2
Cs(g) 76.5 49.6 175.6
CH3NH2(g) −22.5 32.7 242.9
CsCl(s) −443.0 −414.5 101.2
CH3CN(l) 40.6 86.5 149.6
Chlorine:
CH3CN(g) 74.0 91.9 243.4
Cl(g) 121.3 105.3 165.2
CO(g) −110.5 −137.2 197.7
Cl2(g) 0.0 0.0 223.1
CO2(g) −393.5 −394.4 213.8

2
Appendix: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities Appendix: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities
for Chemical Substances at 25°C for Chemical Substances at 25°C

S° S°
ΔHf° ΔGf° ΔHf° ΔGf°
Substance (J/mol Substance (J/mol
(kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol)
K) K)

Cl−(aq) −167.2 −131.2 56.5 F(g) 79.4 62.3 158.8

HCl(g) −92.3 −95.3 186.9 F−(aq) −332.6 −278.8 −13.8

HCl(aq) −167.2 −131.2 56.5 F2(g) 0.0 0.0 202.8

ClF3(g) −163.2 −123.0 281.6 HF(g) −273.3 −275.4 173.8

Chromium: HF(aq) −332.6 −278.8 −13.8

Cr(s) 0.0 0.0 23.8 Hydrogen:

Cr(g) 396.6 351.8 174.5 H(g) 218.0 203.3 114.7

CrCl3(s) −556.5 −486.1 123.0 H2(g) 0.0 0.0 130.7

CrO3(g) −292.9 — 266.2 H+(aq) 0.0 0.0 0.0

Cr2O3(s) −1139.7 −1058.1 81.2 Iodine:

Cobalt: I(g) 106.8 70.2 180.8

Co(s) 0.0 0.0 30.0 I−(aq) −55.2 −51.6 111.3

Co(g) 424.7 380.3 179.5 I2(s) 0.0 0.0 116.1

CoCl2(s) −312.5 −269.8 109.2 I2(g) 62.4 19.3 260.7

Copper: HI(g) 26.5 1.7 206.6

Cu(s) 0.0 0.0 33.2 HI(aq) −55.2 −51.6 111.3

Cu(g) 337.4 297.7 166.4 Iron:

CuCl(s) −137.2 −119.9 86.2 Fe(s) 0.0 0.0 27.3

CuCl2(s) −220.1 −175.7 108.1 Fe(g) 416.3 370.7 180.5

CuO(s) −157.3 −129.7 42.6 Fe2+(aq) −89.1 −78.9 −137.7

Cu2O(s) −168.6 −146.0 93.1 Fe3+(aq) −48.5 −4.7 −315.9

CuS(s) −53.1 −53.6 66.5 FeCl2(s) −341.8 −302.3 118.0

Cu2S(s) −79.5 −86.2 120.9 FeCl3(s) −399.5 −334.0 142.3

CuCN(s) 96.2 111.3 84.5 FeO(s) −272.0 −251.4 60.7

Fluorine: Fe2O3(s) −824.2 −742.2 87.4

3
Appendix: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities Appendix: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities
for Chemical Substances at 25°C for Chemical Substances at 25°C

S° S°
ΔHf° ΔGf° ΔHf° ΔGf°
Substance (J/mol Substance (J/mol
(kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol)
K) K)

Fe3O4(s) −1118.4 −1015.4 146.4 MgCl2(s) −641.3 −591.8 89.6

FeS2(s) −178.2 −166.9 52.9 MgO(s) −601.6 −569.3 27.0

FeCO3(s) −740.6 −666.7 92.9 Mg(OH)2(s) −924.5 −833.5 63.2

Lead: MgSO4(s) −1284.9 −1170.6 91.6

Pb(s) 0.0 0.0 64.8 MgS(s) −346.0 −341.8 50.3

Pb(g) 195.2 162.2 175.4 Manganese:

PbO(s, red or Mn(s) 0.0 0.0 32.0

−219.0 −188.9 66.5
litharge)
Mn(g) 280.7 238.5 173.7
PbO(s, yellow
−217.3 −187.9 68.7 MnCl2(s) −481.3 −440.5 118.2
or massicot)

PbO2(s) −277.4 −217.3 68.6 MnO(s) −385.2 −362.9 59.7

PbCl2(s) −359.4 −314.1 136.0 MnO2(s) −520.0 −465.1 53.1

PbS(s) −100.4 −98.7 91.2 KMnO4(s) −837.2 −737.6 171.7

PbSO4(s) −920.0 −813.0 148.5 MnO4−(aq) −541.4 −447.2 191.2

PbCO3(s) −699.1 −625.5 131.0 Mercury:

Pb(NO3)2(s) −451.9 — — Hg(l) 0.0 0.0 75.9

Pb(NO3)2(aq) −416.3 −246.9 303.3 Hg(g) 61.4 31.8 175.0

Lithium: HgCl2(s) −224.3 −178.6 146.0

Li(s) 0.0 0.0 29.1 Hg2Cl2(s) −265.4 −210.7 191.6

Li(g) 159.3 126.6 138.8 HgO(s) −90.8 −58.5 70.3

Li+(aq) −278.5 −293.3 13.4 HgS(s, red) −58.2 −50.6 82.4

LiCl(s) −408.6 −384.4 59.3 Hg2(g) 108.8 68.2 288.1

Li2O(s) −597.9 −561.2 37.6 Molybdenum:

Magnesium: Mo(s) 0.0 0.0 28.7

Mg(s) 0.0 0.0 32.7 Mo(g) 658.1 612.5 182.0

Mg(g) 147.1 112.5 148.6 MoO2(s) −588.9 −533.0 46.3

4
Appendix: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities Appendix: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities
for Chemical Substances at 25°C for Chemical Substances at 25°C

S° S°
ΔHf° ΔGf° ΔHf° ΔGf°
Substance (J/mol Substance (J/mol
(kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol)
K) K)

MoO3(s) −745.1 −668.0 77.7 HNO3(aq) −207.4 −111.3 146.4

Nickel: NF3(g) −132.1 −90.6 260.8

Ni(s) 0.0 0.0 29.9 HCN(l) 108.9 125.0 112.8

Ni(g) 429.7 384.5 182.2 HCN(g) 135.1 124.7 201.8

NiCl2(s) −305.3 −259.0 97.7 Osmium:

Ni(OH)2(s) −529.7 −447.2 88.0 Os(s) 0.0 0.0 32.6

Nitrogen: Os(g) 791.0 745.0 192.6

N(g) 472.7 455.5 153.3 OsO4(s) −394.1 −304.9 143.9

N2(g) 0.0 0.0 191.6 OsO4(g) −337.2 −292.8 293.8

NH3(g) −45.9 −16.4 192.8 Oxygen:

NH4+(aq) −132.5 −79.3 113.4 O(g) 249.2 231.7 161.1

N2H4(l) 50.6 149.3 121.2 O2(g) 0.0 0.0 205.2

N2H4(g) 95.4 159.4 238.5 O3(g) 142.7 163.2 238.9

NH4Cl(s) −314.4 −202.9 94.6 OH−(aq) −230.0 −157.2 −10.8

NH4OH(l) −361.2 −254.0 165.6 H2O(l) −285.8 −237.1 70.0

NH4NO3(s) −365.6 −183.9 151.1 H2O(g) −241.8 −228.6 188.8

(NH4)2SO4(s) −1180.9 −901.7 220.1 H2O2(l) −187.8 −120.4 109.6

NO(g) 91.3 87.6 210.8 H2O2(g) −136.3 −105.6 232.7

NO2(g) 33.2 51.3 240.1 Phosphorus:

N2O(g) 81.6 103.7 220.0 P(s, white) 0.0 0.0 41.1

N2O4(l) −19.5 97.5 209.2 P(s, red) −17.6 −17.6 −12.5 22.8

N2O4(g) 11.1 99.8 304.4 P(s, black) −39.3 — —

HNO2(g) −79.5 −46.0 254.1 P(g, white) 316.5 280.1 163.2

HNO3(l) −174.1 −80.7 155.6 P2(g) 144.0 103.5 218.1

HNO3(g) −133.9 −73.5 266.9 P4(g) 58.9 24.4 280.0

5
Appendix: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities Appendix: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities
for Chemical Substances at 25°C for Chemical Substances at 25°C

S° S°
ΔHf° ΔGf° ΔHf° ΔGf°
Substance (J/mol Substance (J/mol
(kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol)
K) K)

PCl3(l) −319.7 −272.3 217.1 Selenium:

PCl3(g) −287.0 −267.8 311.8 Se(s, gray) 0.0 0.0 42.4

POCl3(l) −597.1 −520.8 222.5 Se(g, gray) 227.1 187.0 176.7

POCl3(g) −558.5 −512.9 325.5 H2Se(g) 29.7 15.9 219.0

PCl5(g) −374.9 −305.0 364.6 Silicon:

PH3(g) 5.4 13.5 210.2 Si(s) 0.0 0.0 18.8

H3PO4(s) −1284.4 −1124.3 110.5 Si(g) 450.0 405.5 168.0

H3PO4(l) −1271.7 −1123.6 150.8 SiCl4(l) −687.0 −619.8 239.7

Potassium: SiCl4(g) −657.0 −617.0 330.7

K(s) 0.0 0.0 64.7 SiH4(g) 34.3 56.9 204.6

K(g) 89.0 60.5 160.3 SiC(s, cubic) −65.3 −62.8 16.6

KBr(s) −393.8 −380.7 95.9 SiC(s,

−62.8 −60.2 16.5
hexagonal)
KCl(s) −436.5 −408.5 82.6
Silver:
KClO3(s) −397.7 −296.3 143.1
Ag(s) 0.0 0.0 42.6
K2O(s) −361.5 −322.1 94.1
Ag(g) 284.9 246.0 173.0
K2O2(s) −494.1 −425.1 102.1
Ag+(aq) 105.6 77.1 72.7
KNO2(s) −369.8 −306.6 152.1
AgBr(s) −100.4 −96.9 107.1
KNO3(s) −494.6 −394.9 133.1
AgCl(s) −127.0 −109.8 96.3
KSCN(s) −200.2 −178.3 124.3
AgNO3(s) −124.4 −33.4 140.9
K2CO3(s) −1151.0 −1063.5 155.5
Ag2O(s) −31.1 −11.2 121.3
K2SO4(s) −1437.8 −1321.4 175.6
Ag2S(s) −32.6 −40.7 144.0
Rubidium:
Sodium:
Rb(s) 0.0 0.0 76.8
Na(s) 0.0 0.0 51.3
Rb(g) 80.9 53.1 170.1
Na(g) 107.5 77.0 153.7
RbCl(s) −435.4 −407.8 95.9

6
Appendix: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities Appendix: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities
for Chemical Substances at 25°C for Chemical Substances at 25°C

S° S°
ΔHf° ΔGf° ΔHf° ΔGf°
Substance (J/mol Substance (J/mol
(kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol) (kJ/mol)
K) K)

Na+(aq) −240.1 −261.9 59.0 H2SO4(aq) −909.3 −744.5 20.1

NaF(s) −576.6 −546.3 51.1 Tin:

NaF(aq) −572.8 −540.7 45.2 Sn(s, white) 0.0 0.0 51.2

NaCl(s) −411.2 −384.1 72.1 Sn(s, gray) −2.1 0.1 44.1

NaCl(aq) −407.3 −393.1 115.5 Sn(g, white) 301.2 266.2 168.5

NaBr(s) −361.1 −349.0 86.8 SnCl4(l) −511.3 −440.1 258.6

NaBr(g) −143.1 −177.1 241.2 SnCl4(g) −471.5 −432.2 365.8

NaBr(aq) −361.7 −365.8 141.4 SnO2(s) −557.6 −515.8 49.0

NaO2(s) −260.2 −218.4 115.9 Titanium:

Na2O(s) −414.2 −375.5 75.1 Ti(s) 0.0 0.0 30.7

Na2O2(s) −510.9 −447.7 95.0 Ti(g) 473.0 428.4 180.3

NaCN(s) −87.5 −76.4 115.6 TiCl2(s) −513.8 −464.4 87.4

NaNO3(aq) −447.5 −373.2 205.4 TiCl3(s) −720.9 −653.5 139.7

NaNO3(s) −467.9 −367.0 116.5 TiCl4(l) −804.2 −737.2 252.3

NaN3(s) 21.7 93.8 96.9 TiCl4(g) −763.2 −726.3 353.2

Na2CO3(s) −1130.7 −1044.4 135.0 TiO2(s) −944.0 −888.8 50.6

Na2SO4(s) −1387.1 −1270.2 149.6 Uranium:

Sulfur: U(s) 0.0 0.0 50.2

S(s, rhombic) 0.0 0.0 32.1 U(g) 533.0 488.4 199.8

S(g, rhombic) 277.2 236.7 167.8 UO2(s) −1085.0 −1031.8 77.0

SO2(g) −296.8 −300.1 248.2 UO2(g) −465.7 −471.5 274.6

SO3(g) −395.7 −371.1 256.8 UF4(s) −1914.2 −1823.3 151.7

SO42−(aq) −909.3 −744.5 20.1 UF4(g) −1598.7 −1572.7 368.0

SOCl2(g) −212.5 −198.3 309.8 UF6(s) −2197.0 −2068.5 227.6

H2S(g) −20.6 −33.4 205.8 UF6(g) −2147.4 −2063.7 377.9

7
Appendix: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities
for Chemical Substances at 25°C

S°
ΔHf° ΔGf°
Substance (J/mol
(kJ/mol) (kJ/mol)
K)

Vanadium:

V(s) 0.0 0.0 28.9

V(g) 514.2 754.4 182.3

VCl3(s) −580.7 −511.2 131.0

VCl4(l) −569.4 −503.7 255.0

VCl4(g) −525.5 −492.0 362.4

V2O5(s) −1550.6 −1419.5 131.0

Zinc:

Zn(s) 0.0 0.0 41.6

Zn(g) 130.4 94.8 161.0

ZnCl2(s) −415.1 −369.4 111.5

Zn(NO3)2(s) −483.7 — —

ZnS(s,
−206.0 −201.3 57.7
sphalerite)

ZnSO4(s) −982.8 −871.5 110.5

Zirconium:

Zr(s) 0.0 0.0 39.0

Zr(g) 608.8 566.5 181.4

ZrCl2(s) −502.0 −386 110

ZrCl4(s) −980.5 −889.9 181.6

8
 Appendix: Specific Heat Capacity Table

Specific Heat Capacity

Substance
at 25oC in J/goC
H2 gas 14.267
He gas 5.300
H2O(l) 4.184
lithium 3.56
ethyl alcohol 2.460
ethylene glycol 2.200
o
ice @ 0 C 2.010
o
steam @ 100 C 2.010
vegetable oil 2.000
sodium 1.23
air 1.020
magnesium 1.020
aluminum 0.900
Concrete 0.880
glass 0.840
potassium 0.75
sulphur 0.73
calcium 0.650
iron 0.444
nickel 0.440
zinc 0.39
copper 0.385
brass 0.380
sand 0.290
silver 0.240
tin 0.21
lead 0.160
mercury 0.14
gold 0.129

Appendix:

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