DVM DOCTORS Introductory Edition

A KEY GUIDE FOR

PCS (Provincial Civil Service)
PRESENTS & All other Institutional Comprehensive Exams
For Veterinary Graduates
A KEY GUIDE FOR
Compiled & Presented by:

PCS (Provincial Civil Service)

MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN
Student of DVM (Final Year)
Faculty of Veterinary Science
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

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 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

VETERINARY SCIENCE THROUGH AGES

 First written record of veterinary medicine from ancient Egypt was provided by
Kahum Papyrus (1900 BC).
 First mention of Rabies was reported in Eshuna code of 2300 B.C.
 Ashoka (269-232 B.C.) made compulsory provision of charitable animal hospitals.
 First veterinary school at Lyon in France in 1761 (France).
 In 1776, second veterinary school at Alfort near Paris.
 Royal charter (1844) recognized the Veterinary Art as a profession.

Historic Milestones/Discoveries
 Louis Pasteur - coined term vaccine; Fowl cholera vaccine, Rabbies vaccine,
Anthrax vaccine, and concept of attenuation.
 Paul Ehrlich - Antibody production, Humoral theory, Acid fast staining, Father of
chemotherapy.
DEDICATED TO  Edward Jenner – Small pox vaccination
 Waksman – Streptomycin discovery
 Bruce – Malta fever
 Loeffer and Shutz – Glander
The Veterinarians for their Sense of  Moore – Fowl typhoid
 Nicolaier – Tetanus
Dedication and Commitment  Ricketts – Rocky spotted mountain fever
 Bordet – Complement discovery
towards the Dumb Animals  Loffer – Swine erysipelas
 A. Flemming – First antibiotics as Penicillin
 J. Lister – Aseptic surgery, Carbolic acid
 R. Bucchim – Father of Pharmacology
 M.J.B. Orfla – Father of Toxicology
 Otto-lewi – Neurotransmitter discovery
 O.W. Holmes – Coined term Anaesthesia
 Rudolphi – Father of Parasitology
 Virchow – Father of Cellular Pathology
 Kohler & Milstein – Hybridoma (Monoclonal antibodies) technique
 E. Porter – Structure of antibodies
 Landsteiner – Blood Group
 Celsus – Four cardinal signs of inflammation

COMMON PHYSIOLOGICAL VALUES OF VARIOUS

DOMESTICATED LIVESTOCK

Particulars Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Horse

o
Rectal Temperature (F ) 101.5 101.0 103.0 103.0 100.5

Normal Pulse Rate/min 50-70 48-65 70-80 70-80 30-40

Normal Resp. Rate/min 20-30 20-28 20-30 20-30 10-16
Age at First Service (mo) 15-18 24-27 8-12 8-12 16-18
Gestation Period (days) 283 304 150 150 340

3 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

Red horned owl Bubo bubo

Particulars Dog Cat Camel Fowl Screech owl Tyto albo
Swan Cygnus spp.
o
Rectal Temperature (F ) 101-102 101.0 99.5 107.0 Turkey Meleagris gallopovo
Normal Pulse Rate/min 70-130 110-130 30-50 120-160
COMMON AND COLLOQUIAL TERMS USED FOR
Normal Resp. Rate/min 15-30 20-30 10-12 15-50 DIFFERENT CONDITIONS/DISEASES
Age at First Service (mo) 6-12 6-15 -- --
Sr. Colloquial Term Equivalent English Explanation (if any)
Gestation Period (days) 63 56 370 21 (hatch) Term
1. -- A non specific condition characterized
by decrease in appetite, halitosis in
SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF ANIMALS some cases, slight depression, decrease
in production. It is perhaps due to
Common Name Scientific Name presence of noctious agents in blood
Alpaca Llama pacos and organs.
Ass Equus asinus 2. Hydropsy --
Buffalo Bubalus bubalis 3. -- To push air into the vagina for letdown
Camel Camelus dromedarianus (Single hump) of milk
Camelus bacterianus (Double hump) 4. -- Wheat bran, bread crums, oil cakes, or
Cat Felis domesticus gram hulls etc with wheat straw is given
Cattle Bos indicus / Bos taurus to animal when there is shortage of
Dog Canisfamilaris green fodder.
Goat Capra hircus 5. Uterine torsion --
Guanaco Lama guanicoe 6. Prolapse --
Horse Equus caballus 7. Debility --
Llama Llama glama 8. Canine distemper in dog --
Mithun Bos gaurus 9. Surra in camel Trypanosomiasis in camel
Pig Sus scrofa 10. Strangles --
Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 11. Glanders --
Reindeer Rangifer tarandus
12. Diarrhea --
Sheep Ovis aries
13. Bovine Ephemeral Fever --
Vicuna Vicugna vicugna
14. Drench --
Yalk Bos grunniens
15. Pregnant --
16. Non-pregnant --
SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF BIRDS 16. Cow heifer --
17. Yearling cow bull --
Common Name Scientific Name 18. Female cow calf --
Chicken Gallus domesticus 19. Male cow calf --
Duck Anas platyrhynchos
20. Female buffalo calf --
Geese Anser anser
21. Male buffalo calf --
Golden eagle Aquila chrysactes
22. Exotic --
Guinea fowl Numida meleagris
Muscovy Cainna maschata 23. Early lactation --
Ostrich Struthio camelus 24. Edema --
Pea fowl (peacock) Pavo cristatus 25. -- Cow/buffalo near to end of lactation
Pigeon Columba livia 26. Pyometra --
Pheasants Phasians colchrices 27. Docile --
Quail Coturnix spp. 28. Halter --

5 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

29. Muzzle -- MILK-BORN DISEASES

30. Maize fodder --
31. Three teater Animal having three teats
1. Anthrax 2. Cholera
32. Two teater Animal having two teats
3. Diphtheria 4. Dysentery
33. Foal
5. Foot and Mouth Disease 6. Gastro-enteritis
34. -- Black buffalo with blue eyes
7. Mastitis 8. Milk sickness
35. -- Black buffalo with black eyes
9. Paratyphoid fever 10. Scarlet fever
36. -- Tumor on third eyelid
37. Worms/Parasite -- 11. Septic sore throat 12. Small pox
13. Tuberculosis 14. Typhoid fever
38. -- Lesions at the teat opening
15. Undulant fever
39. -- Panj Kalyan + Blue eyes
40. Leather halter --
41. Constipation Animal is unable to defecate AIR-BORN DISEASES
42. Red water --
43. FMD Foot and Mouth Disease 1. Air pollution syndrome 2. Allergy rhinitis
44. Abortion -- 3. Aspergillosis 4. Asthma
45. Abomasal displacement -- 5. Cancer 6. Canine distemper
46. Actinobacillosis -- 7. Carbon monoxide poisoning 8. CBPP (Contag. Bov. Pleuro Pneum)
47. Actinomycosis -- 9. CCPP (Con. Caprine Pleu. Pneum) 10. Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD)
48. Alopecia -- 11. Dermatitis 12. Equine influenza
49. Anemia -- 13. Equine viral rhinopneumonitis 14. Fluorosis
51. Anoestrus -- 15. Fowl cholera 16. Hay fever
52. Anthrax -- 17. Histoplasmosis 18. Immuno-suppression
53. Arthritis -- 19. Infectious bronchitis 20. Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
54. Aural hematoma -- 21. Infectious Bursal Disease 22. Marek's Disease
55. Bed sore -- 23. Newcastle Disease 24. Papillomatosis
56. Skipping of one milking to show that a cow/buffalo is producing 25. Paramyxovirus type III infection 26. Plumbism
more milk that the actual should on a plan of regular evening and 27. Q-fever 28. Sever acute respiratory syndrome
morning milk. 29. Sheep pox and Goat pox 30. Swine influenza
31. Tuberculosis 32. Psittacosis
WATER-BORN DISEASES
FOOD-BORN DISEASES
1. Amoebiasis 2. Anthrax
3. Black Quarter 4. Bordetellosis 1. Bacillary dysentery 2. Brucellosis
5. Borreliosis 6. Bovine Contagious Abortion 3. Cholera 4. E. coli infection
7. Brucellosis 8. Compylobacteriosis 5. Diphtheria 6. Q-fever
9. Cholera 10. E.coli Infection 7. Staphylococcal enterotoxic gastritis 8. Streptococcal infections
11. Fasciolosis 12. Giardiasis 9. Tick-borne encephalitis 10. Tuberculosis
13. Hog cholera 14. Infectious canine distemper 11. Typhoid fever 12. Paratyphoid fever
15. Influenza 16. Jaundice
17. Johne's disease 18. Kidney worm infection DISEASES OF LIVESTOCK; Common Name & Causative Agent
19. Leptospirosis 20. Parasitic bronchitis
21. Parasitic gastroenteritis 22. Parvovirus infection A) VIRAL DISEASES
23. Pasteurellosis 24. Salmonellosis
25. Schistosomiasis 26. Swine erysipelas Name of Disease Synonym Causative Agent
27. Trachoma 28. Tuberculosis
Foot and Mouth Disease FMD; Apthous fever Apthovirus, Picornaviridae
29. Vibrio cholera 30. Viral hepatitis
Rinderpest Cattle plague; Bovine Rinderpest virus of family

7 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

typhus Paramyxoviridae in Dog

Peste Des Petitis Ruminants PPR; Pseudorinderpest, Morbillivirus of family Equine Viral Rhinopneumonia Rhinopneumonitis; Equine Equine herpes virus -I
Kata, Goat plague Paramyxoviridae viral abortion
Bovine Viral Diarrhea BVD; Mucosal disease Pestivirus of family Scrapie Rida; Tremblante du Prion
Togaviridae mouton
Malignant Catarrhal Fever MCF; Catarrhal fever; Gamma herpesvirus Louping ill Ovine encephalomyelitis Flavivirus of family
Gangrenous coryza Togaviridae
Blue Tongue Sore mouth; Epizootic Orbivirus of family Bovine Spongiform BSE; Mad cow disease Prion
catarrh; Pseudo FMD Reoviridae Encephalopathy
Vesicular Stomatitis Mouth thrush; Sporadic VS virus of family Canine Distemper Hard pad disease; Canine Canine distemper virus of
aptha; Estomatitis Rhabdoviridae influenza family Paramyxoviridae
Ephemeral Fever Three day sickness; Stiff EF virus of family Infectious Canine Hepatitis Rubarth's disease; Adenovirus I & II of family
sickness Rhabdoviridae Contagious hepatitis adenoviridae
Infectious Bovine IBR; Red nose; Necrotic Bovine herpes virus-I Rabies Mad dog; Hydrophobia; Lyssa virus of family
Rhinotracheitis rhinitis Jalatanka; Lyssa Rhabdoviridae
Pseudo rabies Aujeszky's disease; Mad Herpes virus Rotavirus Diarrhea -- Retavirus of family
itch Rotaviridae
Cow pox Variola vaccina Cow pox virus Parvovirus Infection in Dog -- Parvovirus of family
Goat pox Variola capra Capri pox virus Parvoviridae
Sheep pox Ovine px; Variola ovina Capri pox virus Feline Panleukopenia Feline distemper; Feline DNA virus
Swine pox Variola suilla; Contagious Sui pox virus parvovirus; Feline ataxia
impetigo Respiratory Disease Complex Cat flu, FVR; Feline herpes virus-I
Horse pox Variola equine; Contagious Equi pox virus in Cat
pustular stomatitis Feline Leukemia Lymphosarcoma Retrovirus
Pseudo cow pox Milker's nodules; Ring sore Para pox virus
Swine Fever Hog cholera; Peste porcine Togavirus B) BACTERIAL DISEASES
Vesicular Exanthema -- Calicivirus
African Swine Fever African pig disease; Wart Irido virus Name of disease Synonym Causative Agent
hog disease Anthrax Splenic fever; Charbon; Bacillus anthracis
Transmissible Gastroenteritis T.G.E. Corona virus Wool sorter's disease
Japanese Encephalitis -- Arbovirus of family Hemorrhagic Septicemia Pasteurellosis; Shipping Pasteurella multocida
Togaviridae fever; Stockyard disease
Contagious Ecthyma Contagious pustular ORF virus of family Brucellosis Bang's disease; Infectious B.abortus, B. melitensis,
dermatitis; ORF; Scabby Poxviridae abortion; Enzootic abortion B. suis, B. ovis, B. canis
mouth Tuberculosis Pearl's disease; Pthisis; Mycobacterium spp.
Maedi Progressive interstitial Lentivirus of family Scrofula
pneumonia Retroviridae Paratuberculosis Johne's disease; Chronic Mycobacterium
Pulmonary Adenomatosis Jaagsiekte Not yet defined bacillary dysentery paratuberculosis
Bovine Leukosis Bovine lymphosarcoma Bovine leukemia virus of Leptospirosis Weil's disease; Stuttgart Leptospira spp.
family Retroviridae disease; Rice field worker's (L.interrogans, L.pomona,
Corona virus infection CCV; Viral gastroenetritis Corona virus disease; Canine typhus L.canicola, L.hardjo)
Equine Influenza Equine distemper; Typhoid Myxovirus Listeriosis Circling disease; Silage Listeria monocytogenes
fever; Pink eye disease
Equine Infectious Anemia EIA; Swamp fever EIA virus; Lentivirus of Colibacillosis Calf scour; White disease; Eschericia coli (E.coli)
family Retroviridae Calf septicemia
Pulmonary Disease in Horse Chronic obstructive Multifactorial Salmonellosis Paratyphoid S. typhimurium, S.dublin
pulmonary disease (COPD) Actinomycosis Lumpy jaw Actinomyces bovis
Respiratory Disease Complex Kennel cough Borderella bronchoseptica Actinobacillosis Wooden tongue; Timber Actinobacillus lignieresi

9 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

tongue; Big head Candidiasis Moniliasis Candida albicans

Dermatophylosis Mycotic dermatitis; Dermatophilus congolensis Phycomycosis Mucormycosis; Mucorales spp.
Senekobo disease of cattle, Zygomycosis
Lumpy wool of sheep
Swine Erysipelas Diamond skin disease Erysipelas rhusiopathiae
Compylobacteriosis Vibriosis Campylobacter foetus D) PARASITIC DISEASES
Glanders Farcy; Malleus; Morve; Pseudomonas mallei
Pacin; Carn Name of Disease Synonym Causative Agent
Strangles Equine distemper; Streptococcus equi Amphistomiasis Stomach fluke disease Paramphistomum cervi
Infectious adenitis Schistosomiasis Nasa Sschistostoma bovis
Exudate Epidermitis Greasy pig disease Staphylococcus hyos Hepatic Fascioliasis Liver fluke disease Fasciola hepatica
Impetigo -- Staphylococcus aureus Esophagostomosis Nodule worm disease E. radiatum, E. columbianum
Glasser's disease Infectious polyarthritis Haemophilus suis Bovine Verminous Bronchitis Verminous pneumonia Dictyocaulus viviparous
Ulcerative Lymphangitis Ulcerative cellulitis; Corynebacterium Coenurosis Gid; Sturdy Ceonurus cerebralis
Caseous lymphadenitis pseudotuberculosis Echinococcosis -- Echinococcus granulosus
Foot Rot Infectious pododermatitis Spherophorus necrophorus Hemonchosis -- Hemonchus contortus
Infectious Kerato Pink eye; Infectious Moraxella bovis Ascariasis -- A. vitulorum, A. canis
Conjunctivitis keratitis
Black Quarter Black leg; Quarter ill; Clostridium chauvoei
Symptomatic anthrax E) PROTOZOAN & RICKETTSIAL DISEASE
Tetanus Lock jaw Clostridium tetani
Enterotoxemia -- Clostridium perfringens Name of Disease Synonym Causative Agent
Bacillary Hemoglobinurea Red water disease; Clostridium hemolyticum Anaplasmosis Gall Sickness Anaplasma marginale
Infectious hemoglobinuria Ehrlichiosis Canine rickettsiosis Ehrlichia canis
Botuslim Limber neck; Loin disease Clostridium botulinum Babesiosis Tick fever; Texas fever; B. bigemina, B. bovis,
Braxy Brad sot Clostridium septicum Splenic fever; Red fever B.equi, B. cabalii
Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis Black disease Clostridium novyi Theileriosis East coast fever; Rhodesian Theileria parva, T. annulata,
Malignant Edema -- Clostridium septicum tick fever T.mutans
Joint Ill Naval ill; Poly arthritis; Mixed etiological agents Trypanosomiasis Surra Trypanosoma evansi
Omphalitis, Urachitis (E.coli, Strepto, Staph, Leishmaniasis -- Leishmania donovani
Actino, Enterococcus) Toxoplasmosis -- Toxoplasma gondi
Mastitis Mammitis; Mammite A no. of organisms involved Cryptosporidiosis -- Cryptosporidium parvum
Lyme Disease -- Borrelia burgdorferi
Contagious Bovine CBPP; Lung plague; Lung Mycoplasma mycoides var
Pleuropneumonia sickness mycoides
DISEASES OF POULTRY; Common Name & Causative Agent
Contagious Caprine CCPP; Pleuropneumonia Mycoplasma mycoides
Pleuropneumonia contagiosa caprae
Name of Disease Synonym Causative Agent
Marek's Disease Range paralysis; Neural MD virus; Herpes virus
C) FUNGAL DISEASES lymphomatosis
Newcastle Disease Ranikhet disease; Avian Paramyxovirus group I
Name of disease Synonym Causative Agent pneumoencephalitis
Dermatophytosis Ringworm; Trichophyton verrucosum Infectious Bronchitis IB IBV of family Coronaviridae
Rhinosporidiosis -- Rhinosporidia seeberi Avian Encephalomyelitis AE; Epidemic tremor; New Picornavirus of family
Sporotrichosis -- Sporotrichum schenckii England disease Picornaviridae
Nocardiosis Bovine farcy; Mycotic Nocardia farcinicus Fowl Plague Avian influenza AI virus of family
lymphangitis Orthomyxoviridae
Aspergillosis -- Aspergillus spp. Infectious Laryngotracheitis ILT; Avian diphtheria ILT virus of family
Aflatoxicosis Myotoxicosis Aspergillus flavus Herpesviridiae

11 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

Avian Leukosis Complex ALC; Avian sarcoma; Big Rotavirus type C of

liver disease; subfamily Oncovirinae ORIGIN OF ORGANS
Infectious Bursal Disease IBD; Gumboro disease IBD virus of family
Birnaviridae
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
Avian Influenza -- Influenza A virus of family
Epidermis, hair, nail and lens All type of muscles Pharynx epithelium
Orthomyxoviridae
Epithelium of sensory Blood, bone marrow Larynx, Lungs
Chicken Infectious Anemia CIA; CIA virus of family
organs, enamel, mouth, and
Circoviridae
anal canal
Avian Collibacillosis Colisepticemia;E.coli Escherichia coli
Nervous tissue Lymphoid tissue, Digestive tube
infection
Blood vessels Bladder
Avian Pasteurellosis Fowl cholera; Avian Pasteurella multocida Body cavities Vagina
cholera Kidney, Ureter Urethra
Fowl Typhoid Infectious leukemia Salmonella gallinarum Gonads
Fowl Paratyphoid Avian salmonellosis Salmonella typhimurium Joint cavities
Pullorum Disease Bacillary white diarrhea Salmonella pullorum
Chronic Respiratory Disease MG infection Mycoplasma gallisepticum
CRANIAL NERVES
Coccidiosis in Poultry -- Eimeria spp. (e.g. E.tenella)
No. Name Type
INCUBATION PERIODS OF COMMON DISEASES 1. Olfactory Sensory
2. Optic Sensory
Diseases Range (Days) Average (Days) 3. Occulomotor Motor
Anaplasmosis 17-48 30 4. Trochlear Motor
Anthrax 5-10 7 5. Trigeminal Mixed
Babesiosis 7-21 -- 6. Abducens Motor
Black quarter 1-5 -- 7. Facial Mixed
Brucellosis 21-180 60-120 8. Glossopharyngeal Mixed
Contagious ecthyma 5-8 -- 9. Vagus Mixed
Canine distemper 3-7 4 10. Spinal Accessory Motor
Foot and Mouth Disease 2-10 3 11. Hypoglossal Motor
Glanders 30-90 30
Hemorrhagic Septicemia 2-5 3 TYPE OF BODY JOINTS
Influenza (equine) 3-10 4
Influenza (piglets) 2-7 -- Sr. Type of Joints Example
Johne's disease 30-730 90 1. Ginglymus (hinge) joint Fetlock joint
Leptospirosis 7-9 8 2. Arthrodial (plane) joint Joints between adjacent carpals a
Malignant oedema 2-5 3 3. Trochoid (pivot) joint Atlanto-axial joint
Pox (sheep, cow) 2-7 -- 4. Enarthrodial(ball & socket) joint Coxo-femoral joint
Pustular dermatitis 4-7 -- 5. Suture joint Skull bone joints
Rabies (all animals) 9-450 30-90 6. Synsarcosis Joints between scapula and bony thorax
Rinderpest 3-9 3 7. Syndesmoses Joint of shaft of split bones & canon bone of horse
Strangles 3-8 --
Swine erysipelas 1-5 -- IMPORTANT JOINTS OF BODY
Tetanus 7-21 15
Trypanosomiasis 4-13 7 Name of Joint Between the bone
Tuberculosis 30-90 30 Stifle joint Femur and tibia
Vibriosis 20-60 35 Hip joint Pelvis and femur
Shoulder joint Scapula and humerus
Elbow joint Humerus and radius

13 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

Fetlock joint Metacarpus and proximal phalanx

Pastern joint Proximal phalanx and middle phalanx ABSORBABLE SUTURE MATERIAL
Coffin joint Middle phalanx and distal phalanx
Name Obtained from
SYNONYMS OF BONES / PROCESSES Cat gut Submucosa of small intestine of sheep
Kangaroo tendon Tendon of tail of Kangaroo
Real Name Synonyms Cargile membrane Bovine caecum
Tuber coxae Point of hip or hook bone Collagen Bovine flexor tendon filament
Tuber ischii Pin bone Amniotic membrane Foetal amnion
Metacarpal Canon
First phalanx Long pastern bone
Second phalanx Short pastern bone VETERBRAL COLUMN IN DIFFERENT ANIMALS
Third phalanx Coffin bone
Oleocranon process Point of elbow Species Cervical Thoracic Lumber Sacral Coccygeal
Horse 7 18 6 5 15-20
SITE OF THORACOCENTESIS Cattle 7 13 6 5 18-20
Sheep 7 13 6-7 4 16-18
Animal Right (ICS) Left (ICS) Hog 7 14-15 6-7 4 20-23
Horse 6th 7th Chicken 14 7 14 (fused) 6 --
Cattle and Sheep 5th 6th Human 7 12 5 5 4
Dog and Cat 6th 7th
TYPE OF MUSCLES
LIVER BIOPSY
Sr. Type of Muscles Example
Animal Site 1. Flexor Biceps brachii for elbow
Horse Right dorsal half, 11th – 14th ICS 2. Extensor Triceps brachii for elbow
Cattle & Sheep Upper third right side, 11th ICS 3. Sphincter striated Obricularis oculi
Dog, Cat, Pig Last 2 ICS close to the costal arch 4. Cutaneous muscle Cutaneous trunchi muscle
5. Antagonistic Biceps brachii and brachialis
SITE FOR PULSE RECORDING 6. Synergists Triceps brachii and Anconeus

Horse Lower jaw, where the external maxillary artery is continued across the SENSATION AND NERVE ENDINGS
face as facial artery.
Cattle Coccygeal artery on either side of the under aspect of tail. Sensation Receiving nerve endings
Sheep, Goat, Femoral artery inside the hind limb, more than the half way between stifle Touch Meissner's corpuscles, Morke's discs
Dog, Cat and hip joint Deep pressure Vater Pacinian corpuscles
Fowl Wing artery on the inner aspect of the wing Heat Corpuscles of Ruffini
Cold Krause end bulbs
Muscle sense Neurotendinous organ
SUTURE MATERIALS
Category Example TASTE PERCEPTION IN TONGUE
Absorbable (organic) Catgut, Fascia lata, Kangaroo tendon, cargile membrane,
Amniotic membrane, Polyglycolic acid (Dexon) Area of tongue Type of taste
Non-absorbable Base Bitter
a) Organic Cotton, Silk, Silk warm gut, Horse hair, Linen, Umbilical tape Lateral side Sour, salt
b) Inorganic Metallic, suture wire, steel wire, Wound clips, Pin suture. Tip Sweet or salt
c) Synthetic Nylon, Terelene, Vetafil, Polyester, Surgilene

15 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS
TIME OF EGG FORMATION IN THE CHICKEN
Parameters Horse Ox
Side length Unusual Lesser Part of egg formed Site of formation Time of formation
Muscular development of hind quarter Great Less Yolk Ovary 7-9 hours
Thoracic cavity Longer Shorter Thick mucin Infundibulum 15-30 minutes
Ribs 18 pairs 13 pairs Albumin Magnum 2-3 hours
Superior spinous process of first six Markedly developed Less developed Shell membrane Isthmus 1.5 hours
vertebrae Watery solution Shell gland 3-5 hours
Extension of ulna Up to half the length of Articulates with carpus Shell Shell gland 19-20 hours
radius Bloom (mucus) Vagina 1-10 minutes
Articulation among last three lumber Articulates Do not articulate
vertebral
Flesh Dark bluish red, sweet Lacks blue tinge
COMPOSITION OF MILK AND EGG
taste, fibrous
Nutrients Milk Egg
Water (gm) 87 60
CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS Protein (gm) 4 12
Fat (gm) 3.5 4
Features Sheep Goat Calcium (mg) 118 48
Back and withers Round and well fleshed Sharp, little flesh Phosphorus (mg) 93 180
Thorax Barrel shaped Flattened laterally Iron (mg) Trace 2.1
Tail Fairly broad Thin Vit. A (IU) 140 1080
Radius 1 1/4 times length of Twice as long as metacarpus Riboflavin (mg) 0.17 0.27
metacarpus Niacin (mg) 0.11 0.07
Scapula Short and broad Long
Flesh Pale red and fine Dark red of coarse with goaty DUNG AND URINE EXCRETION IN DIFFERENT SPECIES
odour
Type of Animals Dung (kg) Urine (kg)
IODINE VALUE OF MEAT Horse 16.10 3.6
Cattle 23.50 9.0
Animal species Iodine value of meat Sheep 1.13 0.60
Horse 71-86% Pig 2.70 1.5
Ox 38-46% Poultry 0.04 --
Sheep 35-46%
Pig 50-70%
APPEARANCE OF CONJUNCTIVA IN DIFFERENT SPECIES
Good Lard 66%
Animals Conjunctival colour
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF MEAT Cattle, buffalo, and sheep Light pink
Horse Pale pink/ roseate
Animal species R.I. of meat fat Pigs Reddish
Horse 53.5 Dogs Pale Pink
Ox < 40 Cats Pale
Pig < 51.9

BLOOD AS % OF LIVE BODY WEIGHT PERCENT CAPACITY OF RUMINANT STOMACH

Species Cattle Calves Pigs Sheep Lamb Animals Rumen Reticulum Omasum Abomasum
Cattle and buffalo 55 5-7 26-30 13-14
% of blood 3-4 5-6 3-4 4-4.5 3.5-4

17 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

Sheep and goat 62 11 5 22-23 VARIATION IN THE COLOUR OF FECES

Animals Conditions Colour
RUMINANT STOMACH Calves Unweaned Yellowish-brown or grey
Diarrhea Whitish or yellowish
Part of Stomach Remarks Adult Grazing on pasture Dark green (loose)
Rumen Largest compartment of stomach, on left side. Dorsal sac is the largest Cattle/Buffalo Stall feeding Brownish
sac of rumen. Lined by glandless stratified squamous epithelium Constriction of bile duct Pale to grey
(Turkish towel appearance). Rumen liquor has pH 5.8 to 6.8, also Acute acidosis (Grains overload) Yellowish-brown
known as Paunch. Temperature inside rumen is 39 C. Excess bile Yellowish
Reticulum Also called Honey comb. Made up of stratified squamous epithelium Poor ration, Ketosis Brown-black surface
located immediately behind diaphragm in opposition to heart. Inside Occult blood Dark brown or tarry
temperature is 39 C. Blood from caudal intestine Dark red
Omasum Primary function is to remove water by about 50% and to absorb
VFAs. (Absent in Camel)
Abomasum True stomach. Glandular. pH = 2.0. Enzymatic digestive site. It is BLOOD CHEMISTRY CHART
similar to fundic region of non-ruminant stomach.
Blood constituents Variation Associated diseases
Blood glucose Decrease Hypoglycemia, Ketosis, Starvation
Increase Diabetes mellitus, Hyperglycemia,
PANCREATIC JUICE Hypoinsulinemia
Urea nitrogen Increase Nephritis, Urinary calculi
Sr. Parameters Components Creatinine Increase Severe renal damage, Wasting disease,
1 Enzyme precursors Trypsinogen, Chymotrypsinogen Increased protein breakdown
2 Active enzyme Elastase, Amylase, Lipase Bilirubin Increase Intra/extra biliary obstruction,
3 Cations Sodium, Potassium, Calcium Severe hepatopathy or hemolysis
4 pH 7.5-8.0 Calcium Decrease Milk fever, Hypocalcemia, Osteoporosis
Increase Hyperthyroidism, Hypervitaminosis D3
DIGESTIVE JUICE Phosphorus Decrease Hypophosphatamia, Osteomalasia,
Increase Bone fracture healing,
Secretion Source Target Contents Remarks advance chronic renal insufficiency
Saliva Salivary Mouth Amylase, salt, Break starch into dextrin Magnesium Decrease Hypomagnesemia, Grass tetnay,
glands mucus water and maltose Whole milk tetany in calves
Gastric juice Gastric glands Stomach HCl, Milk curdling, Protein Ketone Increase Ketosis, Starvation, Advance diabetic mellitus
Pepsinogen, protease and peptones Alkaline phosphatase Increase Bone repair, Fracture healing
Renin, Mucus Aspartate amino- Increase Myocardial necrosis, Muscle dystrophy,
Bile Liver Small Bile pigments, Fat emulsification, transferase (AST) Hepatitis, Azoturia
intestine bile salts Neutralize chyme LDH & CPK Increase Liver damage, Carbon tetrachloride toxicosis
Pancreatic juice Pancreas Small Lipase, Fat degradation, starch Sodium Decrease Muscular dystrophy and Muscle damage
intestine Amylase, and dextrin break into Potassium Decrease Vomition, Diarrhea, Low intake
Trypsinogen and maltose, amino acids Increase Hyperkalemia, Acidosis
Chymotrypsin liberation Chloride Decrease Vomition, Diarrhea, Low intake of salt
Intestinal juice Duodenal Small Enterokinase, Splits amino acid, Bicarbonates Decrease Acidosis, Grain engorgement
glands and intestine Peptidase, maltose, sucrose and Increase Alkalosis, Urea toxicity, Amonia toxicosis
goblet cells Maltase, lactose
Sucrose, and CHROMOSOME NUMBERS
Lactase
Species Chromosomes Male Female
Pairs Total

19 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

Man 23 46 XY XX Aspergillosis Psittacine birds 45 days

Horse 32 64 XY XX Rinder pest Cattle 21 days
Cattle 30 60 XY XX CBPP Bovine 180 days
Buffalo 24 48 XY XX Anaplasmosis Ruminants 100 days
Sheep 27 54 XY XX Tuberculosis Bovine 3 months
Goat 30 60 XY XX Enzootic bovine leucosis Bovine 4 months
Swine, Cat 19 38 XY XX Hemorrhagic Septicemia (H.S.) Cattle 28 days
Dog 39 78 XY XX Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis Bovine 30 days
Poultry 39 78 ZZ ZW Swine fever Swine 6 weeks
Porcine brucellosis Swine 30 days
CLASSES OF CARBOHYDRATES Swine Transmissible Gastroenteritis Swine 28 days
Pox Sheep, Goat 30 days
Class Examples Blue Tongue Sheep 40 days
1. Monosaccharides CCPP Sheep 180 days
a) Pentoses (C5H10O5) Arabinose, Xylose, Ribose Dourine Horse 28 days
b) Hexoses (C5H12O6) Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Mannose. Glanders Horse 28 days
2. Disaccharides (C12H22O11) Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose, Cellobiose Salmonellosis Pregnant mares 6 weeks
3. Trisaccharides (C18H32O16) Raffinose Equine Influenza Equine 28 days
4. Polysaccharides Japanese Encephalitis Domestic and wild pig 28 days
a) Pentosans (C5H10O16)x Araban, Xylan Contagious Equine Metritis Equine 30 days
b) Hexosans (C6H10O5)x Dextrin, Starch, Cellulose, Insulin, Glycogen
c) Mixed type Mimicellulose, Pectingums, Mucilages DENTAL FORMULA
MINERALS Species Deciduous or Temporary Permanent
2 x [ICPM/ICPM] 2 x [ICPM/ICPM]
Macro-Minerals Micro-Minerals Horse 3030 = 24 3133 = 40 (Male)
Calcium Iron 3030 3133
Phosphorus Copper 3033 = 36 (Female)
Sodium Zinc 3033
Potassium Cobalt Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat 0030 = 20 0033 = 32
Magnesium Iodine 4030 4033
Sulphur Manganese Cat 3130 = 26 3131 = 30
Chlorine Selenium 3120 3121
Molybdenum Dog 3130 = 28 3142 = 42
Fluorine, Vanadium, Chromium, Silicone 3130 3143
Pig 3130 = 28 3143 = 44
QUARANTINE PERIOD 3130 3143
Camel 1130 = 26 1133 = 34
Disease Species Period (OIE guidelines) 3120 3123
Infectious bronchitis Fowl 28 days
Rabies Dog, Cat 4 months
Bacterial infection Zebra 2 weeks MOUTH GAGS
Fowl cholera Poultry 14 days Name Animals
Fowl typhoid Poultry 28 days Varnell's gag Horse
African swine fever Swine 40 days Butler's gag Horse
Newcastle Disease Birds 21 days Haussman's gag Horse
Fowl Plaque Wild birds 21 days Probang (Wooden) gag Cattle
Chlamydiosis Pigeon 45 days Spring gag Dog

21 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

INFLAMMATION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SMALL INTESTINE DIARRHEA AND

LARGE INTESTINE DIARRHEA
Sr. Terms Organ/Structure
1. Myelitis Spinal cord Characteristics Small Intestine Large Intestine
2. Pachymeningitis Dura mater Frequency of defecation No change Increased
3. Leptomeningitis Pia mater Fecal volume Increased Decreased
4. Poliomyelitis Greymater in brain Urgency Absent Present
5. Typhilitis Caecum Tenesmus Absent Present
6. Proctitis Rectum Mucus in feces Absent Present
7. Oophoritis Ovary Blood in feces Dark black (Malena) Red (Fresh)
8. Salpingitis Oviduct Weight loss May be Rare
9. Metritis Uterus
10. Orchitis Testes
11. Posthitis Prepuce TYPES OF PLACENTA
12. Balanitis Glans penis
13. Gonitis Stifle joint Sr. Type of Placenta Gross Shape Example
14. Coxitis Hip joint 1 Epitheliochorial Diffuse Horse, Donkey, Pig
15. Bursitis Bursa over joint 2 Syndesmochorial Cotyledonary Cattle, Sheep, Goat
16. Acne Sebaceous gland 3 Endotheliochorial Zonary or Discoid Dog, Cat, Ferret
17. Laminitis Laminae of hoof 4 Hemochorial Zonary or Discoid Primates
18. Blephritis Eyelid 5 Hemoendothelial Shperoidal or Discoid Rat, Rabbit
19. Stye or Hordeolum Eyelid hair follicle
20. Keratitis Cornea
21. Iridocyclitis or Iris and Ciliary body ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS
Anterior uveitis
22. Phlebitis Veins Category Classes Example
23. Omphalitis Navel Penicillin Narrow spectrum Penicillin G
24. Adenitis Gland (β-lactamase sensitive) Penicillin V
25. Lymphangitis Lymph vessel Narrow spectrum Oxacillin
26. Rhinitis Nasal mucosa (β-lactamase resistant) Cloxacillin
27. Pneumonia Lungs (also Pneumonitis) Flucloxacillin
28. Sialadenitis Salivary glands Methicillin
29. Cholangitis Bile duct Temocillin
30. Cholecystitis Gall bladder Broad spectrum Ampicillin
31. Ingluvitis Crop (bird) β-lactamase sensitive) Amoxicillin
32. Pyelonephritis Pelvis and parenchyma of kidney Broad spectrum Carbenicillin
33. Cystitis Urinary bladder (β-lactamase resistant) Ticarcillin
Piperacillin
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Potentiated Amoxicillin-clauvulanate
Cephalopsorins 1st Generation Cephalothin
1. Hyperorexia Increased appetite Cephalexin
2. Polyorexia Increased food intake Cefadoxil
3. Inappetance Partial absence of appetite 2nd Generation Cefamandole
4. Anorexia Complete absence of appetite Cefoxitin
5. Anophagia Decreased food intake Cefuroxime
6. Allotriophagia Abnormal appetite
3rd Generation Ceftriaxone
7. Osteophagia Chewing of bone
Ceftiofur
8. Infantophagia Eating of young
Cefotaxime
9. Coprophagia Eating of feces

23 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

Aminoglycocides Narrow spectrum Streptomycin

Dihydrostreptomycin ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
Broad spectrum Neomycin
Framycetin Class Example Spectra
Kanamycin Polyene macrolides Amphotericin B Broad
Miscellaneous Apramycin Nystatin, Pimaricin
Spectinomycin Imidazole Ketocanazole Systemic
Quinolones Quinolone carboxylic acid Enrofloxacin Itracanazole,
Norfloxacin Thiabendazole
Ciprofloxacin Fluconazole
Pefloxacin Flucytosine Cryptococcal meningitis,
Oxolinic acid Candidiasis, Aspergillosis
Naphthyridine C.A. Enoxin, Griseofulvin Trichophyton,
Nalidixic acid Microsporum
Cinnoline C.A. Cinoxin Local/ topical agent Tincture of iodine, Phenol,
Pyridopyriminine C.A. Pipemidic acid KI, CuSO4, Gentian, Violet,
Quinolizine C.A. Flumequine Nystatin, Tiacetin,
Sulphonamide Standard use SLD Sulfathiazole Polynoxylin, Olamine.
and Combination Sulfadimidine
Sulfamerazine ANTIVIRAL AGENTS
Sulfadimethoxine
SLD for uterine tract Sulfoxazole Name Spectrum Example
infection Sulfisomidine Pyrimidine nucleosides Herpes simplex Trifluridine
SLD for digestive tract Sulfaguanidine Idoxuridine
Potentiated SLD SLD + Diminopyrimidine Purine nucleosides Herpes encephalitis s Vidarabine
SLD + Pyrimethamine Acyclovir
Topical SLD Sulfacetamide Deoxyacyclovir
Mafenide, Silver sulfadiazine, Ribovirin DNA & RNA virus
Sulfathiazole Adeno, Herpes, Orthomyxo,
Tetracycline Natural Oxytetracycline, Paramyxo, Pox, Picorna,
Chlortetracycline, Reovirus
Demethylchlortetracycline Azidothymidine Retro virus (AIDS)
Semi synthetic Tetracycline, Methacycline, Amentadine Pseudorabies, Influenza C
Rolitetracycline Interferone Wide spectrum
Minocycline
Doxycycline ANTHELMINTICS
Chloramphenicol Thiamphenicol, Chlorphenicol
Florphenicol Class Example
Macrolides 14-membered lactone ring Erythromycin, Oleandomycin, Inhibitors of tubulin polymerization Benzimidazoles, Probenzimidazole
group Troleandomycin Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation Salicylanilides
16-membered lactone ring Spiramycin, Josamycin, Inhibitors of enzymes in glycolytic pathway Clorsulon
Tylosin Cholinesterase inhibitors Organo-phosphorus (Coumaphos,
Lincosamides Lincomycin, Dichlorvos, Haloxon, Trichlorofon)
Clindamycin Cholinergic Agonist Imidathiazoles (Levamisole, Tetramisole)
Miscellanous Polymixin, Bacitracin, Pyrimidines (Morantel, Oxantel, Pyrantel)
Vancomycin, Muscle hyperpolarization Piperazine
Novobiocin, Timulin, Potentiation of inhibitory transmitters Macrocycliclactones (Ivermectin,
Rifamycin, Nitrofurans Doramectin, Milbemycin, Moxidectin)
Nitroimidazoles. PRE-ANAESTHETIC AGENTS
25 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN
 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

Bromides Chlorides
Type Example Camphor Siquil, Saline diuretics
Anticholinergics Atropine sulphate Castor oil Lavage, Atropine sulphate
Hyoscine Ephedrine Lavage, Emetics
Glycopyrrolate Chloroform O2, Coramine, Ca-borogluconate
Morphine & derivatives Morphine, Pethidine, Fetanyl, Formaldehyde Lavage, Na-carbonate
Etorphine, Pentazocine, Methadone Digitalis Lavage, Propranolol, Na2SO4
Tranquilizers Chlorpromazine HCl (Largactil), Coumarine Vit. K
Triflupromazine HCl (Siquil), Iron toxicosis Deferoxamine
Promethazine HCl (Phenergan), Inorganic phosphorus CuSO4
Droperidol
Acetylpromazine
Xylazine, Detomidine
ANIMAL DISEASES AND THEIR NICKNAMES
Neurolaptanalgesics Fentanyl citrate + Droperidol +
Diseases Nickname (Synonym)
Methadone + Acepromazine
Anaplasmosis Gall sickness
Hemobartenellosis Feline infectious anemia
DOSES OF IMPORTANT DRUGS Schistosomiasis Bilharzia
Trypanosoma cruzi infection Chagas disease
Name of Drug Dog Horse Cattle/Buffalo Trypanosoma evansi infection Surra
Atropine sulphate 0.02 mg/kg IM 40-60 mg IM -- Trypanosoma equiperdum infection Dourine
Pentazocine (mg/kg) -- 0.5-4.0 orally -- Cutanoeus asthenia Ehlers danlos syndrome
Etorphine 2 µ/kg for wild animals Rubber puppy disease
Meperidine HCl 5-10 mg/kg 1 mg/kg upto 1 gm 1 mg/kg upto 1 gm Streptococcal lymphadenitis in pigs Jowl abscess
Largactil 0.5-1 mg/kg IM 0.4 mg/kg IM 1 mg/kg IM Dirofilariasis Heart worm disease
Xylazine 1-2 mg/kg IM -- -- High mountain disease Brisket disease; Pulmonary hypertensive heart
Ketamine HCl 10-20 mg/kg IM -- -- disease
Propofol 6 mg/kg IV 2 mg/kg IV -- Clostridium piliforme disease Tyzzer's disease
Chloral hydrate -- 6.5g/50 kg IV 90-100 mg/kg IV Brachygnathia Parrot mouth (in horse)
Prognathia Sow mouth (in horses)
EMERGENCY DRUGS AND THEIR ANTAGONISTS Ankyloglossia Bird tongue
Epitheliogenesis imperfect Smooth tongue
Drug Antagonist / Antidote Epulis Gingival hyperplasia
Atropine Physostigmine Segmented aplasia Rectal agenesis
Morphine Nalloxone Lipomatosis Abnormal fat necrosis
Pentobarbital sodium Yohimbine Bloat Ruminal tympany
Organo-phosphorus compound PAM Lactic acidosis Grain overload
5-OH Tryptamine Methysergide, LSD, Ergot alkaloid Hardware disease Traumatic gastritis or Traumatic
Kallikrien Aprotonin reticuloperitonitis
Angiotensin Saralosin Fasciola magna infection Giant liver fluke infection
Heparin Toluidine Potamine Dirocoelium dendriticum infection Lancet fluke infection
Vitamin K Coumarine Eurytrema infection Pancreatic fluke infection
Alcohol NaHCO3, or Na-citrate Paramphistome infection Rumen fluke infection or Conical fluke infec.
Aercoline Atropine sulphate Trichostrongylus axei infection Hair worm infection
Aspirin NaHCO3, Coramine Theiler's disease Serum hepatitis idiopathic acute hepatitis
Barbiturate Amphetamine Black disease Infectious necrotic hepatitis
Barium MgSO4 Equine ehrlichial colitis Potomac horse fever
Belladona Tannic acid Escherichia coli enterotoxemia Edema disease
Benzoic acid Siquil, Diuretics Porcine proliferative enteritis Ilietis or Porcine intestinal adenomatosis

27 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

Slavery mouth / Slavers / Rattle Belly Watery mouth disease (lambs) by E.coli Species Cycle type Cycle Duration Optimal breeding time
Vincent's stomatitis or Trenchmouth Necrotizing ulcerative gingivostomatitis length of estrus
Spirocerca lupi infection Esophageal worm infection Horse Seasonally polyestrus 19-26 6 days Last few days, should be bred
Trichiuris infection Whipworm infection (early spring to summer) days at 2 days interval
Ancylostoma caninum infection Hook worm infection Cattle Polyestrus all year 21 days 18 hours Insemination from midestrus
Acanthocephalus infection Thorny headed worm infection until 6 hrs after end of estrus
Blepheritis Eyelid inflammation Sheep Seasonally polyestrus 16.5 days 24-48 18-20 hr after onset of estrus
Dacrocystitis Lacrimal sac inflammation (early fall to winter) hours
Pink eye Infectious opthalmia Goat Seasonally polyestrus 19 days 2-3 days Daily during estrus
Cushing's disease Hyperadrenocorticism (early fall to winter)
Addison's disease Hypoadrenocorticism Pig Polyestrus all year 21 days 2-3 days ~ 24 hrs after onset of estrus
Actinobacillus lignieresii infection Wooden tongue Dog Un-seasonally 3.5-13 2-21 From day 2 of estrus and on
Actinomyces bovis infection Lumpy jaw monoestrus months days alternate days thereafter until
Splenic fever or Charbon or Milzbrand Anthrax end of estrus
Borreliosis Lyme disease Cat Induces ovulation 14-21 6-7 days Daily from day 2 of estrus
Bacillary hemoglobinuria Redwater disease Seasonally polyestrus days
Clostridium chauvoei infection Black leg disease (spring and early fall)
Clostridium novyi infection Big head disease
Lamziekte Botulism VACCINATION SCHEDULE FOR CATTLE/BUFFALO
Pulpy kidney disease Type D enterotoxemia
Akabane disease Akabane virus infection Disease Vaccine Time for Dose rate Route
Hairy shaiker disease Border disease (Pestivirus) vaccination
Leptospirosis Redwater disease of calves Haemorrhagic HS oil based Preferably in 3 ml (L.A) SC
Listeriosis or Listerellosis Circling disease Septicemia (HS) vaccine (NIAB) May/June 2 ml (S.A)
Yersiniosis Plague Black Quarter Polyvalent BQ March/April 5 ml SC
Tularemia Francisella tularemia vaccine
Swamp fever Equine infectious anemia Anthrax Anthrax spore August 1 ml SC SC
Equine typhoid Equine viral arteritis vaccine
st
Glanders Farcy Rinderpest Rinderpest 1 injection at 6 mo 1 ml SC
Swine fever Hog cholera vaccine & 2nd at 2 yrs of age
Glasser's disease Infectious polyarthritis FMD FMD (VRI) February/March and 1 ml / 100 kg SC
Coronaviral encephalomyelitis Vomiting and washing disease September/October
Ondiri disease Bovine petechial fever FMD (Marial) At start of winter 3 ml (L.A) SC
Three day sickness Ephemeral fever season 2 ml (S.A)
Thrombotic meningoencephalitis Hemophilus sominus disease Rabies Rabies Post exposure 32 ml daily for SC or IM
Cowdriosis Heartwater disease 14 days
Snotsiektte Cattarrhal fever or Gangrenous coryza
Johne's disease Paratuberculosis VACCINATION SCHEDULE FOR SHEEP/GOAT
Rinderpest Cattle plague
Canine distemper Hardpad disease Disease Vaccine Time for Dose rate
Feline distemper Feline panleucopenia vaccination
Enterotoxemia Enterotoxemia January and July 2-3 ml
Anthrax Anthrax February or Rainy 0.5 ml
season
Sheep Pox / Goat Sheep Pox / Goat March and 1 ml S/C or
Pox Pox September 0.5 ml IM
FMD FMD February and August 1-3 ml S/C
DURATION OF ESTRUS AND OPTIMAL BREEDING SEASON Pleuro-pneumonia Pleuro-pneumonia October/November 1 ml S/C

29 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

Rabies Rabies Post exposure 10 ml daily for 7 A) Buffalo

days Breed Name Synonym Utility Geographic Distribution
Kundhi Milk, meat Mainly in Sindh, but also in
VACCINATION SCHEDULE FOR DOG Punjab and Balochistan
Azi-Kheli Milk, meat Swat valley of KPK
Age Vaccination Nili Milk, meat Mainly in Punjab but also
6-8 week Hexa dog (CD, canine hepatitis, parvovirus, in metro colonies of other
leptospirosis, parainfluenza) provinces
9-12 week Booster dose of hexa dog Nili-Ravi Milk, meat Mainly in Punjab but also
12 + week Rabies vaccination in metro colonies of other
13-16 week Repeat hexa dog + rabies vaccination provinces
Repeat it annually Ravi Milk, meat Mainly in Punjab but also
in metro colonies of other
VACCINATION SCHEDULE FOR CAT provinces

Age Vaccination B) Cattle

8 week Falovac® (Feline rhinotrachitis, feline Breed Name Synonym Utility Geographic Distribution
panleukopenia, feline calcivirus) Achai -- Dairy and draught KPK
12 week Repeat Falovac® Bhagnari Nari Heavy draught Balochistan
16 week Rabies + booster of Falovac® Cholistani -- Dairy Punjab
Dajal -- Medium draught Punjab
Desi Non-descript Dairy and draught All over Pakistan
VACCINATION SCHEDULE FOR POULTRY
Dhanni Pothwari Medium draught Punjab
A) LAYERS Gibrali -- Dairy and draught KPK
Vaccine Age Route of Administration Hariana -- Draught Punjab
Marek's disease 1 day Intransal/ Intra ocular Hissar -- Draught Punjab
Ranikhet disease (F-strain) 4-10 days Intra ocular / Intra nasal Kankraj -- Medium draught Sindh and Punjab
Gumboro disease 18-21 days Intra ocular / Drinking water Lohani -- Light draught KPK and Punjab
Infectious bronchitis 24-48 days Intra ocular / Drinking water Red Sindhi Malir, Sindhi Dairy Sindh and Balochistan
Ranikhet disease (Booster) 5 – 6 weeks Intra ocular/ Drinking water Rojhan -- Light draught Punjab
Ranikhet (R2B strain) 8-9 weeks Subcutaneous Sahiwal Lola, Montgomery Dairy Punjab
Fowl pox 10-11 weeks Scratching Thari Tharparkar, Grey Dairy and draught Sindh
Infectious bronchitis (booster) 14-16 weeks Intra ocular / Drinking water Sindhi
Fowl pox (Booster) 16-17 weeks Scratching / Intramuscular
Ranikhet disease (Killed) 18-19 weeks Intramuscular / Subcutaneous C) Sheep
Ranikhet and Bronchitis 40 wks & above Drinking water Breed Name Synonym Utility Geographic Distribution
(Combined vaccine) Baghdale Mutton, Wool Punjab
Gumboro disease 45-50 weeks Intramuscular / Subcutaneous Balkhi Mutton, Wool, Fat KPK
Baltastani Mutton, Wool Northern areas
B) BROILER Balochi Mutton, Wool, Fat Balochistan
Vaccine Age Route of administration Bibrik Bugti Mutton, Wool, Fat Balochistan
Marek's disease 1 day Subcutaneous Buchi Bahawalpuri Mutton, Wool Punjab
Ranikhet disease (F-strain) 4-10 days Intra ocular / Intra nasal Cholistani Bekaneri Mutton, Wool Punjab
Gumboro disease 18-21 days Intra ocular / Drinking water Damani Mutton, Wool, Milk KPK
Ranikhet disease (Booster) 30-35 days Intra ocular / Intra nasal / Drinking water Dumbi Mutton, Wool, Fat Sindh
Gojal Mutton, Wool, Fat Northern areas
Harnai Dumari Mutton, Wool, Fat Balochistan
ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN Hashtnagri Mutton, Wool, Fat KPK

31 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

Hissardale Mutton, Wool Punjab Kurri Meat, Milk Sindh

Kachhi Kutchhi Mutton, Wool, Milk Sindh Labri Meat, Milk, Hair AJK
Kaghani Mutton, Wool KPK Lehri Meat, Milk, Hair Balochistan
Kail Mutton, Wool AJK Lohri Meat, Milk, Hair Sindh
Kajli Mutton, Wool Punjab Nachi Bikneri Meat, Milk, Hair Punjab
Kali Mutton, Wool AJK Pak-Angora Mohair Punjab
Khijloo Haleenjoo Mutton, Wool, Fat Punjab Pateri Meat, Milk Sindh
Kohai Ghizer Mutton, Wool, Fat Northern areas Piamiri Meat, Milk, Hair Northern areas
Kooka Mutton, Wool Sindh Potohari Salt range Meat, Milk AJK, Punjab
Latti Salt range Mutton, Wool, Fat Punjab Shurri Meat, Milk, Hair AJK
Lohi Parkanni, Mutton, Wool Punjab Tapri Lappi Meat, Milk Sindh
Lamochar Teddy Meat, Milk Punjab, AJK
Michni Mutton, Wool, Fat KPK Tharki Tharri Meat, Milk Sindh
Pahari Mutton, Wool AJK
Pak-awassi Mutton, Wool, Fat Punjab, Sindh E) Camel
Pak-karakul Mutton, Wool Punjab, Balochistan
Breed Name Synonym Utility Geographic Distribution
Poonchi Mutton, Wool AJK Bagri Booja Meat, Milk, Draught Punjab
Rukhshani Mutton, Wool, Fat Balochistan Bikarai Mehra, Mereeha Meat, Milk, Draught Punjab
Sipli Mutton, Wool Punjab Brahvi Meat, Milk, Draught Balochistan
Thalli Mutton, Wool Punjab Brela Thalocha Meat, Milk, Draught Punjab
Tirahi Afridi Mutton, Wool, Fat KPK Campbelpuri Meat, Milk, Draught Punjab
Waziri Mutton, Wool, Fat KPK Dhatti Thari Meat, Milk, Draught Sindh
Gaddi Meat, Milk, Draught KPK
D) Goat Gulmani Meat, Milk, Draught KPK
Breed Name Synonym Utility Geographic Distribution Kacchi Meat, Milk, Draught Balochistan
Baltistani Meat, Milk, Hair AJK Kala-chitta Meat, Milk, Draught Punjab
Barbari Bari Meat, Milk Sindh, Punjab Khader Meat, Milk, Draught KPK
Beetal Meat, Milk Punjab Kharai Meat, Milk, Draught Sindh
Beiari Chamber Meat, Milk AJK Kharani Meat, Milk, Draught Balochistan
Buchi Meat, Milk, Hair AJK Larri Sindhi Meat, Milk, Draught Sindh
Bugi Toori Sindh Desi Meat, Milk, Hair Sindh Lassi Meat, Milk, Draught Balochistan
Bujri Meat, Milk, Hair Sindh Makrani Meat, Milk, Draught Balochistan
Chuppar Kohistani, Jablu Meat, Milk, Hair Sindh, Balochistan Maya Meat, Milk, Draught KPK
Damani Meat, Milk, Hair KPK Pishin Meat, Milk, Draught Balochistan
Dera Din Panah Meat, Milk, Hair Punjab Rodbari Meat, Milk, Draught Balochistan
Desi Jattal Meat, Milk, Hair AJK Sakrai Meat, Milk, Draught Sindh
Gaddi Meat, Milk, Hair KPK, AJK Pak Bactrian Meat, Milk, Draught Northern Area
Hairy Meat, Milk, Hair Punjab
Jarakheil Meat, Milk AJK F) Horses
Jattan Meat, Milk Sindh Breed Name Synonym Utility Geographic Distribution
Kaccchan Meat, Milk Sindh Anmol Sport Punjab
Kaghani Meat, Milk, Hair Punjab, Northern Areas Balochi Sport Balochistan
Kail Meat, Milk, Hair AJK Heerzai Sport Balochistan
Kajli Kajlee, Pahari Meat, Milk, Hair Punjab, Balochistan Kajlan Sport Punjab
Kamori Meat, Milk Sindh Kakka Biralawala Sport Punjab
Khurassani Baluchi Meat, Milk, Hair Balochistan Morna Sport Punjab
Kohai Ghizer Meat, Milk, Hair Northern areas Siaen Shien Sport Punjab
Kooti Meat, Milk, Hair AJK Makra Sindh Desi Sport Sindh

33 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

Pak Thoroughbred Sport All over Pakistan copper sulphate, (vomitus contain sedatives
Waziri Sport KPK ● Contamination much mucous and ● In affected lambs 100 mg
of drinking water green to blue ammonium molybdate and 1
G) Chicken or pasture top colour), abdominal gm sodium sulphate orally
Breed Name Synonym Utility Geographic Distribution dressed with pain, diarrhea, for 3 to 5 days.
Aseel Sport All over Pakistan copper containing collapse and death
Desi Egg, Meat All over Pakistan products. within 20 hrs.
Lyallpur Silver Black Egg, Meat UAF Chronic cases:
Naked Neck Ring Neck, Ghoni Egg, Meat All over Pakistan Hemoglobinuria
and jaundice.
Cyanides ● During summer Depression, ● Sheep: 1 gm sodium
(Hydrocyanic drought immature staggering gait, nitrate and 2.5 gm sodium
COMMON POISONINGS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT Acid) sorghum is eaten muscle tremors, thiosulphate in 50 ml water
by cattle. opisthotonus and IV.
Poisons Source of Important signs Treatment ● Eaten the dyspnoea. ● Cattle: 3 gm sodium
Poisons material which is There may be hyper nitrate and 15 gm sodium
A. Inorganic and Organic Chemicals high in cyanide aesthesia, dilation thiosulphate in 200 ml water
content. of pupil, and bloat IV alongwith 30 gm sodium
Acids --- --- ● Do not use stomach tube
in recumbency. thiosulphate orally at hourly
or emetics
interval.
● Neutralize acid using
Other treatment includes
chalk, magnesium carbonate,
respiratory stimulants and
solution of sodium bicarb.,
artificial respiration.
lime water, oils.
Fluorine ● Ingestion of Acute: ● Aluminium sulphate: 20
● For oxalic acid, use
pasture Gastroenteritis, gm orally daily for
calcium preparations, chalk
contaminated vomiting, prevention of chronic
and lime water.
with fluorine (top dyspnoea. Muscle fluorosis and larger dose for
Alkalis --- --- Dilute via acids (vinegar),
dressing) with tremor, pupilary treatment.
demulcents, eggs, milk,
phosphate dilation and hyper ● Calcium salt
linseed or castor oil.
limestone or aesthesia. intravenously.
Antihistamines --- --- Artificial respiration, feeding of Chronic: Dental
respiratory and CNS phosphate rock lesions, lameness
stimulant; if convulsions, use supplements). and stiffness with
small doses of barbiturates ● Drinking of painful gait, pain is
(IV). Animal should be kept water from deep evinced on pressure
in dark room. wells. over limb bones.
Aspirin --- --- Emetics, respiratory ● Fertilizers Salivation, Methylene blue 1-2mg/kg
Nitrate and
stimulants and artificial contain nitrates. abdominal pain, body weight IV as 1%
Nitrites
respiration. ● Plant raised on diarrhea and solution.
Barbiturates --- --- Emetics, artificial high nitrogenous vomiting.
respiration, nikethamide manures. Dyspnoea, muscle Treatment should be
(coramine), strychnine. ● Accidental tremors, staggering repeated when large amount
Carbon Coal gas Difficult ● Nikethamide as respiratory poisoning with gait, cyanosis and of toxic material has been
monoxide respiration, coma, analeptic. sodium or convulsions. ingested.
pale mucous ● Oxygen containing 5% potassium nitrate.
membrane and carbon dioxide. Strychnine/ Accidental over Reflex excitement, ● Sedation of animal with
cherry red colored Nuxvomica dosing with titanic convulsions, chlorpromazine
blood. strychnine opisthotonus and hydrochloride or chloral
Copper ● Administration Acute cases: there ● Symptomatic treatment for preparations. protrusion of eye hydrate or barbiturates.
of large doses of is vomiting in dog shock and gastro-intestinal Used for killing balls, Death due to ● Tannic acid orally to

35 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

animals with bad respiratory arrest. precipitate the alkaloid. hydrocarbons intake ● Spray of excitability and activated charcoal (about 5
intentions. (such as D.D.T., dipping to control irritability, lbs). Avoid oily purgative.
Sodium chloride Drinking of saline Vomiting, diarrhea, Toxic feed and water must B.H.C., the ectoparasite. muscular tremor, ● Sodium phenobarbital 5
water abdominal pain, be removed immediately. heptachlor, ● Consumption weakness, paralysis gm per day.
blindness Symptomatic treatment such chlordane) of the treated seed and convulsions. ● Atropine sulphate (0.05
as gastro-intestinal sedatives by animals. mg/kg) IM.
and isotonic fluid should be ● Calcium salt parenterally.
given. Organophosphate ● Accidental Chronic: ● Atropine sulphate (double
Urea ● Accidental Severe abdominal ● Oral administration of (such as intake Salivation, dose) 0.25 mg/kg b.wt. 1/3rd
intake of urea. pain, muscle weak acid such as vinegar or malathione etc.) ● Spray on the dyspnoea, diarrhea, IV and remaining IM
● Feeding of tremor, 5% acetic acid. pasture, orchards stiffness of muscle. ● Saline purgative
large quantity of incoordination, ● Parenteral administration etc Acute: Profuse ● Fluid therapy
urea in feed (feed dyspnoea, bloat and of calcium and magnesium ● Spray/dipping salivation, ● Chloral hydrate or
additive as a violent struggling salts. of the animal protrusion of phenobarbitone inj
cheap protein) and bellowing tongue, bloat,
collapse and death.
B. Anthelmintic Poisoning
D. Poisonous Plants
Carbon tetra- Accidental Immediate effects ● Artificial respiration and
chloride administration are staggering, respiratory centre stimulants. Aflatoxicosis Intake of Hepatic ● Symptomatic treatment.
into respiratory falling, collapse, ● Supportive treatment for (toxin of contaminated insufficiency, ● Infected grain, if given to
tract or oral convulsions and hepatitis. aspergillus spp.) groundnuts and blindness, walking the animal should be treated
administration of death due to ● Parenteral administration sorghum grain in circles, frequent with ammonia.
massive dose respiratory failure. of calcium solution and and corn etc. falling, teeth
If animal survive, glucose solution. grinding, diarrhea
there is depression, with blood and
muscular, weakness, mucus, severe
diarrhea and tenesmus, finally
jaundice. convulsion and
Phenothiazine Accidental over ● Photosensitization, ● Affected animal should be abortion in
dosing in keratitis, kept in dark place. pregnant animals.
animals (accumulation of ● Antiseptic eye ointment Bracken fern Ingestion of Loss of condition, ● Butyl alcohol (bone
phenothiazine and 500,000 IU vitamin A (Pteridium bracken fern dryness and marrow stimulant) 1.0 gm in
sulphoxide in orally for prevention of eye aquilina) slackness of the combination with antibiotics
aqueous humor of infection. skin, high fever, IV or SC.
eye and produce ● Blood transfusion and drooling of saliva, Thiamine hydrochloride.
white opacity of the fluid therapy bleeding from the
cornea due to nose, eyes and
sunrays). vagina.
● Hemolytic anemia Hematuria,
● Abortion, ataxia petechial
and paralytic haemorrhage on
Hexachlorethane Accidental over Ataxia, dullness, ● Administration of Calcium udder mucosa and
dosing for the abdominal pain and borogluconate skin. Edema of
treatment of diarrhea, in severe throat region and
fascioliasis cases the signs are dyspnoea.
identical of milk Ergot (Claviceps Ingestion of Chronic: Dry No treatment Except:
fever. purpurea – Ergot fodder and grain gangrene of the ● Infested grain should be
C. Insecticides Ingestion of rye) infested with extremities of with drawn
Chlorinated ● Accidental Increased ● Saline purgative and ergot limbs, tail and ear. ● Vasodilator drugs be used

37 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

Lameness, and FLUID THERAPY

recumbency.
Acute:
Convulsions, Indications of Fluid Therapy
staggering and 1. Shock
tendency to fall. 2. Diarrhea-sever or prolonged
Intermittent 3. Anorexia as a result of pyrexia, digestive disorders and post operative condition
blindness, paralysis 4. Rumen acidosis; Engorgement of grain leads to ketosis, dehydration
and coma. 5. Vomition – severe or prolonged
Lantana Feeding of the Sever constipation ● Keep the animal in dark 6. Burns
(Lantana camara) plant in early stages, place. 7. Endocrine disorders
hemorrhagic ● Purgative 8. Alkalosis
gastroenteritis, ● Glucose saline and liver 9. Renal insufficiency
weakness, tonic 10. Abomasal displacement and torsion
photosensitization The percentage of loss of fluid can be assessed by following rule of thumb:
and jaundice. 4-6 % dehydration No sign of dehydration
Oak (Quercus Feeding the oak Ventral edema, ● Calcium hydroxide (15% 6-8 % dehydration Moderate dehydration with sunken eyes, 2-4 second skin fold test
spp) plants polyuria, abdominal of the ration) is an effective 8-12 % dehydration Sever dehydration skin fold test 20-45 seconds
pain and antidote.
constipation ● Liquid paraffin with milk Route of Administration
followed by the The selection of the route of route for fluid therapy will depends on certain considerations:
passage of feces a) Kind of disease and its severity
containing mucus b) Extent of dehydration
and blood. c) Condition of the patient
Sweet Clover Ingestion of Extensive ● Stop feeding of damaged d) Organic function of the patient
(Melilotus spp.) mouldy sweet hemorrhage in hay. e) Type of electrolyte imbalance
clover hay which subcutaneous ● Vitamin K, 2000 mg IV f) Time and equipment available
contains tissue, muscles,
dicoumaral). anemia and Solutions Commonly Used:
increased clotting 1) Dextrose solution: are available in 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 25% concentration., but
time. 5% solution is isotonic an used in routine practice.
E. Plant byproduct Poisoning Indications:
Soybean Meal When it is Aplastic anemia, As in the Bracken fern - To avoid dehydration, depletion of liver glucose, ketosis, excess tissue catabolism
prepared by leucopenia and poisoning - In renal, hepatic, cardiac and gastrointestinal diseases
trichloroethylene damage to vascular - To accelerate sodium excretion
extraction endothelium - To increase intracranial pressure only hypertonic solution be used.
Linseed Cake It contains high ● Same as in Cake can be detoxificated by Contraindications:
content of cyanide poisoning. soaking and then boiling for - Never give more than 5% dextrose solution in ketosis.
"cyanide". ● High incidence of 10 minute to eliminate the - The higher percentage will increase ketosis rather than curing.
goiter in newborn hydrocyanic acid. - Never give in case of milk fever
lamb, if ewe fed - Do not give following blood transfusion
large quantity of 2) Sodium Chloride (0.9% solution)
cake during Indications:
pregnancy. - Excessive salivation called "Pantar" and digestive disturbances
Cottonseed Cake It contains Damage to the Cooking of the cake or - Vomition
phenolic myocardium and addition of 1% calcium - Pyloric obstruction
substances liver hydroxide or 0.1% ferrous - Abomasal disorders
sulphate for detoxication. - Heat stroke
- Alkalosis due to fluid loss

39 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

Contraindications: Conversely many forages such as corncobs, straws are not forages.
- Never give in ascitis and edema Roughages:
3) Ringer's Solution These are feeding stuffs which are bulky and contain more than 18% crude fiber and less
Indications: conc. of energy yielding nutrients. These as high in fiber content and low in energy (1-1.4
- Dehydration mcal/kg of DM). Example: Straws, green fodder, hay, silage
- Slight alkalosis or hypochloremia Concentrate:
Contraindications: These are feed stuffs which contain less than 18% crude fiber and less bulky and rich in
- Milk fever energy yielding nutrients. These are low in fiber contents and high in energy (1.5-2.2 Mcal/kg
4) Lactated Ringer's Solution of DM). Example: Cereal grains, oil seeds.
Indications:
- Slight acidosis Health:
- Dehydration Health is a state of an individual living in complete harmony with his environment/
- Burn, infection and peritoneal disorders surroundings.
- To counteract the excess use of acidifying solution. Disease:
Contraindications: It is a condition in which an individual shows an anatomical, chemical or physiological
- Liver dysfunction deviation from the normal.
- Congestive heart failure Illness:
- Anorexia due to shock Illness is the reaction of an individual to disease in the form of illness.
- Severe metabolic alkalosis Hemostasis:
- Rumen acidosis It is the mechanism by which body keeps equilibrium between health and disease.
Pathology:
5) Sodium lactate Solution: It is the study of the anatomical, chemical and physiological alteration from the normal as a
Indications:
result of disease in animals.
- To induce quick alkalinity of urine, prior giving sulpha drugs
Oncology:
- To avoid renal damage and hemoglobinuria after blood transfusion
It is the study of cancer/tumor/neoplasms.
- In case of myohemoglobinuria in horses
Etiology:
- Metabolic acidosis not of anoxic origin
It is the study of causation of disease.
- At the dose rate of 25 ml/kg body weight Intravenously
Diagnosis:
Contraindications:
It is an art of precisely knowing the cause of a particular disease
- Vomition
Symptoms:
- Hepatic disorders
Any subjective evidence of disease of animal characterized by an indication of altered bodily
- Respiratory alkalosis
or mental state as told by owner (complaints of the patients).
- Lactic acidosis
Signs:
6) Acid Sodium Phosphate Solution These are indication of the existence of something, any objective evidence of disease,
Indications: perceptible to veterinarian.
- Use in post parturient hemoglobinuria especially in buffaloes at dose rate of 60 Syndrome:
gram acid sodium phosphate in 800 ml distilled water given intravenously very A combination of symptoms caused by altered physiological process involve a no. of
slowly. The same dose given SC 12 hours interval for 3 times. causative agents.
Lesion:
GLOSSARY It is a pathological alteration in structure/ function that can be detectable.
Nutrition: Pathogenesis:
It is study of quality and quantity of nutrients for particular stage of animal for particular It is the progressive development of a disease process. It starts with the entry of causal agent
goal. Goal is to optimize productivity. in body and ends either with the recovery or death.
Nutrients: Incubation period:
The chemical substance found in feed that can be used and are necessary for maintenance, It is the time that elapses between the action of a cause and manifestation of disease.
production and health of the animal. Course of disease:
Main classes of nutrients are: Water, Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat, Minerals and Vitamins. It is the duration for which the disease process remains till fate either in the form of recovery
Forages: or death of animal.
Vegetative portion of plant fed to the animal in fresh, dried or ensiled state. Prognosis:
Although most forages are roughages. It is an estimate by a clinician of probable severity or outcome of disease.

41 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

Morbidity rate: Rx:

It is the percentage/proportion of affected animals out of the total population in a particular Penicillin @ 20,000 IU per kg bwt twice daily or Streptomycin @ 8-10 g/day or
disease outbreak. Oxytetracycline @ 5 mg/kg bwt per day IM
Mortality rate:
It is the percentage/proportion of animals out of total population, died due to disease in a Tetanus
particular disease outbreak. Causative agent: Clostridium tetani; releases exotoxins which are: i) Tetanospasmin ii)
Case fatality rate: Tetanolysin
It is the percentage/proportion of animals died among the affected animals. Signs: Condition is associated with the history of wound. Other signs are third eyelid
Biospsy: prolapse, body muscle stiffness, lock jaw
It is the examination of tissue received from the living animals. Rx:
Infection: Penicillin (in larger doses), Chlorpromazine (muscle relaxant) @ 1 mg/kg IM, Hydration
It is the invasion of the tissues of the body by pathogenic organisms resulting in the status maintained by passing stomach tube and pouring water directly into the stomach, to
development of a disease. relieve the animal from urination, pass urine catheter.
Infestation:
It is the superficial attack of any parasite/organism on the surface of the body.
Pathogenicity:
Black Leg
Causative agent: Clostridium chauvoei
It is the capability of an organism for producing a disease.
Cattle of 6 month to 2 years age and rapidly growing with high plan of nutrition are most
Virulence:
susceptible.
Virulence is the degree of invasiveness of pathogenic organism.
Rx:
High doses of penicillin and surgical debridement

BACTERIAL DISEASES Bacillary Haemoglobinuria

Causative agent: Clostrodium hemolyticum; releases neurotoxins and hemolytic betatoxin
Mastitis Signs: Toxemia, Fever, Hemoglobinuria
Causative agents: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus aglactiae --- These are most Rx: Penicillin, Tetracycline
prevalent bacteria, Others are: Corynebacterium bovis, Mycoplasma bovis
Diagnostic Tests: Hemorrhagic Septicemia
Bulk tank somatic cell count (at herd level), California mastitis test (distinguish into peracute, Syn: Barbone disease,
acute, subacute and subclinical mastitis); it is negative when SCC is < 200,000 and positive Causative agent: Pasteurella multocida ; normal inhabitant of respiratory tract
when SCC > 200,000 Transmission: direct contact by droplets
Treatment: Signs: High temperature (106-107 F), Profused salivation, Warm painful swelling around
Sulfonamide or ampicillin (parentral) throat and throat, Dyspnoea
Cefoperazone, Penicillin G and neomycin in combination [intra-mammary] Rx: Sulfonamide

Strangles Brucellosis
Syn: Equine distemper Syn: Bang’s disease (As causative agent was discovered by Bang (A scientist)
It is highly contagious disease, mostly affect horses of young age Zoonosis: Man suffered from undulant fever (also called malta fever , severe headache and
Causative agent: Streptococus equi pain in back.
Signs: Acute onset of fever, anorexia, depression, submandibular and pharyngeal Causative agent: Brucella abortus, B. mellitensis, B. suis
lymphadenopathy with abscessation and upon rupture, there is copious purulent discharge (it Intracellular bacteria which can survive and multiply within the cells of macrophage system.
may be unilateral or bilateral) Signs: It causes abortion after 5th month of pregnancy
Treatment: Rx: No specific treatment
Penicillin, Local treatment of abscess Vaccination: Single 5 ml dose of B.abortus strain 19 is used for vaccination given SC at
from 2 to 6 month of age.
Anthrax
Syn: Spleenic fever Tuberculosis
Causative agent: Bacillus anthracis Causative agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (in human), Mycobacterium bovis (in bovine)
Signs: Fever, septicemia, edema at throat abdomen and flank region, Exudation of tarry Signs: Progressive emaciation, Fluctuation in temperature, Pharyngeal obstruction etc.
blood from the body orifices, failure of body to clot, absence of rigor mortis Test: Tuberculin test (Single intradermal test)
43 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN
 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

Rx: Isoniazid @ 20mg/kg bwt orally Babesiosis

Test and slaughter policy for eradication Syn: Texas fever, Redwater fever, Cattle tick fever
Vaccination: Bacillus calmette guerine (BCG) Causative agent: Babesia spp. [B.bigemina, B. equi]
Transmit by blood sucking ticks of Boophilus spp.
Paratuberculosis Signs: Anemia, Hemoglobinuria, Jaundice, Fever, Heavy case fatality rate
Syn: Johne’s disease Rx: Imidocarb (Imizole) @ 2mg/kg bwt, Diminazine aceturate is affective in sheep @ 12
Causative agent: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis mg/kg bwt as a single dose.
Signs: Progressive emaciation over several weeks, Chronic intractable diarrhea which does
not respond to any treatment, Corrugation of intestinal wall. Fusobacterium necrophorum is normal inhabitant of oral cavity and causes inflammation and
A distinguish characteristic of Johne’s disease is that infection occurs in animal at an early necrosis, injury of the mucosa of oral cavity, pharynx and larynx
age, usually under 30 days of age and clinical disease does not occur until 3-5 years of age. Rx: Debridement of ulcer, Application of solution of tincture of iodine, Oral administration
Rx: No effective treatment, Isoniazid @ 20mg/kg up to 100 days. Streptomycin is also of Sulfamethazine @ 150 mg/kg bwt for 3-5 days.
effective.
Tests: (i) Johnin Intradermal Test (ii) Johnin Intravenous Test Glanders
Causative agent: Pseudomonas mallei
Actinomycosis Signs: Acute/ Chronic. Penumonia, Nodular ulcers in respiratory tract and on the skin.
Syn: Lumpy Jaw The disease is highly fatal, nasal discharge.
Causative agent: Actinomyces bovis; normal inhabitant of the bovine mouth. Rx: Sulfadiazine and Sulfadimidine for 20 days
Signs: Initially pointless hard immovable swelling onmandible or maxilla usually at the level Tests: Mallein Test [ Mallein reagent 0.1 ml is injected in lower aye lid and observed after 48
of central molar teeth. Eventually discharge small amounts of pus through one or more hrs. Swelling of eyelid confirms the +ve case].
openings in skin.
Rx: Surgical debridement, Iodides and/or Sulfonamide orally or parenterally Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP)
A disease of Caprine (Goat), it is not transmissible to cattle and sheep.
Actinobacillosis Causative agent: Mycoplasma capriculum
Syn: Wooden tongue Signs: Cough, Dyspnoea, Lagging, Lying down a lot, Fever 105-106 F and in terminated
Causative agent: Actinobicillus lignieresii; normal inhabitant of alimentary tract. stages, there is mouth breathing tongue protrusion and frothy salivation.
Signs: Difficulty in swelling, nodules in cattle and of lips in sheep. Big head Rx: Tylosin tartrate @ 10mg/kg bwt or Oxatetracycline @ 15mg/kg bwt per day
Rx: Sodium iodide 1 g/12 kg can be given IV as 10% solution in one does both for cattle and
sheep. At least one or two further treatments are at 10-14 days intervals are required for bony
lesions. Note: Abortion occasionally occurs following the treatment of heavily pregnant cows
RICKETTSIAL DISEASES
with sodium iodide.
Tick Borne Fever
Causative agent: Ehrlichia phagoctophilia
Infectious Foot Rot (in Sheep) Signs: Fever, Depression, Lethargy, Polypnoea, & Fall in milk production in cattle, Abortion
Causative agent: Fusiformus necrophorum
Rx: Oxytetracycline @ 10mg/kg bwt IV
Serious outbreaks in wet sand warm weather.
Signs: Interdigital dermatitis, underrunning of horn, medial aspect of claw, strong smell of
necrotic horn, very severe lameness, walk on knees. Q- Fever
Rx: Topical treatment. Zinc sulfate solution 10% + sodium lauryl sulfate 2%. Sheep stood for Causative agent: Coxiella burnetti
one hour in a footbath. Thirsty sheep may drink the footbath solution and die due to zinc Signs: Clinically inapparent and presents mainly as abortion in sheep
toxicity. Antibiotic treatment; Procaine penicillin single IM of 70,000 IU/kg or 70 mg/kg. Rx: Perhaps Oxytetracycline is effective
Dihydrostreptomycin single IM or Long acting Oxytetracycline single IM dose @ 20mg/kg.
Brucellosis
Postparturient Hemoglobinuria Predilaction sites are gravid uterus, mammary lymph node, mammary glands and testes.
It is due to dietary phosphorus deficiency. Signs: Swelling of mammary lymph nodes, Abortion, Mastitis, Orchitis
Signs: Hemoglobinuria, inappetance, reduced milk production, No fever. Tests: Rose Bengal Test, Milk Ring Test
Rx: IV administration of 60 gm of Sodium acid phosphate in 300 ml distilled water and
similar dose SC. Further SC injections at 12 hourly intervals on three occasions and similar
daily doses by mouth. VIRAL DISEASES

45 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Temperature 104 F, Photophobia, Muzzle is dry and there is profuse serious nasal and
Syn: Apthous fever, Contagious aptha lacrimal discharge which later on muco-purulent. Necrotic lesion in mucous membrane of
FMD is an acute febrile highly contagious disease of cloven footed animals. oral cavity. The chief sites of oral lesions comprise of inside of the lowerlip and adjacent
It is characterized by vesicular eruption on the epithelium of buccal cavity, tongue, nares, gums, the cheeks near the commissures of lips; under the tip of the tongue and the back of the
muzzle, feet, teats and udder. hard palate. There is diarrhea and abdominal pain.
Etiology: Rx:
FMD virus (Apthovirus) --- > Family: Picornaviridae; strains found in Pakistan is Asia-1, O, Rinderpest antiserum @ 1ml / kg IV. Antibiotic, symptomatic fluid and electrolyte therapy.
A, C. Virus may remain viable the extent of one year in infected premises. Virus is resistant
to common disinfectants. It is destroyed by sodium hydroxide (NaOH), formalin (1-2%) and Peste Des Petitis Ruminants (PPR)
sodium carbonate (4%). The virus can be preserved in glycerin phosphate buffer with a pH of Syn: Pseudorinderpest, Goat plaque, PPR (plaque as per French phrase in small ruminants);
7.6. The virus is considered as smallest known virus of animal origin. KATA
Transmission: It is an acute to subacute highly contagious disease of small ruminants having resemblance to
Through direct contact with infected animals from infective materials, food stuffs, feeding rinderpest characterized by fever, diarrhea, nasal discharge.
utensils, waterers etc. Spread through air ways like human influenza virus can also take place. The virus belong to Genus Morbillivirus and Family Paramyxoviridae same genus and family
The infection imposes a high spread during the cooler season when the air remains in damp as that of Canine distemper, Rinderpest and Measle virus of human. The virus has
condition. The virus initially settle in the cells of the dorsal surface of the soft palate or on the tremendous affinity for epithelial cells of GIT and lymphoid tissue.
lateral wall of the pharynx following the entry. Transmission: Some like rinderpest.
Clinical Findings: On entry, the virus invades the retropharyngeal lymph nodes and mucosa.
Morbidity: 100%, Incubation period : 2-8 days
Virus multiplies in blood stream -- > viremia --- > temp goes 104 to 106 F following peak Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
temperature characteristic vesicles appear in the oral mucosa (vesicular stomatitis), Syn: Mucosal disease complex
interdigital space, udder etc. at this stage there is reduction in temperature, profuse salivation, BVD is a subacute, acute, or inapparent contagious disease having the manifestation of high
and lameness. Drooling of slimy, ropy salivation and protrusion of the tongue are the futures rise of temperature and diarrhea; Pathological features of which are comprised of erosion of
in this stage; lesions appear in the junction of hoof. In severe case, there is shedding of the the mouth, esophagus, rumen, abdomen and intestine. Diarrhea and erosion of GIT.
hooves. Suckling calf usually die as a result of myocarditis and myocardial degeneration. Etiology:
Post-FMD complexes: BVD virus --- > Genus: Pestivirus and Family: Togaviridae
Penting --- > due to lesions in pituitary gland and thermoregulation (endocrine disturbance), Host susceptible: Principally noted in Cattle, less in buffalo, deer and wild ruminants.
anemia, slower growth of hairs, mastitis, diabetes mellitus. Transmission: occur during all seasons but more in rainy and winter season.
Treatment: Animal of all ages are affected but more in 6 to 24 months of age.
No specific treatment
Antiseptic mouth wash with potassium permagnate, sodium carbonate, boric acid and
glycerin may be applied. Antiseptic may be given on foot lesions and mammary tissues.
Blue Tongue
It is an infectious non-contagious (arthropod-borne) viral disease of domestic and wild
Vaccination:
animals. This is predominately a disease of sheep but occasionally cattle, and goat are
Commercially polyvalent vaccines is used which contain O,A, C, Asia-I strains.
affected. The disease is characterized by high fever, catarrhal inflammation of buccal mucous
membrane (stomatitis) and nasal mucous membrane (catarrhal rhinitis), cyanotic and bluish
Rinderpest appearance of tongue; painful hoof; a pink line appear on coronet which is absent in FMD.
Syn: Cattle plaque Etiology:
It is an acute or sub-acute febrile, highly contagious disease of even toed ungulates. It is pre- Blue tongue virus --- > Genus: Obrivirus --- > Family: Reoviridae
dominantly a fatal disease of cattle and buffalo characterized by necrotic stomatitis, Transmission:
gastroenteritis, dehydration and destruction of lymphocytes. Virus spread through blood sucking midges of the genus culicoides and mosquitoes also.
Etiology:
Rinderpest virus -- > Genus Morbillivirus -- > family Paramyxoviridae (Latine “morbi”
denotes measles). Virus is spherical with diameter 100-300. virus can be destroyed by
Ephemeral Fever
Syn: Three days sickness
ultraviolet light and is heat sensitive.
It is an arthropod transmitted disease of cattle characterized by high temperature, stiffness,
Transmission:
lameness, muscular tremor with spontaneous recovery.
Same like FMD. Feces is the main source of infection. Virus can remain alive upto 8 month
in faces. Rinderpest virus got tremendous affinity to lymphoid tissue and epithelial
tissues/cells of GIT and respiratory tract. Virus cause destruction of lymphocytes in tissues -- Cow Pox
> leucopenia. It is a contagious eruptive skin disease of cattl . It is mild cutaneous disease where the lesions
Clinical Findings: are mostly confined to udder and teat. The disease is transmissible to human beings.

47 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

Etiology: Etiology:
Cowpox virus --- > Genus: Orthopoxvirus --- > Family Poxviridae Rabies virus, Genus Lyssa virus and Family Rhabdoviridae
Transmission: Direct contact, via hands of milkers and also by insects It is a bullet shaped virus; Alkali, sunlight and moderate heat destroy virus.
It can be preserved in 50% glycerol.
Equine Influenza Pathogenesis:
It is an acute febrile highly infectious disease of horses characterized by general septicemia, Following bite, virus is deposited in the depth of wound in the infected saliva. Then local
respiratory problem accompanied by severe persistent + dry cough, nasal discharge. replication of virus in the epithelial cells or myocytes; move centripetally to the central
Etiology: nervous system; nervous pathways @ 3mm/hr virus invade ganglion cells and then
Equine influenza virus --- > Genus Influenza virus --- > Family Orthomyxoviridae centrifugally to the peripheral nerves.
Stage of excitement:
In this stage, the excitability and irritability increases and dog become very much aggressive.
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy This period may last for 1-7 days. At the onset the dog may hide in dark place due to
It is a progressive transmissible neurological disease of bovine characterized by sponge like
photophobia. Change in bark due to paralysis of the vocal cord. There is drooling of saliva.
destruction of brain.
Dumb form:
Etiology:
This form is known as paralytic form. In this form, there is paralysis of lower jaw, tongue,
BSE is caused by poorly understood type of infectious protein particle called “Prion”.
larynx, and hind quarter. The dogs are not capable to bite man and other animals on their
It has also zoonotic importance.
feces. Rabies in cats is usually more furious in form than dog. Cat used to bite man and other
Signs:
animals on their faces.
Initially abnormal gait particularly hind limb locomotion, behavioral disorders, ataxia,
Rx:
hyperesthesia, excessive salivation, pruritis, rubbing of head, incoordination, restricted stride.
No specific treatment for clinical rabies; we can use sedative some drugs like Vinkristin,
Rx: Not yet possible.
Scopolamide hydrobromide give good response against rabies virus in experimental animals.
Amphotericin B is somewhat helpful delay the disease but not cure.
The site of bite should be washed with running water and soap.
Control: Ban on feeding of ruminant derived protein feed.

Canine Distemper Parvovirus Infection in Dogs

It is characterized by enteritis and myocarditis with high morbidity rate (upto 100%) and
It is an acute highly infectious viral disease of carnivores characterized by diphasic fever,
frequent mortality (upto10%).
ocular and nasal catarrh and frequent cutaneous eruptions. This infection is often manifested
Etiology:
by bronchopneumonia, gastroenteritis and encephalitis.
Parvovirus, Genus Parvovirus and Family Parvoviridae
Forms of CD
Clinical Findings:
i) Pulmonary form: Oculo-nasal discharge, pharyngitis, bronchitis. Broncho-
There are two forms of this disease:
pneumonia is the common feature. The pulmonary form is more prevalent than the
a) Parvovirus enteritis:
digestive form.
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, serious in pups, vomition, and diarrhea. Polydipsia,
ii) Digestive form: Loss of appetite, vomition, abdominal pain, semisolid or loose
Frothy yellow colored vomitus, retching and restlessness. The animal is then pass
feces, hemorrhagic enteritis is common in young pups.
brownish semi-solid feces admixed with excess mucus followed by foeted
iii) Ocular form: Swollen eyelids, conjunctivitis, and purulent discharge from eyes.
haemorrhagic diarrhea.
iv) Nervous form: Restlessness, excitement, chewing movement, excessive salivation
b) Parvovirus myocarditis
and convulsion.
Lymphopenia is the distinct feature of canine distemper. The muscular spasm may
be observed in the lips, alae nasii, cheeks, jaws, head, neck or limb muscles.
v) Cutaneous form: Appearance of rash, vesicles and pustules. ENDOPARASITIC INFESTATIONS
In some cases, skin of foot pads and nose become hard due to hyperkeratosis and
the condition is described as “Hard Pad Disease”. Schistosomiasis
There may be vesiculo-pustular eruptions on the ventral aspect of the abdomen Syn: Nasa
and on the inner parts of thighs. It is a trematodal infection of cattle, sheep, goat, dog and man caused by schistosoma worms.
Rx: Causative Agent: Schistosoma bovis
Symptomatic; Anti CD-serum to control the neurological damage. Life Cycle:
Sedative and anticonvulsants should be given Ovigerous female penetrate deeply into the small vessels of mucus or submucus of the
intestine -- > eggs in the capillaries --- > eggs pass out of the body through the feces --- >
Rabies Hatching of eggs in water releasing miracidium --- > penetrate the intermediate host (i.e.
It is an acute viral infection in man and other warm blooded animals. Snail) --- > development inside the intermediate host into cercariae -- > cercarie come out of

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the body of the snail and move in the water --- > animals which come to the water hording cattle bile duct protrude out of the surface of the liver giving it a clay pipe appearance which
are attached by cercariae, it either penetrate the body or taken place by animals through is popularly known as “Pipe stem”.
drinking water. Cercariae penetrate the blood vessels and reach their site of predilection via Clinical Findings:
genera blood circulation. Acute fascioliasis in sheep most common occur as sudden death with discharge of frothy
Intestinal Schistosomiasis blood, through nostrils and anus.
Acute form of schistosomiasis, because of presence of large number of ovigerous females in In chronic form, animal becomes lazy, mucous membranes become pale and skin becomes
blood vessels and passage of large number eggs through intestinal wall, severe hemorrhagic dry, subsequently edema starts developing particularly below the mandibles and the condition
lesions appear in the wall of posterior part of small intestine and caecum particularly. is known as bottle jaw condition. In cattle, most common symptoms are digestive
In chronic cases, there is scar formation and destruction of intestinal glands which affect the disturbance, emaciation, constipation with animal feeding very difficulty in defecation and
general health condition of animal. followed by diarrhea in extreme cases.
Rx: Diagnosis:
For intestinal and hepatic schistosomiasis, Praziquantal @ 20 mg / kg orally for 3 days. Symptoms, if parasite in bile duct, findings of eggs in feces.
Clinical Findings: Rx:
In acute case, profuse diarrhea or dysentery. In chronic case, animal becomes emaciated, Triclabendazole in specific compound for use in sheep and cattle @ 10 mg/kg in sheep and
anemic and eosinophilia. 12 mg/k g in cattle. It is highly effective against all stage of fluke.
Nasal Schistosomiasis Rafaxonide @ 7.5 mg/kg (80-90% effective).
Adult parasites reach the veins of the nasal mucosa and cause rhinitis. Eggs cause small Albendazole @ 7.5 mg/kg in sheep and 10 mg/kg in cattle. It is effective against adult fluke.
abscess on the mucous membrane of nasal cavity by sloughing out from the blood vessels.
Fibrous tissue develops and leads to the large cauliflower like growth in the nasal passage. Dictylocaulus viviparous is the only lungworm of cattle which is most of the time, treated
These are actually granulomatous growth. Common in cattle than buffaloes. The condition is with albendazole successfully. Trichinella spiralis is found in muscles.
known as “Nasal granuloma” in local language “Nasa”.
Clinical Findings: TAPEWORM INFESTATIONS
Typical symptoms is rhinitis, muco-purulent discharge along with coryza, sneezing and Cestodes (tapeworms) belonging to Moniezia spp. in ruminants and Anocephala spp in
dyspnoea. When large granuloma develop typical snoring sound which is audible from a horses. Transmission by ingestion of infected free living pasture mites.
reasonable distance. Signs:
Rx: Large no. of tapeworms form closely packed ball in the intestine and may cause obstruction,
Tarter emetic @ 2 mg/kg SC or IM daily for 6 days. Copper sulphate is also effective to digestive disturbances including constipation, mild diarrhea and dysentery. Animal
control the snails and is mixed in water. occasionally move in circle and show masticatory movement of jaw. In horses, enlargement
of belly and symptoms of colic may appear.
Hepatic Fascioliasis Rx:
Syn: Liver fluke disease Albendazole @ 10 mg/kg for horses; Praziquantal @ 1 mg/kg
Etiology: Fasciola hepatica – in hilly areas (sheep liver fluke)
Fasciola gigantica – in plane areas (deer liver fluke) Coenurosis
Life Cycle: Syn: Gid, Sturdy
Bile duct (adult lay eggs) --- > pass out through feces --- > hatch to Miracidium (larval form) This condition is caused by invasion of the brain and spinal cord by the intermediate stage
--- > take up by snail -- > convert to sporocyte in the body of snail --- > form to Radiae --- > (i.e. coenurus cerebralis) of cestode “Taenia multiceps” which inhabits the intestine of dogs
Cercarie -- > encapsulate to form Metacercarie -- > contaminate the fodder and grass -- > and wild canidae (intermediate hosts). Disease can occur in sheep, goat, cattle, horses and
taken up by foragers -- > go to intestine --- > reach the hepatic portal vein (via duodenum) --- wild ruminants. Clinically it is primarily a disease of sheep and occasionally cattle.
> Liver --- > Bile duct where it matures to form adult fluke. Clinical Findings:
Female lays egg 20,000 per day. Life cycle completes in 16 to 17 weeks. Ataxia, Muscle tremor, Excitability and Collapse. The most obvious sign in slowly
Pathogenesis: developing partial or complete blindness in one eye.
The metacercariae penetrate through intestinal wall and reach peritoneal cavity. They migrate Dullness, Head pressing, incomplete mastication, and periodic epileptiform convulsion are
towards liver through peritoneum and then migrate through the liver parenchyma. the usual signs. If the cyst is present on the spinal cord, there is gradual development of
Acute fascioliasis paresis and eventually inability to rise. If cyst is in brain then there is deviation of head and
It is found in sheep, not in cattle. Acute form is rare and chronic is common. In acute form, circling. The neurological signs are referred to as “Gid or Staggers”.
there is traumatic hepatitis due to migration of large no. of metacercariae. Diagnosis:
Chronic fascioliasis On the basis of signs and particularly characteristic gid movement
It is found in all types of animals of all ages including man. Common pathogenesis is Rx:
progressive biliary cirrhosis of liver followed by hard fibrotic liver. Wall of bile duct Surgical drainage of cyst
becomes thickened. In cattle, depletion of calcium in bile duct is common pathogenesis. In

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Pneumonic form:
Haemonchosis in Ruminants Prostration, Drooping ears, Congested hemorrhagic mucosa, Protruded tongue, Open mouth,
Syn: Barber pole disease Sever dyspnoeae.
It is one of the most pathogenic blood sucking nematodal infestation of sheep gat and cattle. Rx: i) OTC, IV @ 1 mg/kg bwt for 3 days ii) Chloramphenicol, IV @ 10 mg/kg bwt 3 times
It occurs in the forestomach (abomasum) of the above animals. for 3 days iii) Penicillin dihydrostreptomycin @ 30,000 IU, IM for 3 days iv) Sulfamethazine
Etiology: @ 150 mg/kg bwt IV for 3 days v) Ampicillin @ 10 mg/kg bwt, every 24 hours
Haemonchus placei; in cattle (10,000 eggs per day) Mass Medication: a) Sulfamethazine @ 100 mg/kg bwt in drinking water daily for 7 days
Haemonchus contortus; in sheep and goat b) OTC @ 3-5 mg/kg bwt in cattle feed for 7 days
Life Cycle: H.S Vaccine produce immunity for 2 months. Bipolar organism and does not release
Eggs in feces --- > hatch in favorable condition (27 C – 36 C) and high moisture --- > After exotoxins. Most susceptible age is 6 mo to 2 years
1st and 2nd stage, 3rd infective larval stage come out --- > ingested by the animal while grazing
--- > become adult in abomasum. Tetanus
No intermediate host. It is more common in hot and humid season. Rx: i) ATS @ 30,000 IU, IM, 3 times or after every 12 hrs ii) ATS @ 5000 IU in subrachnoid
Clinical Findings: space once iii) Largactil (Chlorpromazine), IM iv) Procaine penicillin @ 50,000 IU, IM v)
Acute form of disease is found in lambs and young sheep. There is loose bloody diarrhea; Benzyl penicillin @ 50,000 IU, IV
mucus membrane and conjunctiva are extremely pale due to severe anemia. In calf, tetanus vaccine should be adopted first in 2 ½ month of age and breed in 3 month of
age.

VETERINARY MEDICINE Black Leg

Syn: Black quarter, Myonecrosis
Rx of acute mastitis: Causative agent: Clostridium chauvoie; G +ve anaerobes, normal inhabitant of GIT and soil.
Udder infusions: Species affected: cattle, sheep, goat, horses. In cattle, the microorganism is endogenous but in
For lactating: Ampicillin + Na-cloxacillin sheep and oat, it enters by shearing and tail docking.
For dry animals: Benzathin + Cloxacillin It causes edematous swelling of muscles of neck, shoulder, back, gluteal muscles
For G-ve bacteria: Furazolidone in procaine penicillin (myonecrosis or gangrenous necrosis) with crepitating sounds and foul odour from the
necrotic areas. There are two toxins; alpha toxin and beta toxin.
Disease is characterized by myonecrosis, acute lameness, rising fever, muscle tremors, and
Modern Rx of mastitis ultimately death of the animal. Autolysis proceeds rapidly.
TMP + Sulphadiazine
Rx: Procaine penicillin, IM @ 40000 IU repeat after every 6 hours. Benzyl penicillin IV @
Penicillin G intramammary for 5 days at evening
45000 IU repeat after every 4 hours.
Vaccination: Clostridium chauvoie killed vaccine can be used.
Hemorrhagic Septicemia (H.S)
Syn: Barbone
Spp affected: Cattle, buffalo, swine, sheep
Botulism
Syn: Forage poisoning, Shaker foal syndrome
It is an acute, subacute infectious disease of septicemic nature, which is characterized by
It is caused by Clostridium botulinum type D. Forage spoiled, spoiled food, hay spoiled in
i) Acute gastroenteritis ii) Subacute edema iii) Serifibrinous pleuropneumonia
humid environment. Organism produce toxins that paralysis “motor paralysis”. Paralysis of
iv) Edema of intra-alveolar tissues
masticatory, perineal muscles, tone of GIT also decreased. Animal becomes recumbent.
Causative agent: Pasteurella spp., P.boviseptica (Cattle), P.bubalospetica (Buffalo)
DDx: Tetanus
PM lesions: Subacute edema of head, neck thorax, and throat. Serofibrinous exudate in the
Rx: Botulinum toxoids are available
subcutaneous tissues of the head, neck throat dewlap and thorax. Edema of buccal and
pharyngeal mucosa. Swelling of tongue. Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Petechial hemorrhages
on tissues and membranes. Enlargement of lymphatic glands. Hemorrhagic endocarditis and Enterotoxemia
serofibrinous pericarditis. Syn: Pulpy kidney disease
Pectoral or thoracic form: Etiology: It is caused by Clostridium perfrigens type D, G +ve organism
Thoracic cavity contains serous or sero-fibrinous exudate. Visceral pleura studded with Signs: Clinically, high fever, diarrhea (pasting of hind quarter), Mostly affects lambs, kids
hemorrhages. Lungs are edematous and calves. Lush green fodders, grains, highly milk feed are pre-disposing to this disease.
Clinical sings: Temp up to 106 F, constipation --> thin fluid containing flakes and blood The toxins are produced in the intestine and absorbed in blood. The kidney becomes pulp like
mucus or fibrin. Head, neck, thorax, dewlap are swollen, hot, tense, and painful. Buccal so called “pulpy kidney” because organism affects the kidney and causes necrosis of
membrane is edematous and tongue swollen, rendering deglutition difficult. Laboured glomeruli. Glucosurea, high fever, diarrhea, convulsion and death within 2 to 4 hours.
respiration. Death from asphyxia or exhaustion due to the severe gastroenteritis. The organism causes sloughing of the intestine and diarrhea.

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Rx: Penicillin, OTC (orally @ 10 mg) (iii) Penicillin can also be used.
Vaccination: 1st at 3 months, 2nd at 4 months, 3rd repeat twice a year.
Dam vaccination: 2 month before parturition. Actinomycosis
Syn: Lympy jaw
Bacillary Hemoglobinuria Causative agent: It is caused by “Actinomyces bovis”. It is caused by wound disease
It is caused by Clostridium hemolyticum involving bones especially of maxilla and mandible. In maxilla lesions, there is suppurative
Signs: Clinically high fever, hb-urea, dysentery, acute abdominal pain, dyspnoea. ostitis.
Cattle and sheep are mostly affected. Organism releases toxin “phospholipase C” a beta toxin
Abdominal pain is due to necrosis of intestinal epithelium. Severe anemia is de to loss of Listeriosis
blood from urine and faeces. Syn: Circling disease
Rx: Penicillin, OTC Causative agent: It is caused by “Listeria monocytogenes” which is acquired through
Important Note: Deworming with Triclabendzole to kill the liver flukes because liverflukes contaminated silage. Clinically it is characterized by encephalitis, meningitis, enteritis,
provides the anaerobic conditions. abortion in last trimester and uveitis/opthalmitis. Microabscesses in encephalitis is
characteristic feature of this disease. It has zoonotic impact and effect mainly sheep and then
Malignant Edema other ruminants.
It is caused by “Clostridium septicum”. Rx: Cholortetracycline or penicillin, IV is very effective.
Wounds are source of infection. Malignant edema in sheep is called as “Braxy or big head” DDx: (i) Scrapie (ii) Gid (iii) Polioencephalomalacia
because of edema on head. Malignant edema should be differentiated from black quarter on
the basis of gas gangrene in BQ. Paratuberculosis
Rx: Penicillin, OTC, and washing of wounds with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Syn: Johne’s disease
Causative agent: It is caused by “Mycobacterium paratuberculosis”.
Anthrax It is a chronic, progressive and diarrhoeal disease. It effects all the ruminants especially
Syn: Splenic fever, Wool sorter’s disease newborn calves, and young animals but the clinical disease occur over 2 years.
Anthrax is an infectious, septicemic, zoonotic disease which is caused by a Gram +ve rod Clinically watery diarrhea, emaciation and weight loss.
shaped bacteria which can be killed by steam sterilization or burning. The organism has long incubation period and disease remain subclinical and organisms shed
Pathogenicity is due to four factors; (i) Lethal factor (ii) Edema factor (iii) Protective antigen through feces and milk.
(iv) poly-n-glutamate capsule. This capsule has activity to prevent the phagocytic Rx: (i) Streptomycin @ 50mg/kg IM (ii) Isoniazid @ 20mg/kg IM
engulfment. Edema factor has edema producing activity. Lethal factors are lethal to Vaccination: Vallee’s vaccine is used
leukocytes especially phagocytes. Protective antigen is the binding domain of the anthrax Johnin Test: In this test, organism causes delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction. Inject
toxins. A combination of all these factors causes anthrax. Johnin extract I/D. If it will increase thickness, indicates positive case.
Clinical Signs: (a) Sudden death (b) High fever, Ruminal stasis, Hemoglobinuria, Bloody
diarrhea, Bloody milk, Dyspnoea, Collapse. (c) Sever colic and bisket edema in horse (d) Tuberculosis
Splenic fever (i.e. spleen is enlarged, dark black in color. Causative agent: It is caused by “Mycobacterium bovis” – A zoonotic disease
Anthrax is a Greek word; mean “Coal” – dark color of lesions and blood. It is also called chronic debilitating disease.
Anthrax vaccine: Stern strain (a non-capsulated toxigenic strain) Body weight loss, weakness, anorexia, generalized emaciation, low grade fever. In
Source of anthrax: (i) alkaline soil (ii) Contaminated animal byproducts (skin hides, bones pulmonary form, chronic intermittent cough, dyspnoea, Tachypnoea. Lesions are called
and wool) “tubercles”. In advanced cases, all the lymph nodes may contain tubercles granulomatous
Forms of Clinical Disease: There are three forms of disease; (a) cutaneous (there is lesions.
formation of papules, vesicles and pustules) (b) pulmonary form (c) intestinal form Rx: Sreptomycin, Isoniazid, and Paraminosalvic may be used for treatment.
Tuberculin Test: is used for diagnostic and screening purpose. Inject 0.05 ml tuberculin
Actinobacillosis intradermally (I/D). +ve case is indicated by increased thickness of the skin.
Syn: Wooden tongue
A disease of zoonotic importance Glanders
Etiology: it is caused by; Actinobacillus ligneresii; Gram –ve rods. The causative agent Causative agent: Pseudomonas mallei – an obligate parasite and live in the host.
penetrates through abrasions of the mouth. The disease is acute in ass, subacute in mule, and chronic in horse. Horses acquired infection
Disease is characterized by pyogranulomatous lesions on the tongue, gums, palate, and by ingestion and inhalation. The organism deposits in lymphatic tissues. In pulmonary tissue,
associated lymph glands. There is sulphur granules formation. it first forms microscopic inflammatory foci, then macroscopic nodules, then larger, chronic
Wooden tongue is the disease of cattle and sheep. granuloma + diffused interstitial pneumonia accompany this process.
Rx: (i) Na-iodide, IV @ 1 gm / 12 kg bwt (ii) Washing with tinc. Iodine and glycerin.

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At any point during these events, organisms go to air ways -- > upper respiratory tract -- > (iii) Strangles ---- > Streptococcus equi
produce nodules in nasal cavity --- > nodules rupture to produce characteristic punched out (iv) Glanders ---- > Pseudomonas mallei
ulcers -- > ulcer discharge a gluey, purulent exudate -- > congested and hemorrhagic mucus (v) Contagious equine metritis --- > Taylorella equigenitalis
membrane of the nasal cavity. (vi) Mastitis --- > Streptococcus zooepidermicus
Bacilli also infect the tissues of limbs where they give rise to “Farcy”. Farcy comprises a (c) Parasitic Diseases
“chronic lymphangitis” (Farcy cords) and “Lymphadenitis” (Farcy buds). These lesions Parasite Specie Adult site Larva site
rupture to produce purulent exudate. Long strangyles Strongylus vulgaris Large intestine Arteries/ liver
In occult glander, the pulmonary lesions are provoked by stress -- > leading to disseminate in Triodontophorus spp. Large intestine Intestinal wall
the body and release to the exterior. Small strangyles Trichonma spp. LI Intestinal wall
Mallein Test: Inject intradermally mullein reagent in eyelid. Swelling of eyelid within 24 Round worms Parascarus equinum SI Liver, lung
hours confirms the positive case of glanders. Thread worms Strongyloides westerni SI Lung
Lung worms Dictylocaulus spp. Respiratory passage Lymphatics
Strangles Pinworms Oxyuris equi LI Intestinal wall
Causative agent: “Streptococcus equi” Tapeworms Anoplocephala spp SI / LI ---
Strangles is a suppurative lymphadenitis of head and neck of horses. Disease is common and Bots Gastrophilus spp. Flies in environment Stomach
sever in young horses and foals.
S. equi is transmitted when discharges from nose or abscesses contaminate food and water, Colic
when affected foals suckle the mammary glands, direct nose to nose contact also transmits. Abdominal pain; visceral pain
Pathogenesis: Mouth/nose -- > Lymph nodes -- > all is found in one or more lymph nodes Types of Colic
that drain the pharyngeal/tonsillar region. i) Spasmodic coli:
Failure of phagocytosis is due to (i) M protein (ii) Hyaluronic acid (iii) Leukocidal toxins. Increase in peristaltic movement and spasm occur. Intermittent bouts of pain with
Incubation period is 13 to 14 days. Clinically, it is characterized by onset of sudden fever period of relaxation.
(40C), loss of appetite, halitosis, difficulty in swallowing, intermittent cough, extension of ii) Impactive colic:
head and neck, swelling in the submandibular and a supralaryngeal areas, nasal discharge, Impaction of bowl with dry and partial digested feed contents, bowl lumen distended
inflammation of lymphoid nodules of soft palate and tonsillar areas. After 3-5 days swelling and its motility reduced. There is continuous pain.
in the intramandibular or suprapharyngeal areas may increase because of lymphostasis and iii) Obstructive colic:
enlargement of affected lymph nodes. Passage of ingesta is obstructed either due to torsion or intussusceptions. There is
The occlusive effect of lymph node enlargement is the source of disease description continuous pain.
“Strangles” – Suffocation. iv) Flatulent colic:
Sometimes abscesses in affected lymph nodes rupture. Suprapharyngeal abscesses drain into It is also known as intestinal tympany or tympanitis.
pharyngeal area resulting in a copious flow of purulent material. This drainage into guttural There is distension of bowl lumen due to gas accumulation
pouch matastasis of purulent material result in abscess formation in other locations such as v) Idiopathic colic;
lungs, brain, thoracic and abdominal lymph nodes. This is called “bastard strangles”. No obvious cause or lesion is found.
The second complication during and after recovery is purpura haemorrhagica; which is an
immune complex mediated vasculitis that occurs at 2-4 week, paralysis of left recurrent
laryngeal nerve and anemia occurs.
PROTOZOAL DISEASES
Rx: (i) Penicillin (ii) Abscess drainage (iii) Fly repellent (iv) Corticosteroids (for purpura
hemorrhagica). Trypanosomiasis
Nagana
Caused by Trypanosoma congolense, It is transmitted by tsetse flies.
EQUINE DISEASES Signs: intermittent fever, anemia, weight loss, edema of limbs and genitalia.
(a) Viral Diseases Surra
(i) Equine influenza Caused by Trypanosoma evansi. It is transmitted by biting flies.
(ii) Equine rhinovirus --- > upper respiratory tract Sings: same as above + progressive paralysis of hindquarter in chronic cases.
(iii) African horse sickness (Genus: orbivirus) --- > respiratory/circulatory Dourine:
(iv) Vesicular stomatitis --- > vesicles on foot and mouth Caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum. It is transmitted by coitus [mating]
(v) Equine infectious anemia (Family: Retroviridae, Genus: Lentiviru) HIV like Signs: Genital and ventral edema, progressive emaciation, ascending motor paralysis.
(b) Bacterial Diseases
(i) Tetanus --- > Clostridium tetani Babesiosis
(ii) Anthrax ---- > Bacillus anthracis Caused by B. equi and B. caballi

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 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

DDx: Equine infectious anemia, Equine viral arteritis, Purpoura hemorrhagica. Albendazole, Fenbendazole, Mebendazole, [Benzimedazole]
Tetramizole
Immunological Disorders Levamisole
i) Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID); its hereditary Pyrental pamoate [Combantrin]
It is caused by EHV-I in which immuno-suppression can occur. Against Nematodes, Ectoparasites and Heartworms:
Ivermectin
Taenicidal: Niclosamides
Vaccines for Horses Flukicidals (Against Liver Fluke]:
i) Influenza vaccines
Oxyclosanide @ 15 mg /kg bwt orally
ii) EHV-I
Broodicidal: Preziquantal @ 5 mg/kg bwt for cat/dog mostly
iii) Tetanus [Clostridium tetani]
iv) Strangles
ANTIFUNGALS
Nystatin [Against Streptomyces Neursei]
DDx of Cattle Diseases in which Redwater Comes: Griseofulvin [ Against Penicillium spp]
(i) Enzootic hematuria: Synthetic:
Grazing “Broken” There is hematuria with no pus. Coltrimazole
(ii) Enzootic bovine pyelonephritis: Amphotericin B
Intermittent hematuria, + pyuria caused by “Corynebacterium renale” in cattle. Ketokenazole
(iii) Babesiosis: Fever 41 C
(iv) Postparturient hemoglobinurea: ANTIVIRALS
Low phosphate or low copper diet [no temperature increase from normal] Cyclovir
(v) Bacillary hemoglobinurea; Acyclovir
Diarrhea + Abdominal pain + Fever 41 C. Mortality is 100 %. Amantadine
(vi) Leptospirosis: Ribavirale [Against Hepatitis B & C viruses]
Caused by L. pomona. Mostly calves are affected. There is mucosal petechiation.
(vii) Chronic copper poisoning: RESPIRATORY STIMULANTS
Hemoglobinurea, acute death Nikthamide
Amphetamine Sulphate
LIST OF DRUGS USED IN VETERINARY MEDICINE ANEMETICS
Dimenhydramine
ANTIPROTOZOALS Diphenhydramine
Babesiosis: Imidocarb @ 3mg / kg bwt Cyclizine
Diminazine @ 3-5 mg/kg bwt S/C Meclizine
Quinuronium sulphate [Acaprine, Babesan] @ 0.4 mg/kg bwt EMETICS
Tryan Blue [Fresh] @ 1-4 gm / kg bwt Apomorphine
Trypanocidals: Conc. HCl solution
Suramine [Antrypol] @ 10 mg/kg bwt ECBOLICS [Uterine Contractors]
Diminazine @ 8 mg / kg bwt S/C Oxytocin
Anti- Giardia, Amoeba, Blantidtium, Trichomonas: PGF2 alpha [Dinoprost]
Metronidazole; in canine dysentery @ 50 mg/kg wt orally for 5 days DIURETICS
In bovine trichomoniasis: @ 75 mg/kg bwt IV 3 times a day Furosemide [Lasix]
Anitcoccidals: Mannitole
Suplhaquinoxalone
Amprolium HELMINTHOLOGY
ANTIPARASITIC Study of HELMINTHS
Ascaricidals:
Piperazine Helminthology; consists of Study of
Against Roundworms: (i) Platyhelminthes: [Flukes, Tepworms, Flateworms]
Thiabendazole (ii) Nemathelminthes [Roundworms]
Broadspactrum Antiparasitic:

59 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN

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Platyhelminthes are hermaphrodite. These include: Sexually mature form found in intestine of vertebrate
(a) Trematodes Segmented body, segment called proglottid
(b) Cestodes Larvae; 6 hooked larvae called hexacanth
Nemathelminthes includes: Intermediate host; vertebrate and intervertebrate
(a) Nematodes Head is termed scolex

Nematode Trematode Cestode_____ Larval Forms

Round worm Flat worms Tapeworms Also called metacestodes
Spindle shaped Leaf shaped Ribbon shaped Non-budding forms
No segment No segment Segmented a) Procercoid (1st larval stage in arthropod)
Unisexual Hermaphrodite Hermaphrodite b) Plerocercoid
Alimentary canal present Present Absent c) Cysticercoid
d) Cysticercus
Trematodes: [Flatworms] e) Strobilocercus
(i) Fasciola hepatica: [Liver fluke] snail is intermediate host. f) Coenurus
Condition is known as Bottle jaw (edema in intermandibular space) g) Hydatid
(ii) Fasciola gigentica: ENTOMOLOGY
(iii) Schistosoma japonicum: lives in mesenteric and portal vessels of man and animals.
Causes Hematuria. i. Insects; Lices etc
ii. Arachnids: Ticks & Mites
Cestodes: [Tapeworms]
(i) Raillietina tetragona INSECTS
(ii) Dipylidium caninum (common tapeworm of dogs) (1) Lices:
(iii) Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm of dogs) (a) Hematopinus suis; Pig sucking lice
(iv) Taenia solium (b) Haematopinus eurysternus: Cattle lice
(v) Taenia saginata (c) Lignocanthus vituli: Long nose cattle louse
(vi) Echinococcus granulosis; form the hydatid cyst
(2) Bugs:
(a) Cimex lecturalis; Bed bug
Nematodes: [Roundworms]
(i) Ascarus lumbricoids (3) Beetles
(ii) Parascaris
(iii) Oxyuris equi (4) Fleas
(iv) Toxocara vitulorum (a) Pulex irritans
(v) Strongyloides : palisade worms
Haemonchus contortus; stomach worm or wireworm of ruminants (5) Biting midges or Punkies and Flies
(vi) Dictylocaulus pilaria [Lungworms]: in bronchi of sheep (a) Mosquitoes
(vii) Habronema: cutaneous habronema is also called “summer sores” or Bursati or (b) Black flies or buffalo gnats
“Granular dermatitis”; habronema larvae (c) Sand flies
(viii) Dicrofilaria immitus [Heartworms]; occurs in dog and cat, and right ventricle of (d) Horse flies; involve in the transmission of causative agents of anthrax, equine infectious
fox, and there is pulmonary stasis. anemia, Surra, Nagana.
(e) Common house flies: involve in the transmission of causative agents of typhoid fever,
Nematodes in Blood Exam cholera, tuberculosis, dysentery, anthrax.
a) Dirofilaria immitus; Heart worm of dog, cat and fox (f) Stable flies; Blood suckers e.g. Stomoxys; involve in transmission of habronema, equine
b) Dipetalonema reconditum; S/cut worm of dog infectious anemia, anthrax.
c) Stearia cervi; Peritoneal worm of cattle. (g) Buffalo flies
(h) Horn flies
(i) Tsetse flies; causes Sleeping sickness of man and Nagana
CESTODES (j) Blow flies
(k) Blue bottle flies

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(l) “Strike” by Lucilia, Calliphora, Phormia. This intra-erythrocytic parasite causes intravascular hemolysis.
- Callitroga causes myasis of man and is called screwworms Diseases is transmitted by ticks, and mostly found in high temperature, humidity and rain fall
- Tumbu flies zones of the world.
- Sarcophaginae: Flesh flies Incubation period of disease is 2 o 3 weeks.
- Gastrophilus: Horse bots Signs and Symptoms:
- Oestrus ovis: Sheep nasal fly; Called as “False Gid”. Anorexia, Depression, Cessation of rumination, Decreased milk production, Weakness,
- Hypoderma; Ox warbles Membranes are pale.

ARACHNIDS Anaplasmosis
(1) Mites Caused by Reckettsial agent “Anaplasma marginale” in Cattle and “Anaplasma ovis” in
(2) Ticks Sheep and Goat.
(a) Argus persicus (Fowl tick); causes Tick paralysis and transmits Borrelia ancirina Clinical disease is in cattle and subclinical in sheep and goat.
(Spirochaetosis). Signs are same as that of babesiosis but hemoglobinurea is absent in anaplasmosis.
(b) Spinose ear tick Long incubation period as compared to that of babesiosis: about 1 to 5 weeks.
(c) Eyeless tampans; live in sands under trees. It is also a tick-borne disease.
(d) Hard Ticks [Ixodes] Treatment: Oxytetracycline @ 6-10 mg/kg bwt
Ixodes recinus transmits red water; caused by Babesia divergens and B.bovis or B.bigemina
Hard ticks are involved in:
- Tick borne fever of sheep
Toxoplasmosis
Zoonotic problem
- Viruses of loping ill
Caused by “Toxoplasma gondii”
- Coxiella burnetii
It is a contagious disease of all species including man.
- Tick paralysis
Clinically it is manifested chiefly by abortion and still birth in ewes and in all other species
- Staphylococcus aureus
with encephalitis, pneumonia and neonatal mortality.
- Anaplasma marginale
Treatment: Sulfadiazine
- Spirochaetosis
- Canine pirpoplasmosis [Rephicephalus sanguinus]
- Redwater billiary fever [Babesia equi] Dourine
It is a contagious disease transmitted by Coitus.
Dermacenter reticularis (in Asia) Characterized by inflammation of external genitalia, cutaneous lesions and paralysis.
Transmits Babesia spp.
PROTOZOAL DISEASES
Protozoal Diseases
(1) Babesiosis: Red water fever; caused by B.bovis, B.bigemina Babesiosis
(2) Anaplasmosis: rickettsial disease caused by A.marginale& A.ovis(Sheep/Goat
(3) Coccidiosis: Caused by Eimeria bovis, E. arloingi (sheep & goat) Syn: Tick fever, Piroplasmosis
(4) Toxoplasmosis: Caused by Toxoplasma gondii Etiology: Babesia bigemina, and Babesia bovis
(5) Dourine: Caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum Transmission: by Ticks esp. of spp. Boophilus
(6) Surra: Caused by Trypanosoma evansi Hosts: Cattle is the most common. Others are buffalo, sheep and horse
Pathogenesis: Multiplication in peripheral blood vessels --- > intramuscular hemolysis
Babesiosis [Redwater fever] Clinical Signs:
Caused by B.bovis and B.bigemina (Intra-erythrocytic Protozoa) High fever, Hemoglobinurea, Anorexia, Conjunctival mucus membrane is brick red colored
Mostly Cattle, buffalo, sheep and horses are affected. in initial stage but pale in later or terminal stages. There is low PCV [packed cell volume]
Transmitted by ticks as following: value due to hemolysis of RBCs.
- Boophilus microphilus Treatment:
- Rhiphicephalus spp. (i) Imidocarb dipropionate
- Dermacenter spp. (ii) Diminazine
- Ixodes ricinus (iii) Oxytetracycline
Characterized by Anemia, Jaundice, Hemoglobinemia, Hemoglobinurea, and ultimately
Death of the animal due to anemic anorexia. Theileriosis

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Syn: East cost fever, Red water disease 2. Respiratory disease

Etiology: Theileria parva and Theileria annulata a) Aspergillosis (Brooder pneumonia)
Transmission: by Ticks esp of Hyalamma Specie b) Vaccine problems (Respiratory reaction)
Hosts: Mostly Cattle 3. CNS Disease
Clinical Signs: a) Avian Encephalomyelitis
High temperature, Enlargement of regional and superficial lymph nodes, Tense ball like eyes b) Encephalomalacia
with watery lacrimation. Nasal secretions also come out. c) Poor vaccine placement (Pox, MDV)
d) Spiking Mortality
Trypanosomiasis 4. Nutritional Deficiencies
Syn: Surra – in horses, Pheta – in camels a) Rickets
Etiology: Trypanosoma evansi b) Others
Transmitted by Biting flies (Tabanus flies) 5. Eye diseases
In human, it causes sleeping sickness a) Ammonia burns
Clinical Signs: b) Mycotic Keratoconjunctivitis
Intermittent fever, Sever petechial hemorrhages on serosal membrane and lymph nodes
Spleen is swollen, Anorexia GROWING PERIOD (2-8)
Diagnosis: 1. Mortality
wet stained blood smear is used for under microscope diagnose of parasite. a) Coccidiosis
Treatment: b) Aspergillosis
Surramine, Cymelarsen. c) Ascites
d) Marek's disease
e) Clinical infectious bursal disease (IBD)
Dourine f) Inclusion body hepatitis / Aplastic anemia
It is a venereal disease
g) Ulcerative enteritis
Etiology; Trypanosoma equiperdum
h) Necrotic enteritis
Host: Horses
i) Chicken infectious anemia
Clinical Signs:
j) Gangrenous dermatitis
Gross edema of genitalia, Mucopurulent discharge from urethra, vaginal discharge in females
k) Blackhead
Treatment:
2. Respiratory disease
Quinapyramine sulfate
a) Mycoplasmosis
b) Newcastle disease
c) Infectious bronchitis
POULTRY DISEASES d) Infectious laryngotracheitis
e) Colisepticemia
DISEASES OF CHICKEN CORRELATED WITH AGE f) Avian influenza
3. Lameness
BROILERS, PULLETS, LAYERS a) Tibial dyschondroplasia
b) Long bone distortion (Valgus-varus deformaties)
Typical losses to 7 weeks of age are 4-5%. Losses in the first two weeks account for 30-50% c) Infectious synovitis
of total mortality. d) Bumblefoot
e) Viral arthritis
BROODING PERIOD (0-2 Weeks) f) Osteomyelitis
g) Staphylococcosis/ Other septic arthrides
1. Mortality h) Spondylolisthesis
a) Management i) Rickets
b) Starvation/ dehydration – floor temperature, water management j) Ionophore/ 3-Nitro-toxicity
c) Navel and yolk sac infection: Salmonellosis, E.coli, Staphylococcus, Proteus etc. 4. Skin disease
d) Vaccine contamination a) Gangrenous dermatitis
e) Improper incubation conditions: small, weak hatchling or increased susceptibility b) Fowl pox
to infections. c) Exudative diathesis

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d) Skin leukosis g) Nutrition / Management

5. CNS disease 4. Salpingitis / Peritonitis
a) Avian encephalomyelitis 5. Cage layer fatigue
b) Nutritional encephalomalacia 6. Fowl mites
c) Newcastle disease 7. Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome
d) Marek's disease 8. Parasitism: Capillariasis, Heterakis, Roundworm etc.
6. Others 9. Uterovaginal prolapsed
a) Roundworms 10. Fowl cholera
b) Toxicities - Mycotoxin, Botulism, Ionophore, 3- Nitro, etc.
c) Crop Mycosis SPORADIC DISEASES
d) Cellulitis 1. Tuberculosis
e) Swollen head syndrome 2. Botulism
f) Inflammatory process 3. Streptococcosis
g) Immunosuppression – IBD, CIA 4. Arbovirus infection
5. Pullorum/Typhoid
PULLET PERIOD (8-20 weeks) 6. Other parasitic diseases

1. Neoplastic diseases Infectious Bursal Disease [IBD]

a) Marek's disease Syn: Gumboro
b) Avian leukosis Etiology: Birnaviridae
2. Respiratory diseases Mostly young birds of 6 weeks age are affected. Broiler less affected than layers. At early
a) Infectious coryza age, bursa of fibricious does not produce B-cells – immunosuppression
b) Infectious laryngotracheitis Disease span is: 6-7 days. Morbidity may reaches up to 100%
c) Mycoplasmosis
Clinical Signs:
d) Infectious bronchitis Birds sit with closed eyes and are unable to stand, drink and eat.
e) Newcastle disease Whitish or yellowish diarrhea on vent -- > bird pick their vent -- > blood mixed diarrhea -- >
f) Avian influenza shivering
3. Systemic diseases
Lesions:
a) Fowl cholera Dehydration is noted by shrunken lesions on legs, claws and joints are visible.
Hemorrhages on thigh and pectoral muscles.
LAYERS (>20 weeks) Bursa of fibricious swollen -- > yellow exudate
1. Neoplasia Opening bursa, hemorrhages and exudate
a) Lymphoid luekosis Kidney suffer from nephrosis -- > swollen and large
b) Carcinoma Spleen becomes enlarged
c) Sarcoma Treatment: No specific treatment
d) Marek's disease Diuretics, Sugar in water to provide energy
2. Respiratory diseases
a) Newcastle disease
b) Avian influenza Newcastle Disease (ND)
c) Infectious bronchitis Etiology: Avulavirus (Family Paramyxoviridae). ND virus is of three types depending upon
d) Mycoplasmosis pathogenecity.
e) Infectious coryza Velogenic: Highly pathogenic – 100% mortality
f) Laryngotracheitis Mesogenic: Intermediate pathogenic – mostly affect young birds
3. Egg production drops Lentogenic Produce subclinical signs only in young birds
a) Newcastle disease No vertical transmission because infected eggs do not hatch.
b) Avian influenza Clinical Signs:
c) Avian encephalomyelitis Increased respiration – fluid from nostrils
d) Infectious bronchitis Mouth paralysis -- > increased temperature
e) Mycoplasmosa gallisepticum Greenish diarrhea --- > Opisthotoc torticollis
f) Infectious coryza Wings drop --- > lame bird

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Lesions:
Hemorrhages on ventricular surfaces, caecal surface, serosa of the intestine and gizzard. Trypanosomiasis
Petechial hemorrhages ulcers on intestine Parasites of circulatory system and tissue fluid
In caecum, caecal tonsils become congested. Vector: Tsetse fly of Glossina species
Congestion in trachea Stercorarian: spread via faeces
Vaccine: Salivarian: spread via saliva
Valogenic --- > Rockin strains Species:
Mesogenic --- > Mukteswar strains T. evansi, T. gambience, T. bruci, T. cruzi, T. equiperdum
Lentogenic --- > Lasota strains Diseases:
i) Surra
Avian Influenza ii) Chagas disease
Syn: Fowl plaque iii) Sleeping sickness
Etiology: Orthomyxovirus; three types of virus A, B, C iv) African trypanosomiasis
Two antigens; HA (Hemagglutinin) NA (Neuraminidase) v) Dourine
No vertical transmission
Clinical Signs: VIRAL DISEASES
Mild respiratory signs, sneezing. Swelling of head and face. Diarrhea.
Lesions:
Congestive, hemorrhagic necrotic changes in skin. Hemorrhages on digestive tract. Blue Tongue
Vaccination: Caused by orbivirus
No vaccination because there is frequent mutations. Primiraly disease of sheep
Spread by flies (culicoides) and mosquitoes (ades) and tick (ornithodorous)
Characteristic stomatitis, rhinitis, and lameness
PROTOZOA Clinical signs:
Increased body temperature (105-106 F), sneezing, coughing, salivation, redness of nasal
Entamoeba histolytica; causes amoebic dysentery in man, dog, cat etc. mucosa, nasal secretion, blood tained frothy, saliva, edema of gums, ulcer formation at border
Entamoeba coli: affects man, dog, pig and other primates. of tongue, lesions of foot (coronitis + laminitis), wry neck (head toward side lacrimation).
Sarcocysts spp.; found in striated and heart muscles
Cooccidiosis: There are 3 pathogenic genera:
i) Isospora ( 2 sporocyst and each have 4 sporozoites) PPR (Peste Des Petitis Ruminants)
ii) Eimeria (4 sporocyst and each have 2 sporozoites) Syn: Goat plaque, KATA,
iii) Tuzzeria (8 free sporozoites) Caused by Morbillivirus, family Paramyxoviridae
Eimeria: affect sheep, goat, cattle, buffalo, cat, horse and poultry. Clinical Findings:
Chicken: E. tenella (Cecal cocci), Intestinal cocci (E.brunetti) Acute: Goat, 106-107 F, purulent nasal discharge, necrotic lesion in mouth, swollen lips,
Cattle: E. bovis, E. zuerni profuse diarrhea, coughing, dyspnoea, pneumonia
Dog: Isospora Sub-acute: sheep die in 24 hours, less signs are evident

Toxoplasma gondii Scrapie

Affects rodents, cat and dog. Affects brain, heart, liver, lung and spleen. Caused by Infectious proteinacious particles which are very strong stay against boiling
Characterized by pruritis, abnormal gait, mostly chronic. Causes vaculation of neurons in
Plasmodium spinal cord, pons, mid brain etc. There are tremors, locomoter disorders, pruritis, change in
Mammals, reptiles, and birds behavior, hematoma on ear and swelling of face.
In erythrocytes and endothelial cells of inner organs Scrapie scratch reaction:
Vector: Culex (birds), Anopheles (Mammals) Nibbling, licking, abnormality of gait

Leishminia Tropical Theileriasis

Man, dog, rodents, guinea pig Protozoal disease
Found in macrophages, reticuloendothelial cells. Caused by Theileria parva
Vector: Sand fly, phelbotomus and lutzomyia Transmitted by tick of spp Rephiciphalus
Species: L.braziliansis, L.chagasi, L.maxicana, L.donovani Hence, life cycle involves 2 hosts

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Clinical Findings
Generalized swelling of draining LN throughout the body, fever, anorexia, depression, Tick pyemia of lamb
dullness, corneal opacity. Enzootic – Staphylococcus
Rx: OTC @ 20 mg/kg Transmitted by ticks of Ixodes spp.
Affects lambs of 2 to 10 week age
Anaplasmosis It may cause sudden death
Rickettsial/protozoal disease
Caused by Anaplasma centrale (more severe) Contagious bovine pyelonephritis
Anaplasma marginale (less severe) Caused by Corynebacterium renale
Transmitted by ticks spp. of Boophilus, Ixodes, Rephicepalus and Hyalomma Affects kidneys, and upper urinary tract
Clinical findings: Clinical findings:
Fluctuating fever, pale mucous membrane, yellowish urine, jaundice, pregnant animal may Hematuria, colic signs, forceful urination, pyouria, depression, decrease milk production
abort, decrease in milk production, emaciation. Rx: Penicillin is the drug of choice
Rx:
OTC @ 20 mg/kg, and Imizole @ 2-5 ml/100 kg
Caseous Lymphadenitis
Caused by Corynebacterium paratuberculosis (intracellular parasite of
BACTERIAL DISEASES monocytes/macrophages). External abscessation of lymph nodes (initially pus is greenish, but
latter on calcification gives onion appearance to abscess and can distinguishable)
Mastitis Internal abscessation (liver, intestine, brain and spinal cord)
Inflammation of mammary glands (udders and teats)
Characterized by changes in udder and milk composition (physical, chemical, Anthrax
bacteriological), neutrophils in milk increase. Syn: Wool sorter disease
Major pathogens: Caused by Bacillus anthracis (Facultative anaerobe)
Staph aureus, Streptococcus aglactiae, E.coli (70% contribution by first two agents) 3 toxins (edema factor- I, Lethal factor II, Protective antigen III)
Minor pathogens: Rx: Curable if detected at early stage, Penicillin @ 20,000 IU
Pseudomonas, fungal agents (aspergillus, yeast), corynebacterium

Less in buffalo but more severe (sphincter is tight)

Listeriosis
Syn: Circling disease, Silage sickness,
48% decrease in milk yield during production, also medical changes.
Caused by Gram +ve bacterial agent,; Listeria monocytogenes
Phases:
There are four forms;
Invasion, Infectious, Inflammation
(a) Encephalitis (necrosis in brain)
Tests:
(b) Septicemia (MOP in pregnant animals, placentitis, and ultimately death)
California milk test (CMT), Surf field milk test (SFMT)
(c) Abortion
Abnormalities in udder:
(d) Mastitis
Diffused --- > localized -- > fibrosis --- > gangrene
Rx and Control:
Abscess formation in calves, atrophy
Penicillin @ 44,000 IU / kg IM STD for 7 days
Rx:
Inj. Gentamycin, Enrofloxacin, Oxytetracycline, Intramammary – Procaine penicillin
(400000 IU) + 30 ml distilled water + 1 ml steroid in non-preg. animal + merocin (fibrolytic Black Leg/Quarter
agent) 1 ml. Syn: Clostridial myonecrosis
Caused by Clostridium chuvie
It produces alpha, beta, gamma and delta toxins
Contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia (CBPP) Clinical Findings:
Caused by Mycoplasma mycoids – small colony
Fever, lameness, stiffness of hind limb muscle, skin becomes dry and darker in color.
Large colony caused CCPP (Contagious caprine pleuro-pneumonia)
Causative agents get entry by deep injury mostly in hilly and sandy areas.
Affect pleura + lungs
Peracute: Sudden death is observed
Acute: High temperature/fever (107 F), This infection may be sub acute VIRAL DISEASES
Rx:
Tylosine is more effective Canine Distemper
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Syn: Hard pad disease, Canine influenza Equine Viral Arteritis

Characterized by diphasic fever, ocular and nasal catarrhal discharge, frequent cutaneous Caused by Togavirus
eruption. Due to secondary infection, there may be pneumonia, diarrhea. Characterized by edema, inflammation of vessels, fluid accumulation in body cavities,
Etiology: persistent high fever, lacrimation, spasm, abortion in pregnant animals,
RNA –virus, Canine distemper virus, family Paramyxoviridae; which is closely associated Transmitted by Coitus
with Measles virus of human and rinderpest virus of cattle. Postmortem findings
Clinical Findings: Multifocal myometritis
Viremic diphasic fever, skin redness and pustules, gastroenteritis resulting to diarrhea,
respiratory problem (pneumonia), reproductive form, nervous form
Vaccine;
Vasicular Stomatitis
Caused by vasicular stomatitis virus of family Rhabdoviridae.
1st : 6-8 wk 2nd: 12-14 wk 3rd: 16 wk
Attack on oral mucosa, and coronary band, vesicles develop, which upon rupture becomes
Dam vaccine: 1 month before whelping
ulcers. Nasopharynx ulcers, epistaxis, and hoof may shed.

Infectious Canine Hepatitis Equine Herpes Virus Infection

Syn: Canine adenovirus hepatitis, contagious hepatitis, Blue eye disease,
EHV-1 (more pathogenic) than EHV-II
Blue eyes subside in 7 to 10 days.
Infection may be associated with:
There are four forms of disease;
a) Respiratory system b) Reproductive system or c) Nervous system
Mild: mild increase in normal body temperature, mild photophobia, enlarged tonsils, sudden
recovery is being observed
Acute: Increased temperature, depression, sceleral edema, conjunctivitis, lacrimation Dermatophylosis
Per-acute: Sudden collapse, > 104 F temperature, vomiting, diarrhea, animal falls and rolls. Syn: Ringworm disease
Chronic: Vomiting, purulent nasal discharge, recovered animal becomes carrier, nervous Fungal infection Cause by Trichophytom equinum, T. versicosum and T. microsporum.
signs. Blueness eye due to cloudness of cornea Clinical findings
Patchy alopecia, urticaria, pruritis, itching, pain
Canine Parvovirus Use any skin ointments which may effective against fungal infection, Wash by 0.5% solution
Syn: Panleukopenia of dog, Hemorrhagic enteritis of Sodium hypochlorite.
Caused by Parvo-virus, which causes depletion of B and T lymphocytes
Clinical findings: Anhydrosis/Puff/DryCoat/Non-Sweating Syndrome
Vomting, diarrhea, anorexia, dysentery, pale mucous membrane, gastroenteritis, myocarditis Due to beta 2 adrenergic stimulation,
leading to heart arrest. Caused by 1) hyperkeratinization 2) Hyperthyroidism 23) Heat exertion
Forms: Clinical Findings:
Enteric Congestive heart failure Acute sudden heart failure Decreased appetite, increased pulse rate, tachypnoea, increased temperature and alopecia.
Vaccinations
nd
2 month 12-14 week from vaccinated dam
1st at 15 day 2.5 month from non-vaccinated dam
METABOLIC DISORDERS
Rabies Postparturient Hemoglobinurea
Cold blooded are carriers.
Due to low phosphate and copper dietary intake
Caused by Lyssa virus, belong to family Rhabdoviridae
Rx: (i) 5 liter blood
There are three forms;
(ii) Na-acid phosphate, IV 60gm+ 300 ml water for 5 days
Prodromal: 1-3 days; excited animal, stay in corners, dilated pupil, decrease corneal reflex
(ii) Dicalcium phosphate orally
Furious: 7-10 days: Over-excited, hypersalivation, muscular in-coordination, tremors,
convulsions.
Dumb/Paralytic; 2-10 days: Ascending paralysis/centripetal paralysis, (H, FQ, Head and Milk Fever
neck), No skin and GIT reflexes Normal serum calcium level: 4-5 mg/dL
Vaccination: Abnormal level: 1.5-3.0 mg/dL
1st at 3 month, then after 1 month, then after 1 month, then after 1 year. Condition is characterized by hypocalcemia, weakness, depression of consciousness.
Reservoirs: Bats and vampires Low calcium level around parturition due to (i) Ca released in clostrum (ii) Intestine can not
absorb sufficient calcium (iii) Skeleton can not fulfill the requirement of Ca+.
Along with Hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia and hypomagnecimia may be accompanied.
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(iii) Erosions develop in mouth (gum, tongue, cheeks and palate) and leave areas
Clinical Stages: There are three clinical stages. of dead tissues.
Stage I: (iv) Discharge from eyes and nose become grey yellow and foul smell.
Excitement with hypersensitivity (v) Severe diarrhea
Muscular tremors of hind and forelimbs (vi) Dehydration and death
Stage II:
Sternal recumbancy FMD (Foot and Mouth Disease)
Rectal temperature is subnormal (97-101 F) Signs and Symptoms:
Cow unable to rise (i) Fever, loss of appetite, and decreased milk production
Stage III: (ii) Depression, heavy salivation, reluctance to move (lameness)
Stage of lateral recumbancy (iii) In the mouth (lips, tongue, gums, cheeks and palate) blisters develop which
Heart sounds inaudible rupture and leave erosions.
(iv) Blisters + erosions are also formed on the hooves. They may become infected and
Treatment: hoof may loosen and become deformed.
Ca-borogluconate, IV 25% solution @ 500-1000 ml. (v) Sometimes, blisters and sores are seen on the teats and udders.
(vi) Pregnant animal may abort
Paralytic Myoglobinurea (vii) Young animal may die
Called “Azoturia” Treatment Strategy:
A Metabolic Disorder of horses occurring during exercise after a period of inactivity on full (i) Isolation of infected animal from other healthy animals
ration. It is characterized by myoglobinurea and muscular degeneration. (ii) Amoxicillin @ 1 ml / 10 kg bwt
(iii) Mouth wash with Gentian violet [1 part] + Glycerin [100 part]
Tympany / Bloat (iv) Foot bath with phenyl formalin + CuSO4 (2%)
Tympany is an accumulation of gas in the rumen while bloat is the accumulation of gas along
with frothy foams.
Caused by leguminous plants + high concentrate ration + ruminal stasis ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
Treatment:
(i) T.T. oil (ii) Linseed oil (iii) Carbacol Injection 1-3 ml S/C (iv) Nux vomica powder
(v) As last resort, use Trocar and Canula to save the life of the animal
Ovaries:
In Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep and Goat, ovaries are oval-shaped. In Mare, kidney-shaped and in
Camel, these are like a bunch of grapes.
VIRAL DISEASES Cervix:
In mare and camel, no cervical rings. In mare, there are conspicuous folds in mucosa.
PPR [Peste Des Petitis Ruminants]
Also known as “KATA” Age of Puberty
Signs and Symptoms:
(i) High fever Specie Age of Puberty (in Months)
(ii) Grey to yellowish discharge from eyes and nose Cattle 7-11 [Exotic breeds]
(iii) Diarrhea 24 [Sahiwal breed]
(iv) Pinpoint grey or red lesions in lining of mouth Buffalo 30
(v) Pale grey area and dead tissue mout Sheep, Goat 5-9
(vi) Thick cheesy material covering gums 12 [Beetle breed]
(vii) Lips may appear swollen Horse 18
(viii) In later stages, nodules or crusts may appear around the mouth resembling Cat 6-12
contagious pustular dermatitis. Bitch 7-16
(ix) Finally animal died due to pneumonia, difficult breathing and coughing.
Ovulation Time
Rinderpest Cattle, Buffalo 10-15 hrs after the end of estrus
Signs and Symptoms: Sheep, Goat 24-36 hrs before the end of estrus
(i) Fever, loss of appetite, depression, decreased milk production
(ii) Running eyes and nose

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Heat Signs CL dependant animals for Progesterone

(i) Dirty rumps Cattle, Buffalo, Goat -- > If we remove CL, abortion will occur
(ii) Streaks of saliva by licking on flanks
(iii) Rises her tail and move side wise Placenta dependant animals for Progesterone
(iv) Animal licks vulva of other animal and would like to be licked by other animals Mare
and put chin on the back of other
(v) Frequent urination
Nervous Signs
Different Stages of Estrus Cycle
Proestrus 2-3 days
(vi) Refuse to eat
Estrus
(vii) Bellowing
Metestrus 3-5 days
(viii) More walking 2-4 times more than normal
Diestrus It is the longest period of cycle; 10-14 days. This is the period of CL.
(ix) Discharge of mucous from vulva
(x) Decreased milk production
External Signs Follicular Phase:
(xi) Swelling of vulva Proestrus and estrus periods are collectively called “Follicular phase” or “Estrogenic phase”.
(xii) Butting During this phase, estrogen level is more than progesterone.
Most reliable sign of heat is “Stands to be mounted”. Heat without any estrus sign (external)
is called “Silent heat”. Luteal Phase:
Metestrus and Diestrus periods are collectively called “Luteal phase” or “Progestrone phase”.
Length/ Duration of Estrus Period Natural C.L. diameter is about 2-3 cm
Cow, Buffalo 16-18 hrs
Sheep 36 hrs Length of Estrus Cycle in Bovine
Goat 36-48 hrs Cow 21 days
Mare 7 days Heifer 20 days
Bitch 10 days Range 17-24 days
Cat 8-10 days
Camel 10-12 days Nymphomenia
There is hypersensitivity due to cystic ovarian disease [COD]. Female appear like bull, pitch
In Cattle, and Camel length of estrus period depends upon mating, it stops within 1-2 days of voice is also bullish, and there is relaxation of sacroschiatic ligament.
after mating.
Fertile Life
Breeding Season Specie Sperm Oocyte
Majority of buffaloes show heat in: October, November Cattle 24-48 hrs 12-24 hrs
Majority of cattle show heat in: April, May Sheep 24-48 hrs 16-24 hrs
Sheep and Goat ; Short day breeder October, November Mare 72-120 hrs 6-8 hrs
Mare ; Long day breeder Mid February – March Human 24-48 hrs 6-24 hrs
Cat; Long day breeder --
Bitch : Two breeding seasons in year October, November & March, April
In Bovine, ovulation can occur at any point on the ovary except hilus and part of the ovary
Seasonally Polyestrus which is attached to the broad ligament.
These animals which have many estrous cycles during particular season of the year e.g. Mare, In Mare, ovulation can only occur at “ovulation fossa”.
Sheep and Goat. In Camel, ovulation can occur alternatively right and left ovary.
In Cattle, 60% ovulations occur from right ovary.
Non-Seasonal Polyestrus Basic role in the ovulation process is of LH [Leutinizing hormone].
In these animals, estrus cycle continue through out the year e.g. Cattle and Buffalo
Sponatenous Ovulators
Mono-estrus Ovulation take place automatically (special stimulations are not required) e.g. Cattle, Buffalo,
Estrus cycle occurs once in a season. E.g. Bitch, Cat and Wild animals Mare, Bitch

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Induce Ovulators i) CL lysis

These animals require certain special stimulus for ovulation e.g. Camel, Cat, Rabbit. ii) Strong uterine contraction
In these animals, ovulation needs first copulation as stimulus (physical vaginal stimulation) – Relaxin
it is required for surge release of hormone. i) Relaxation of cervix
Oxytocin
i) Strong uterine contraction for fetal expulsion
Gestation Periods of Different Farm Animals
Cattle Stages of Parturition
Buffalo First stage Dilatation of cervix 3-8 hours (cattle/buffalo), 2-6 hours (sheep/goat)
1/2 – 4 hour (mare)
Second stage Expulsion of fetus 1/2 – 1 hour (cattle/buffalo), 4 hours (heifer)
Nulli-parous Animals 1/2 -2 hour (sheep/goat), 10-30 min (mare)
The animals which has not given birth to any young one
Third stage Expulsion of placenta 2-8 hours (cattle/ buffalo), 1/2-3 hours (mares)
Primiparous Animals Puerperal Period (Involution period): Time to complete uterine involution.
The animals that calved for first time in their life
Foal heat: Mare comes into heat 10-13 days after parturition, Mating at this time may have
very less chances of conception.
Differential Point
In Rabies, animal start bellowing continuously but in estrus, intermittent bellowing.
Restlessness in both, off feed, decreased milk production in both.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOTECHNOLOGY
Estrogen alongwith progesterone cause appearance of pronounced estrus.
First estrus at puberty and after parturition is silent because there is no or very low Artificial Insamination (AI)
progesterone level at that time. It is started in 1954 in UVAS. In 1962, technology was accepted by government. A major
semen production units in Pakistan.
Advantages:
Act of Parturition i) Increase bull efficiency
Calving Cattle/Buffalo ii) Increase potential for genetic selection
Foaling Mare iii) Decrease inbreeding chances
Whelping Bitch iv) Discourage disease transmission
Ferrowing Swine v) It provides facility at the door step
vi) Semen can be stored for years
Signs of Approaching Parturition vii) Helps in progeny testing
(i) Relaxation of sacroschiatic ligament Success of A.I. depends on:
(ii) Vulva size increased 2-4 times a) Time of insemination
(iii) Enlargement of udder b) Proper heat detection
(iv) Opaque, yellow turbid discharge from teats Mare: Insamination done 36 hrs before ovulation time and ovulation occurs 24-48 hrs before
(v) Stringy mucous discharge from cervix (vulva) end of estrus. Follicle size: 35-40 mm
(vi) Anorexia No. of Sperms per Semen Dose:
(vii) Reslessness Fresh: 10 million Frozen: 20-25 million
(viii) Frequent sitting and standing
(ix) Arching back
(x) Kicking at belly
Methods of Semen Collection
1. Recovery Method:
(xi) Sweating in flank region and below elbow before 4-6 hrs
Advantage: Maximum ejaculate can be obtained
Disadvantage: Sperm loss and deterioration
Role of Hormones in Parturition 2. Massage Method:
Estrogen Disadvantage: Semen is not balance in composition.
i) Stimulate release of PGF2a from the uterus 3. Electro-ejaculation:
ii) Primes the uterus for effect of oxytocin Mostly in ram/buck
iii) Primes the cervix for effect of relaxin Disadvantage: Urine contamination
PGF2a 4. Using Artificial Vagina (AV) – Temperature (42-44 C)

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Metritis
Gross Evaluation of Semen Inflammation of metrium and pus form, no persistent CL, cervix is partially open.
i) Volume: depends on the sexual excitement and activity
Decreased: young male, excessive use of bull, incomplete ejaculation, failure of Pyometra
ejaculation, bilateral seminal vesiculitis It is due to infection, damage to endometrium, PGs not released and CL persist, cervix is
Increased volume relates with: Maturity of bull, body size of animal, reproductive closed.
health and vigor of male animal
ii) General appearance:
Creamy (Grade 2), Light Cream (1) Infection of Uterus at Open Period
iii) Presence of any foreign particle Predisposing factors are unhygienic mating, ascending infection, wrong time insemination
iv) pH of semen (6.5-7.2 is ideal one) and other malpractices.
Types:
Three categories based on exudation, load of infection.
Macroscopic Examination
i) Mass Activity:
It reflects sperm concentration and viability i) Endometritis
ii) Motility percentage: 2.9% Sodium citrate solution is used. It is of three types;
80-100 Very Good c) 1st degree endometritis:
60-80 Good Inflammation changes occur, mucus + pus in estrus period, most infection
40-60 Fair occur in this period, uterus less hard.
20-40 Poor Dx: At the time of insemination
0-20 Very Poor Rx: Lugol’s iodine is not given in pus condition but if 1st degree becomes
iii) Concentration of sperms; by using hemocytometer chronic and wall becomes thick then lugol’s iodine can be given.
Extenders for Semen: Post A.I. single antibiotic non irritating inj can be given.
MYG, LYG, LFGY, FYG and Sodium citrate – egg yolk extender d) 2nd degree endometritis:
Mucopurulent discharge even after estrus period, swelling of uterus is more
resembling a pregnant (1- 1 ½ month) uterus, uterine wall thickened and
Cystic Ovarian Disease (COD) swollen.
There are three types of cysts on ovary; Rx: Antibiotic given for 7 days, Rest for a cycle, then Lugol’s iodine can be
(i) Follicular cyst: given after 10-15 days to generate new endometrium, endometrium has
Follicles develop on ovary and after attaining a size of maturity (2 cm) persist on secretory function. Antibiotic @ 40-50 ml given I/U in separate horns (half +
ovary for a period of 1 week or more in the absence of functional CL half) – Streptomycin, Oxytetracycline may be used for this purpose.
There is complete deficiency of CL in this case. e) 3rd degree endometritis:
Rx: LH injection, (hCG has function like LH) – Inj. Physex given IV @ 300 IU Uterus size increased like 2 to 3 months pregnancy, cervix is closed,
(ii) Luteal cyst: pyometra, persistent CL.
It is unilateral single cyst on the ovary; leathery appearance due to lutinization. It is Rx: PGF2 alpha given for luteolysis of persistent CL. First E2 (stilboestrol)
due to problem in release of LH. given for flushing @ 1ml in buffalo -- > make 50 ml solution and given
(iii) Cystic Corpora Lutea: intrauterine.
It is a CL with centrally fluid filled cavity.
Causes:
(a) Hormonal imbalance (insufficiency in release of preovulatory LH surge). Important Points:
(b) Stress factors  Calving interval in buffalo is more than cow which is 470 days while it is 365 days in
(c) Toxins and infections cow.
(d) Secondary to uterine infection  1 cm size graffian follicle going to ovulate
(e) Exotic breeds are more prone to COD  1 cc = 1 ml = 10 IU
(f) Nutritional stress
(g) Increased milk production Infertility
Treatment: Temporary failure of reproductive efficiency due to any abnormality e.g. endometritis, COD
PMSG or hCG (5,000 to 10,000 IU) or use GnRH preparations.
Sterility

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Absolute loss of reproductive ability in male or female e.g. Bilateral hypoplasia (congenital), When animal in heat, it travel more (2-4 times), activity is observed through this
Fallopian tube blockade, ovario-bursal adhesion. device.
(vii) Trained dogs: doing their job by smelling pheromones
Fertility (viii) Use of close circuit cameras
Ability to conceive, to carry viable fetus. By normal calving interval, calving rate, we (ix) Detection of hormones:
measure the fertility. Progesterone concentration decreased in milk during heat. It should be < 5 ng for
heat. P4 conc. is also used for early pregnancy diagnosis.
Freemartin
In case of Freemartin, ovum contains both ovarian and testicular tissue. Freemartin is a Misconception and Abortion
classical example of intersex, in cattle when co-twin produced -- > male develop normal 24-48 hrs --- > 40-30 mg DES (Diethylstilboestrol) or 4-8 mg Estradiol
while female does not. 2- 7 days --- > oxytocin @ 100- 200 IU, IM
After development of CL , we can give PGF2 alpha, it causes regression of CL.
1- 5 month --- > PGF2 alpha
Salpingitis 2- 6-8 month --- > PGF2 alpha + Corticosteroid (Dexamethasone)
Inflammation of fallopian tube After 5 month, PG for CL and Dexa for placental source of progesterone is destroyed because
at that time, animal has two sources of P4.
Endometritis
Uterine mucosa is involved; most common cause in open period. Procreation
Creation of new individual from existing one.
Metritis
When entire thickness of uterus is involved (uterine mucosa + myometrium) Early Embryonic Death:
Mostly occur between 8-19 days after mating
Perimetritis: Factors:
When serosa is also involved (i) Nutrition
(ii) Age
Parametritis (iii) Cytogenic abnormalities i.e. chromosomal abnormalities.
Adjacent tissue + uterus is involved in inflammatory process. (iv) Immunological factors: embryo is considered as foreign body. Abortion occur due
to not developing immunosuppression.
Synchronization (v) Environment of uterus:
Causing animals to be in heat at the same time. It is done by two methods; (vi) Hormonal imbalance
(i) Termination of Functional CL: (vii) Time of A.I. and Sire Infertility
Use following drugs; Lutalyse @ 5 ml / animal, Estromate @ 2ml / animal,
Dalmazine @ 2 ml IM, Dinoprost (PGF2 alpha0 Important Note:
(ii) P4- containing Devices: In case of hydroallantoic placenta is affected but in hydroamnios, fetus is affected.
These are used which block the release of gonadotropins (GnRH and FSH, LH)
for 10-14 days. When progesterone is spontaneously removed the gonadotropins Causes of Abortion
are released in more amount and cause ovarian rebounce. 1- Non-infectious i.e. Genetic (Chromosomal abnormalities)
Devices: PRID , CIDR – Animals comes to heat after 2-3 days after removal. 2- Infectious --- > Different diseases
3- Nutritional --- > Starvation, Deficiency of vit. A, E, D, selenium, iodine. Toxication
Methods of Estrus Detection of plants and weeds.
(i) Visual observation 4- Hormonal imbalance: ---- > P4 defficiency, E2 increased, Costricosteroids
(ii) K-Mar heat mount patch 5- Physical Causes:
Capsules having dye in it are placed on rump of animal, when animal is jumped a) Rectal palpation
by other animal, it rupture and impart color to back of the animal. b) Transportation
(iii) Putting of yellow mark on back of animal c) Making animal to run
Color is rubbed off when animal is jumped by other animal d) Major surgery
(iv) Use of teaser bull : penis deviated e) Hyperthermia
(v) Chin ball: can be used on bulls, when it jumps it colours the hook of female. f) Allergies
(vi) Pedometer: g) Shock

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Vaccination of all pregnant animals. Dihydrostreptomycin @ 25 mg/kg is effective.

BACTERIAL DISEASES WHICH CAUSE ABORTION
VIRAL DISEASES WHICH CAUSE ABORTION
Brucellosis Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
Contagious abortion
Caused by Pestivirus of Family Flaviviridae. It causes abortion and fertility in the animals.
Time of abortion:
Infection can be characterized by pyrexia, leucopenia, viremia, watery diarrhea, buccal
Abortion occur in second half of pregnancy.
ulcers, nasal discharge.
Clinical findings:
Effect of reproduction:
There is placentitis, retention of fetal membranes after abortion, uterine atonicity causes
Venereal transmission, and Transplacental infection
secondary bacterial infection.
There may be abortion or mummification. Transmission is through oculo-nasal discharge,
Brucellosis causes infertility by introduction of infection from infected bull (bacteria resides
saliva, urine and feces.
in testicles, epididymus, seminal vesicles).
Treatment and Control:
Treatment:
Extensive culling is recommended.
Vaccination, 4-8 mon calf should be vaccinated with Brucella 51 strain vaccine.
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
Trichomoniasis Caused by bovine herpes virus (BHV)
It is venereal disease which is transmitted by coitus of infected bull; remains carrier It causes acute respiratory disease with conjunctivitis. It causes infectious pustular
throughout the life but cow recovers spontaneously after infection. vulvovaginitis, abortion and infertility. Infection transmitted venereally.
Infection is characterized by: Sweling of vulva -- > congested -- > vesicles -- > pustules -- > ulcers formation and release of
(i) Low pregnancy rate muco-purulent discharge.
(ii) Mucopurulent vulvular discharge Similar lesions are found on penile integument and perpetual mucosa and prepitual discharge.
(iii)Early abortion Abortion occurs in late pregnancy.
(iv)Pyometra
Treatment:
(v) Edometritis Amolient creams on vulva and prepuce.
(vi)Vaginitis
Visible abortion occur at 2 to 4 months of gestation.
Treatment: IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY
Metronidazole is best choice for treatment.
Gynecology
Vibrioisis It is a branch of science which deals with female reproduction during non-pregnant period.
Bulls remain permanently infected.
Infertility, increased no. of services per conception, early embryonic loss/mortality Andrology
Disease spread through coitus or improperly handled semen. It covers physiological and pathological aspects of male reproduction (word “Andrology” is
Clinical findings: derived from androgens).
Abortion is less common (occasionally occur). Organism is found in female genital tract,
fetus, placenta, prepuce and semen. Theriogenology
After 13 weeks, local immunity is developed. It is the branch of veterinary medicine which covers all aspects of male and female
Diagnosis: reproduction. Dr. Bartlett introduced this term for the first time.
Agglutination test
Treatment:
Streptomycin at dose rate 25 mg/kg, Dihydrostreptomycin also gives good results.
Dystokia
It means “Difficult birth”
Leptospirosis Eutokia
Caused by L. Pomona, L. canicola, L. icterohemorrhagica
When delivery of fetus is normal and spontaneous
There is elevated body temperature, fetal death, abortion, still birth and birth of weak calf.
Increased fever with icterus , hemoglobinurea. In some herds, abortion occurs after
"leptospira mastitis". Primiparous
Transmission is through mucus membrane, abraded skin and urine of infected cattle. Animal giving birth to young one for first time
Treatment
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Multiparous Anatomical Structures:

Animal going to parturite 2nd or subsequent delivery Oviduct:
It has three parts; a) Infundibulum b) Ampula c) Isthmus
Nulliparous:
Female which yet has not given birth to any young one. Uterus:
It has three layers; i) Endometrium b) Myometrium c) Serosa
Causes of Dystokia Placentome:
1. Maternal
Cruncle (from uterus) + Cotyledon (from placenta) + Villi
(i) Uterus: There may be:
a) Primary uterine inertia
Cervix:
b) Secondary uterine inertia
Cervical rings varies from 2-5
c) Rupture of uterus
d) Torsion of uterus
(ii) Cervix: There may be extensive fibrosis Broad Ligament
(iii) Vagina: Young age, Any tumor, injury or fibrosis It consists of following parts:
2. Fetal a) Mesosalpinx: Part of B.L. which is attached or support the fallopian tube
(i) Oversize b) Mesometrium: Part of B.L. which supports the uterus (especially horns and body)
(ii) Disposition c) Mesovarian: Part of B.L. which supports the ovaries.
To treat uterine inertia: we inject Ca- boronate + OT, 20 IU if position of fetus is right d) Inter-cornual: It is present between the horns
Schaffer’s method of rotation is used to correct the torsion.
Schaffer’s plank dimension: 15 feet long, 1 feet wide and 2 inch thick – wooden plank Pregnancy Diagnosis by Rectal Palpation
1) Asymmetry of horns
Prolapse 2) Fluctuation of pregnant horn; At day 30, the quantity of fluid is 30-60 ml
It may be 3) Conceptus (embryo): On day 30, conceptus can be felt, it ranges from 0.8 to 1 cm
i) Vaginal prolapse ii) Vagino-cervical prolapse iii) Uterine prolapse 4) Fetal Membranes: 3 distinct membranes (from outside)
For correction: we can use: i) Chorion ii) Allantois c) Amnion
1% solution of KMnO4 for antiseptic wash, Apply cream like Kenadex, it contains Neomycin Placentomes
+ Dexamethasone, Replacement of mass, OT injection given after replacement about 50 ml, Placentomes are more prominent at the base of the horn. These are present throughout the
Then Use Truss for prevention uterus in 4 rows; 2 dorsal and 2 ventral.
Give pain killer (Diclofenic sodium) and antibiotics
Fetal Ballottement
Strike the horn, the fetus will strike back your hand.
Torsion
"Rotation of the uterus on its long axis with twisting of anterior vagina"
Feeling of Freemitus
Uterine torsion is the complication of 1st stage of labor or early 2nd stage of labor.
Feeling of buzzing bee sound on uterine artery at 4-5 mon of pregnancy.
Causes:
(h) Instability of bovine uterus which results from greater curvature of the organ being
Teratology
dorsal and the uterus being disposed anteriorly to its suspension of broad ligament.
Study of developmental defects of the growing fetus
(i) Incordinate fetal movement in which fetus try to adjust itself to its normal posture in
response to myometrial contraction.
(j) Uterine instability (180 degree). Obstetrical Instruments
(k) Frequent sitting and standing behavior of water buffalo For Respulsion and Rotation
(l) Jumping of buffalo/cow (i) William’s crutch repeller
Types: (ii) Binz’s repeller
1. Right-sided torsion: (iii) Fatal rotator or Uterine detorsion rod
Right ligament moves downward For Traction
2. Left-side torsion: (iv) Cords and bands
Left ligament moves downward (v) Handles and chains
(vi) Hooks (i.e. pointed and blunt)
(vii) Krey’s hook

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(viii) Forceps Indications:

For Sectioning a) Follicular cyst
(ix) Obstetrical knives b) Acyclicity
(x) Obstetrical spatula c) Anovulation
(xi) Obstetrical chisel
(xii) Obstetrical hooks PMSG/eCG
(xiii) Fetotome (FSH-like action)
Inj. Folligon @ 1500-3000 IU
Size of Fetus Indication:
Age of fetus Size (resemblance) a) Superovulation in embryo transfer
2 month Mouse
3 month Rat hCG/LH
4 month Small cat Stimulates follicular maturation and leutinization
5 month Large cat Physex Leo @ 1500-3000 IU I/M
6 month Beagle dog Indications:
7 month to onward Parts of the fetus may be palpated a) Anovulation
b) Ovarian cysts
Fetal Membrane Slip Test c) Repeat breeder
Time to perform Result
32 days Small thread in 1 horn Oxytocin
45 days Small strings in 1 horn Oxytocin @ 10 IU I/M
60 days Strings in both horns Indications:
70 days Large strings in both horns a) Milk let down
b) Myometrial contraction during parturition and post-parturition
Size of Placentomes
Gestation Size of placentome (cm) Resemblance PGF-2α
75 days 1 – 1.5 Pea size Luteolytic effect
100 days 1.5 – 2.5 Dime Dinoprost @ 25-35 mg IM
115 days 2.5 – 3.0 Nickle Indications:
125 days 3.0 – 4.0 Quarter a) Induction of parturition
150 days 4.0 – 5.0 Half dollar b) Induction of abortion and mummified fetus
180 days 5.0 – 6.0 Silver dollar c) Treatment of pyometra
d) Treatment of endometritis
Palpable structure during different stages of pregnancy e) Ovarian cyst
Stage (day) Ut. Position Ut. Diameter (cm) Palpable structures
35 – 40 Pelvic floor Slightly enlarged Uterine asymmetry, +ve fetal Clinical Use of Reproductive Hormones
membrane slip test
45 -50 Pelvic floor 5.0 – 6.5 Same as above Hormones are organic physiological substances. All reproductive processes are driven by
60 Pelvis / abd 6.5 – 7.0 Same as above hormones.
90 Abdomen 8.0 – 10.0 Small placentomes, fetus Hormone:
120 Abdomen 12.0 Samll placentomes, fetus, freemitis Hormone is a chemical substance that regulates certain activity of its target tissue (target is
150 Abdomen 18.0 Fetus, freemitis specific tissue which has receptors for the effect of the hormone).
Receptor:
Receptor is a special molecule present on the cell that binds with hormone to bring the
Clinical Use of Important Reproductive Hormones required effect of the hormone.
Hormones are organic physiological substances. All reproductive processes are driven by
GnRH hormones. When problem is there in the effect of hormone function then it also indicates that
(For release of FSH and LH) the problem may lie due to the number of receptors present at target site.
Buserelin @ 10-20 g IM [Dalmerilin]

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GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)  To enhance puberty in pre-pubertal age heifers. (To bring puberty earlier).
 To induce cyclicity in post-pubertal age heifers, if ovaries are of normal size.
 GnRH is the mother reproductive hormone. It is a deca-peptide hormone.  To induce cyclicity in postpartum females or early ovarian rebounce in postpartum
 It is secreted from hypothalamus which is 1/300 part of the brain. It is the part of females.
diencephalon present at the base of the brain.  To minimize the incidence of follicular cysts in postpartum females.
 Hypothalamus has three areas: a) Preoptic nucleus, b) Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), c) In high yielder cows, incidence of follicular cysts is high in postpartum period; due to low
Anterior hypothalamic area (AHA). LH secretion. So all postpartum females must receive single shot pf GnRH 20 days after
 Hypothalamus is made up of neurons, secretion occur from cluster of cell bodies and parturition.
gonadotrops in the pituitary are the target cells.
 It controls hunger, anger, emotions and sexual process and pleasure. Follicle on ovary ---> ↑ estrogen ---> LH will release upon GnRH stimulation.
No follicle on ovary ---- > ↓ estrogen --- > FSH will release upon GnRH stimulation
Factors which STIMULATE GnRH secretions  To improve conception rate, give a single shot of GnRH at the time of AI. It will
cause release of LH surge and ovulation will occur at time, so improve the conception
These factors can be divided into two categories, viz.: External or environmental and Internal rate. There is about 5-10 % increase in conception rate.
or endogenous.  To improve pregnancy rate, give a single shot of GnRH 10-12 days post-AI. It will
External Factors: cause release of LH which ultimately acts on luteal cells of CL in order to stimulate
 Good balanced nutrition the activity of CL for progesterone release.
 Viewing sexually attractive individual of opposite sex  It is used in heat synchronization regime.
 Weather (pleasant) especially in seasonal breeders. Long day is favourable for
mare. Short day is favourable for sheep. Clinical Uses of GnRH
 Favourable, comfortable and stress free environment.
 To treat ovarian follicular cyst
Internal Factors:
 To curtail the prolonged heat period in mare. GnRH will cause release of LH, thus
 Epinephrine & Nor-epinephrine.
ovulation will occur. For this purpose, it is injected at 5th day of heat (estrus).
 Melatonin favours the release of GnRH
 To curtail the prolonged proestrus in bitch. In proestrus, bitch discharged blood out of
 Coitus in Cat (physical stimulation to vagina)
vulva, so heat comes when blood discharge from vulva stops and female start
 In cats and camels the sexual stimulation favors the release of GnRH as they are accepting the male. Proestrus period in bitch is normally 10-12 days. In bitch, certain
induced ovulators. level of progesterone is also needed to come in heat, so inject GnRH after 10 days of
  Progesterone (P4) and  Estrogen (E2) in acyclic females. proestrus, it will cause release of LH which ultimately luteinize the follicular cells and
 Sight and Hearing of sexually attractive individuals. (especially for males) start releasing progesterone (Normally luteinization begins before ovulation in bitch).
 Pheromones favor the release of GnRH.  To treat the cases of delayed ovulation; because of property of GnRH to release bulk
amount of LH hormone. Fertlization failure is because of delayed ovulation, so a
single shot of GnRH at the time of AI or service will solve this problem and increase
Factors which SUPPRESS GnRH secretions: the fertilization rate.
External Factors:
 Stress and Depression Products of GnRH
 Starvation
 Prolonged sickness and Acute pain These are categorized into two types:
Internal Factors: i) Natural GnRH
 Prolactin (a hormone) suppress the secretion of GnRH. ii) Synthetic GnRH
 Opoids i.e. β-endorphins, secreted while suckling, thus suppress the release of
GnRH Natural GnRH Preparations
  Progesterone (P4) will lead to low GnRH production. It is very difficult to get natural GnRH because of its so short half life. No clinical use has
 Low Estrogen (estradiol 17β) will lead to low production of GnRH. Estradiol 17β been reported, synthetic preparations are only available.
is needed for animal to be in heat.
Synthetic GnRH Preparations
>> Gonadrolin:
Clinical Uses of GnRH Its structure is similar to that of natural GnRH. It is available with different trade names in the
Managemental Uses of GnRH market: Cystorelin® and Factel® [50 μg/ml]
>> GnRH analogues:
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Such preparations are: Buserilin [Receptal® 4 μg/ml by Hoest; Conceptal® 4 μg/ml by Star], LH:
Lecirelin [Dalmarelin® 25 μg/ml] Final growth of follicle, ovulation, formation of CL, maintenance of CL. Target is ovary and
CL. Source of natural LH is porcine or bovine pituitary.
Dose rate:
>> Gonadrolin: eCG/PMSG:
Normal dose(for post AI or service, and follicular growth etc.): 250 μg/cow IM Its action is like FSH in all animals except in mare where its action is LH like. It is released
Dose for treatment of follicular cyst: 500 μg/ml IM in mare at 40 day pregnancy by endometrial cups (specific structure formed by trophoblast
>> Buserilin: cells of embryo) by day 70 of pregnancy PMSG reaches to peak level i.e. 100 IU per ml of
Normal dose (for post AI or service and follicular growth etc.): 20 μg/cow IM plasma and this peak persist up to 3rd month. During 4th month capacity of production reduces
Dose for treatment of follicular cyst: 40 μg/cow IM gradually and in 5th month it stops. No PMSG as endometrial cups are destroyed (destruction
>> Lecirelin: start in 4th but completed in 5th month). Fetus is 50% foreign for mother. In uterus local
Normal dose( for post AI or service and follicular growth etc.): 50 μg/cow IM immune system becomes weak that it does not attack fetus. Pg weakens local immune
Dose for treatment of follicular cyst: 100 μg/cow IM system. Maternal system recognizes endometrial cups, kill them gradually, upto 5th month all
dead no PMSG.
Precaution:
 You must wait for 8-10 days after treatment. If no effect, then repeat it. hCG:
 You also do attention on nutrition of animal from 1 month before treatment. Protein Acton is LH like. Embryo starts production of HCG by day 10th of pregnancy because it
and mineral mixtures must be provided to animal in their ration. implements with endometrium by that time. The outermost cells (trophoblast) start producing
 Animal with poor body condition usually does not respond optimally to hormonal hCG. At day 90 the peak production of hCG is seen. At 5th month its production decreases
treatment. but low level 22 IU per ml of plasma of hCG continues to be produced in it till end of
pregnancy. It is leuteolytic hormone. Embryo is responsible for its own life by producing the
Gonadotropins sufficient level of the hCG.
These are of two types:
PMSG is a bigger molecule. It can not pass through kidney so can not pass through the urine
i) Pituitary gonadotropins: FSH & LH
and can not be detected. So blood is used to extract the PMSG.
ii) Placental gonadotropins: hCG & eCG
hCG will pass through kidney in the urine and can be separated from urine of the pregnant
FSH, LH, eCG and hCG are gonadotropic hormones. These are members of family
human female.
glycoprotein.These hormones are made up of alpha and beta carbohydrates molecule chains.
These two chains are linked by covalent bonds. Alpha subunit is same in all these four
hormones having 92 amino acids but beta subunit is different which is responsible for Clinical Use of FSH:
biological function. But alpha is also needed. Without a subunit the structure is incomplete  Infertility due to failure of follicular growth
and can not perform its function.  It is used for superovulation
Dose of FSH:
Half life of Gonadotropins: Available preparations: FSH-P®, Follitropin®
Pituitary gonadotropins: FSH: 2 hours LH: 2 hours Follicular growth: 5 mg IM, 12 hourly for 2 days
Placental gonadotropins: eCG: >3 days hCG: >12 hours For superovulation: 5 mg IM, 12 hourly for 4-5 days

Comparative Features of pituitary and placental gonadotropins Clinical Use of PMSG:

 Infertility due to failure of follicular growth
Pituitary Gonadotropins Placental Gonadotropins  It is used for superovulation
(FSH, LH) (eCG, hCG) Dose of PMSG:
Less half life Long half life Available preparations: Gestyl ® (by Organon), Folligon ®, Fostim®
Costly Cheap Follicular growth: 1000 IU, IM
Low CH2O contents High CH2O contents For superovulation: 2500-3000 IU, IM once in a cow
FSH:
Follicotopin
Clinical Use of LH:
Growth of follicle from secondary to tertiary follicle
 For treatment of follicular cyst
It plays major role in synthesis of estradiole
Target is ovary  For treatment of delayed ovulation
Source of natural FSH is pituitary of porcine or bovine. It is also produced now a days Dose of LH:
through genetic engineering by inserting FSH producing gene into the E.coli organism. Available preparation: Lutropin®
For delayed ovulation: 12.5 mg, IM

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For treatment of follicular cyst: 25 mg, IM regress CL without entering general circulation. When we take blood from jugular
vein, it does not contain prostaglandin).
Clinical Use of hCG: o PGE2α is luteotropic, favours the growth of CL. It is vasodilator and increases blood
 For treatment of follicular cyst supply
 For treatment of delayed ovulation o Helps in transmission of semen in duct system
 Used in the Rig test o In male prostaglandin causes smooth muscle contraction for ejaculation of semen.
Dose of hCG: o Involved in ovulation. It is produced in follicle causing contraction of myoepithelial
Available preparations: Pregnyl® (by Organon), IVF-C® (by LG) cells of follicular wall. (Indomethacien is substance injected into follicle, ineffective
For delayed ovulation: 5000 IU, IV enzyme, no PGF2α and no ovulation. So PGF2α is important for ovulation). Increased
For follicular cyst: 10,000 IU, IV the pressure of follicle fluid, thinning of wall and contraction of wall leads to
rupturing of follicle. (In endometrium release of PGF2 is activated by estrogen and
oxytocin).
Rig Test o At the time of parturition it softens the cervix and cervix is easily is expandable.
Purpose: To confirm the suspected cases of cryptorchidsm
o Involved in first phase of parturition. PGF2α produced in placentome under the effect
Action: hCG simulate the production of testosterone in blood
of increased level of estrogen.
Take blood sample (Sample A) 30 min before giving the injection of hCG.
o Fetal placental expulsion is also by the role of PGF2 α. At the fisrt stage labour it
Then give a challenge dose of hCG i.e. 10,000 IU
reaches its maximum concentration then its production decreases but contractions
Collect the blood sample (Sample B) again 30 min after giving the injection.
remain for placental expulsion and lochial discharge (It is blood mixed discharge from
Compare the both samples (A& B) for the level of testosterone.
uterus that comes from 10-15 days after parturition).
Result: High rise in testosterone level in descendant testes but no difference is seen in
Sources of PGF2α:
cryptorchidsm.
In female endometrium
For testicular descent in pups: give a dose of 500 IU per pup, 2 times in a week for 4 week.
Fetoplacental unit during parturition
Myometrium (parturition)
Prostaglandins Grafian follicle (during ovulation)
Uses:
It is group of hormone like substances, derived from fatty acids mainly from arechidonic acid
(essential FA). Arechidonic acid is 20 C polyunsaturated fatty acids with a cyclopentane ring All its uses are based on its two primary effects/uses as the regression of CL and myomerial
in its structure. There are different classes of prostaglandins depending upon its structure. contraction. So uses are
Mostly fatty acids are involved in inflammatory process. They perform functions as in blood o Treatment of acyclic animal due to persistent CL
pressure, reproductive organ, respiratory system, digestive system. Prostaglandins are o Treatment of luteal cyst
ubiquitous in nature (all over the body). Histamine is stored as pre form in the body but o Estrus synchronization (2 injections of PGF2 11 days apart)
prostaglandin is synthesized when it is needed on the basis of enzyme involved. o Induction of parturition. We use corticosteroids also along with it to finish all sources
First prostaglandin was found in human semen by Swedish physiologist Von Euler in early of progesterone.
1930s (1931). He wanted to know effect of semen on uterus (mice uterus was used that o Termination of pathological pregnancies (as fetal mummification, fetal maceration,
showed contraction by semen effect). Histamine and ACH were two substances known that hydroamnios, aydroallontois)
caused smooth muscle contraction but human semen does not have these two. So later he o Termination of unwanted pregnancies. CL remains for 5-6 days insensitive to PGF2α,
found the protate gland that causes contraction, present in the seminal plasma. In 1934 so give PGF2α after 7 days of ovulation to avoid pregnancy. Response of CL to
prostaglandin name was given to it. In 1959 Eliasson gave idea that prostaglandin comes PGF2α is better for 10-11 days aged CL than 7-8 days aged. Because receptors are not
from seminal vesicle not prostate gland and causes myometric contraction. Similar substance much effective on CL. Upto 150 days alone PGF2α can be used but after that
is released by many tissues. corticosteroids are also used because placenta is also the source of progesterone and
There are different types of prostaglandins as A, B, D, E, F, I. E and F are important in both CL and placenta should be regressed.
reproduction. In male it may help in ejaculation of semen form male duct system. During o Prevention of pregnancy. After day 10 the superficial attachment occurs but after 22
1960s animal scientists came to know that old CL regresses before new cycle starts. In 1969, when attachment has occurred then it is difficult to remove because now here the firm
Niswander et all found that in sheep the prostaglandin of endometrial origin causes cyclic contact has been established.
regression of the CL. In 1972, in horses same thing found to kill CL. So prostaglandin of o For the treatment of pyometra because CL persists in this problem; so the CL is
endometrial origin is luteolytic. regressed by PGF2α, cervix is relaxed and E2 is then given.
Function: o In mild or first degree endometritis - uterus is soft, cycle is normal, history of repeat
o Cyclic regression of CL. Due to strong vasoconstriction blood supply is reduced to breeding; so check for small flakes, so give some PGF2α.
CL and physical death of CL occurs. (at 17-18 day of cycle abundant PGF2α is o In silent estrous. Estrous without behavioral signs of estrous or weak heat signs,
released and drained by uteroovarian veins, directly passes from vein to artery and o In reported anestrus - animal not coming heat according to owner/failure to notice
signs or male in herd is unable to detect estrus also called subestrus; give PGF2α after

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3 days animal will show sign. Progesterone assay can be carried out to know the o Brings more blood to reproductive system, increases tonicity of uterus at the time of
presence of functional CL. If functional CL is present, give luteolytic dose. Luteolytic heat. So uterus becomes more resistant to contamination or infection; leads to growth
dose can also be given 72 hours before insemination. Animal comes into heat 48-120 of uterus.
hours. More than 70% comes in 72-96 hours, 30% in 48 hours and the later in 96 o Pelvic ligament dilation
hours o Mammary gland development
Brands of PGF2α: o Decrease the chances of infection
Dinprost- is generic name of synthetic PGF2α. Luteolytic dose in cow is 25 mg I/M (lutalyse, o During pregnancy, E1 (estrone) level increases, so indicate pregnancy.
5 ml contains 25 mg). In mare 5 mg or 1 ml o At the time of estrus it causes increase blood flow to uterine lumen, promotes the
PGF2α Analogues: growth of endometrium, favors production of mucous through mucous glands, causes
Cloprostenol (500 μg IM or ½ mg or 2 ml) - estromate (ICI), cyclomate (star), prostenol relaxation of cervix, increases water content in reproductive tract, increases tonicity of
(Selmor) myometrium (uterine contractability increases) and increases capillary bed of uterine
Fluprostenol - equimate (1 ml, 250 μg) wall. Minute capillaries develop in proestrus and break of capillaries in estrus (some
Fenprostenol animals show post estrus bleeding).
Luprestenol o At the time of parturition it favours or stimulates the secretion of PGF2α, increases
D-clorprostenol (being dextrorotatory) - Delmazine its lutalytic dose is 150 μg or 0.15mg in contractability of uterus and softening of cervix and relaxation of ligaments.
cow and 75 μg in mare. (2 ml in cattle, 1 ml in mare) Preparations:
Mare should be administered PGF2α under supervision of doctor. Diarrhea, sweating, E2 (estradiol) or E2 -17 β. It has hydroxyl group. Its forms as ester include Benzoat, valerate,
increased respiration may occur within 20 minutes. We can use spasmolytic in advance or cypionate, propionate, dipropionate.
after that if show any complication in mare. PGF2 α is strong bronchocontractor. In bitch, E2 - 17 β 1 mg per ml
PGF2α is used in case of pyometra for 2-3 days. As leuteolytic it is not effective in bitch. Veterinary product is agofollin (E2 diprpionate) (1 mg/ml)
DES diethylestilbesterol (non steroid estrogen) (10 mg/ml) (I/M or Intrauterine infusions are
given). It is 10 times less potent than estradiol.
Estrogen E2-17 β and DES are thick and oily so use needle of bigger guage.
Chemically it is steroid (having 4 ringed 17 C structure). It is female sex hormone. Tablets: ethynil estradiol 50 μg, 100 μg, 1 mg
Cholesterol (27 C) → Progestin (P4) (21 C) → androgens (19 C) (male sex hormone) → E2 is high at proestrus and beginning of heat. E2 in heat is 30 pg per ml of plasma (sufficient
estrogen (18 C) to cause heat).
All steroid hormones are derived from the cholesterol which is a 27 C molecule. In stallion Clinical Uses:
normally large amount of estrogen is secreted in urine which is converted from testosterone. o Prevention of pregnancy: in cow E2-17 β 4-8 mg per animal, DES 40-80 mg per
It is released by grafian follicle of ovary and cortex of adrenal gland. In some male dogs the animal. In cow within 24-48 hours post mating. In bitch 3-7 days post mating three
estrogen may be produced. Here the sertoli cell tumor is the cause that results in high injections of E2-17 β 300-500 μg per animal or 10 μg per Kg. Half to one mg DES in
estrogen level and other dog will attract them. E2 is also produced in brain and adipose tissue. bitch. It will slow down the movement of fertilized egg or embryo to uterus from
In placenta more amount of E1 is produced and it goes to featus (mytogenic) and help in fetal fallopian tube by causing swelling and will not let the embryo to come into uterus at
growth. When puberty is around to occur then increased reproductive tract development due proper time. E2 is not preferred if PGF2α is available. Buffalo are more sensitive to
to E2. In sheep and cow specially seen that in brain there is centre on which E2 works. estrogen. In buffalo it produces more side effects as low milk yield, excessive
Priming of progesterone before E2 work on brain is necessary for behavioral estrus. That is relaxation of pelvic ligament which may lead to vaginal prolapse, pronounced heat
why silent estrus is seen first time. signs. There is ½ to ¾ less milk. It is regained within 5-7 days.
E1 (estrone), E2 (estradiol), E3 (estriol), other are equilin and equilinium (in mare), most o Termination of pregnancies: Success rate is more upto 5 month. DES 100-150 mg per
important is E2 estradiol. These are steroidal estrogens. Plants have non steroidal estrogen. cow and 5-10 days post injection abortion occurs.
Functions: o In male dogs the treatment of prostate hyperplasia. In this condition dog feels
o Androgens, if in high concentration, bring secondary sex characters prominent in the difficulty in urination. Tablets ethynil (estradiol acetate) 50 μg-1mg tablets, daily 1
female. mg or 100 μg is given. So dogs are hypersexual and prostate gland grows due to
o In fetus responsible for neural development which is different from male. LH surge testosterone effect so the estradiol will block the site of the testosterone to block its
release centre in brain is only in female and this is because of neural development effect on gland. Surgical treatment is better.
difference. o Intra uterine infusion use in case of the pyometra. After PGF2α is used at day one.
o E2 is responsible for secondary sex characteristics Then at day three 2-3 infusions after 48 hours (1 ml or 10 mg DES + 30-40 ml of
o E2 causes behavioral heat signs in all animals distilled water) then give antibiotics for 5-7 days consecutively.
o E2 causes release of pre ovulatory surge of LH o Non antibiotic treatment of endometritis ½ to 1 ml infusion. But PGF2α is drug of
o E2 softens the cervix choice
o Prime uterus for the oxytocin and PGF2α o It may help in the treatment of torsion to avoid twist in fresh cases of less degree for
purpose of cervical dilation. If old case then no response because of low blood supply

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and tissue devitalized. After rolling open the cervix by giving estrogen. For cervical o During advancement of pregnancy estrogen and progesterone have synergistic effect
dilation 50 mg i/m after correction of torsion. After 12 hours there will be releasing. as growth of uterus.
o In heifers some times cervix is short. So difficult to give antibiotic infusion. So give o It helps in maternal behaviour in females.
infusion of 5 mg DES. Clinical Uses:
o E2 Anabolic Effect: Zeranol (capsule like) has estrogen like effect implanted in ear o Estrus synchronization PRID, CIDR
for 3 months in cow and steer and give weight gain effect. Zeranol is produced by a PRID = P4 (1.55g) + estradiol benzoate (10 mg)
fungus. CIDR has 1.99g P4.
Ralgro (salt is zeranol) has anabolic effect in cattle, sheep, goat has 10-15% more o Progesterone sponges kept in vagina, held with string outside, that act as artificial CL
weight gain than the untreated animals. and keep the animal under progesterone effect and suppress the gonadotrophin
In acute puerperal metritis (fever, off feed) estridol is contraindicated. Because blood supply release. It is kept for 14 days and then when it is removed, animal comes to heat after
increases by giving estradiol and it causes toxin absorption through this area 1-4 days. (E2 in higher doses may act as luteolytic effect on growing CL).
o PRID also causes low conception rate as the gamete transportation is adversely
affected. So decided to keep it for 9 days instead of 14 days and also give a single
Progesterone shot of PGF2α 24 hours before the removal of devices.
It is steroid hormone. Its main source is CL. Before puberty it comes from adrenal cortex. Its o Synthetic progesterone a norgestamate is used for estrus synchronization as ear
effects are seen after puberty. When animal becomes cyclic, its production starts. Just after implant or injection. It preparation is sycnhromat B. it has ear implant + norgestamate
ovulation its concentration gradually increases. In cow ovulation occurs at day two. Then injection + estradiol. Estradiol has luteolytic function and interferes with CL
becomes carpus hemorrhagic and ruptured follicle is converted into CL and complete CL formation. It is kept for 9 days.
after 4 days and at day 5 CL is embedded in ovarian tissue and is soft. Normally 0.2-0.5 o Used for the suppression of heat in female animals. As in show animals 5-6 days
ng/ml of plasma on heat day. At day 17-18 CL is regressing and progesterone concentration before expected date of heat give allyltrenbolon (altrenogest, regumate) as a feed
starts decreasing. Cyclic cow on day 17 has more than or equal to 5 ng/ml of plasma in cyclic mixed progesterone source (2.2 mg/ml) and dose required in mare is 33 mg per mare
cow. per day for 15 days. 5-7 days after removal animal comes to heat.
PGF2α when comes then CL start decreasing abruptly. Animal having high concentration of o P4 also used to get delay heat (means to postponed estrus). This can be used in
progesterone at estrus have not good conception rate. It affects the transport of gametes.. At synchronization of mare. (Rgumate contains allyltrebolone)
day 5 there is more than or equal to 2 ng/ml of plasma. In cattle buffalo maximum o In bitch and cat P4 will interrupt the heat and postpone the heat. As the bitch enters in
concentration of progesterone is at day 10-12. proestrus (bleeding starts) give the tablet (medroxy progesterone acetate salt.
Developing CL 2-5 day (Proestrus in bitch is 9-10 days). Dose rate is 10-20 mg daily for four days then give
Growing CL 6-10/11 day or young CL (2-5 ng progesterone) half dose (5-10 mg) for next 12 days.
Mature CL 10-17 day (max. progesterone >5 ng) o During anestrus period 5-10 mg for 40-60 days this is given. But the long term effect
Regressing CL 17-18-21 day (decrease P4 < 5ng) may cause the problem. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia will appear. This can lead to
Regressed CL on hat day (minimum P4 < 0.5 ng) the pyometra in bitches.
Functions: o Also used as synthetic product melengestrol acetate (MGA) in feed mix for heifers
o Progesterone and estrogen are antagonist. They work together during gestation period. (feedlot heifers) to get growth promoting effects.
As the pregnancy advances for uterus growth estrogen is accelerating. Progesterone In ruminants we need N balance maintenance. In cyclic heifer it stops ovulation, the
suppresses the heat. Estrogen is in higher concentration at the time of estrus, follicles will form of bigger size and release more estrogen for a longer time thus have
stimulates GnRH and causes the release of LH surge. In proestrus estrogen increasing the anabolic effect on growth.
and progesterone decreasing and it causes negative effect on GnRH. o In human being it may act as the contraceptive
o P4 causes the maintenance of pregnancy, stops cyclic activity by suppressing
gonadotropin release, puts negative effect on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
and does not let the ovulation to occur. Progesterone also suppresses the heat signs. PCS - Questions
Progesterone released from the CL in non pregnant animals and in pregnant animals it
also comes from placenta. 1. Which breed of goat is imported from Bangladesh?
o P4 suppresses the uterus contraction, so it maintains the pregnancy in contrast to 2. Which breed of cattle in Pakistan is called “Lola” and why?
estrogen that increases the uterus contraction. 3. Buffalo show more silent heat as compared to cattle, why?
o P4 suppresses the local immune system response (suppresses infiltration). 4. Why vaccine is not effective against protozoal diseases?
o P4 stimulates secretary activity of endometrium that helps in nourishment of early 5. How we can maximize the nutritive value of wheat straw?
embryo as the fetus get nutrition from uterine milk (in form of nutrients). 6. What is mastitis? How we can identify under microscope?
o P4 helps in closure of cervix and formation of the pregnancy seal (thick gummy 7. What are common names of BQ, PPR and Rinderpest?
mucus plug formed within the cervix). 8. Difference between fodder and forage?
o E2 forms the liquefied mucien form the thick mucine. 9. What is fat percentage of buffalo and cattle milk?

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10. Express the CP and TDN formulae and apparatus used for their determination? 58. What is difference between cruncle and cotyledon?
11. What is meant by “Punjkalian”? 59. What is "Erythritol"?
12. Why the colour of the buffalo is black? 60. What is the internal temperature of AV?
13. What is difference between heat stroke and fever? 61. What is the difference between Flehman's and Ferguson's reflex?
14. Why antipyretics are not effective in case of heat stroke? 62. What are the side effects of oyxtocin use in reproduction of animals?
15. What is meant by Black gold of Pakistan? 63. First heat of life or after parturition, in cattle/buffalo is always silent, why?
16. Name the tick-borne diseases? 64. Why the color of the milk is white?
17. What is the difference between feed efficiency and FCR? 65. What is difference between sterile and infertile?
18. Name the summer and winter forages? 66. Overdose of steroids cause hardening of inflammation but normally it should be anti-
19. Which feed should be used to increase fat contents of milk? inflammatory, why?
20. If Pakistan wants to import the semen, from which country it should be imported New 67. What are the clinical uses of magnesium sulphate in veterinary practice?
Zealand or Australia? 68. What is the difference between trypanosomiasis and trypanosomiosis?
21. Define hormone, enzyme and pheromone? 69. What is the mode of action of oxyclozanide and levamisole?
22. If there is an outbreak of FMD in a herd, from where sample should be taken and 70. Which part of digestive tract of horse is absent?
medium used? 71. Which part of ruminant stomach is absent in camel?
23. Name the disease which is most prevalent in dairy industry? 72. What is vaccination schedule of buffalo and cattle?
24. What is difference between contagious and infectious disease? 73. Toxocara vitulorum – what is signs and symptoms, and route of transmission?
25. What is difference between anthraponosis and zoonosis? 74. Site of infection; Paramphistomiasis and fascioliasis?
26. What is difference between hematuria and hemoglobinuria? 75. What is Monday morning disease?
27. Why buffalo swim more than other animals like cattle? 76. Name the Milk-borne diseases?
28. What is difference between ewe and doe? 77. Enlist more pronounced signs of tetanus?
29. Term triple P "PPP" stands for, in reproduction? 78. EPG stands for?
30. Is there any increase in temperature of an animal infected with rabies-virus? 79. PVMC stands for?
31. What is speed of rabies virus to propagate during incubation period? 80. PCS stands for?
32. What is difference between bellowing and wallowing? 81. Which part of the stomach of ruminant is called true stomach and why?
33. In which disease, mandibular edema is more pronounced and why it occurs? 82. Differentiate between secretion and excretion?
34. What is flushing? 83. What are major causes of RFM (placental retention)?
35. How fumigation is done and what is the ratio in its composition? 84. Different period of fodder shortage in Pakistan?
36. What is omphalitis? 85. Different precautionary measures to control ticks on farm level?
37. Why vaccine is not effective against mastitis? 86. What you will suggest to improve dairy industry in Pakistan?
38. What is love hormone? 87. What is the breeding season of buffalo and cattle?
39. What is the clinical use of oxytocin in male animals? 88. Define poultry?
40. Why postparturient hemoglobinuria occur and what is its treatment? 89. What is meaning of FCR = 1.5?
41. In international ranking, what is the position of Pakistan in milk producing countries? 90. Define medicine?
42. What is meant by white revolution? 91. What is bleating?
43. In case of BQ (black quarter) which muscle(s) is/are more affected? 92. What are causes of vaccine failure in field condition?
44. Where BQ occurrence is more, in hilly areas or plain areas? 93. How many types of vaccine available, on adjuvant?
45. Normal physiological body temperature of chicken? 94. Name the few drugs that can be used to start/enhance the rumen motility?
46. How horse sleep? and what is stay apparatus? 95. Name the few life saving drugs?
47. Enlist dairy breeds of Goat found in Punjab? 96. Difference between anti-dote and agonist?
48. Enlist dairy breeds of Cattle of Pakistan? 97. Difference between tympany and bloat?
49. "Pak Angora" breed is developed by the cross of which breeds? 98. Difference between fermentation and respiration?
50. What is mohair? 99. What is meant by F1 generation in breeding plan?
51. How parasite harm the animal/host? 100. Can we vaccinate a pregnant female?
52. What are the side effects using overdose of different dewormers? 101. A calf is presented to you, showing excessive salivation and there is no temperature,
53. What would happen if antibiotics are used long time? what is your diagnosis?
54. What would happen if steroids are used long time? 102. BIPP stands for? and what is its use?
55. In case of pneumonia, steroid show good result, what is the reason? 103. What is heifer?
56. Why tetracycline is contraindicated in cats? 104. Apparently what are differences between cattle and buffalo?
57. How many serotypes of FMD are found? Which one is more common in Pakistan? 105. Common or vernacular names of Tetanus, Mastitis and Milk fever?

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 A KEY GUIDE FOR PCS & OTHER COMPREHENSIVE EXAMS

106. Why hemonchus contortus is called Barber pool worm? 156. Name the hormone which starts reproduction (mother hormone)
107. Why dog keep up one hind leg during act of urination? After the age of 1 year? 157. Apparently what is the difference between sheep and goat?
108. How tie is formed during copulation of in canine (in dog)? 158. What is gestation period in camel?
109. TVT stands for? What is its effect on chromosomal number? 159. Define cloning.
110. Why camel always urinate with extended hind legs? 160. In case of tetanus, what is the major issue for death of animal?
111. Define puberty? 161. From where prostaglandin is secreted in buffalo/cattle?
112. Difference between estrus cycle and estrus period? 162. Name the reservoir hosts of rabies virus (Lyssavirus). How it comes in dog?
113. Define; line breeding, inbreeding and cross breeding? 163. In case of insecticide poisoning, is there any increase in body temperature?
114. Difference between hematoma and edema? 164. What is gross tetany and how it occurs?
115. Difference between abscess and pus? 165. What is difference between regurgitation and rumination?
116. Define the terms; veal, white meat, beef, mutton. 166. What would be the result (side effects) of overdose of different dewormers?
117. Difference between cream, ointment and lotion? 167. What is difference between serum and plasma?
118. What are antibiotics? 168. Does rabbit do regurgitation?
119. What are losses due to external parasites? 169. Why antipyretics are not effective against hyperthermia or heat stroke?
120. If liver of animal is damaged; what would be the signs and symptoms? 170. Drugs contraindicated in Cat:
121. Difference between signs and symptoms? Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Aminoglycosides
122. How you will differentiate between fungal diarrhea and diarrhea in Johne's disease? Gresiofulvin, Amphotericin B
123. What is rigor mortis? Aspirin, Dipyron
124. Why putrefaction occur in dead animals? Phenylbutazone
125. Define infection and infestation? Acetominophen
126. What is elective surgery? Opiate derivatives.
127. What is vaccination schedule for broiler (poultry)? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
128. What are five freedoms of animal in welfare point of view? Compiled & Presented by:
129. Define livestock?
130.
131.
What are the main problems in development of dairy industry of Pakistan?
Why exotic dairy breeds of cattle not perform well according to standard?
MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN
132. What are the problems faced by exotic dairy breeds in Pakistan? Student of DVM (Final Year)
133. What is the reason that some people are not ready to adopt AI technique for animals? Faculty of Veterinary Science
134. How we can stop the fungal growth in silage? University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
135. The big problem in poultry is "Mycotoxins" Name the two mycotoxins?
136. What is the relation between pH and fungal growth and bacterial growth?
137. Why extremities are cool in case of fever? For your Feedback and Suggestions:
138. What is thawing? What is its effect on sperm life? Email: dvmdoctors@gmail.com
139. Define fever and hyperthermia? Cell: +92 322 6272278
140. What is mode of action of ivermectin and its dose? Website: www.dvmdocs.webs.com
141. Why Ivermectin is not effective against liverfluke?
142. Define Pathology?
143. What is procedure of progeny testing? For Free Veterinary eBooks Download
144. How you will differentiate between hematuria and hemoglobinuria? Visit: www.dvmdocs.tk
145. Different uses of KMNO4 in vet practice?
146. Normal rumen motility per min in case of cattle and goat? To Get SoftCopy of PCS-Key Guide
147. No antibiotic is recommended in ruminant orally, why?
148. What is major difference between large intestine of bovine and equine? Contact: 0322-6272278
149. What is colostrum and its composition?
150. What are the causes of dystockia from fetal side?
151. Define exocrine and endocrine gland with examples? Sole Distributor and Publisher:
152. Why are different types of placenta in animals?
153. Enlist five cardinal signs of inflammation? UNIVERSITY PHOTOSTAT SHOP
154. What is Os-cardis and Os-penis? Liaquat Hall, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
155. Define architis and salpingitis? (Hafiz Zaheer Ahmad: 03016071073

103 Compiled & Presented by: MUHAMMAD SAJJAD HUSSAIN