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Indiana
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This article is about the State of Indiana. For other uses, see Indiana
(disambiguation).
"Hoosier State" redirects here. For the passenger train, see Hoosier State (train).
Indiana
State
State of Indiana
Flag of Indiana
Flag
Official seal of Indiana
Seal
Nickname(s): The Hoosier State
Motto(s): The Crossroads of America
Anthem: On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away
Map of the United States with Indiana highlighted
Map of the United States with Indiana highlighted
Country United States
Before statehood Indiana Territory
Admitted to the Union December 11, 1816 (19th)
Capital
(and largest city) Indianapolis
Largest metro and urban areas Greater Indianapolis
Government
• Governor Eric Holcomb (R)
• Lieutenant Governor Suzanne Crouch (R)
Legislature General Assembly
• Upper house Indiana Senate
• Lower house Indiana House of Representatives
Judiciary Indiana Supreme Court
U.S. senators
Todd Young (R)
Mike Braun (R)
U.S. House delegation
7 Republicans
2 Democrats
(list)
Area
• Total 36,418 sq mi (94,321 km2)
• Land 35,868 sq mi (92,897 km2)
• Water 550 sq mi (1,424 km2) 1.5%
Area rank 38th
Dimensions
• Length 270 mi (435 km)
• Width 140 mi (225 km)
Elevation 700 ft (210 m)
Highest elevation (Hoosier Hill[1][2]) 1,257 ft (383 m)
Lowest elevation (Confluence of Ohio River and Wabash River[1][2]) 320 ft (97
m)
Population (2020)
• Total 6,785,528[3]
• Rank 17th
• Density 183/sq mi (70.7/km2)
 • Median household income $54,181 (2,017)[4]
• Income rank 35th
Demonym(s) Hoosier
Language
• Official language English
Time zones
80 counties UTC−05:00 (Eastern)
• Summer (DST) UTC−04:00 (EDT)
12 counties UTC−06:00 (Central)
• Summer (DST) UTC−05:00 (CDT)
USPS abbreviation
IN
ISO 3166 code US-IN
Traditional abbreviation Ind.
Latitude 37° 46′ N to 41° 46′ N
Longitude 84° 47′ W to 88° 6′ W
Website www.in.gov
Indiana state symbols
Flag of Indiana.svg
Flag of Indiana
Indiana-StateSeal.svg
Living insignia
Bird Cardinal
Flower Peony
Insect Say's Firefly[5]
Tree Tulip tree
Inanimate insignia
Colors Blue and gold
Firearm Grouseland Rifle
Food Sugar cream pie
Poem "Indiana"
Rock Salem Limestone
Ship USS Indianapolis (4), USS Indiana (4)
Slogan Honest to Goodness Indiana
Soil Miami
Sport Basketball
Other River: Wabash
State route marker
Indiana state route marker
State quarter
Indiana quarter dollar coin
Released in 2002
Lists of United States state symbols
Indiana (/ˌɪndiˈænə/ (About this soundlisten)) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern
United States. It is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50
United States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted
to the United States as the 19th state on December 11, 1816. It is bordered by Lake
Michigan to the northwest, Michigan to the north, Ohio to the east, the Ohio River
and Kentucky to the south and southeast, and the Wabash River and Illinois to the
west.

Various indigenous peoples inhabited Indiana for thousands of years, some of whom
the U.S. government expelled between 1800 and 1836. Indiana received its name
because the state was largely possessed by native tribes even after it was granted
statehood. Since then, settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional
cultural segmentation present in the Eastern United States; the state's
northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from New England and New York,
Central Indiana by migrants from the Mid-Atlantic states and adjacent Ohio, and
Southern Indiana by settlers from the Upland South, particularly Kentucky and
Tennessee.[6]

Indiana has a diverse economy with a gross state product of $377.1 billion in 2019.
[7] It has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a
number of smaller cities and towns. Indiana is home to professional sports teams,
including the NFL's Indianapolis Colts and the NBA's Indiana Pacers, and hosts
several notable competitive events, including the Indianapolis 500.

Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Indigenous inhabitants
2.2 European exploration and sovereignty
2.3 The frontier
2.4 Statehood and settlement
2.5 Civil War and late 19th century industry
2.6 Early 20th century
2.7 Modern era
3 Geography
3.1 Geology and terrain
3.2 Hydrology
3.3 Climate
3.4 Time zones
4 Indiana counties and statistical areas
4.1 Major cities
5 Demographics
5.1 Population
5.2 Ancestry
5.3 Population growth
5.4 Median income
5.5 Religion
6 Law and government
6.1 Politics
6.2 Military installations
7 Culture
7.1 Arts
7.2 Sports
7.2.1 Motorsports
7.2.2 Professional sports
7.2.3 Professional teams
7.2.4 College athletics
8 Economy and infrastructure
8.1 Business
8.2 Taxation
8.3 State budget
8.4 Energy
8.5 Transportation
8.5.1 Airports
8.5.2 Highways
8.5.3 County roads
8.5.4 Rail
8.5.5 Ports
9 Education
10 See also
11 References
12 Bibliography
13 External links
Etymology
Welcome to Indiana, Crossroads of America.jpg
Indiana's name means "Land of the Indians", or simply "Indian Land".[8] It also
stems from Indiana's territorial history. On May 7, 1800, the United States
Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and
named the western section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an
Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a part of
this territorial land became the geographic area for the new state.[9][10][11]

Formal use of the word Indiana dates from 1768, when a Philadelphia-based trading
company gave its land claim in present-day West Virginia the name "Indiana" in
honor of its previous owners, the Iroquois. Later, ownership of the claim was
transferred to the Indiana Land Company, the first recorded use of the word
Indiana. But the Virginia colony argued that it was the rightful owner of the land
because it fell within its geographic boundaries. The U.S. Supreme Court denied the
land company's right to the claim in 1798.[12]

A resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier.[13] The etymology of this

word is disputed, but the leading theory, advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau
and the Indiana Historical Society, has its origin in Virginia, the Carolinas, and
Tennessee (the Upland South) as a term for a backwoodsman, a rough countryman, or a
country bumpkin.[14][15]

History
Main article: History of Indiana
See also: Outline of Indiana § History
Indigenous inhabitants

Angel Mounds State Historic Site was one of the northernmost Mississippian culture
settlements, occupied from 1100 to 1450.
The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, who arrived
about 8000 BCE after the melting of the glaciers at the end of the Ice Age. Divided
into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as
mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and
flaking.[16]

The Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of
indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook
food, an important step in civilization. These new tools included different types
of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone
tools such as stone axes, woodworking tools and grinding stones. During the latter
part of the period, they built earthwork mounds and middens, which showed
settlements were becoming more permanent. The Archaic period ended at about 1500
BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC.[16]

The Woodland period began around 1500 BC when new cultural attributes appeared. The
people created ceramics and pottery and extended their cultivation of plants. An
early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals,
featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle of the Woodland period, the
Hopewell people began to develop long-range trade of goods. Nearing the end of the
stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of
agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended
around 1000 AD.[16]

The Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 AD until the 15th century,
shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created
large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with large mounds
and plazas defining ceremonial and public spaces. The concentrated settlements
depended on the agricultural surpluses. One such complex was the Angel Mounds. They
had large public areas such as plazas and platform mounds, where leaders lived or
conducted rituals. Mississippian civilization collapsed in Indiana during the mid-
15th century for reasons that remain unclear.[16]

The historic Native American tribes in the area at the time of European encounter
spoke different languages of the Algonquian family. They included the Shawnee,
Miami, and Illini. Refugee tribes from eastern regions, including the Delaware who
settled in the White and Whitewater River Valleys, later joined them.

European exploration and sovereignty

See also: New France, Louisiana (New France), Illinois Country, and Province of
Quebec (1763–1791)

Native Americans guide French explorers through Indiana, as depicted by Maurice

Thompson in Stories of Indiana.
In 1679, French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle was the first
European to cross into Indiana after reaching present-day South Bend at the Saint
Joseph River.[17] He returned the following year to learn about the region. French-
Canadian fur traders soon arrived, bringing blankets, jewelry, tools, whiskey and
weapons to trade for skins with the Native Americans.

By 1702, Sieur Juchereau established the first trading post near Vincennes. In
1715, Sieur de Vincennes built Fort Miami at Kekionga, now Fort Wayne. In 1717,
another Canadian, Picote de Beletre, built Fort Ouiatenon on the Wabash River, to
try to control Native American trade routes from Lake Erie to the Mississippi
River.

In 1732, Sieur de Vincennes built a second fur trading post at Vincennes. French
Canadian settlers, who had left the earlier post because of hostilities, returned
in larger numbers. In a period of a few years, British colonists arrived from the
East and contended against the Canadians for control of the lucrative fur trade.
Fighting between the French and British colonists occurred throughout the 1750s as
a result.

The Native American tribes of Indiana sided with the French Canadians during the
French and Indian War (also known as the Seven Years' War). With British victory in
1763, the French were forced to cede to the British crown all their lands in North
America east of the Mississippi River and north and west of the colonies.

The tribes in Indiana did not give up: they captured Fort Ouiatenon and Fort Miami
during Pontiac's Rebellion. The British royal proclamation of 1763 designated the
land west of the Appalachians for Native American use, and excluded British
colonists from the area, which the Crown called "Indian Territory".

In 1775, the American Revolutionary War began as the colonists sought self-
government and independence from the British. The majority of the fighting took
place near the East Coast, but the Patriot military officer George Rogers Clark
called for an army to help fight the British in the west.[18] Clark's army won
significant battles and took over Vincennes and Fort Sackville on February 25,
1779.[19]

During the war, Clark managed to cut off British troops, who were attacking the
eastern colonists from the west. His success is often credited for changing the
course of the American Revolutionary War.[20] At the end of the war, through the
Treaty of Paris, the British crown ceded their claims to the land south of the
Great Lakes to the newly formed United States, including Native American lands.

The frontier
Main articles: Northwest Ordinance, Northwest Territory, Organic act § List of
organic acts, and Indiana Territory
A colorful map of Indiana with treaty names
A crude map of Indiana with only a handful of southern counties delineated
Above: a map showing extent of the treaty lands. Below: one of the first maps of
Indiana (made 1816, published 1817) showing territories prior to the Treaty of St.
Mary's which greatly expanded the region. Note the inaccurate placement of Lake
Michigan.
In 1787, the US defined the Northwest Territory which included the area of present-
day Indiana. In 1800, Congress separated Ohio from the Northwest Territory,
designating the rest of the land as the Indiana Territory.[21] President Thomas
Jefferson chose William Henry Harrison as the governor of the territory, and
Vincennes was established as the capital.[22] After the Michigan Territory was
separated and the Illinois Territory was formed, Indiana was reduced to its current
size and geography.[21]

Starting with the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794 and the Treaty of Greenville in
1795, Native American titles to Indiana lands were extinguished by usurpation,
purchase, or war and treaty. About half the state was acquired in the Treaty of St.
Mary's from the Miami in 1818. Purchases were not complete until the Treaty of
Mississinewas in 1826 acquired the last of the reserved Native American lands in
the northeast.

A portrait of the Indiana frontier about 1810: The frontier was defined by the
Treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809, adding much of the southwestern lands around
Vincennes and southeastern lands adjacent to Cincinnati, to areas along the Ohio
River as part of U.S. territory. Settlements were military outposts such as Fort
Ouiatenon in the northwest and Fort Miami (later Fort Wayne) in the northeast, Fort
Knox and Vincennes settlement on the lower Wabash. Other settlements included
Clarksville (across from Louisville), Vevay, and Corydon along the Ohio River, the
Quaker Colony in Richmond on the eastern border, and Conner's Post (later
Connersville) on the east central frontier. Indianapolis would not be populated for
15 more years, and central and northern Indiana Territory remained wilderness
populated primarily by Indigenous communities. Only two counties in the extreme
southeast, Clark and Dearborn, had been organized by European settlers. Land titles
issued out of Cincinnati were sparse. Settler migration was chiefly via flatboat on
the Ohio River westerly, and by wagon trails up the Wabash/White River Valleys
(west) and Whitewater River Valleys (east).

In 1810, the Shawnee tribal chief Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa encouraged
other indigenous tribes in the territory to resist European settlement. Tensions
rose and the US authorized Harrison to launch a preemptive expedition against
Tecumseh's Confederacy; the US gained victory at the Battle of Tippecanoe on
November 7, 1811. Tecumseh was killed in 1813 during the Battle of Thames. After
his death, armed resistance to United States control ended in the region. Most
Native American tribes in the state were later removed to west of the Mississippi
River in the 1820s and 1830s after US negotiations and the purchase of their lands.
[23]

Statehood and settlement

Indiana's Capitol Building in Corydon served as the state's seat of government from
1816 until 1825.[24]
Corydon, a town in the far southern part of Indiana, was named the second capital
of the Indiana Territory in May 1813 in order to decrease the threat of Native
American raids following the Battle of Tippecanoe.[21] Two years later, a petition
for statehood was approved by the territorial general assembly and sent to
Congress. An Enabling Act was passed to provide an election of delegates to write a
constitution for Indiana. On June 10, 1816, delegates assembled at Corydon to write
the constitution, which was completed in 19 days. Jonathan Jennings was elected the
fledgling state's first governor in August 1816. President James Madison approved
Indiana's admission into the union as the nineteenth state on December 11, 1816.
[19] In 1825, the state capital was moved from Corydon to Indianapolis.[21]

Many European immigrants went west to settle in Indiana in the early 19th century.
The largest immigrant group to settle in Indiana were Germans, as well as many
immigrants from Ireland and England. Americans who were primarily ethnically
English migrated from the Northern Tier of New York and New England, as well as
from the mid-Atlantic state of Pennsylvania.[25][26] The arrival of steamboats on
the Ohio River in 1811, and the National Road at Richmond in 1829, greatly
facilitated settlement of northern and western Indiana.

Following statehood, the new government worked to transform Indiana from a frontier
into a developed, well-populated, and thriving state, beginning significant
demographic and economic changes. In 1836, the state's founders initiated a
program, the Indiana Mammoth Internal Improvement Act, that led to the construction
of roads, canals, railroads and state-funded public schools. The plans bankrupted
the state and were a financial disaster, but increased land and produce value more
than fourfold.[27] In response to the crisis and in order to avert another, in
1851, a second constitution was adopted. Among its provisions were a prohibition on
public debt, as well as the extension of suffrage to African-Americans.

Civil War and late 19th century industry

Main article: Indiana in the American Civil War
During the American Civil War, Indiana became politically influential and played an
important role in the affairs of the nation. Indiana was the first western state to
mobilize for the United States in the war, and soldiers from Indiana participated
in all the war's major engagements. The state provided 126 infantry regiments, 26
batteries of artillery and 13 regiments of cavalry to the Union.[28]

In 1861, Indiana was assigned a quota of 7,500 men to join the Union Army.[29] So
many volunteered in the first call that thousands had to be turned away. Before the
war ended, Indiana had contributed 208,367 men. Casualties were over 35% among
these men: 24,416 lost their lives and over 50,000 more were wounded.[30] The only
Civil War conflicts fought in Indiana were the Newburgh Raid, a bloodless capture
of the city; and the Battle of Corydon, which occurred during Morgan's Raid leaving
15 dead, 40 wounded, and 355 captured.[31]

After the war, Indiana remained a largely agricultural state. Post-war industries
included mining, including limestone extraction; meatpacking; food processing, such
as milling grain, distilling it into alcohol; and the building of wagons, buggies,
farm machinery, and hardware.[32] However, the discovery of natural gas in the
1880s in northern Indiana led to an economic boom: the abundant and cheap fuel
attracted heavy industry; the availability of jobs, in turn, attracted new settlers
from other parts of the country as well as from Europe.[33] This led to the rapid
expansion of cities such as South Bend, Gary, Indianapolis, and Fort Wayne.[32]

Early 20th century

Child laborers in glassworks, by Lewis Hine. Indiana, August 1908.

With the onset of the industrial revolution, Indiana's industry began to grow at an
accelerated rate across the northern part of the state. With industrialization,
workers developed labor unions and suffrage movements arose in relation to the
progress of women.[33] In the early 20th century, Indiana developed into a strong
manufacturing state with ties to the new auto industry.[25] Haynes-Apperson, the
nation's first commercially successful auto company, operated in Kokomo until 1925.
The construction of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and the start of auto-related
industries were also related to the auto industry boom.[34]

During the 1930s, Indiana, like the rest of the nation, was affected by the Great
Depression. The economic downturn had a wide-ranging negative impact on Indiana,
such as the decline of urbanization. The Dust Bowl further to the west led many
migrants to flee to the more industrialized Midwest. Governor Paul V. McNutt's
administration struggled to build a state-funded welfare system to help overwhelmed
private charities. During his administration, spending and taxes were both cut
drastically in response to the Depression, and the state government was completely
reorganized. McNutt ended Prohibition in the state and enacted the state's first
income tax. On several occasions, he declared martial law to put an end to worker
strikes.[35] World War II helped lift the economy in Indiana, as the war required
steel, food and other goods that were produced in the state.[36] Roughly ten
percent of Indiana's population joined the armed forces, while hundreds of
industries earned war production contracts and began making war material.[37]
Indiana manufactured 4.5 percent of total United States military armaments produced
during World War II, ranking eighth among the 48 states.[38] The expansion of
industry to meet war demands helped end the Great Depression.[36]

Modern era
With the conclusion of World War II, Indiana rebounded to pre-Depression levels of
production. Industry became the primary employer, a trend that continued into the
1960s. Urbanization during the 1950s and 1960s led to substantial growth in the
state's cities. The auto, steel and pharmaceutical industries topped Indiana's
major businesses. Indiana's population continued to grow after the war, exceeding
five million by the 1970 census.[39] In the 1960s the administration of Matthew E.
Welsh adopted its first sales tax of two percent.[40] Indiana schools were
desegregated in 1949. In 1950, the Census Bureau reported Indiana's population as
95.5% white and 4.4% black.[41] Governor Welsh also worked with the General
Assembly to pass the Indiana Civil Rights Bill, granting equal protection to
minorities in seeking employment.[42]

On December 8, 1964, a Convair B-58 carrying nuclear weapons slid off an icy runway
on Bunker Hill Air Force Base in Bunker Hill, Indiana and caught fire during a
training drill. The five nuclear weapons on board were burned, including one 9-
megaton thermonuclear weapon, causing radioactive contamination of the crash area.
[43]

Beginning in 1970, a series of amendments to the state constitution were proposed.

With adoption, the Indiana Court of Appeals was created and the procedure of
appointing justices on the courts was adjusted.[44]

The 1973 oil crisis created a recession that hurt the automotive industry in
Indiana. Companies such as Delco Electronics and Delphi began a long series of
downsizing that contributed to high unemployment rates in manufacturing in
Anderson, Muncie, and Kokomo. The restructuring and deindustrialization trend
continued until the 1980s when the national and state economy began to diversify
and recover.[45]

Geography
Main article: Geography of Indiana
National-atlas-indiana.PNG
With a total area (land and water) of 36,418 square miles (94,320 km2), Indiana
ranks as the 38th largest state in size.[46] The state has a maximum dimension
north to south of 250 miles (400 km) and a maximum east to west dimension of 145
miles (233 km).[47] The state's geographic center (39° 53.7'N, 86° 16.0W) is in
Marion County.[48]

Located in the Midwestern United States, Indiana is one of eight states that make
up the Great Lakes Region.[49] Indiana is bordered on the north by Michigan, on the
east by Ohio, and on the west by Illinois, partially separated by the Wabash River.
[50] Lake Michigan borders Indiana on the northwest and the Ohio River separates
Indiana from Kentucky on the south.[48][51]

Geology and terrain

See also: Paleontology in Indiana, List of ecoregions in Indiana, and List of
wildflowers in Indiana

Rolling hills in the Charles C. Deam Wilderness Area of Hoosier National Forest, in
the Indiana Uplands
The average altitude of Indiana is about 760 feet (230 m) above sea level.[52] The
highest point in the state is Hoosier Hill in Wayne County at 1,257 feet (383 m)
above sea level.[46][53] The lowest point at 320 feet (98 m) above sea level is in
Posey County, where the Wabash River meets the Ohio River.[46][48] The resulting
elevation span, 937 feet (286 m), is the narrowest of any non-coastal US state.
Only 2,850 square miles (7,400 km2) have an altitude greater than 1,000 feet (300
m) and this area is enclosed within 14 counties. About 4,700 square miles (12,000
km2) have an elevation of less than 500 feet (150 m), mostly concentrated along the
Ohio and lower Wabash Valleys, from Tell City and Terre Haute to Evansville and
Mount Vernon.[54]

The state includes two natural regions of the United States: the Central Lowlands
and the Interior Low Plateaus.[55] The till plains make up the northern and central
regions of Indiana. Much of its appearance is a result of elements left behind by
glaciers. Central Indiana is mainly flat with some low rolling hills (except where
rivers cut deep valleys through the plain, like at the Wabash River and Sugar
Creek) and soil composed of glacial sands, gravel and clay, which results in
exceptional farmland.[50] Northern Indiana is similar, except for the presence of
higher and hillier terminal moraines and hundreds of kettle lakes. In northwest
Indiana there are various sand ridges and dunes, some reaching nearly 200 feet in
height; most of them are at Indiana Dunes National Park. These are along the Lake
Michigan shoreline and also inland to the Kankakee Outwash Plain.

Southern Indiana is characterized by valleys and rugged, hilly terrain, contrasting

with much of the state. Here, bedrock is exposed at the surface. Because of the
prevalent Indiana limestone, the area has many caves, caverns, and quarries.

Hydrology
See also: List of Indiana rivers, List of dams and reservoirs in Indiana, List of
lakes in Indiana, and Watersheds of Indiana

The Wabash River converges with the Ohio River at Posey County.
Major river systems in Indiana include the Whitewater, White, Blue, Wabash, St.
Joseph, and Maumee rivers.[56] According to the Indiana Department of Natural
Resources, there were 65 rivers, streams, and creeks of environmental interest or
scenic beauty, which included only a portion of an estimated 24,000 total river
miles within the state.[57]

The Wabash River, which is the longest free-flowing river east of the Mississippi
River, is the official river of Indiana.[58][59] At 475 miles (764 kilometers) in
length, the river bisects the state from northeast to southwest, forming part of
the state's border with Illinois, before converging with the Ohio River. The river
has been the subject of several songs, such as On the Banks of the Wabash, The
Wabash Cannonball and Back Home Again, In Indiana.[60][61]

There are about 900 lakes listed by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.
[62] To the northwest, Indiana borders Lake Michigan, one of five lakes comprising
the Great Lakes, the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. Tippecanoe
Lake, the deepest lake in the state, reaches depths at nearly 120 feet (37 m),
while Lake Wawasee is the largest natural lake in Indiana.[63] At 10,750 acres
(summer pool level), Lake Monroe is the largest lake in Indiana.
Climate

Indiana map of Köppen climate classification, now showing half the state as humid
subtropical
In the past, almost all of Indiana had a humid continental climate (Dfb), with cold
winters and hot, wet summers;[64] only the extreme southern portion of the state
lay within the humid subtropical climate (Cfb), which receives more precipitation
than other parts of Indiana.[50] But as of the 2016 update, about half the state is
now classified as humid subtropical. Temperatures generally diverge from the north
and south sections of the state. In midwinter, average high/low temperatures range
from around 30 °F/15 °F (−1 °C/−10 °C) in the far north to 41 °F/24 °F (5 °C/−4 °C)
in the far south.[65]

In midsummer there is generally a little less variation across the state, as

average high/low temperatures range from around 84 °F/64 °F (29 °C/18 °C) in the
far north to 90 °F/69 °F (32 °C/21 °C) in the far south.[65] Indiana's record high
temperature was 116 °F (47 °C) set on July 14, 1936, at Collegeville. The record
low was −36 °F (−38 °C) on January 19, 1994 at New Whiteland. The growing season
typically spans from 155 days in the north to 185 days in the south.[citation
needed]

While droughts occasionally occur in the state, rainfall totals are distributed
relatively equally throughout the year. Precipitation totals range from 35 inches
(89 cm) near Lake Michigan in northwest Indiana to 45 inches (110 cm) along the
Ohio River in the south, while the state's average is 40 inches (100 cm). Annual
snowfall in Indiana varies widely across the state, ranging from 80 inches (200 cm)
in the northwest along Lake Michigan to 14 inches (36 cm) in the far south. Lake
effect snow accounts for roughly half the snowfall in northwest and north central
Indiana due to the effects of the moisture and relative warmth of Lake Michigan
upwind. The mean wind speed is 8 miles per hour (13 km/h).[66]

In a 2012 report, Indiana was ranked eighth in a list of the top 20 tornado-prone
states based on National Weather Service data from 1950 through 2011.[67] A 2011
report ranked South Bend 15th among the top 20 tornado-prone U.S. cities,[68] while
another report from 2011 ranked Indianapolis eighth.[69][70][71] Despite its
vulnerability, Indiana is not part of tornado alley.[72]

Average Precipitation in Indiana[73]

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annum
2.48 2.27 3.36 3.89 4.46 4.19 4.22 3.91 3.12 3.02 3.44 3.13 41.49
Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Indiana[74]
Location July (°F) July (°C) January (°F) January (°C)
Indianapolis 85/66 29/19 35/20 2/−6
Fort Wayne 84/62 29/17 32/17 0/−8
Evansville 88/67 31/19 41/24 5/−4
South Bend 83/63 28/17 32/18 0/−8
Bloomington 87/65 30/18 39/21 4/−6
Lafayette 84/62 29/17 31/14 0/−10
Muncie 85/64 29/18 34/19 1/−7
Time zones
Main article: Time in Indiana
Indiana is one of 13 U.S. states that are divided into more than one time zone.
Indiana's time zones have fluctuated over the past century. At present most of the
state observes Eastern Time; six counties near Chicago and six near Evansville
observe Central Time. Debate continues on the matter.

Before 2006, most of Indiana did not observe daylight saving time (DST). Some
counties within this area, particularly Floyd, Clark, and Harrison counties near
Louisville, Kentucky, and Ohio and Dearborn counties near Cincinnati, Ohio,
unofficially observed DST by local custom. Since April 2006 the entire state
observes DST.

Indiana counties and statistical areas

See also: List of counties in Indiana and Indiana statistical areas
Indiana is divided into 92 counties. As of 2010, the state includes 16 metropolitan
and 25 micropolitan statistical areas, 117 incorporated cities, 450 towns, and
several other smaller divisions and statistical areas.[75][76] Marion County and
Indianapolis have a consolidated city-county government.[75]

Major cities
See also: List of cities in Indiana and List of towns in Indiana
Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana and its largest city.[75][77] Indiana's four
largest metropolitan areas are Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, Evansville, and South
Bend.[78] The table below lists the state's twenty largest municipalities based on
the 2019 United States Census Estimate.[79]

vte
Largest cities or towns in Indiana
Source:[80]
Rank Name County Pop. Rank Name County Pop.
Indianapolis
Indianapolis
Fort Wayne
Fort Wayne 1 Indianapolis Marion 876,384 11 Muncie
Delaware 67,999 Evansville
Evansville
South Bend
South Bend
2 Fort Wayne Allen 270,402 12 Noblesville Hamilton 64,668
3 Evansville Vanderburgh 117,979 13 Terre Haute Vigo 60,622
4 South Bend St. Joseph 102,026 14 Greenwood Johnson 59,458
5 Carmel Hamilton 101,068 15 Kokomo Howard 58,020
6 Fishers Hamilton 95,310 16 Anderson Madison 54,765
7 Bloomington Monroe 85,755 17 Elkhart Elkhart 52,358
8 Hammond Lake 75,522 18 West Lafayette Tippecanoe 50,996
9 Gary Lake 74,879 19 Mishawaka St. Joseph 50,363
10 Lafayette Tippecanoe 71,721 20 Lawrence Marion 49,462
Demographics
Population
Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1800 2,632 —
1810 24,520 831.6%
1820 147,178 500.2%
1830 343,031 133.1%
1840 685,866 99.9%
1850 988,416 44.1%
1860 1,350,428 36.6%
1870 1,680,637 24.5%
1880 1,978,301 17.7%
1890 2,192,404 10.8%
1900 2,516,462 14.8%
1910 2,700,876 7.3%
1920 2,930,390 8.5%
1930 3,238,503 10.5%
1940 3,427,796 5.8%
1950 3,934,224 14.8%
1960 4,662,498 18.5%
1970 5,193,669 11.4%
1980 5,490,224 5.7%
1990 5,544,159 1.0%
2000 6,080,485 9.7%
2010 6,483,802 6.6%
2020 6,785,528 4.7%
Source: 1910–2020[81]
Indiana recorded a population of 6,785,528 in the 2020 United States census, a
4.65% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[3]

The state's population density was 181.0 persons per square mile, the 16th-highest
in the United States.[75] As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Indiana's population center
is northwest of Sheridan, in Hamilton County (+40.149246, −086.259514).[75][82][83]

In 2005, 77.7% of Indiana residents lived in metropolitan counties, 16.5% lived in

micropolitan counties and 5.9% lived in non-core counties.[84]

Ancestry
The racial makeup of the state (based on the 2019 population estimate) was:

84.8% White American (78.4% non-Hispanic white)

9.9% Black or African American
2.6% Asian
2.2% biracial or multi-racial
0.4% Native American
0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders.[85]
Hispanic or Latino of any race made up 7.3% of the population.[85] The Hispanic
population is Indiana's fastest-growing ethnic minority.[86] 28.2% of Indiana's
children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups (note: children born to
white hispanics are counted as minority group).[87]

Indiana Racial Breakdown of Population

Racial composition 1990[88] 2000[89] 2010[90]
White 90.6% 87.5% 84.3%
Black 7.8% 8.4% 9.1%
Asian 0.7% 1.0% 1.6%
Native 0.2% 0.3% 0.3%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander – – –
Other race 0.7% 1.6% 2.7%
Two or more races – 1.2% 2.0%
German is the largest ancestry reported in Indiana, with 22.7% of the population
reporting that ancestry in the Census. Persons citing American (12.0%) and English
ancestry (8.9%) are also numerous, as are Irish (10.8%) and Polish (3.0%).[91] Most
of those citing American ancestry are actually of English descent, but have family
that has been in North America for so long, in many cases since the early colonial
era, that they identify simply as American.[92][93][94][95] In the 1980 census
1,776,144 people claimed German ancestry, 1,356,135 claimed English ancestry and
1,017,944 claimed Irish ancestry out of a total population of 4,241,975 making the
state 42% German, 32% English and 24% Irish.[96]

Population growth
Indiana population map.png
Population growth since 1990 has been concentrated in the counties surrounding
Indianapolis, with four of the five fastest-growing counties in that area:
Hamilton, Hendricks, Johnson, and Hancock. The other county is Dearborn County,
which is near Cincinnati, Ohio. Hamilton County has also grown faster than any
county in the states bordering Indiana (Illinois, Michigan, Ohio and Kentucky), and
is the 20th-fastest growing county in the country.[97]

With a population of 829,817, Indianapolis is the largest city in Indiana and the
12th-largest in the United States, according to the 2010 Census. Three other cities
in Indiana have a population greater than 100,000: Fort Wayne (253,617), Evansville
(117,429) and South Bend (101,168).[98] Since 2000, Fishers has seen the largest
population rise amongst the state's twenty largest cities with an increase of 100
percent.[99] Other cities that have seen extensive growth since 2000 are Greenwood
(81 percent), Noblesville (39.4 percent), Carmel (21.4 percent), Columbus[100]
(12.8%) and Lawrence (9.3 percent).

Gary and Hammond have seen the largest population declines regarding the twenty
largest cities since 2000, with a decrease of 21.0 and 6.8 percent respectively.
[99] Evansville (−4.2 percent), Anderson (−4.0 percent) and Muncie (−3.9 percent)
have also seen their populations decline.[101]

Indianapolis has the largest population of the state's metropolitan areas and the
33rd-largest in the country.[102] The Indianapolis metropolitan area encompasses
Marion County and nine surrounding counties in central Indiana.

Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their
ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother

Race 2013[103] 2014[104] 2015[105] 2016[106] 2017[107] 2018[108]
2019[109]
White: 70,166 (84.4%) 70,967 (84.4%) 70,741 (84.1%) ... ... ...
...
> Non-Hispanic White 63,820 (76.8%) 64,076 (76.2%) 63,472 (75.5%) 62,039
(74.7%) 60,515 (73.6%) 59,520 (72.9%) 58,211 (72.0%)
Black 10,445 (12.6%) 10,666 (12.7%) 10,656 (12.7%) 9,768 (11.8%) 9,971
(12.1%) 10,242 (12.5%) 10,249 (12.7%)
Asian 2,364 (2.8%) 2,322 (2.8%) 2,523 (3.0%) 2,426 (2.9%) 2,535
(3.1%) 2,382 (2.9%) 2,285 (2.8%)
American Indian 127 (0.1%) 125 (0.1%) 120 (0.1%) 85 (0.1%) 124 (0.2%) 132
(0.2%) 117 (0.1%)
Hispanic (of any race) 6,837 (8.2%) 7,239 (8.6%) 7,634 (9.1%) 7,442
(8.9%) 7,669 (9.3%) 7,867 (9.6%) 8,420 (10.4%)
Total Indiana 83,102 (100%) 84,080 (100%) 84,040 (100%) 83,091
(100%) 82,170 (100%) 81,646 (100%) 80,859 (100%)
Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but
included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Based on population estimates for 2011, 6.6% of the state's population is under the
age of five, 24.5% is under the age of 18, and 13.2% is 65 years of age or older.
[85] From the 2010 U.S. Census demographic data for Indiana, the median age is 37.
[110]

Median income
See also: Indiana locations by per capita income
Geo Map of Median Income by County in Indiana.png
As of the 2010 census, Indiana's median household income was $44,616, ranking it
36th among the United States and the District of Columbia.[111] In 2005, the median
household income for Indiana residents was $43,993. Nearly 498,700 Indiana
households had incomes between $50,000 and $75,000, accounting for 20% of all
households.[112]

Hamilton County's median household income is nearly $35,000 higher than the Indiana
average. At $78,932, it ranks seventh in the country among counties with fewer than
250,000 people. The next highest median incomes in Indiana are also found in the
Indianapolis suburbs; Hendricks County has a median of $57,538, followed by Johnson
County at $56,251.[112]

Religion

Indiana is home to the third largest population of Amish in the U.S.[113]

Although the largest single religious denomination in the state is Catholic
(747,706 members), most of the population are members of various Protestant
denominations. The largest Protestant denomination by number of adherents in 2010
was the United Methodist Church with 355,043.[114] A study by the Graduate Center
at the City University of New York found 20 percent are Catholic, 14 percent belong
to different Baptist churches, 10 percent are other Christians, 9 percent are
Methodist, and 6 percent are Lutheran. The study found 16 percent of Indiana is
affiliated with no religion.[115]

Indiana is home to the Benedictine St. Meinrad Archabbey, one of two Catholic
archabbeys in the United States and one of 11 in the world. The Lutheran Church–
Missouri Synod has one of its two seminaries in Fort Wayne. Two conservative
denominations, the Free Methodist Church and the Wesleyan Church, have their
headquarters in Indianapolis as does the Christian Church.[116][117]

The Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches maintains offices and publishing work in
Winona Lake.[118] Huntington serves as the home to the Church of the United
Brethren in Christ.[119] Anderson is home to the headquarters of the Church of God.
[120] The headquarters of the Missionary Church is in Fort Wayne.[121]

The Friends United Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends, the largest branch
of American Quakerism, is based in Richmond,[122] which also houses the oldest
Quaker seminary in the United States, the Earlham School of Religion.[123] The
Islamic Society of North America is headquartered in Plainfield.[124]

Religious affiliation in Indiana (2014)[125]

Affiliation % of Indiana population
Christianity 72

Protestant 52

Evangelical Protestant 31

Mainline Protestant 16

Black Protestant 5

Catholic 18

Mormon 1

Jehovah's Witnesses 0.5

Orthodox 0.5

Other Christianity 0.5

Judaism 1

Buddhism 0.5

Islam 0.5
Hinduism 0.5

Other faiths 1

Unaffiliated 26

Don't know / No answer 0.5

Law and government

Main article: Government of Indiana
See also: United States congressional delegations from Indiana and Indiana's
congressional districts

The Indiana Statehouse (top) houses the executive, legislative, and judicial
branches of state government. The bicameral Indiana General Assembly consists of
the Indiana Senate (middle) and Indiana House of Representatives (bottom).
Indiana has a constitutional democratic republican form of government with three
branches: the executive, including an elected governor and lieutenant governor; the
legislative, consisting of an elected bicameral General Assembly; and the judicial,
the Supreme Court of Indiana, the Indiana Court of Appeals and circuit courts.

The Governor of Indiana serves as the state's chief executive and has the authority
to manage the government as established in the Constitution of Indiana. The
governor and the lieutenant governor are jointly elected to four-year terms, with
gubernatorial elections running concurrently with United States presidential
elections (1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, etc.).[126] The governor may not serve more than
two consecutive terms.[126] The governor works with the Indiana General Assembly
and the Indiana Supreme Court to govern the state and has the authority to adjust
the other branches. The governor can call special sessions of the General Assembly
and select and remove leaders of nearly all state departments, boards and
commissions. Other notable powers include calling out the Indiana Guard Reserve or
the Indiana National Guard in times of emergency or disaster, issuing pardons or
commuting the sentence of any criminal offenders except in cases of treason or
impeachment and possessing an abundant amount of statutory authority.[126][127]
[128]

The lieutenant governor serves as the President of the Senate and ensures the
senate rules are acted in accordance with by its constituents. The lieutenant
governor votes only when needed to break ties. If the governor dies in office,
becomes permanently incapacitated, resigns or is impeached, the lieutenant governor
becomes governor. If both the governor and lieutenant governor positions are
unoccupied, the Senate President pro tempore becomes governor.[129]

The Indiana General Assembly is composed of a 50-member Senate and 100-member House
of Representatives. The Senate is the upper house of the General Assembly and the
House of Representatives is the lower house.[126] The General Assembly has
exclusive legislative authority within the state government. Both the Senate and
the House can introduce legislation, with the exception that the Senate is not
authorized to initiate legislation that will affect revenue. Bills are debated and
passed separately in each house, but both houses must pass them before they can be
submitted to the Governor.[130] The legislature can nullify a veto from the
governor with a majority vote of full membership in the Senate and House of
Representatives.[126] Each law passed by the General Assembly must apply without
exception to the entire state. The General Assembly has no authority to create
legislation that targets a particular community.[130][131] The General Assembly can
manage the state's judiciary system by arranging the size of the courts and the
bounds of their districts. It also can oversee the activities of the executive
branch of the state government, has restricted power to regulate the county
governments within the state, and has exclusive power to initiate the method to
alter the Indiana Constitution.[130][132]

The Indiana Supreme Court is made up of five judges with a Court of Appeals
composed of 15 judges. The governor selects judges for the supreme and appeals
courts from a group of applicants chosen by a special commission. After serving for
two years, the judges must acquire the support of the electorate to serve for a 10-
year term.[126] In nearly all cases, the Supreme Court does not have original
jurisdiction and can hear only cases petitioned to it after being heard in lower
courts. Local circuit courts are where most cases begin with a trial and the
consequence is decided by the jury. The Supreme Court has original and sole
jurisdiction in certain areas including the practice of law, discipline or
disbarment of Judges appointed to the lower state courts, and supervision over the
exercise of jurisdiction by the other lower courts of the State.[133][134]

The state is divided into 92 counties, which are led by a board of county
commissioners. 90 counties in Indiana have their own circuit court with a judge
elected for a six-year term. The remaining two counties, Dearborn and Ohio, are
combined into one circuit. Many counties operate superior courts in addition to the
circuit court. In densely populated counties where the caseload is traditionally
greater, separate courts have been established to solely hear either juvenile,
criminal, probate or small claims cases. The establishment, frequency and
jurisdiction of these additional courts vary greatly from county to county. There
are 85 city and town courts in Indiana municipalities, created by local ordinance,
typically handling minor offenses and not considered courts of record. County
officials elected to four-year terms include an auditor, recorder, treasurer,
sheriff, coroner and clerk of the circuit court. All incorporated cities in Indiana
have a mayor and council form of municipal government. Towns are governed by a town
council and townships are governed by a township trustee and advisory board.[126]
[135]

U.S. News & World Report ranked Indiana first in the publication's inaugural 2017
Best States for Government listing. Among individual categories, Indiana ranked
above average in budget transparency (#1), government digitization (#6), and fiscal
stability (#8), and ranked average in state integrity (#25).[136]

Politics
Main article: Politics of Indiana
See also: Political party strength in Indiana and United States presidential
elections in Indiana
An older man in a tan suit reaches across a table to shake a woman's hand.
Mike Pence at the Indiana State Fair, 2014
From 1880 to 1924, a resident of Indiana was included in all but one presidential
election. Indiana Representative William Hayden English was nominated for vice
president and ran with Winfield Scott Hancock in the 1880 election.[137] Former
Indiana Governor Thomas A. Hendricks was elected vice president in 1884. He served
until his death on November 25, 1885, under President Grover Cleveland.[138] In
1888, former Senator from Indiana Benjamin Harrison was elected president and
served one term. He remains the only President from Indiana. Indiana Senator
Charles W. Fairbanks was elected vice president in 1904, serving under President
Theodore Roosevelt until 1909.[139] Fairbanks made another run for vice president
with Charles Evans Hughes in 1916, but they both lost to Woodrow Wilson and former
Indiana Governor Thomas R. Marshall, who served as vice president from 1913 until
1921.[140] Not until 1988 did another presidential election involve a native of
Indiana when Senator Dan Quayle was elected vice president and served one term with
George H. W. Bush.[50] Governor Mike Pence was elected vice president in 2016 and
served one term with Donald Trump.
Indiana has long been considered a Republican stronghold,[141][142] particularly in
Presidential races. The Cook Partisan Voting Index (CPVI) now rates Indiana as R+9.
Indiana was one of only ten states to support Republican Wendell Willkie in 1940.
[50] On 14 occasions the Republican candidate has defeated the Democrat by a
double-digit margin in the state, including six times where a Republican won the
state by more than twenty percentage points.[143] In 2000 and 2004 George W. Bush
won the state by a wide margin while the election was much closer overall. The
state has supported a Democrat for president only five times since 1900. In 1912,
Woodrow Wilson became the first Democrat to win the state in the twentieth century,
with 43% of the vote. Twenty years later, Franklin D. Roosevelt won the state with
55% of the vote over incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover. Roosevelt won the state
again in 1936. In 1964, 56% of voters supported Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson over
Republican Barry Goldwater. Forty-four years later, Democrat Barack Obama narrowly
won the state against John McCain 50% to 49%.[144] In the following election,
Republican Mitt Romney won back the state for the Republican Party with 54% of the
vote over the incumbent President Obama who won 43%.[145]

While only five Democratic presidential nominees have carried Indiana since 1900,
11 Democrats were elected governor during that time. Before Mitch Daniels became
governor in 2005, Democrats had held the office for 16 consecutive years. Indiana
elects two senators and nine representatives to Congress. The state has 11
electoral votes in presidential elections.[143] Seven of the districts favor the
Republican Party according to the CPVI rankings; there are seven Republicans
serving as representatives and two Democrats. Historically, Republicans have been
strongest in the eastern and central portions of the state, while Democrats have
been strongest in the northwestern part of the state. Occasionally, certain
counties in the southern part of the state will vote Democratic. Marion County,
Indiana's most populous county, supported the Republican candidates from 1968 to
2000, before backing the Democrats in the 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2020
elections. Indiana's second-most populous county, Lake County, strongly supports
the Democratic party and has not voted for a Republican since 1972.[143] In 2005,
the Bay Area Center for Voting Research rated the most liberal and conservative
cities in the United States on voting statistics in the 2004 presidential election,
based on 237 cities with populations of more than 100,000. Five Indiana cities were
mentioned in the study. On the liberal side, Gary was ranked second and South Bend
came in at 83. Among conservative cities, Fort Wayne was 44th, Evansville was 60th
and Indianapolis was 82nd on the list.[146]

Military installations

Members of the Indiana National Guard at the Muscatatuck Urban Training Center near
Butlerville
Indiana is home to several current and former military installations. The largest
of these is the Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division, approximately 25 miles
southwest of Bloomington, which is the third-largest naval installation in the
world, comprising approximately 108 square miles of territory.

Other active installations include Air National Guard fighter units at Fort Wayne,
and Terre Haute airports (to be consolidated at Fort Wayne under the 2005 BRAC
proposal, with the Terre Haute facility remaining open as a non-flying
installation). The Army National Guard conducts operations at Camp Atterbury in
Edinburgh, Indiana, helicopter operations out of Shelbyville Airport and urban
training at Muscatatuck Urban Training Center. The Army's Newport Chemical Depot,
which is now closed and turning into a coal purifier plant.

Indiana was formerly home to two major military installations; Grissom Air Force
Base near Peru (realigned to an Air Force Reserve installation in 1994) and Fort
Benjamin Harrison near Indianapolis, now closed, though the Department of Defense
continues to operate a large finance center there (Defense Finance and Accounting
Service).

Culture
Arts
See also: Golden Age of Indiana Literature
The last decades of the 19th century began what is known as the "golden age of
Indiana literature", a period that lasted until the 1920s.[147] Edward Eggleston
wrote The Hoosier Schoolmaster (1871), the first best-seller to originate in the
state. Many more followed, including Maurice Thompson's Hoosier Mosaics (1875) and
Lew Wallace's Ben-Hur (1880). Indiana developed a reputation as the "American
heartland" after the publication of several widely read novels, beginning with
Booth Tarkington's The Gentleman from Indiana (1899), Meredith Nicholson's The
Hoosiers (1900), and Thompson's Alice of Old Vincennes (1900).[147] James Whitcomb
Riley, known as the "Hoosier Poet" and the most popular poet of his age, wrote
hundreds of poems with Hoosier themes, including Little Orphant Annie. A unique art
culture also began to develop in the late 19th century, beginning the Hoosier
School of landscape painting and the Richmond Group of impressionist painters. The
painters, including T. C. Steele, whose work was influenced by southern Indiana's
colorful hills, were known for their use of vivid colors.[147] Prominent musicians
and composers from Indiana also reached national acclaim, including Paul Dresser,
whose most popular song, "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away", was later adopted
as the official state song.[148] Bob Ross was from Indiana and Muncie has a
thriving art community.

Sports
Main article: Sports in Indiana
Motorsports

Indianapolis is home to the annual Indianapolis 500 race.

Indiana has an extensive history with auto racing. Indianapolis hosts the
Indianapolis 500 mile race over Memorial Day weekend at the Indianapolis Motor
Speedway every May. The name of the race is usually shortened to "Indy 500" and
also goes by the nickname "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing". The race attracts
more than 250,000 people every year, making it the largest single-day sporting
event in the world. The track also hosts the Brickyard 400 (NASCAR) and the Red
Bull Indianapolis Grand Prix. From 2000 to 2007, it hosted the United States Grand
Prix (Formula One). Indiana features the world's largest and most prestigious drag
race, the NHRA Mac Tools U.S. Nationals, held each Labor Day weekend at Lucas Oil
Raceway at Indianapolis in Clermont, Indiana. Indiana is also host to a major
unlimited hydroplane racing power boat race circuits in the major H1 Unlimited
league, the Madison Regatta (Madison, Indiana).

Professional sports

The Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League have been based in the state
since 1984.
As of 2013 Indiana has produced more National Basketball Association (NBA) players
per capita than any other state. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any
American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten.[149] It has a rich
basketball heritage that reaches back to the sport's formative years. The NBA's
Indiana Pacers play their home games at Gainbridge Fieldhouse; they began play in
1967 in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and joined the NBA when the
leagues merged in 1976. Although James Naismith developed basketball in
Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891, high school basketball was born in Indiana. In
1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000
screaming fans and later wrote "Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which
remains the center of the sport." The 1986 film Hoosiers is inspired by the story
of the 1954 Indiana state champions Milan High School. Professional basketball
player Larry Bird was born in West Baden Springs and was raised in French Lick. He
went on to lead the Boston Celtics to the NBA championship in 1981, 1984, and 1986.
[150]

Indianapolis is home to the Indianapolis Colts. The Colts are members of the South
Division of the American Football Conference. The Colts have roots back to 1913 as
the Dayton Triangles. They became an official team after moving to Baltimore, MD,
in 1953. In 1984, the Colts relocated to Indianapolis, leading to an eventual
rivalry with the Baltimore Ravens. After calling the RCA Dome home for 25 years,
the Colts play their home games at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis. While in
Baltimore, the Colts won the 1970 Super Bowl. In Indianapolis, the Colts won Super
Bowl XLI, bringing the franchise total to two. In recent years the Colts have
regularly competed in the NFL playoffs.

Indiana was home to two charter members of the National Football League teams, the
Hammond Pros and the Muncie Flyers. Another early NFL franchise, the Evansville
Crimson Giants spent two seasons in the league before folding.

Professional teams
The following table shows the professional sports teams in Indiana. Teams in italic
are in major professional leagues.

Club Sport League Venue (capacity)

Indianapolis Colts American football National Football League Lucas Oil
Stadium (62,400)
Indiana Pacers Basketball National Basketball Association Gainbridge
Fieldhouse (18,165)
Evansville Otters Baseball Frontier League Bosse Field (5,181)
Evansville Thunderbolts Ice hockey Southern Professional Hockey League Ford Center
(9,000)
Fort Wayne Komets Ice hockey ECHL Allen County War Memorial Coliseum (10,480)
Fort Wayne Mad Ants Basketball NBA G League War Memorial Coliseum
(13,000)
Fort Wayne TinCaps Baseball High-A Central Parkview Field (8,100)
Gary SouthShore RailCats Baseball American Association U.S. Steel Yard
(6,139)
Indy Eleven Soccer United Soccer League Lucas Oil Stadium (62,400)
Indiana Fever Basketball Women's National Basketball Association Gainbridge
Fieldhouse (18,165)
Indy Fuel Ice hockey ECHL Indiana Farmers Coliseum (6,300)
Indianapolis Indians Baseball Triple-A East Victory Field (14,230)
Indianapolis Enforcers Arena Football AAL Indiana Farmers Coliseum
South Bend Cubs Baseball High-A Central Four Winds Field (5,000)
The following is a table of sports venues in Indiana having a capacity in excess of
30,000:

Facility Capacity Municipality Tenants

Indianapolis Motor Speedway 257,325 Speedway
Indianapolis 500
Grand Prix of Indianapolis
Brantley Gilbert Big Machine Brickyard 400
Lilly Diabetes 250
Notre Dame Stadium 84,000 Notre Dame Notre Dame Fighting Irish football
Lucas Oil Stadium 62,421 Indianapolis
Indianapolis Colts
Indy Eleven
Ross–Ade Stadium 57,236 West Lafayette Purdue Boilermakers football
Memorial Stadium 52,929 Bloomington Indiana Hoosiers football
College athletics
See also: Hoosier Hysteria
Simon Skjodt Assembly Hall, home to Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball

Notre Dame Stadium, home to the Fighting Irish

Indiana has had great sports success at the collegiate level.

In men's basketball, the Indiana Hoosiers have won five NCAA national championships
and 22 Big Ten Conference championships. The Purdue Boilermakers were selected as
the national champions in 1932 before the creation of the tournament, and have won
23 Big Ten championships. The Boilermakers along with the Notre Dame Fighting Irish
have both won a national championship in women's basketball.

In college football, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish have won 11 consensus national
championships, as well as the Rose Bowl Game, Cotton Bowl Classic, Orange Bowl and
Sugar Bowl. Meanwhile, the Purdue Boilermakers have won 10 Big Ten championships
and have won the Rose Bowl and Peach Bowl.

Schools fielding NCAA Division I athletic programs include:

Program Division Conference City

Ball State Cardinals Division I-FBS Mid-American Conference Muncie
Butler Bulldogs Division I-FCS Big East Conference
Pioneer Football League

Indianapolis
Evansville Purple Aces Division I (non-football) Missouri Valley Conference
Evansville
Indiana Hoosiers Division I-FBS Big Ten Conference Bloomington
Indiana State Sycamores Division I-FCS Missouri Valley Conference
Missouri Valley Football Conference

Terre Haute
IUPUI Jaguars Division I (non-football) Horizon League Indianapolis
Notre Dame Fighting Irish Division I-FBS Atlantic Coast Conference
Big Ten Conference (men's ice hockey)

Independent (football)

South Bend
Purdue Boilermakers Division I-FBS Big Ten Conference West Lafayette
Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons Division I (non-football) Horizon League Fort
Wayne
Valparaiso Beacons Division I-FCS Missouri Valley Conference
Pioneer Football League

Summit League (men's swimming, men's tennis)

Southland Bowling League (women's bowling)

Valparaiso
Economy and infrastructure
Main article: Economy of Indiana

Lake Michigan's beaches, popular with tourists, are juxtaposed with heavy industry.

Indiana is the fifth largest corn-producing state in the U.S., with over a billion
bushels harvested in 2013.[151]
In 2017, Indiana had a civilian labor force of nearly 3.4 million, the 15th largest
in the U.S. Indiana has an unemployment rate of 3.4 percent, lower than the
national average.[152] The total gross state product in 2016 was $347.2 billion.
[153] A high percentage of Indiana's income is from manufacturing.[154] According
to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, nearly 17 percent of the state's non-farm
workforce is employed in manufacturing, the highest of any state in the U.S.[155]
The state's five leading exports were motor vehicles and auto parts, pharmaceutical
products, industrial machinery, optical and medical equipment, and electric
machinery.[156]

Despite its reliance on manufacturing, Indiana has been less affected by declines
in traditional Rust Belt manufacturers than many of its neighbors. The explanation
appears to be certain factors in the labor market. First, much of the heavy
manufacturing, such as industrial machinery and steel, requires highly skilled
labor, and firms are often willing to locate where hard-to-train skills already
exist. Second, Indiana's labor force is primarily in medium-sized and smaller
cities rather than in very large and expensive metropolises. This makes it possible
for firms to offer somewhat lower wages for these skills than would normally be
paid. Firms often see in Indiana a chance to obtain higher than average skills at
lower than average wages.[157]

Business
In 2016, Indiana was home to seven Fortune 500 companies with a combined $142.5
billion in revenue.[158] Columbus-based Cummins, Inc. and Indianapolis-based Eli
Lilly and Company and Simon Property Group were recognized in Fortune publication's
"2017 World's Most Admired Companies List", ranking in each of their respective
industries.[159]

Northwest Indiana has been the largest steel producing center in the U.S. since
1975 and accounted for 27 percent of American-made steel in 2016.[160]

Indiana is home to the international headquarters and research facilities of

pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly in Indianapolis, the state's largest corporation,
as well as the world headquarters of Mead Johnson Nutritionals in Evansville.[161]
Overall, Indiana ranks fifth among all U.S. states in total sales and shipments of
pharmaceutical products and second highest in the number of biopharmaceutical
related jobs.[162]

Indiana is within the U.S. Corn Belt and Grain Belt. The state has a feedlot-style
system raising corn to fatten hogs and cattle. Along with corn, soybeans are also a
major cash crop. Its proximity to large urban centers, such as Indianapolis and
Chicago, assure dairying, egg production, and specialty horticulture occur. Other
crops include melons, tomatoes, grapes, mint, popping corn, and tobacco in the
southern counties.[163] Most of the original land was not prairie and had to be
cleared of deciduous trees. Many parcels of woodland remain and support a
furniture-making sector in the southern portion of the state.

In 2011 Indiana was ranked first in the Midwest and sixth in the country for best
places to do business according to CEO magazine.[164]

Taxation
See also: Taxation in Indiana
Tax is collected by the Indiana Department of Revenue.[165]

Indiana has a flat state income tax rate of 3.23%. Many of the state's counties
also collect income tax. The state sales tax rate is 7% with exemptions for food,
prescription medications and over-the-counter medications.[166] In some
jurisdictions, an additional Food and Beverage Tax is charged, at a rate of 1%
(Marion County's rate is 2%), on sales of prepared meals and beverages.[167]

Property taxes are imposed on both real and personal property in Indiana and are
administered by the Department of Local Government Finance. Property is subject to
taxation by a variety of taxing units (schools, counties, townships,
municipalities, and libraries), making the total tax rate the sum of the tax rates
imposed by all taxing units in which a property is located. However, a "circuit
breaker" law enacted on March 19, 2008, limits property taxes to 1% of assessed
value for homeowners, 2% for rental properties and farmland, and 3% for businesses.

State budget
Indiana does not have a legal requirement to balance the state budget either in law
or its constitution. Instead, it has a constitutional ban on assuming debt. The
state has a Rainy Day Fund and for healthy reserves proportional to spending.
Indiana is one of six US states to not allow a line-item veto.[168]

Since 2010, Indiana has been one of a few states to hold AAA bond credit ratings
with the Big Three credit rating agencies, the highest possible rating.[169]

Energy
Further information: List of Generating Stations in Indiana

Coal-fired electric plants, like Clifty Creek Power Plant in Madison, produce about
85 percent of Indiana's energy supply.[170]
Indiana's power production chiefly consists of the consumption of fossil fuels,
mainly coal. It has 24 coal power plants, including the country's largest coal
power plant, Gibson Generating Station, across the Wabash River from Mount Carmel,
Illinois. Indiana is also home to the coal-fired plant with the highest sulfur
dioxide emissions in the United States, the Gallagher power plant, just west of New
Albany.[171]

In 2010, Indiana had estimated coal reserves of 57 billion tons, and state mining
operations produced 35 million tons of coal annually.[172] Indiana also has at
least 900 million barrels of petroleum reserves in the Trenton Field, though they
are not easily recoverable. While Indiana has made commitments to increasing the
use of renewable resources such as wind, hydroelectric, biomass, or solar power,
progress has been very slow, mainly because of the continued abundance of coal in
southern Indiana. Most of the new plants in the state have been coal gasification
plants. Another source is hydroelectric power.

Wind power has been developed. Estimates in 2006 raised Indiana's wind capacity
from 30 MW at 50 m turbine height to 40,000 MW at 70 m, and to 130,000 MW at 100 m,
in 2010, the height of newer turbines.[173] By the end of 2011, Indiana had
installed 1,340 MW of wind turbines.[174]

Transportation
Airports
See also: List of airports in Indiana
Indianapolis International Airport serves the greater Indianapolis area. It opened
in November 2008 and offers a midfield passenger terminal, concourses, air traffic
control tower, parking garage, and airfield and apron improvements.[175]

Other major airports include Evansville Regional Airport, Fort Wayne International
Airport (which houses the 122d Fighter Wing of the Air National Guard), and South
Bend International Airport. A long-standing proposal to turn Gary Chicago
International Airport into Chicago's third major airport received a boost in early
2006 with the approval of $48 million in federal funding over the next ten years.
[176]

No airlines operate out of Terre Haute Regional Airport but it is used for private
planes. Since 1954, the 181st Fighter Wing of the Indiana Air National Guard was
stationed there, but the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) Proposal of 2005
stated the 181st would lose its fighter mission and F-16 aircraft, leaving the
Terre Haute facility a general-aviation-only facility.

Louisville International Airport, across the Ohio River in Louisville, Kentucky,

serves southern Indiana, as does Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport
in Hebron, Kentucky. Many residents of Northwest Indiana, which is primarily in the
Chicago Metropolitan Area, use Chicago's airports, O'Hare International Airport and
Chicago Midway International Airport.[citation needed]

Highways

The Interstate 69 extension project in Monroe County

The major U.S. Interstate highways in Indiana are I-64, I-65, I-265, I-465, I-865,
I-69, I-469, I-70, I-74, I-80, I-90, I-94, and I-275. The various highways
intersecting in and around Indianapolis, along with its historical status as a
major railroad hub, and the canals that once crossed Indiana, are the source of the
state's motto, the Crossroads of America. There are also many U.S. routes and state
highways maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation. These are numbered
according to the same convention as U.S. Highways. Indiana allows highways of
different classifications to have the same number. For example, I-64 and Indiana
State Road 64 both exist (rather close to each other) in Indiana, but are two
distinct roads with no relation to one another.

A $3 billion project extending I-69 is underway. The project was divided into six
sections, with the first five sections (linking Evansville to Martinsville) now
complete. The sixth and final phase from Martinsville to Indianapolis is under
construction. When complete, I-69 will traverse an additional 142 miles (229 km)
through the state.[177]

County roads
Most Indiana counties use a grid-based system to identify county roads; this system
replaced the older arbitrary system of road numbers and names, and (among other
things) makes it much easier to identify the sources of calls placed to the 9-1-1
system. Such systems are easier to implement in the glacially flattened northern
and central portions of the state. Rural counties in the southern third of the
state are less likely to have grids and more likely to rely on unsystematic road
names (for example, Crawford, Harrison, Perry, Scott, and Washington Counties).

There are also counties in the northern portions of the state that have never
implemented a grid or have only partially implemented one. Some counties are also
laid out in an almost diamond-like grid system (e.g., Clark, Floyd, Gibson, and
Knox Counties). Such a system is also almost useless in those situations as well.
Knox County once operated two different grid systems for county roads because the
county was laid out using two different survey grids, but has since decided to use
road names and combine roads instead.

Notably, the county road grid system of St. Joseph County, whose major city is
South Bend, uses perennial (tree) names (i.e. Ash, Hickory, Ironwood, etc.) in
alphabetical order for north–south roads and presidential and other noteworthy
names (i.e., Adams, Edison, Lincoln Way, etc.) in alphabetical order for east–west
roads. There are exceptions to this rule in downtown South Bend and Mishawaka.
Hamilton County's east–west roads continue Indianapolis's numbered street system
from 96th Street at the Marion County line to 296th street at the Tipton County
line.

Rail

A South Shore commuter train in Michigan City

Indiana has more than 4,255 railroad route miles (6,848 km), of which 91 percent
are operated by Class I railroads, principally CSX Transportation and the Norfolk
Southern Railway. Other Class I railroads in Indiana include the Canadian National
Railway and Soo Line Railroad, a Canadian Pacific Railway subsidiary, as well as
Amtrak. The remaining miles are operated by 37 regional, local, and switching and
terminal railroads. The South Shore Line is one of the country's most notable
commuter rail systems, extending from Chicago to South Bend. Indiana is
implementing an extensive rail plan prepared in 2002 by the Parsons Corporation.
[178] Many recreational trails, such as the Monon Trail and Cardinal Greenway, have
been created from abandoned rails routes.

Ports

Barges are a common sight along the Ohio River. Ports of Indiana manages three
maritime ports in the state, two located on the Ohio.
Indiana annually ships more than 70 million tons of cargo by water each year, which
ranks 14th among all U.S. states.[citation needed] More than half of Indiana's
border is water, which includes 400 miles (640 km) of direct access to two major
freight transportation arteries: the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway (via Lake
Michigan) and the Inland Waterway System (via the Ohio River). The Ports of Indiana
manages three major ports which include Burns Harbor, Jeffersonville, and Mount
Vernon.[179]

In Evansville, three public and several private port facilities receive year-round
service from five major barge lines operating on the Ohio River. Evansville has
been a U.S. Customs Port of Entry for more than 125 years. Because of this, it is
possible to have international cargo shipped to Evansville in bond. The
international cargo can then clear Customs in Evansville rather than a coastal
port.[citation needed]

Education
See also: List of colleges and universities in Indiana
Indiana's 1816 constitution was the first in the country to implement a state-
funded public school system. It also allotted one township for a public university.
[180] However, the plan turned out to be far too idealistic for a pioneer society,
as tax money was not accessible for its organization. In the 1840s, Caleb Mills
pressed the need for tax-supported schools, and in 1851 his advice was included in
the new state constitution. In 1843 the Legislature ruled that African Americans
could not attend the public schools, leading to the foundation of Union Literary
Institute and other schools for them, funded by donations or the students
themselves.

Although the growth of the public school system was held up by legal entanglements,
many public elementary schools were in use by 1870. Most children in Indiana attend
public schools, but nearly ten percent attend private schools and parochial
schools. About half of all college students in Indiana are enrolled in state-
supported four-year schools.

Indiana public schools have gone through several changes throughout Indiana's
history. Modern, public school standards, have been implemented all throughout the
state. These new standards were adopted in April 2014. The overall goal of these
new state standards is to ensure Indiana students have the necessary skills and
requirements needed to enter college or the workforce upon high school graduation.
[181] State standards can be found for nearly every major subject taught in Indiana
public schools. Mathematics, English/Language Arts, Science, and Social Studies are
among the top, prioritized standards. In 2017, the Indiana Department of Education
reported that the state's overall graduation rates were 87.19% for waivered
graduations and 80.10% for non-waiver graduations.[182]

The largest educational institution is Indiana University, the flagship campus of

which was endorsed as Indiana Seminary in 1820. Indiana State University was
established as the state's Normal School in 1865; Purdue University was chartered
as a land-grant college in 1869. The three other independent state universities are
Vincennes University (founded in 1801 by the Indiana Territory), Ball State
University (1918) and University of Southern Indiana (1965 as ISU – Evansville).

Many of Indiana's private colleges and universities are affiliated with religious
groups. The University of Notre Dame, Marian University, and the University of
Saint Francis are popular Roman Catholic schools. Universities affiliated with
Protestant denominations include Anderson University, Butler University, Huntington
University, Manchester University, Indiana Wesleyan University, Taylor University,
Franklin College, Hanover College, DePauw University, Earlham College, Valparaiso
University, University of Indianapolis,[126] and University of Evansville.[183]

The state's community college system, Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana, serves
nearly 200,000 students annually, making it the state's largest public post-
secondary educational institution and the nation's largest singly accredited
statewide community college system.[184] In 2008, the Indiana University system
agreed to shift most of its associate (2-year) degrees to the Ivy Tech Community
College System.[185]

The state has several universities ranked among the best in 2013 rankings of the
U.S. News & World Report. The University of Notre Dame is ranked among the top 20,
with Indiana University Bloomington and Purdue University ranking in the top 100.
Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) has recently made it
into the top 200 U.S. News & World Report rankings. Butler, Valparaiso, and the
University of Evansville are ranked among the top ten in the Regional University
Midwest Rankings. Purdue's engineering programs are ranked eighth in the country.
In addition, Taylor University is ranked first in the Regional College Midwest
Rankings and Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology has been considered the top
Undergraduate Engineering school (where a doctorate is not offered) for 15
consecutive years.[186][187][188][189]

Indiana University Bloomington. The public Indiana University system enrolls

114,160 students.[190]

Purdue University. The public Purdue University system enrolls 67,596 students.
[191]

The University of Notre Dame holds an endowment of $11.8 billion, the largest in
Indiana.
See also
flag Indiana portal
flag United States portal
Index of Indiana-related articles
Outline of Indiana
List of people from Indiana
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